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On C urse
Strategies for Creating Success in College and in Life
STUDY SKILLS PLUS
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STUDY SKILLS PLUS
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015
To Carol, my compass
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxv
Travel with Me xxvii
1 Getting On Course to Your Success 1

College Smart-Start Guide 2
Money Matters 5
Managing Money: The Big Picture 6
Increase Money Flowing In 7
Decrease Money Flowing Out 11
■■ Tech Tips: Money 14
Understanding the Culture of Higher Education 14
The Surface Culture of Higher Education 16
One Dozen College Customs 16
Write a Great Life 20
■■ journal entry 1 21
Understanding the Expectations of College and University Educators 22
Eight Key Expectations 23
Understanding Yourself 29
What Does Success Mean to You? 29
Ingredients of Success 30
Assess Your Soft Skills for College Success 31
Forks in the Road 36
A Few Words of Encouragement 36
■■ One Student’s Story Jalayna Onaga 38
■■ Soft Skills at work 39
2 Accepting Personal Responsibility 41

■■ Case Study in Critical Thinking The Late Paper 42
Adopting a Creator Mindset 43
Victim and Creator Mindsets 44
Responsibility and Culture 45
Responsibility and Choice 46
vii
viii Contents
■■ One Student’s Story Taryn Rossmiller 49
Mastering Creator Language 50
Self-Talk 50
The Language of Responsibility 53
■■ One Student’s Story Alexsandr Kanevskiy 56
Making Wise Decisions 57
The Wise Choice Process 58
■■ One Student’s Story Freddie Davila 62
■■ Personal Responsibility at work 62
■■ Tech Tips: Personal Responsibility 64
Believing In Yourself Change Your Inner Conversation 65
The Curse of Stinkin’ Thinkin’ 65
Disputing Irrational Beliefs 67
Stereotype Threat 68
■■ One Student’s Story Dominic Grasseth 70
3 Discovering Self-Motivation 71
■■ Case Study in Critical Thinking Popson’s Dilemma 72
Creating Inner Motivation 74
A Formula for Motivation 74
Value of College Outcomes 76
Value of College Experiences 78
■■ One Student’s Story Chee Meng Vang 80
Designing a Compelling Life Plan 81
Roles and Goals 81
How to Set a Goal 82
Discover Your Dreams 84
Your Life Plan 84
■■ One Student’s Story Brandon Beavers 87
Committing to Your Goals and Dreams 88
Commitment Creates Method 88
Visualize Your Ideal Future 89
How to Visualize 90
Contents ix
■■ One Student’s Story James Terrell 92
■■ Self-Motivation at work 93
■■ Tech Tips: Self-Motivation 95
Believing In Yourself Write a Personal Affirmation 96
Claiming Your Desired Personal Qualities 97
Living Your Affirmation 98
■■ One Student’s Story Tina Steen 100
4 Mastering Self-Management 101
■■ Case Study in Critical Thinking The Procrastinators 102
Acting on Purpose 103
Harness the Power of Quadrant II 103
What to Do in Quadrants I and II 105
■■ One Student’s Story Jason Pozsgay 107
Creating a Leak-Proof Self-Management System 108
Time and Culture 108
Weekly Calendar: For Tracking Recurring Scheduled Events 109
Monthly Calendar: For Tracking One-Time Scheduled Events 109
Next Actions List: For Tracking One-Time Unscheduled Events 110
Tracking Form: For Tracking Actions That Need to Be Repeated Numerous Times 111
Waiting-For List: For Tracking Commitments That Others Have Made to You 112
Project Folder: For Tracking and Managing Progress Toward a
Large Goal 112
The Rewards of Effective Self-Management 113
■■ One Student’s Story Allysa LePage 119
Developing Self-Discipline 119
Staying Focused 120
Being Persistent 121
Avoiding Procrastination 122
■■ One Student’s Story Holt Boggs 127
■■ Self-Management at work 127
■■ Tech Tips: Self-Management 129
Believing In Yourself Develop Self-Confidence 130
Create a Success Identity 130
x Contents
Celebrate Your Successes and Talents 131

