SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

21CSC302J COMPUTER NETWOKS LAB MANUAL

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 Session
Page
2 Exercise CLO
No
Periods
1.a - Introduction to Packet Tracer
Lab 1
1.b - Networking Commands (Windows/ Unix)
1.c
Implementation of Network Topologies
2. a - Demonstration of cross over cable with P-P network
Lab 2
2 .b - Demonstration of straight-through cable with local
area network
Lab 3 Configuration of IP Address in Router
Lab 4 Subnetting in WAN Configuration (DTE and DCE)
5. a - VLAN Switch Configuration
Lab 5
5. b - Router Configuration through a Console cable
6. a Demonstration of Static Routing
Lab 6
6. b Demonstration of Default Routing
7. a Demonstration of RIP v1
Lab 7
7. b Demonstration of RIP v2
Lab 8 EIGRP Configuration, Bandwidth, and Adjacencies
Lab 9 EIGRP Authentication and Timers
Lab 10 Single-Area OSPF Link Costs and Interface
Lab 11 Multi-Area OSPF with Stub Areas and Authentication
Lab 12 Examining Network Address Translation (NAT)
Lab 13 BGP Configuration
Case Study Implementation

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 EXERCISE 1
AIM:
To understand the basics of Packet Tracer, Networking commands and Study of different types of cables
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PACKET TRACER
Cisco Packet Tracer is a free application that enables you to practice network
configuration and troubleshooting on your desktop or laptop computer. It enables you to mimic
networks without having physical access to the underlying hardware. Along with networking,
you may improve your Internet of Things (IoT) and cybersecurity skills through education and
practice. You have the option of creating a network from scratch, using a pre-built sample
network, or completing lab projects. While Packet Tracer is not a substitute for practising on
physical routers, switches, firewalls, and servers, it does offer a number of advantages.

1.a What are the Benefits of Using Packet Tracer?

Imagine being able to peer inside a small business network or the internet. Have you
ever wished to create an Internet of Things system that would notify you through the phone if
there was an issue in your home environment? Welcome to Cisco Packet Tracer, the simulation
environment that may assist you in doing all of these tasks and more. It is intended to
familiarize you with the Cisco Packet Tracer network simulation and visualization tool.
In Packet Tracer, you will design your own network (PT). Additionally, you will learn
about the many sorts of PT files.

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1.b Packet Tracer UI:

Packet Tracer is a tool that allows you to simulate real networks. It provides three main menus
that you can use for the following:
Add devices and connect them via cables or wireless.
Select, delete, inspect, label, and group components within your network.
Manage your network.

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The network management menu lets you do the following:
Open an existing/sample network.
Save your current network.
Modify your user profile or your preferences.

Packet Tracer also provides a variety of tabs for device configuration including the following:
Physical
Config
CLI
Desktop
Services
The tabs that are shown depend on the device you are currently configuring.
Physical Tab

The Physical tab provides an interface for interacting with the device including powering it on
or off or installing different modules, such as a wireless network interface card (NIC).

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Config Tab

For intermediate devices such as routers and switches, there are two ways to access
device configurations. Configurations can be accessed via a Config tab, which is a Graphical
User Interface (GUI). Configurations can also be accessed using a command line interface
(CLI).
The Config tab does not simulate the functionality of a device. This tab is unique to

way to use a Packet Tracer-only GUI to configure basic settings. As settings are changed in the
GUI, the equivalent CLI commands appear in the Equivalent IOS Commands window. This
helps you to learn the CLI commands and the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)
while you are using the Config tab.
For example, in the figure, the user has configured MyRouter as the name of the device.
The Equivalent IOS Commands window shows the IOS command that achieves the same
results in the CLI. In addition, device configuration files can be saved, loaded, erased, and
exported here.

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 CLI Tab

The CLI tab provides access to the command line interface of a Cisco device. Using the CLI
tab requires knowledge of device configuration with IOS. Here, you can practice configuring
Cisco devices at the command line. CLI configuration is a necessary skill for more advanced
networking implementations.
Note: Any commands that were entered from the Config tab are also shown in the CLI tab.

