Unit 2 - Java Programming

UNIT 3:
Syllabus: MultithreadingandExceptionHandling:Overview of simple threads, Basic idea of multi-threaded

programming,Thread synchronization: Locks, synchronized methods, synchronized block,Thread
scheduling,Producer-consumerrelationship,Daemon thread, Basic idea of exception handling,stack based

execution and exception propagation, Exception types: Exception Handling:Try,Catch,Finally,Throw
statement, Assertions.
Thread is an independent path of execution within program.it is Individual and separate unit of execution that
is part of aprocess. multiple threads can work together to accomplish a common goal(in sameprogram).
Multiple threading refers to two or more tasks executing concurrently within a single program.
Video Game example
one thread for graphics
one thread for user interaction
one thread for networking
Advantage of Thread
 Easier to program
o 1 thread per task
 Can provide better performance
o Thread only runs when needed
o No polling to decide what to do
 Multiple threads can share resources
 Utilizemultiple processors if available
MULTITHREADING
Java is a multi-threaded programming language which means we can develop multi-threaded program using
Java. A multi-threaded program contains two or more parts that can run concurrently and each part can handle
a different task at the same time making optimal use of the available resources specially when your computer
has multiple CPUs.
By definition, multitasking is when multiple processes share common processing resources such as a CPU.
Multi-threading extends the idea of multitasking into applications where you can subdivide specific operations
within a single application into individual threads. Each of the threads can run in parallel. The OS divides
processing time not only among different applications, but also among each thread within an application.
Multi-threading enables you to write in a way where multiple activities can proceed concurrently in the same
program.
Life Cycle of a Thread

A thread goes through various stages in its life cycle. For example, a thread is born, started, runs, and then
dies. The following diagram shows the complete life cycle of a thread.
Following are the stages of the life cycle −
 New − A new thread begins its life cycle in the new state. It remains in this state until the program
starts the thread. It is also referred to as a born thread.
 Runnable − After a newly born thread is started, the thread becomes runnable. A thread in this state
is considered to be executing its task.
 Waiting − Sometimes, a thread transitions to the waiting state while the thread waits for another thread
to perform a task. A thread transitions back to the runnable state only when another thread signals the
waiting thread to continue executing.
 Timed Waiting − A runnable thread can enter the timed waiting state for a specified interval of time.
A thread in this state transitions back to the runnable state when that time interval expires or when the
event it is waiting for occurs.
 Terminated (Dead) − A runnable thread enters the terminated state when it completes its task or
otherwise terminates.
THREAD PRIORITIES
Every Java thread has a priority that helps the operating system determine the order in which threads are
scheduled.
Java thread priorities are in the range between MIN_PRIORITY (a constant of 1) and MAX_PRIORITY (a
constant of 10). By default, every thread is given priority NORM_PRIORITY (a constant of 5).
Threads with higher priority are more important to a program and should be allocated processor time before
lower-priority threads. However, thread priorities cannot guarantee the order in which threads execute and are
very much platform dependent.
Create a Thread by Implementing a Runnable Interface