Visualize Purposeful Actions 131
■■ One Student’s Story Ashley Freeman 134
5 Employing Interdependence 135
■■ Case Study in Critical Thinking Professor Rogers’s Trial 136
Creating a Support System 137
A Sign of Maturity 137
Seek Help from Your Instructors 139
Get Help from College Resources 139
Create a Project Team 140
Start a Study Group 141
The Difference Between Heaven and Hell 142
■■ One Student’s Story Mitch Mull 144
Strengthening Relationships with Active Listening 145
How to Listen Actively 146
Use Active Listening in Your College Classes 146
■■ One Student’s Story Teroa Paselio 148
Respecting Cultural Differences 149
Showing Respect 150
■■ Interdependence at work 155
■■ Tech Tips: Interdependence 157
Believing In Yourself Be Assertive 157
Leveling 158
Making Requests 159
Saying “No” 160
■■ One Student’s Story Amy Acton 162
6 Gaining Self-Awareness 163
■■ Case Study in Critical Thinking Strange Choices 164
Recognizing When You Are Off Course 165
The Mystery of Self-Sabotage 165
Unconscious Forces 166
Contents xi

■■ One Student’s Story Sarah Richmond 168
Identifying Your Scripts 168
Anatomy of a Script 169
How We Wrote Our Scripts 170
Self-Defeating Habit Patterns 172
■■ One Student’s Story James Floriolli 174
Rewriting Your Outdated Scripts 174
The Impact of Outdated Beliefs 175
Doing the Rewrite 176
■■ One Student’s Story Annette Valle 180
■■ Self-Awareness at work 181
■■ Tech Tips: Self-Awareness 183
Believing In Yourself Write Your Own Rules 183
Three Success Rules 184
Changing Your Habits 185
■■ One Student’s Story Brandeé Huigens 186
7 Adopting Lifelong Learning 188

■■ Case Study in Critical Thinking A Fish Story 189
Developing a Learning Orientation to Life 190
Growth Mindsets and Fixed Mindsets 191
How to Develop a Growth Mindset 193
■■ One Student’s Story Jessie Maggard 196
Discovering Your Preferred Ways of Learning 196
Self-Assessment: How I Prefer to Learn 197
■■ One Student’s Story Melissa Thompson 204
Employing Critical Thinking 204
Constructing Logical Arguments 205
Asking Probing Questions 206
Applying Critical Thinking 207
■■ Lifelong Learning at work 209
■■ Tech Tips: Lifelong Learning 212
xii Contents
Believing In Yourself Develop Self-Respect 213

Live with Integrity (i.e., No Cheating or Plagiarizing) 213
Keep Commitments 215
8 Developing Emotional Intelligence 218

■■ Case Study in Critical Thinking After Math 219
Understanding Emotional Intelligence 220
Four Components of Emotional Intelligence 221
Knowing Your Own Emotions 222
■■ One Student’s Story Lindsey Beck 223
Reducing Stress 224
What Is Stress? 224
What Happens When Stress Persists? 225
Unhealthy Stress Reduction 225
Healthy Stress Reduction 226
Choose Your Attitude 232
■■ One Student’s Story Jaime Sanmiguel 233
Increasing Happiness 234
Limits on Happiness 234
Savoring Pleasures 235
Gratitude 237
Engagement 237
Contribution 238
Strawberry Moments 238
■■ Emotional Intelligence at work 240
■■ Tech Tips: Emotional Intelligence 242
Believing In Yourself Develop Self-Acceptance 242
Self-Esteem and Core Beliefs 243
Know and Accept Yourself 244
■■ One Student’s Story Wynda Allison Paulette 245
Contents xiii
9 Staying On Course to Your Success 247

Planning Your Next Steps 248
Assess Yourself, Again 248
■■ One Student’s Story Stephan J. Montgomery 254
Study Skills A Toolbox for Active Learners 257