Desktop Tab

For some end devices, such as PCs and laptops, Packet Tracer provides a desktop interface that
gives you access to IP configuration, wireless configuration, a command prompt, a web
browser, and other applications.

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Services Tab

A server has all of the functions of a host with the addition of one more tab, the Services tab.
This tab allows a server to be configured with common server processes such as HTTP, DHCP,
DNS, or other services, as shown in the figure.

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 1.b) NETWORKING COMMANDS

Ping (Unix/Windows)
Ping dates from the 70s and is known for being one of the most basic network commands.
However, it is not as simple as we believe and has many more uses than those we already
know. It is based on the ICMP protocol and is used to determine:
If there is connectivity between your machine and another machine on the network.
used to measure or latency time.

It is a command that exists on all operating systems that support TCP/IP, and it is a basic
command that you should know.
Ping is known for having dozens of parameters and the one that we find more useful

that undo the first package, so it is essential to send at least three so we can check that at least
one has arrived without being discarded. For this, we use the -c parameter.
The same technique can be used to determine the loss percentage of packages in our
network, sending ten packages and seeing if any gets lost. The number of packages that
usually get lost in the network will surprise you. (This tool is included in Pandora FMS)
Execution: Ping name/System IP

Traceroute (Unix/Windows)
The main objective of this tool is to know the traveling path of a package through our
network. This network command will tell us where the package is going through (machines,
switches, routers) and check that our network is working properly. If you encounter any
problems, it will allow us to have a rough idea about where the fault lies.

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Execution:
traceroute n (on Unix / Linux)
tracert d (on Windows)

Arp (Unix/Windows)
This network command is used to change and view the ARP table, which contains the
mappings between the IP address and the MAC address. It only sees the connections in our

discover what machines are directly connected to our host or what machines we are
connected to. It is a diagnostic tool, and sometimes it can be interesting to monitor it in order
to discard ARP Poisoning attacks, which are one of the most common forms of phishing
attacks in local networks.
Execution: arp a

Curl and wget (Unix/ Windows)

These are essential commands to do HTTP, HTTPS or FTP requests to remote
servers. It allows you to download files or whole web pages, even recursively (it literally

you to send POST requests, in addition to user agent, use a http proxy or even a
SOCKS4/5 proxy.
One of the most common utilities in integration with Pandora FMS, is to verify the
contents of a specific web page. Because wget / curl allows us to download the entire
contents of a web, it is easy to compare the MD5 of that content with a value previously
verified. If it changes, it means that the Web has been altered.
Netstat (Unix/Windows)
Network command identifies all TCP connections and UDP open on a machine.
Besides this, it allows us to know the following information:

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 Routing tables to meet our network interfaces and its outputs.
Ethernet statistics that show sent and received packages and possible errors.
To know the id of the process that is being used by the connection.
Netstat is another basic command as Ping that meets many elementary functions.

Whois (Unix/ Windows)

This network command is used to query data domains: to find out who owns the
domain, when that domain expires, to view the configured logs, contact details, etc. Its use is
highly recommended to contact the administrators of the domains or when incidents of
migration of services such as mail and web happen.
To use on Windows you need to download the software from this url:
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/whois.aspx

VNStat
It is one of the most complete network commands. It works on all Linux and BSD systems,
and allows us to monitor network traffic from the console.
Installation is simple and fairly quick, allowing monitoring of all network interfaces.
With VNStat we can collect all traffic needed from any configured interface.
One of the big differences between VNStat and other tools is that VNStat collects
kernel data instead of the interface itself, which means a lighter execution for the
system.
It will not require administrator permissions to run.
It has the ability to store gathered information so your information never goes
missing, even if the system crashes or reboots itself.
You can set Vnstat to listen to traffic, daily or by billing period, as well as many other
options.
It stands out for its flexibility when configuring the reading of traffic.
Finally, it is possible to set Vnstat output to generate console graphics and even customize them with
colours.