If your class is intended to be executed as a thread then you can achieve this by implementing a Runnable
interface. You will need to follow three basic steps −
Step 1
As a first step, you need to implement a run() method provided by a Runnable interface. This method provides
an entry point for the thread and you will put your complete business logic inside this method. Following is a
simple syntax of the run() method −
public void run( )
Step 2
As a second step, you will instantiate a Thread object using the following constructor −
Where, threadObj is an instance of a class that implements the Runnable interface and threadName is the name
given to the new thread.
Or just create only object of Thread class like
Thread threadObj = new Thread();
Step 3
Once a Thread object is created, you can start it by calling start() method, which executes a call to run( )
method. Following is a simple syntax of start() method −
void start();
call this method with the help of Thread object. Like:
ThreadObj.start();
Syntax:
class A implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
// code that you want to attach with thread
}
}
public class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Thread t1= new Thread( new A());
t1.start();
}
}
Example
Here is an example that creates a new thread and starts running it −
class A implements Runnable{
public void run(){
for(int i=0;i<=10;i++)
System.out.println("Thread A "+i);
}
}
class B implements Runnable{
public void run(){
System.out.println("Thread B "+i);
}
}
public class MyThread{
public static void main(String args[]){
Thread t1= new Thread(new A());
Thread t2= new Thread(new B());
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
This will produce the following result −
Output:
Create a Thread by Extending a Thread Class
The second way to create a thread is to create a new class that extends Thread class using the following two
simple steps. This approach provides more flexibility in handling multiple threads created using available
methods in Thread class.
Step 1
You will need to override run( ) method available in Thread class. This method provides an entry point for the
thread and you will put your complete business logic inside this method. Following is a simple syntax of run()
method −
public void run( )
Step 2
Once Thread object is created, you can start it by calling start() method, which executes a call to run( ) method.
Following is a simple syntax of start() method −
void start( );
call this method with the help of class object which is extends by Thread object. Like:
Obj.start();
Syntax:
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
// code that you want to attach with thread
}
}
public class Example
{
{
A t1= new A();
t1.start();
}
}
Example
Here is the preceding program rewritten to extend the Thread −
class A extends Thread{

public void run(){
}
}
class B extends Thread{
public void run(){
}
}
public class MyThread{
A t1= new A();
B t2= new B();
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Output:
Synchronization in Java
Synchronization in java is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to any shared resource.
Java Synchronization is better option where we want to allow only one thread to access the shared resource.
Multi-threaded programs may often come to a situation where multiple threads try to access the same resources
and finally produce erroneous and unforeseen results.
So it needs to be made sure by some synchronization method that only one thread can access the resource at
a given point of time.
Java provides a way of creating threads and synchronizing their task by using synchronized blocks.
Synchronized blocks in Java are marked with the synchronized keyword. A synchronized block in Java is
synchronized on some object. All synchronized blocks synchronized on the same object can only have one
thread executing inside them at a time. All other threads attempting to enter the synchronized block are blocked
until the thread inside the synchronized block exits the block.
Following is the general form of a synchronized block:
// Only one thread can execute at a time.

// sync_object is a reference to an object
// whose lock associates with the monitor.
// The code is said to be synchronized on
// the monitor object
synchronized(sync_object)
{
// Access shared variables and other
// shared resources
}
Why use Synchronization
The synchronization is mainly used to
 To prevent thread interference.
 To prevent consistency problem.
Types of Synchronization
There are two types of synchronization
1. Thread Synchronization
2. Process Synchronization
Here, we will discuss only thread synchronization.
1. Thread Synchronization
There are two types of thread synchronization mutual exclusive and inter-thread communication.
1. Mutual Exclusive
 Synchronized method.
 Synchronized block.
 static synchronization.
2. Cooperation (Inter-thread communication in java)
Mutual Exclusive
Mutual Exclusive helps keep threads from interfering with one another while sharing data. This can be done
by three ways in java:
1. by synchronized method
2. by synchronized block
3. by static synchronization
Concept of Lock in Java

Synchronization is built around an internal entity known as the lock or monitor. Every object has an lock
associated with it. By convention, a thread that needs consistent access to an object's fields has to acquire the
object's lock before accessing them, and then release the lock when it's done with them.
The package java.util.concurrent.locks contains several lock implementations.
Understanding the problem without Synchronization

In this example, there is no synchronization, so output is inconsistent. Let's see the example:
class Table{
void printTable(int n)//method not synchronized{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
System.out.println(n*i);
try{
Thread.sleep(400);
}catch(Exception e){
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
Table t;
MyThread1(Table t){
this.t=t;
}
public void run(){
t.printTable(5);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread{
Table t;
MyThread2(Table t){
this.t=t;
}
public void run(){
t.printTable(100);
}
}
class TestSynchronization1{
Table obj = new Table(); //only one object
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Output: 5
100
10
200
15
300
20
400
25
500
Java synchronized method

