The Definitive Guide to VAV Selection

Variable Air Volume (VAV) terminal units control the zone temperature, ensure the minimum
ventilation air is delivered to the zone, and significantly impact fan energy consumption. A project
may have hundreds of VAVs, each with its unique zone load and ventilation profiles. Therefore,
properly selecting VAVs is imperative for a cost-effective, code-compliant, and energy-efficient
project. Additionally, it is important to remember information from various ASHRAE guidelines and
standards, including 62.1, 90.1, and 36. These complications can make selecting VAVs time-
consuming and tedious. Approaching VAV selection with a methodical process already set up can
allow quicker and optimal VAV selections and enable the selections to be automated; that process is
described in this paper.
Forward: engineer, and building operator so that the purchase,
As our industry continues to adopt more advanced Building installation, balancing, commissioning, and operation of the
Information Modeling (BIM) techniques, manufacturers are optimal VAV can be completed in a timely, energy efficient,
beginning to produce cloud-based selection software which and cost-effective manner. This information is typically
can be driven by an Application Programming Interface conveyed with mechanical equipment schedules.
(API). The BIM model can now be directly linked to
manufacturers’ selection software, allowing HVAC ASHRAE Guideline 36, High-Performance Sequences of
designers to automatically get size and performance data Operation for HVAC Systems2, was created to develop and
for HVAC equipment inside Revit. maintain best-in-class standardized HVAC control
sequences. ASHRAE Guideline 36 reduces energy
Combining these technologies is a force multiplier for the consumption, cost, and system downtime with more
HVAC designer’s productivity. Now, not only can an HVAC resilient systems, control sequence compliance, and
designer automate heating and cooling load calculations, diagnostic software3. It allows engineers to reduce
but those load calculations can be fed directly into a engineering time by adapting standard sequences already
manufacturer’s selection software to automate the proven to perform. It minimizes programming and
selection and layout and diffusers and VAVs. All these commissioning time for contractors. The control sequences
automated functions (load calculations, diffuser layout, and developed by ASHRAE 36 should be used wherever
VAV selection) are combined in the Ripple HVAC Toolkit, possible, including for VAVs. To use ASHRAE 36, certain
which can be downloaded for free at the Autodesk Revit information must be conveyed in the schedules, as
App Store1 or at www.RippleEngineeringSoftware.com. described in this document.

The automated load calculations were validated in a paper ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor
presented in the July 2022 issue of the ASHRAE Journal. Air Quality4, dictates many aspects of VAV selection
The automated diffuser selection and layout procedure was because the minimum airflow in all conditioning
described in the December 2022 issue of the ASHRAE configurations must deliver at least enough outdoor air to
Journal. This paper describes the engineering procedure for ventilate the space adequately. 62.1 can also have an
selecting VAVs that the Ripple HVAC Toolkit follows. impact on the maximum discharge air temperature. The
However, these processes can be followed manually, with Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Table 6-4 increases the
or without BIM. And in fact, this is the last time BIM will be required outdoor air by 20% if the heating air is supplied
mentioned in this article. and returned from the ceiling because the assumption is
that 20% of the air will bypass the space due to the
Introduction: buoyancy of warm air. 62.1 removes this penalty if the
warm air is supplied less than 15 °F above the Space
The intent of selecting VAVs is so that information can be
temperature (85 °F at a 70 °F space temperature) AND the
conveyed to the mechanical contractor, controls
space air distribution is designed for the air velocity to be
contractor, balancer, commissioning agent, electrical
150 fpm within 4.5 ft of the floor which can introduce draft 6) Heating Maximum Airflow: This is the airflow that
related comfort issues. meets the heating load of the zone at some discharge
air temperature.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1, Energy Standards For Buildings
Excluding Low Rise Residential Buildings5, dictates, or at From these values, ASHRAE 36 expects the controls
least attempts to dictate, certain aspects of VAV Selection. contractor to calculate the following values:
90.1 G3.1.3.13 states: “Minimum volume set points for VAV
reheat boxes shall be 30% of zone peak airflow, the 1) The VAV Controllable Minimum, VCM, is the minimum
minimum outdoor airflow rate, or the airflow rate required airflow the VAV controller can read. Below this value,
to comply with applicable codes and standards”. Section it would be impossible to tell if adequate ventilation air
6.5.2.1 limits simultaneous heating and cooling unless the is being delivered to the space. The VCM is calculated
volume reheated is the minimum as dictated 62.1. section by taking the VAV airflow sensor’s amplification factor,
6.5.2.1.1 limits reheat supply air temperature set point to F (unitless), inlet Area, Ai (s.f.), and minimum readable
20 °F above the space temperature set point. In general, velocity pressure, VPmin (in. W.C.) using the following
when selecting VAVs, most of ASHRAE 90.1 can be ignored equation6:
by setting VAV minimums to what is required by ASHRAE
62.1. However, it is essential to limit the maximum
VPmin
discharge air temperature to 20 °F above the space = 4005 ∗ ∗ Ai
F
temperature setpoint (90 °F at a 70 °F space temperature).