Becoming an Active Learner 257
Assess Your Study Skills for College Success 258
How the Human Brain Learns 261
Three Principles of Deep and Lasting Learning 262
The CORE Learning System 264
■■ One Student’s Story Kase Cormier 267
Reading 268
Reading: The Big Picture 268
Challenges with Reading 269
Strategies to Improve Reading 270
Before Reading 270
While Reading 272
After Reading 280
Taking Notes 283
Taking Notes: The Big Picture 283
Challenges with Taking Notes 284
Strategies to Improve Taking Notes 285
Before Taking Notes 285
While Taking Notes 286
After Taking Notes 294
Organizing Study Materials 297

Organizing Study Materials: The Big Picture 297
Challenges with Organizing Study Materials 297
Strategies to Improve Organizing Study Materials 298
General Study Guidelines 298
Before Organizing Study Materials 299
While Organizing Study Materials 300
After Organizing Study Materials 309
xiv Contents
Rehearsing and Memorizing Study Materials 313

Rehearsing and Memorizing Study Materials: The Big Picture 313
Challenges with Rehearsing and Memorizing Study Materials 314
Strategies to Improve Rehearsing and Memorizing Study Materials 315
Before Rehearsing and Memorizing Study Materials 315
While Rehearsing and Memorizing Study Materials 315
After Rehearsing and Memorizing Study Materials 320
■■ One Student’s Story Michael Chapasko 321
Taking Tests 323
Taking Tests: The Big Picture 323
Challenges with Taking Tests 323
Strategies to Improve Taking Tests 325
Before Taking Tests 325
While Taking Tests 325
After Taking Tests 334
■■ One Student’s Story Ashley E. Bennet 337
Writing 339
Writing: The Big Picture 340
Challenges with Writing 340
Strategies to Improve Writing 341
Before Writing 341
While Writing 345
After Writing 348
■■ Tech Tips: Active Learning 352
Assess Your Study Skills for College Success—Again 353

Conversation with the Author 358
Bibliography 363
Index 365
Preface
On Course is intended for college students of any age who want to create success
in college and in life. Whether students are taking a student success or first-year
seminar course, a writing course, or an “inward-looking” course in psychol-
ogy, self-exploration, or personal growth, On Course is an instruction manual
for dramatically improving the quality of their outcomes and experiences. In
each chapter, students learn essential study skills; however, that’s just the begin- [O n Course] is the
ning. Through self-assessments, articles, guided journals, case studies in criti- absolute best approach
cal thinking, and inspiring stories from fellow students, On Course empowers for a first-year seminar/
students with time-proven strategies for creating a great life—academic, per- college success class that
sonal, and professional. Students learn the techniques that have helped many there is. The philosophy and
thousands of students create extraordinary success! textbook are exactly what
I am grateful that in the years since its first publication in 1996, On Course students need.
has become a market leader in the crowded field of student success texts. Catherine Eloranto, Clinton
Increasingly, educators are finding (as I have) that empowering students to Community College
become active, responsible learners produces significant increases in both stu-
dent academic success and retention. In addition, the process empowers them
to create great things in their personal and professional lives. My goal is to make
this new edition of On Course even more helpful to the success of students and
educators alike.
What’s New in This Edition of