 If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized method.
 Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
 When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that object and
releases it when the thread completes its task.
//example of java synchronized method
class Table {
synchronized void printTable(int n){ //synchronized method
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(n * i);
try {
Thread.sleep(400);
} catch (Exception e) {
}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread {
Table t;
MyThread1(Table t) {
this.t = t;
}
public void run() {
t.printTable(5);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread {
Table t;
MyThread2(Table t) {
this.t = t;
}
public void run() {
t.printTable(100);
}
}
public class TestSynchronization2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Table obj = new Table(); //only one object
MyThread1 t1 = new MyThread1(obj);
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2(obj);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Output:
5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
400
500
Synchronized block
 Here we write code inside the synchronized block
 Whole program will worked parallel but only that particularcode will run serially(Synchronized)
Syntax:
Object o1= new Object();
Synchronized(o1) //acquire lock on o1 on entry
{ //hold lock on o1 in block
// Release lock on x on exit
}
Understanding the problem without Synchronization
In this example, there is no synchronization, so output is inconsistent. Let's see the example:
Example:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Account {
private int bal;
public Account(int b) {
this.bal = b;
}
public boolean isSufficiantBal(int am) {
if (bal >= am) {
return (true);
} else {
return (false);
}
}
public void withdrowal(int amt) {
bal = bal - amt;
System.out.println("Your Current bal " + bal);
}
}
class Customer implements Runnable {
private String name ;
private Account acc;
public Customer(Account a1, String n) {
acc = a1;
this.name = n;
}
public void run() {
Scanner kb = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(name + " Enter the withdrawl amount ");
int amt = kb.nextInt();
if (acc.isSufficiantBal(amt)) {
System.out.println(name);
acc.withdrowal(amt);
} else {
System.out.println("insufficient bal");
}
}
}
public class SynchThread {
Account a1 = new Account(1000);
Customer c1 = new Customer(a1, "Jack");
Customer c2 = new Customer(a1, 'John");
Thread t1 = new Thread(c1);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
 In previous example have two threads and both are access same resource (Account)
 In that case may be data corruption problem occurs
 Output of the program like that;
Output:
John Enter the withdrawl amount
Jack Enter the withdrawl amount
700
500
Jack
Your Current bal 300
John
Your Current bal -300
Using synchronized block:

import java.util.Scanner;
class Account {
private int bal;
public Account(int b) {
this.bal = b;
}
public boolean isSufficiantBal(int am) {
if (bal >= am) {
return (true);
} else {
return (false);
}
}
public void withdrowal(int amt) {
bal = bal - amt;
System.out.println("Your Current bal " + bal);
}
}
class Customer implements Runnable {
private String name;
private Account acc;
public Customer(Account a1, String n) {
acc = a1;
this.name = n;
}
public void run() {
Scanner kb = new Scanner(System.in);
Synchronized(acc)
{
System.out.println(name + " Enter the withdrawl amount ");
int amt = kb.nextInt();
if (acc.isSufficiantBal(amt)) {
System.out.println(name);
acc.withdrowal(amt);
} else {
System.out.println("insufficient bal");
}
}
}
}
public class SynchThread {
Account a1 = new Account(1000);
Customer c1 = new Customer(a1, "Jack");
Customer c2 = new Customer(a1, "John");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Output:
Jack Enter the withdrawl amount
700
Jack
Your Current bal 300
John Enter the withdrawl amount
600
insufficient bal
THREAD SCHEDULING
Thread scheduler in java is the part of the JVM that decides which thread should run. There is no guarantee
that which runnable thread will be chosen to run by the thread scheduler. Only one thread at a time can run in
a single process.
The thread scheduler mainly uses preemptive or time slicing scheduling to schedule the threads. Difference
between preemptive scheduling and time slicing
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a
higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time
and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based
on priority and other factors.
Priority Thread
It decide as a number . We can specify the priority of each thread relative to other thread. Those threads having
higher priority get greater access of available sources then lower priority threads. Java thread inherit its priority
from the thread class. Priority already set by default 5
We can change the priority of thread using setPriority() function. Value of priority also returned by the
getPriority() function
Example: Thread t1= new Thread();
t1.setPriority(7);
Priority lie between 0 to 10 Higher no has a higher priority
Example:
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
{
}
}
}
class B extends Thread
{
Downloaded from www.rgpvnotes.in
public void run()