2) Standby Mode CFM: VAV occupied standby mode

VAV Design Airflow:
occurs when the building is occupied, but the space
ASHRAE 36 recommends leaving VAV minimum airflow
served by the VAV is not. The occupancy of the space
calculations for the controls contractor to calculate from
can be determined by integrating with the lighting
the ventilation data provided to them. However, it is
controls (the International Energy Code mandates
essential to understand how the VAV will operate, as
lighting occupancy sensors in many space types) or by
described below. A table describing the required
providing a separate occupancy sensor. ASHRAE 62.1
calculations and decisions can be viewed as Table 1.
allows many space types to reduce to 0 CFM in
Standby Mode, and the other spaces can be reduced to
ASHRAE 36 dictates that the designer shall provide six
only the area portion of the breathing zone outdoor air
values to the controls contractor:
rate, Vbz-A. If all the spaces in the zone are allowed to
reduce to 0 airflow in occupied standby mode, this
1) The Breathing Zone Outdoor Air Area Component, Vbz-
value is 0. Otherwise, it is the maximum value of the
A: This is the sum of the product of the space’s Area
VCM and the Vbz-A.
Outdoor Air Rate, Ra, and the Area, A, of the space. Ra
3) Cooling Economizer Minimum Airflow: When the AHU
is specified by space type in ASHRAE 62.1.
serving the VAV is in economizer mode, only the
2) The Breathing Zone Outdoor Air Population
minimum ventilation air needs to be distributed to the
Component, Vbz-P: This is the sum of the product of the
space; this is calculated by (Vbz-A + Vbz-P) / Ec. If the
zone’s space’s Population Outdoor Air Rate, Rp, and
VCM is higher than this value, the VCM should be used
the Population, P, of the spaces in the Zone. Rp is
instead.
specified by space type in ASHRAE 62.1.
4) Cooling Minimum Airflow: When the AHU serving the
3) The Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness in Cooling
VAV is not in economizer mode and mixed air is being
Mode, Ec, is defined by ASHRAE 62.1 depending on the
delivered to the space, the airflow must increase to 1.5
air distribution type in cooling mode.
* (Vbz-A + Vbz-P) / Ec to ensure adequate outdoor air
4) The Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness in Heating
delivery to the zone. If the VCM is higher than this
Mode, Eh, is defined by ASHRAE 62.1 depending on the
value, the VCM should be used instead.
air distribution type in heating mode.
5) Heating Economizer Minimum Airflow: similar to the
5) Cooling Maximum Airflow: This is the sum of the
Cooling Economizer Minimum Airflow but calculated
airflow that meets the cooling load of all the spaces in
with Eh: (Vbz-A + Vbz-P) / Eh. If the VCM is higher than
the zone.
this value, the VCM should be used instead.
6) Heating Minimum Airflow: similar to the Cooling ceilings and insulation between the occupant and the VAV
Minimum Airflow but calculated with Eh: 1.5 * (Vbz-A + can make for a quiet and enjoyable space.
Vbz-P) / Eh. If the VCM is higher than this value, the
VCM should be used instead. Noise can further be reduced by providing ample means of
balancing to the system. A well-balanced system means
Pressure Drop, Neck Size, Amplification Factor, the VAV isn’t required to close its damper significantly to
compensate for excessive duct main pressure. Downstream
and VPmin:
dampers to every diffuser are needed to balance the
A VAV is an obstruction in the air stream; as such, it creates
airflow to each diffuser; these can be adjusted back in
a pressure drop. That pressure drop must be overcome by
proportion to keep the pressure drop across the VAV
a fan that uses energy; the more pressure drop, the more
lower. Providing an upstream balancing source can also be
fan energy is used. Therefore, selecting VAVs that are too
beneficial to allow lower VAV inlet pressures. For instance,
small can create excessive pressure drops and make the
the top floor served by a rooftop unit may have much
system inefficient from an energy standpoint.
higher inlet pressures than the lower floors. Many
manufacturers provide the option to use the fire/smoke
On the other hand, notice from our previous calculations
damper at the shaft exit as a balancing or control device9,
that VAV Controllable Minimum (VCM) can drive the VAV
which can reduce VAV noise on the upper floors.
minimum airflow, which will drive the available fan
turndown. Therefore, selecting VAVs that are too big can
Selecting VAVs based on NC is a tough battle because it is
create excessive minimum airflow and make the system
difficult to tell what the inlet pressure will be and what the
inefficient from an energy standpoint.
outlet pressure that will be required is. An engineer would
have to run pressure loss calculations to every VAV and
The VCM can be reduced by selecting manufacturers who
diffuser to determine the actual inlet and outlet pressure
design the VAV airflow sensor to have a high amplification
accurately. For this reason, general assumptions can be
factor. Amplification factors should range from 1.8 to 4.9,
made about the inlet and outlet pressures. Typically, 1 in.
depending on the inlet7.
W.C. inlet and 0.25 in. W.C. outlet.