On Course: Highlights We wanted a curriculum
●● College Smart-Start Guide. Too many students get off course in their that went beyond study skills
very first week of college. Author Skip Downing polled nearly 2,000 college to address the foundational
and university educators, asking them, “What do you recommend that needs of first-year college
your students do in the first week of college to get off to a good start?” students. On Course causes
The resulting “Smart-Start Guide” provides students with essential first- students to examine and
week actions recommended by the collective wisdom of this large group reflect on the causes of their
successes and setbacks. It
of educators. A new activity in the On Course Facilitator’s Manual engages
challenges students to go
students in figuring out which of the actions these instructors thought
beyond the obvious and really
were the most important. When students follow through on these actions,
delves into their motivations
they will lay an early foundation for their academic success.
and mindsets. Oh, yeah, and
●● Understanding the Expectations of College and University it does a great job addressing
Educators. This essay and related journal entry help students better study skills too.
understand how to succeed in the culture of higher education. In this Ann Heiny, Armstrong
section, they learn “Eight Key Expectations” and “A Dozen Differences State University
xv
xvi Preface
between High School and College Culture.” This information helps stu-
dents quickly understand which behaviors they can continue doing and
which they will need to modify, change or abandon.
There’s nothing better than ●● Tech Tips. Many websites and apps are available to help students achieve
On Course, as far as I’m greater success. Most chapters now feature a Tech Tips section that pro-
concerned. vides suggestions for free websites and apps that can help students employ
Lisa Marks, Ozarks
the soft skills of personal responsibility, self-motivation, self-management,
Technical Community interdependence, self-awareness, lifelong learning, emotional intelligence,
College and believing in oneself, as well as hard skills related to effective studying.
●● Discussion about Avoiding Procrastination. Procrastination is the
bane of many students’ success. This discussion helps students under-
stand why procrastination is so tempting and offers specific methods for
not putting off until tomorrow what they would benefit from doing today.
Included in the discussion is research from Dr. Dan Ariely, Professor of
Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke University.
●● A Sign of Maturity. This discussion offers an explanation about the
On Course has made various kinds of relationships in which people engage: dependent,
a huge difference in the co-dependent, independent, and interdependent. Advantages and disad-
students I work with. Most vantages of each are explained, and students are urged to use college to
of them see themselves develop independence but also to recognize that there are many occasions
throughout the book, and when choosing interdependence is a true sign of maturity (not to mention
they are willing to make improving one’s chances of achieving a goal or dream).
changes to improve their
lives because of the content ●● Increasing Happiness. This new article and accompanying journal
of On Course. entry explore the emotional intelligence skill of maximizing happiness.
Tanya Stanley, Drawn from the scientific research of positive psychologists, students
San Jacinto College learn a number of choices they can make to increase their happiness. This
topic has recently gained much interest on college campuses. For example,
when a course in Positive Psychology was first offered at Harvard Univer-
sity, it immediately became the university’s most popular course.
●● Toolbox for Active Learners. Many On Course instructors asked that
The study skills sections study skills be presented in one section (rather than distributed through-
are clear, logically organized out the book). This edition honors that request. Unlike texts that present
and more adaptable as a a long menu of study options, On Course organizes study skills based on
“how-to” guide than any the logical learning steps as identified by research on the brain and effec-
other texts of similar intent. tive methods for learning. This section begins with a presentation of the
Judith Willner, Coppin CORE Learning Process, the four principles that—consciously or uncon-
State University sciously—all good learners employ to create deep and lasting learning.
Students discover how to use these four principles to learn any subject or
skill. Each section of the Toolbox presents effective techniques for one of
the study skills covered (reading, taking notes, organizing study materi-
als, rehearsing and memorizing study materials, taking tests, and writing
college-level assignments) and ends with an exercise to reinforce the study
strategies presented therein. Compared with the regular eighth edition of
Preface xvii
On Course, this Study Skills Plus edition contains an additional 80 pages

of study strategies, along with more examples of their use. Each section
ends with an activity in which students are asked to “Do One Different
Thing This Week.” In this activity, they experiment with one new learning
skill for a week and report on their outcomes, experiences, and lessons
learned. Users of the previous edition will note that no longer in the text
is the Wise Choice Process employed to create an Academic Skills Plan for
each study skill. This activity is now available in the Facilitator’s Manual.
I think these are very
powerful [student] stories.
●● Study Skills Self-Assessment. In addition to placing all of the study . . . It’s good for students
skills in one section, this edition also offers a new Study Skills Self-Assess- to hear that other students
ment. Students can take this self-assessment before learning about study have faced the same
skills and discover areas in which they are weak. At the end of the course, struggles that they are
they can retake the assessment to see where they have grown as learners going through and they have
and where they may still need to improve. Students have the option of achieved success.
completing the assessment in either the text or MindTap®. Kathryn Burk,
Jackson College
●● Seven new “One Student’s Stories.” A popular feature in earlier
editions, these short essays—now numbering 29 in all—are authored by
students who used what they learned from On Course to improve the
quality of their outcomes and experiences in college and in life. Videos
of many of the student-authors reading their essays may be viewed in
MindTap.
●● Conversation with the Author. Since the first edition of On Course
was published more than two decades ago, many students have contacted
the author with thoughtful questions. This section includes some of those
questions and Skip Downing’s answers. On Course is life-changing
for my students. I have seen
What’s New in This Edition students evolve in ways they
never imagined in a matter
of On Course: Chapter by Chapter of a semester thanks to On
Course. I cannot imagine
Chapter 1 using another book. No
●● New “College Smart-Start Guide” provides students with 13 actions that other book encompasses
are important to getting off to a good start in college; recommendations the reflective, introspective,
and success attributes that
are the result of a poll of 2,000 college educators.
On Course does. On Course
●● At the request of a number of On Course instructors, “Money Matters” has walks students through their
been moved to Chapter 1, thus helping students early in the semester to journey of self-discovery
reduce struggles caused by financial difficulties. and allows them to grow
●● New Journal Entry #2. into the student they have
●● New cartoon in “Understanding the Culture of Higher Education.” always wanted to become.
Joselyn Gonzalez,
●● New “Tech Tips: Money.” El Centro College
●● New article “Understanding the Expectations of College and Univer-
sity Educators,” including a discussion of Eight Key Expectations and A
Dozen Differences between High School and College Culture.
xviii Preface
●● New article “Understanding Yourself,” including a section on Ingredients