{
{
}
}
}
public class MyThread
{
{
Thread t1= new Thread(new A());
Thread t2= new Thread(new B());
t1.setPriority(10);
t2.setPriority(6);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
The following Static final integer constant are defined in

Thread class
 MIN_PRIORITY (0) Lower priority
 NORM_PRIORITY (5) by default
 MAX_PRIORITY (10) Highest priority
Producer-Consumer solution using threads

In computing, the producer–consumer problem (also known as the bounded-buffer problem) is a classic
example of a multi-process synchronization problem. The problem describes two processes, the producer and
the consumer, which share a common, fixed-size buffer used as a queue.
 The producer’s job is to generate data, put it into the buffer, and start again.
 At the same time, the consumer is consuming the data (i.e. removing it from the buffer), one piece at a
time.
Problem
To make sure that the producer won’t try to add data into the buffer if it’s full and that the consumer won’t try
to remove data from an empty buffer.
Solution
The producer is to either go to sleep or discard data if the buffer is full. The next time the consumer removes
an item from the buffer, it notifies the producer, who starts to fill the buffer again. In the same way, the
consumer can go to sleep if it finds the buffer to be empty. The next time the producer puts data into the buffer,
it wakes up the sleeping consumer.
An inadequate solution could result in a deadlock where both processes are waiting to be awakened.
Implementation of Producer Consumer Class
 A LinkedList list – to store list of jobs in queue.
 A Variable Capacity – to check for if the list is full or not
A mechanism to control the insertion and extraction from this list so that we do not insert into list if it is full
or remove from it if it is empty.
Example already discussed in class.
Daemon Thread
Daemon thread in java is a service provider thread that provides services to the user thread. Its life depend on
the mercy of user threads i.e. when all the user threads dies, JVM terminates this thread
automatically. There are many java daemon threads running automatically e.g. gc, finalizer etc.
You can see all the detail by typing the jconsole in the command prompt. The jconsole tool provides
information about the loaded classes, memory usage, running threads etc.
Methods for Java Daemon thread by Thread class

The java.lang.Thread class provides two methods for java daemon thread.
No. Method Description
1 public void setDaemon(boolean status) is used to mark the current thread as daemon thread or
user thread.
2 public boolean isDaemon() is used to check that current is daemon.
Simple example of Daemon thread in java

File: MyThread.java
public class TestDaemonThread1 extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
if(Thread.currentThread().isDaemon()) //checking for daemon thread
{
System.out.println("daemon thread work");
}
else
{
System.out.println("user thread work");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TestDaemonThread1 t1=new TestDaemonThread1(); //creating thread
TestDaemonThread1 t2=new TestDaemonThread1();
TestDaemonThread1 t3=new TestDaemonThread1();
t1.setDaemon(true);//now t1 is daemon thread
t1.start();//starting threads
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}
Output
daemon thread work
user thread work
user thread work
Points to remember for Daemon Thread in Java

 It provides services to user threads for background supporting tasks. It has no role in life than to serve user
threads.
 Its life depends on user threads.
 It is a low priority thread.
 If you want to make a user thread as Daemon, it must not be started otherwise it will throw
IllegalThreadStateException.
EXCEPTION HANDLING
The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that normal
flow of the application can be maintained.
In this page, we will learn about java exception, its type and the difference between checked and unchecked
exceptions.
What is exception
Dictionary Meaning: Exception is an abnormal condition.
In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is thrown at
runtime.
What is exception handling
Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFound, IO, SQL, Remote etc.
Advantage of Exception Handling
The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application. Exception
normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we use exception handling. Let's take a
scenario:
statement 1;
statement 2;
statement 3;
statement 4;
statement 5;//exception occurs
statement 6;
statement 7;
statement 8;
statement 9;
statement 10;
Suppose there is 10 statements in your program and there occurs an exception at statement 5, rest of the code
will not be executed i.e. statement 6 to 10 will not run. If we perform exception handling, rest of the statement
will be executed. That is why we use exception handling in java.
Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