The VCM can further be reduced by selecting a VAV

While VAVs create noise by modulating airflow, the
controller with a small minimum readable velocity
required increase of area required to limit the coil face
pressure, VPmin. Quality controllers can read down to 0.001
velocity makes them great locations to attenuate noise,
in W.C.8.
both from the VAV itself and from upstream AHU fans.
Many different liner options are available that are
From a cost and system efficiency standpoint, the smallest
discussed later in the paper, which helps them accomplish
VAV capable of delivering the Cooling Maximum Airflow at
this.
a reasonable pressure drop, typically 0.5 in. W.C. should be
selected.
Typically, picking a good liner, limiting VAVs to a reasonable
pressure drop, as discussed earlier in this paper, and
Noise Criteria: providing ample means of balancing will make the VAV
VAVs create noise because they must modulate air flow by pressure drop, not the NC, the deciding selection factor in
closing a damper. The further the damper must close to most applications. That said, a maximum discharge and
modulate flow, the more pressure drop there will be, and radiated NC, typically 50 for both cases, should be set. In
the nosier the VAV will be. VAVs create discharge noise, special circumstances, such as recording booths, the
which travels down the duct and may exit air terminals into engineer should determine what the actual required inlet
the space, and radiated noise, which “breaks out” from the and outlet VAV pressures will be and reduce the acceptable
VAV and may be heard originating from the VAVs. VAV NC as necessary. In these critical applications, it would
also be essential to quantify and handle other sources of
VAV noise, both radiated and discharge, can be dissipated noise generation and attenuation.
by other parts of the mechanical and building systems. Flex
ducts on diffuser inlets can reduce discharge noise, while
No Coil Selections: Heating water coils add cost and air pressure drop as rows
VAVs can be provided to internal zones with no heating are increased, this should be allowed up to a point, but the
load without a reheat coil. However, VAV minimum flows forest shouldn’t be lost through the trees. If the water flow
are based on ventilation load, not thermal load. So VAVs is very low to meet the load, by the time the water mixes
with no reheat coils may dump excessive cold air into a with the return water from all of the other VAV and AHU
space and overcool a space with a low thermal load. For coils, it won’t have a significant impact on the water
this reason, it is preferable to provide a small reheat coil to temperature entering the heating equipment. For this
bring the VAV minimums up to a neutral discharge air reason, it is practical not to increase coil rows at low water
temperature, even in internal zones with no heating loads. flow rates (GPM).