of Success.
Anyone who can ●● Revised #7 of the Self-Assessment: “Whether I’m happy or not depends
teach students personal mostly on me.”
responsibility is high ●● Moved article “Develop Self-Acceptance” and Journal 4 to Chapter 8.
on my list.
Debbie Unsold, Chapter 2
Washington State
Community College ●● New One Student’s Story by Taryn Rossmiller, Boise State University, ID.
●● New cartoon in “Making Wise Decisions” section.
●● New “Tech Tips: Personal Responsibility.”
Chapter 3
●● New One Student’s Story by Brandon Beavers, Highland Community
College, KS.
On several occasions, I ●● New “Tech Tips: Self-Motivation.”
have had various members ●● New One Student’s Story by Tina Steen, Chaffey College, CA.
of the same family in
different semesters of my
Chapter 4
[On Course] class because
they value the learning so ●● Added Weekly Calendar to “Creating a Leak-Proof Self-Management System.”
much that they recommend ●● Repositioned “Time and Culture” section discussing how cultures differ
it to sisters/brothers/ in their beliefs and attitudes about time and what college culture’s
children/uncles. expectations are about time.
Sandra Lancaster, Grand
Rapids Community College
●● New information on avoiding procrastination in the “Developing
Self-Discipline” article.
●● New “Tech Tips: Self-Management.”
Chapter 5
I love On Course, and I use ●● Added information to “Creating a Support System” on the importance
it in my personal life as well
as preaching it in all of my of choosing wisely among various kinds of relationships: dependent,
classes…I have even used co-dependent, independent, and interdependent.
it with the classes that I ●● Added parable “The Difference between Heaven and Hell,” in the
teach in a women’s shelter. “Creating a Support System” article.
The concept of moving from ●● New One Student’s Story by Mitch Mull, Asheville-Buncombe Technical
Victim to Creator puts the
and Community College, NC.
individual in charge of their
life and I love that mindset.
●● New One Student’s Story by Teroa Paselio, Windward Community
Pat Grissom,
College, HI.
San Jacinto College ●● New “Tech Tips: Interdependence.”
Chapter 6
●● New “Tech Tips: Self-Awareness.”
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Afghanistan
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: Afghanistan
Author: A. Hamilton
Release date: March 24, 2024 [eBook #73258]
Language: English
Original publication: London: William Heinemann, 1906
Credits: Carol Brown, Peter Becker and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AFGHANISTAN