Types of Exception
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered as unchecked
exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions:
1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error
Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions
1. Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions
e.g.IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
2. Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException,
NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at
compile-time rather they are checked at runtime.
3. Error
Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.
Common scenarios where exceptions may occur

There are given some scenarios where unchecked exceptions can occur. They are as follows:
1. Scenario where ArithmeticException occurs
If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException.
int a=50/0;//ArithmeticException
2. Scenario where NullPointerException occurs
If we have null value in any variable, performing any operation by the variable occurs an
NullPointerException.
String s=null;
System.out.println(s.length());//NullPointerException
3. Scenario where NumberFormatException occurs
The wrong formatting of any value, may occur NumberFormatException. Suppose I have a string variable
that have characters, converting this variable into digit will occur NumberFormatException.
String s="abc";
int i=Integer.parseInt(s);//NumberFormatException
4. Scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs
If you are inserting any value in the wrong index, it would result ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException as shown
below:
int a[]=new int[5];
a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Java Exception Handling Keywords

There are 5 keywords used in java exception handling.
1. try
2. catch
3. finally
4. throw
5. throws
Java try-catch
Java try block

Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the method.
Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.
Syntax of java try-catch
try
{
//code that may throw exception
}catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}
Syntax of try-finally block
try
{
//code that may throw exception
}finally{}
Java catch block
Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only. You can use multiple
catch block with a single try.
Problem without exception handling
Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block.
public class Testtrycatch1
{
{
int data=50/0;//may throw exception
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of the code... statement
is not printed).
There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be executed.
Solution by exception handling
Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block.
public class Testtrycatch2
{
{
try
{
int data=50/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
}
}
}
Output:
rest of the code...
Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code... statement is printed.
Internal working of java try-catch block
The JVM firstly checks whether the exception is handled or not. If exception is not handled, JVM provides a
default exception handler that performs the following tasks:
 Prints out exception description.
 Prints the stack trace (Hierarchy of methods where the exception occurred).
 Causes the program to terminate.
But if exception is handled by the application programmer, normal flow of the application is maintained i.e.
rest of the code is executed.
JAVA CATCH MULTIPLE EXCEPTIONS

Java Multi catch block
If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multi catch block.
Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.
public class TestMultipleCatchBlock{
try{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=30/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println("task1 is completed");}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println("task 2 completed");}
catch(Exception e){System.out.println("common task completed");}

}
}
Output:task1 is completed
rest of the code...
Rule:
1. At a time only one Exception is occured and at a time only one catch block is executed.
2. All catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general i.e. catch for ArithmeticException
must come before catch for Exception .
class TestMultipleCatchBlock1
{
{
try
{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=30/0;
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("common task completed");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("task1 is completed");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("task 2 completed");
}
}
}
Output:
Compile-time error
Java Nested try block

The try block within a try block is known as nested try block in java.
Why use nested try block
Sometimes a situation may arise where a part of a block may cause one error and the entire block itself may
cause another error. In such cases, exception handlers have to be nested.
Syntax:
....
try
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
try
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
}
catch(Exception e)
{
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
}
....
Java nested try example
Let's see a simple example of java nested try block.
class Excep6
{
{
try
{
try
{
System.out.println("going to divide");
int b =39/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e)
{System.out.println(e);}
try
{
int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=4;
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("other statement);
}catch(Exception e)
{System.out.println("handeled");}
System.out.println("normal flow..");
}
}
Java finally block
 Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection, stream etc.
 Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not.
 Java finally block follows try or catch block.
Note: If you don't handle exception, before terminating the program, JVM executes finally block(if any).
Why use java finally
Finally block in java can be used to put "cleanup" code such as closing a file, closing connection etc.
Usage of Java finally