If the owner decides to sacrifice comfort for upfront costs, With these considerations in mind, a hot water coil
VAVs with no coils have a low pressure drop. These can selection process can be described as follows:
often be selected based simply on the maximum allowable 1) Set the following values:
NC. a. Maximum DAT, typically 85 °F or 90 °F.
b. Maximum discharge and radiated NC rating,
Heating Water Coil Selections: typically 50.
c. Maximum air pressure drop (APD) for the
VAV heating water coils are not built to order; there are
assembly, typically 0.5 in W.C.
only a handful of standard coil configurations that can be
d. Maximum water pressure drop (WPD), typically 5
supplied. Therefore, only one performance parameter can
ft W. C.
be set, and the rest are calculated. Typically, fluid flow
2) Calculate Heating Maximum Airflow as the required
rate, discharge air temperature, leaving water
airflow to meet the heating load at the maximum DAT.
temperature, OR capacity can be used.
3) If Heating Maximum Airflow is lower than the Heating
Minimum Airflow, set the Heating Maximum Airflow
ASHRAE Standards are most concerned with the VAV’s
equal to the Heating Minimum Airflow and calculate
discharge air temperature (DAT). ASHRAE 90.1 limits the
the required DAT to meet the load at the Heating
DAT to more than 20 °F above the space temperature
Minimum Airflow.
setpoint. ASHRAE 62.1 introduces a penalty if the DAT
4) Set the EWT and desired maximum LWT based on the
exceeds 15 °F above the space temperature setpoint. For
heating water system, ideally 125 °F and 100 °F.
this reason, VAVs should be selected based on DAT.
5) Select the water flow rate (GPM) under which the
However, this does not mean that the other coil
maximum LWT will be ignored, typically 0.25 GPM.
parameters are unimportant. The leaving water
6) Pick the smallest size VAV with the fewest rows that
temperature is also important for the following reasons:
meet the max APD requirement at the cooling max
airflow. If this VAV meets the LWT and NC
1) Condensing boilers operate more efficiently with a
requirements, select this VAV.
lower inlet temperature.
7) Otherwise, increase the coil rows and or/fin density
2) Low return water temperatures decrease the lift on
and check APD, LWT, and GPM. If the max APD is
heat pumps and dedicated heat recovery chillers that
exceeded, increase the VAV casing size and start with a
may be incorporated into the heating water system.
one-row. Continue until the APD, LWT, and GPM
3) Pumping power is reduced with the reduction of water
constraints are satisfied.
flow that comes with a higher waterside delta-T.
8) If the VAV Controllable Minimum Airflow is higher than
the Heating Maximum Airflow, set the Heating
Because the selections are already being set based on DAT,
Maximum Airflow equal to the VAV Controllable
the exact leaving water temperature will not be able to be
Minimum Airflow, recalculate the required discharge
specified exactly. However, coil rows can be increased until
air temperature and restart the selection procedure.
a maximum LWT (or a minimum waterside delta-T) is met.
For example, even though the heating load may be met
with a two-row coil, it may be beneficial to increase to a Electric Coil Selections:
three- or four-row coil to attain a lower leaving water Electric coils have a few different considerations than
temperature. heating water coils. Capacity modulation for coils is
typically achieved by staging or a Silicon Controlled
Rectifier (SCR). Staging allows the coil capacity to be electric coils below 4 kW at 277/1 and above 4 kW
applied in a certain number of stages. For example, a 6 kW, at 480/3, and disregard 120/1 and 480/1:
3-stage coil can apply 2, 4, or 6 kW depending on the space
load. SCRs allow the capacity to be regulated infinitely.