SSH (Unix/Linux/Windows)
Command to run terminals on remote machines safely. SSH allows any user to run a
console just by registering and entering his credentials. So you can run the commands you
want as if you were in local.
More details you need to know about SSH:
Putty is recommended when using SSH in Windows. You can find it here:
http://www.putty.org/

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TCPDump (Unix/Linux/Windows)
It is one of the tools of network commands, and when used right, goes on to
become a great ally for network administrators, system administrators or programmers.
TCPDump is an advanced command used to inspect traffic from different interfaces
of a machine so you can get the exchanged packages. You can dump output to file so then
you can analyse it with more powerful sniffers and graphical interfaces such as Wireshark.
For Windows, you must use WinDump.
Ngrep (Unix/Linux/Windows)
The grep command power is taken to the network.

It is a TCPDump with a substring text filter in real time.

It has a very powerful filtering system for regular expressions and it is typically used
to process files generated by tcpdump, wireshark, etc.
It is a communication package filter over HTTP, SMTP, FTP, DNS and other
protocols.

NMAP (Unix/Windows)
NMAP is considered the father of the general network scanners. Although today there
are more reliable tools for some tasks (like Fping), NMAP is a very versatile tool for
scanning networks. It is used to determine which hosts are alive in a network and to do
different ways of scanning.

Netcat (Windows/Unix)
NetCat, or NC, is the network command most versatile that exists nowadays and one

scripting, you will understand the subtlety of its name: NetCat. It is a tool designed to be used
as a destination of a redirect (one pipe or |). It is used to send or receive information about a
connection. For example, a WEB request to service would be something as simple as:

echo - http://pandorafms.com HTTP/1.0\n\ | nc pandorafms.com 80

IPtraf (Linux)
Special command to obtain traffic statistics. It has a ncurses interface (text) to analyze
real-time traffic passing through an interface. It allows you to work at low-level and to see
what pairs of connections are established on each machine, and to see in detail the traffic
connection of every pair, all in real-time.

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 1.C
Term Description Cross Sectional Diagram

BNC British Naval Connector is the

connector used with coaxial
cables.

RJ 11 A registered jack 11 is a telephone

connector used on modern
telephone lines.

A registered jack 45 is an eight-

RJ 45
wire connector used to connect
computers to category 5
unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
cables in a network.

Fiber optic cable uses light to

Fiber Optic
transmit information across a
Cable
network. The core of the cable is
made of glass, which is protected
by a layer of gel or plastic. A
plastic cover surrounds the entire
cable.

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable is

UTP
network cable that consists of up
to 4 pairs of wires. Each pair is
twisted around each other at a
different rate and the entire cable
is encased in a protective plastic
covering. The twisting of the wires
in cables is to help prevent EMI
(Electro- Magnetic Interference).

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 Thin coaxial cable is often referred
Coaxial Cable
to as ThinNet. It consists of a
copper wire surrounded first by a
layer of plastic, then a layer of
metal mesh and a final layer of
protective plastic. It is used for
peer-to-peer networking

NETWORK DEVICES:
1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. Arepeater is an electronic device that receives a signal
and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so
that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater have two ports, so cannot be use to connect for
more than two devices.

2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a
device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and making them
act as a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The
device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection,
forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.

3. Switch: Anetwork switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects
network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at
the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network
layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.

4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer 2) of
the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves
according to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a
bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge
.Bridges can analyze incoming data packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet
to another segment of the network.

5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and
selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information
that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data
packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple routers are used in a large
collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information about target system
addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred paths between any two
systems on the interconnected networks.

6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another
network that uses different protocols.
devices, rate
converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability. It also
requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.
protocol
technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.