Let's see the different cases where java finally block can be used.
Case 1
Let's see the java finally example where exception doesn't occur.
class TestFinallyBlock
{
try
{
int data=25/5;
System.out.println(data);
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{System.out.println(e);
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally block is always executed");
}
}
}
Output:
5
finally block is always executed
rest of the code...
Case 2
Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and not handled.
class TestFinallyBlock1
{
try
{
int data=25/0;
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{
}
Finally
{
}
}
}
Output:
finally block is always executed
Case 3
Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and handled.
public class TestFinallyBlock2

{
{
Try
{
int data=25/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
}
finally
{
}
}
}
Output:Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
Finally block is always executed
rest of the code...
Rule: For each try block there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block.
Note: The finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a
fatal error that causes the process to abort).
Java throw keyword
The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. We can throw either checked or uncheked
exception in java by throw keyword. The throw keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception.
The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.
throw exception;
Let's see the example of throw IOException.
throw new IOException("sorry device error);
java throw keyword example
In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. If the age is less
than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message welcome to vote.
public class TestThrow

{
static void validate(int age)
{
if(age<18)
throw new ArithmeticException("not valid");
else
System.out.println("welcome to vote");
}
{
validate(13);
}
}
Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:not valid
Java Exception propagation

An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the call stack to the
previous method,If not caught there, the exception again drops down to the previous method, and so on until
they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call stack.This is called exception propagation.
Rule: By default Unchecked Exceptions are forwarded in calling chain (propagated).
Program of Exception Propagation
class TestExceptionPropagation1
{
void m()
{
int data=50/0;
}
void n()
{
m();
}
void p()
{
try
{
n();
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("exception handled");
}
}
{
TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();
obj.p();
System.out.println("normal flow...");
}
}
Output:exception handled
normal flow...
In the above example exception occurs in m() method where it is not handled,so it is propagated to previous
n() method where it is not handled, again it is propagated to p() method where exception is handled.
Exception can be handled in any method in call stack either in main() method,p() method,n() method or m()
method.
Rule: By default, Checked Exceptions are not forwarded in calling chain (propagated).
Program which describes that checked exceptions are not propagated

class TestExceptionPropagation2
{
void m(){
throw new java.io.IOException("device error");//checked exception
}
void n()
{
m();
}
void p()
{
try
{
n();
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("exception handeled");
}
}
{
TestExceptionPropagation2 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation2();
obj.p();
System.out.println("normal flow");
}
}
Output:Compile Time Error
Java throws keyword

The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the programmer that there
may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the exception handling code so that
normal flow can be maintained.
Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any unchecked exception
such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not performing check up before the code being
used.
Syntax of java throws
return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{
//method code
}
Which exception should be declared
checked exception only, because:
unchecked Exception: under your control so correct your code.
error: beyond your control e.g. you are unable to do anything if there occurs VirtualMachineError or
StackOverflowError.
Advantage of Java throws keyword
 Now Checked Exception can be propagated (forwarded in call stack).
 It provides information to the caller of the method about the exception.
Java throws example

Let's see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can be propagated by
throws keyword.
import java.io.IOException;
class Testthrows1
{
void m()throws IOException
{
throw new IOException("device error"); //checked exception
}
void n()throws IOException
{
m();
}
void p()
{
try
{
n();
}catch(Exception e)
{
}
}
{
Testthrows1 obj=new Testthrows1();
obj.p();
}
}
Output:
exception handled
normal flow...
Rule: If you are calling a method that declares an exception, you must either caught or declare the exception.
There are two cases:
Case1:You caught the exception i.e. handle the exception using try/catch.
Case2:You declare the exception i.e. specifying throws with the method.
Case1: You handle the exception