The modulation type affects the coil selection; electric coils

require a minimum kW per stage, typically 0.5 kW per
stage. Therefore, the desired modulation type should be
decided before the coil selection process begins but should
be adjusted for the coil selection. For example, a 3-stage
heat for comfort modulation may be preferred, but if a
small office only needs a 0.5 kW capacity coil, allow the Figure 1: Example control, power system, and breakpoint
modulation to reduce to 1 stage (on/off). table.
4) Set the following values:
SCRs provide much more comfortable spaces, more a. Maximum DAT, typically 85 °F or 90 °F.
realistic code compliance, and lower required minimums. b. Maximum discharge and radiated NC
They should be the control method of choice for the rating, typically 50.
discerning HVAC designer. c. Maximum air pressure drop (APD) for the
assembly, typically 0.5 in W.C.
Additionally, electric coils require a minimum airflow to 5) Calculate Heating Maximum Airflow as the
keep the coil temperature regulated. This value is typically required airflow to meet the heating load at the
around 70 CFM/kW applied. Note that this is not based on maximum DAT.
the coil capacity kW but the kW applied. A 2 kW two-stage 6) If the airflow is lower than the Heating Minimum
heater requires a minimum airflow to satisfy 1 kW (2 kW / Airflow, set the Heating Maximum airflow to the
2 stage), typically 70 CFM. An electric reheat coil Heating Minimum Airflow and calculate the
controlled by a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) can required DAT to meet the load at the Heating
modulate infinitely and therefore does not have a Maximum airflow.
minimum required airflow. 7) Pick the smallest size that meets the max APD and
NC requirement at the cooling max airflow.
Electrical coil selections must be coordinated with the 8) Allow the electrical engineer feedback to switch
electrical engineer. The electrical engineer determines voltage/phases and reselect as necessary.
what voltage system (i.e., 480/277) the building will use
and what voltage/phase each coil should be. For example, Other VAV Options/Considerations:
at low kWs, using a 277/1 electric coil can save breaker Liner:
spaces in panels and feeder counts out to the coil. VAV liners provide insulation and sound attenuation to the
However, at higher kWs, the decrease in feeder sizes by VAV duct system. Generally, manufacturers offer various
switching to 480/3 is of more concern. It is also ideal to thickness options; the thicker the material, the better the
have a single-phase option because coils require at least insulation and sound attenuation. Many manufacturers
0.5 kW per phase of power. If a small office only needs 0.5 provide excellent descriptions and pros and cons for each
kW of coil capacity, and a 3-phase coil is selected, a 1.5 kW liner type10 , but we will review the different material
coil would have to be provided. options for liner:
1) Fiberglass: fiberglass is the least expensive option and
Electric Coil Selection Process: the best at sound attenuation; however, fiberglass may
1) Determine the electrical system (i.e., 480/277) release small fibers into the air stream.
2) Determine what voltage/phases and the default 2) Foil-Lined Fiberglass: Foil-Lined Fiberglass is slightly
kW breakpoints the electrical engineer would like more expensive but provides an aluminum foil barrier
to use. between the fiberglass and the airstream, inhibiting
3) Determine the default step control to use. Steps 1- fibers from entering the airstream. Aluminum foil is
3 can be summarized in a table similar to Figure 1, easily damaged during shipping and installation,
which informs the mechanical engineer to select possibly exposing the fibers to the airstream.
3) Fiber Free: Fiber-free liners are typically closed-cell The CO2 setpoint should be based on the actual anticipated
foam insulation. They provide similar benefits to CO2 concentration in the space, which is a function of the
fiberglass liners but without the possibility of fiber population, Pz, metabolic rate, m, ambient CO2
entering the airstream. They are water and damage concentration, Coa, and the ventilation characteristics of the
resistant so that they can be cleaned. space using the following equation:
4) Solid Metal Liners: Solid metal liners are double-wall
sheet metal with fiberglass in between. They offer 8400 ∗ Ez ∗ m
2 = Coa +
very poor sound attenuation but completely lock fibers Rp + Ra ∗ Az/Pz
away from the airstream and can be chemically
cleaned. The actual setpoint should be slightly lower than the
anticipated CO2 setpoint. If the ambient CO2 concentration
Hot Water Coil Oversized Casings: is measured, the setpoint can be dynamically calculated
Hot Water Coil Oversized Casings allow a smaller neck size using only the right side of the equation.
and airflow sensor with a larger coil area. This lowers the
VAV Controllable Minimum while still providing the heating DCV also decouples the VAV flow from the thermal load,
capacity and waterside delta-T within a lower pressure which may cause occupant comfort issues. Consider an
drop. This is an excellent option for tuning the equipment exterior conference space fully occupied on a frigid winter
to fit the system. day. The skin heating load on the building might fully
counteract the interior cooling load and no conditioning is
Even Sizes Only: needed. However, the control sequence may drive the
Manufacturers’ selection software allows limiting VAV to cooling maximum to meet the CO2 load. If the
selections to even sizes and disregarding 5”, 7”, and 9” reheat coil was not sized for this, the space may become
round inlets. This has some benefits; sometimes, local overcooled. For this reason, it may be appropriate to size
vendors only stock even sizes. Sheet metal firms may also the VAV coils to bring the cooling maximum up to neutral
provide even-size ductwork at the same cost as a smaller discharge air temperature in spaces with DCV.
odd size. However, a simple reducer upstream of the VAV
solves this problem. For the same reason oversized casings Sensor Types:
are great (allow the smallest controllable minimum while VAVs are typically controlled by a sensor or group of
still providing capacity), odd sizes should be allowed on a sensors that must be scheduled with the VAV. The sensors
project. may also allow the user to modify the space temperature
setpoint and allow the user to view the current
High Capacity Coils: environmental conditions. Typically, the sensors are
Manufacturers provide the option of standard or high- described in the specifications or notes, and only indicators
capacity coils on 1-row and 2-row coils. Typically, standard are used on the schedule. Example Indicators include:
capacity means 10 fins per inch, while high capacity is 12
fins per inch. Again, a smaller neck size with more FPI Temperature Sensing/Adjustment/Display:
allows lower controllable minimums while still providing S – Sensor Only – typically provided in public areas
the capacity; this option should also be allowed. where occupants should not be able to override
the temperature setpoint.
Demand Control Ventilation (DCV): A – Adjustable Sensor – typically provided in
DCV optimizes air flow to space based on the actual private areas, such as offices, where the occupants
occupancy as determined by the level of CO2 in the space. should be able to adjust the setpoint up or down.
The IECC typically requires demand control ventilation in V – Visual Readout Adjustable Sensor – typically
spaces with an occupant density higher than 25 provided in private areas, such as offices, where
people/1000 sf and an area greater than 500 sf. Demand the occupants should be able to adjust the
control ventilation allows the VAV to reduce to minimums setpoint up and down and read the current
lower to below Voz, all the way down to the controllable conditions.
minimum of the VAV.
CO2 – DCV- for use with demand control ventilation.
O - Occupancy – used for detecting space occupancy and is
required for occupied standby mode when integrating with
the lighting controller is not available.