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 Exercise 2: Cabling Straight Through and Cross-over Cabling
Ethernet cable:
An Ethernet cable is a network cable used for high-speed wired network connections
between two devices. This network cable is made of four-pair cable, which is consists of
twisted pair conductors. It is used for data transmission at both ends of the cable, which is
called RJ45 connector.
The Ethernet cables are categorized as Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, and UTP cable. Cat 5
cable can support a 10/100 Mbps Ethernet network while Cat 5e and Cat 6 cable to support
Ethernet network running at 10/100/1000 Mbps.
Straight Through Cable:

Straight Through Cable

Straight-through cable is a type of CAT5 with RJ-45 connectors at each end, and each
has the same pin out. It is in accordance with either the T568A or T568B standards. It uses
the same color code throughout the LAN for consistency. This type of twisted-pair cable is
used in LAN to connect a computer or a network hub such as a router. It is one of the most
common types of network cable.
Crossover Cable:

Crossover Cable

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 A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end isT568A configuration and the
other end as T568BConfiguration. In this type of cable connection, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin
3, and Pin 2 is crossed with Pin 6.
Crossover cable is used to connect two or more computing devices. The internal
wiring of crossover cables reverses the transmission and receive signals. It is widely used to
connect two devices of the same type: e.g., two computers or two switches to each other.
In regard to physical appearance, Crossover Ethernet cables are very much similar to
regular Ethernet cables. Still, they are different with regard to the order with which the wires
are arranged. This type of Ethernet cable is made to connect to network devices of the same
kind over Ethernet directly. Crossover cables are mostly used to connect two hosts directly.

Devices Connectivity:
DEVICES HUB SWITCH ROUTER PC
HUB CO CO ST ST
SWITCH CO CO ST ST
ROUTER ST ST CO CO
PC ST ST CO CO

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 Exercise 2.a Demonstration of P2P Network
Objective: To demonstrate the Copper Cross-over cabling by designing a Peer to Peer
Network
Components:
Devices Required Nos
PCs 2

Copper Cross
1
Over Cable

Addressing Table:
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask
PC0 Fa0/0 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
PC1 Fa0/0 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
Procedure:
Step 1: Drag 2 PCs in the console area. Each PC will have interfaces as shown in the figure.

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Step 2: Select Connectivity & Copper cross-over cable.

Step 3: Click on PC0 to get the interface options. Select Fa0/0

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Step 4: Click on PC1 to get the interface options and select Fa0/0.

Step 5: Now the PCs are physically connected. To establish logical connectivity,
Click on PC0.
Select Desktop tab.
Click on IP Configuration icon.
Configure as in the following figure

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Step 6: Configure IP address for PC1 with the same procedure.

Step 7: Now both the PCs are physically and logically connected. To check the logical
connectivity,
Click on PC0.
Select Desktop tab.
Click on Command Prompt icon.
Type ping 192.168.10.2 to fetch the output as follows

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 Exercise 2.b Demonstration of Simple LAN
Objective: To demonstrate the straight through cabling by designing a Local Area Network
Components:
Devices Required Nos
PCs 2

Copper Straight
2
Through Cables

Switch 1

Addressing Table:
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask
PC0 Fa0/0 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
PC1 Fa0/0 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0

Procedure:

Step 1: Drag 2 PCs and a switch in the console area. Each PC will have interfaces as shown
in the figure.

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Step 2: Select Connectivity & Copper Straight-Through cable. Click on PC0 to get the
interface options. Select Fa0/0

Step 3: Click on Switch to get the interface options and select Fa0/0.

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Step 4: Now PC0 and Switch are physically connected. Again select copper straight-through
cable and again click on Switch to get the interface options and select Fa0/1.

Step 5: Click on PC1 to get the interface options and select Fa0/0.

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 Step 6: Now the PCs are physically connected through switch. To establish logical
connectivity,
Click on PC0.
Select Desktop tab.
Click on IP Configuration icon.
Configure the ip address 192.168.10.1 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0
Repeat the same procedure for PC1 and configure with the ip address 192.168.10.2
and subnet mask 255.255.255.0
Step 7: Now both the PCs are physically and logically connected. To check the logical
connectivity,
Click on PC1.
Select Desktop tab.
Click on Command Prompt icon.
Type ping 192.168.10.1 to fetch the output as follows

Result:

Thus the implementation of P2P and LAN is done successfully.

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