In case you handle the exception, the code will be executed fine whether exception occurs during the program
or not.
import java.io.*;
class M
{
void method()throws IOException
{
throw new IOException("device error");
}
}
public class Testthrows2
{
{
try{
M m=new M();
m.method();
}catch(Exception e)
{
}
}
}
Test it Now
Output:exception handled
normal flow...
Case2: You declare the exception

a) In case you declare the exception, if exception does not occur, the code will be executed fine.
b) In case you declare the exception if exception occures, an exception will be thrown at runtime because
throws does not handle the exception.
a) Program if exception does not occur
import java.io.*;
class M
{
{
System.out.println("device operation performed");
}
}
class Testthrows3
{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException//declare exception
{
M m=new M();
m.method();
}
}
Output:device operation performed
normal flow...
b) Program if exception occurs
import java.io.*;
class M
{
{
throw new IOException("device error");
}}
class Testthrows4
{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException//declare exception
{
M m=new M();
m.method();
}
}
Output:Runtime Exception
Difference between throw and throws in Java

There are many differences between throw and throws keywords. A list of differences between throw and
throws are given below:
No. throw throws
1) Java throw keyword is used to Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception.
explicitly throw an exception.
2) Checked exception cannot be Checked exception can be propagated with throws.
propagated using throw only.
3) Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class.
4) Throw is used within the method. Throws is used with the method signature.
5) You cannot throw multiple exceptions. You can declare multiple exceptions e.g.
public void method()throws IOException,SQLException
Java throw example

void m()
{
throw new ArithmeticException("sorry");
}
Java throws example
void m()throws ArithmeticException
{
//method code
}
Java throw and throws example
void m()throws ArithmeticException
{
throw new ArithmeticException("sorry");
}
Difference between final, finally and finalize
There are many differences between final, finally and finalize. A list of differences between final, finally and
finalize are given below:
No. final finally finalize

1 Final is used to apply restrictions on class, Finally is used to place Finalize is used to
method and variable. Final class can't be important code, it will be perform clean up
inherited, final method can't be executed whether processing just before
overridden and final variable value can't exception is handled or object is garbage
be changed. not. collected.
2 Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.
Java final example

class FinalExample
{
{
final int x=100;
x=200;//Compile Time Error
}
}
Java finally example

class FinallyExample
{
{
try
{
int x=300;
}catch(Exception e)
{
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally block is executed");
}
}
}
Java finalize example

class FinalizeExample
{
public void finalize()
{
System.out.println("finalize called");
}
{
FinalizeExample f1=new FinalizeExample();
FinalizeExample f2=new FinalizeExample();
f1=null;
f2=null;
System.gc();
}
}

Unit 2 - Java Programming

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Unit 2 - Java Programming

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UNIT 3:

Syllabus: MultithreadingandExceptionHandling:Overview of simple threads, Basic idea of multi-threaded

scheduling,Producer-consumerrelationship,Daemon thread, Basic idea of exception handling,stack based

Life Cycle of a Thread

Create a Thread by Implementing a Runnable Interface

class A extends Thread{

// Only one thread can execute at a time.

Concept of Lock in Java

Understanding the problem without Synchronization

Java synchronized method

Using synchronized block:

public void run()

The following Static final integer constant are defined in

Producer-Consumer solution using threads

Methods for Java Daemon thread by Thread class

Simple example of Daemon thread in java

t1.setDaemon(true);//now t1 is daemon thread

Points to remember for Daemon Thread in Java

Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

Common scenarios where exceptions may occur

Java Exception Handling Keywords

Java try block

Internal working of java try-catch block

JAVA CATCH MULTIPLE EXCEPTIONS

System.out.println("rest of the code...");

Java Nested try block

Usage of Java finally

public class TestFinallyBlock2

public class TestThrow

Java Exception propagation

Program which describes that checked exceptions are not propagated

Java throws keyword

Java throws example

Case1: You handle the exception

Case2: You declare the exception

Difference between throw and throws in Java

Java throw example

No. final finally finalize

Java final example

Java finally example

Java finalize example

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