A sensor for a conference space might read, “V, CO2, O”

Indicating that a visual, adjustable temperature sensor,
along with a CO2 sensor and an occupancy sensor is to be
provided to control the VAV. Many times, all of these
sensors can be provided in one11, but the important thing is
that the design conveys to the contractors what must be
provided.

Setpoints can be listed on the schedule or grouped and

listed in the specification.

Conclusion:
As described in this paper, VAV selection is a complicated
and time-consuming process. Thankfully, this process was
combined with Price Industries’ cloud-based selection
software and automated for BIM projects. Check out the
free plugin at www.RippleEngineeringSoftware.com.
Table 1: VAV Airflow Schedule

Airflow Information

VAV Minimum ASHRAE 36 Inputs DESIGN FLOW CONDITIONS

Breathing Breathing COOLING HEATING
The Zone Air The Zone Air Zone Zone
Zone Zone
Minimum Distribution Distribution outdoor outdoor
VAV Controllable Outdoor Air Outdoor Air Economizer
Velocity Effectiveness Effectiveness Airflow in Airflow in Occupied Stand-By Maximum Economizer Minimum Flow Required MAX / REHEAT
Minimum: VCM Area Population Minimum Minimum Flow
Pressure in Heating in Cooling Cooling Heating Flow (CFM) Flow Minimum Flow Flow To Meet Heating FLOW
(CFM) Component, Component, Flow (CFM)
(IN. W.C.) Mode, Eh Mode, Ec Mode, VozC Mode, VozH (CFM) (CFM) (CFM) Load at Max dT (CFM)
Vbz-A: Vbz-P (CFM)
(Unitless) (Unitless) (CFM) (CFM)
(CFM) (CFM)
Sum of Space CFMheatLoad = CFMHeat =
VozC = (Vbz- VozH = (Vbz- 0 If allowed by 62.1
VCM = Max(VozC, Max(1.5 * VozC, Airflows (Qcool Max(VozH, Max(1.5 * Qheat / 1.08 * Max(1.5 * VozH,
VPmin Vbz-A Vbz-P Eh Ec A + Vbz-P) / A + Vbz-P) / or
4005*√(VPmin/F)*Ai VCM) VCM) / 1.08 (EAT - VCM) VozH, VCM) (Max DA-T - VCM,
EC EH Max(Vbz-A, VCM)
ZNTcool)) ZNTheat) CFMheatLoad)
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