***
AFGHANISTAN
BOOKS OF TRAVEL
THROUGH FIVE REPUBLICS (OF SOUTH
AMERICA). A Critical Description of Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela in 1905. By Percy F.
Martin, F.R.G.S. With 128 Illustrations and 3 Maps. In
one vol., demy 8vo, price 21s. net.
GRANADA. Memories, Adventures, Studies, and
Impressions. By Leonard Williams. Post 8vo, illustrated,
price 7s. 6d. net.
IN THE COUNTRY OF JESUS. By Matilde Serao. In one
vol., crown 8vo, illustrated, price 6s. net.
CARTHAGE OF THE PHŒNICIANS. By Mabel Moore.
With numerous illustrations and coloured frontispiece.
One vol., crown 8vo, price 6s.
KOREA. By Angus Hamilton. With a map and many
illustrations. In one vol., demy 8vo, price 15s. net.
London: WILLIAM HEINEMANN

lord curzon of kedleston
AFGHANISTAN
BY
ANGUS HAMILTON
fellow of the royal geographical society
author of“korea,” “the siege of
mafeking,” etc.
WITH A MAP AND NUMEROUS
ILLUSTRATIONS
london
WILLIAM HEINEMANN
1906
Copyright 1906 by William Heinemann
All rights reserved

PREFACE
Since 1871, when Sir Charles MacGregor drew up a very exhaustive
précis of information on Afghanistan for the use of the Government
of India, no book dealing with our buffer state in a general manner
has been issued. The thirty-five years which have intervened have
not been without important contributions to our knowledge of
Afghanistan, but those works which have appeared cannot
altogether be described as presenting a single comprehensive study
of contemporary conditions in the country. In 1886 Lieutenant A. C.
Yate, and in 1888 Major C. E. Yate, C.S.I., C.M.G., described in two
very interesting volumes the proceedings of the Afghan Boundary
Commission. Ten years elapsed before anything of importance
appeared, when, by a rare coincidence, two books dealing with
Afghanistan saw the light in 1895: Mr. Stephen Wheeler’s admirable
account of The Amir Abdur Rahman, and that most entertaining and
graphic volume, My Residence at the Court of the Amir, by the late
Amir’s private physician, Dr. A. J. Gray. In 1900 Sultan Mahomed
Khan, Mir Munshi to Abdur Rahman, presented to the public his
remarkable production, The Life of Abdur Rahman, as well as a
treatise on The Constitution and Laws of Afghanistan. In the
following year, 1901, Colonel Sir Thomas Holdich embodied in The
Indian Borderland many graceful descriptions of scenery and various
centres in Afghanistan while, in 1905, in a series of articles in the
Wide World Magazine, Mrs. Kate Daly, physician to Habib Ullah’s
harem and the Government of Afghanistan, illustrated with many
delightful touches a sojourn of Eight Years Among the Afghans.
These few works practically exhaust contemporary literature on
Afghanistan, and it is in an endeavour to provide a more complete
record of the subject than has hitherto existed that the author of
Korea has compiled this little book. Mistakes are those of his own
making; reflections and criticisms arise from his own opinions; but,
in hoping that his critics may find something of value in the results
of two years’ toil, the author wishes to say that if good qualities exist
in it, they are attributable to the encouragement and gracious
assistance which he has received and here wishes to acknowledge.
With a view to the careful preparation of this volume the author,
after returning to London from the war in Manchuria, visited Central
Asia, his travels terminating abruptly in an attack of small-pox
contracted from the natives, while he was wandering in the region of
the Pamirs. Descending viâ Gilgit to India from the Taghdumbash,
twelve months have been spent in the labour of writing, in the
examination of a number of works, and in reference to those
authorities who are so justly distinguished for their knowledge of the
heart of Mid-Asia. In this direction it is perhaps of interest to point
out that in order to establish a standard of accuracy, certain chapters
have been submitted in page proof to the criticism of this little group
of Central Asian experts, and their corrections embodied in its final
form. The author very warmly appreciates the help which has in this
way been given him, and to Colonel de la Poer Beresford and
Captain Charles Bancroft in connection with chaps. i., ii., iii.; to
Colonel Sir Thomas Holdich, K.C.I.E., K.C.M.G., C.B., in chap. iv.; to
Colonel C. E. Yate, C.S.I., C.M.G., in chaps. v. and vi.; to Colonel Sir
Henry McMahon, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., in chap. ix.; to Dr. A. J. Gray, Mrs.
Kate Daly, and Major Cleveland, I.M.S., in chaps. xiv. and xv. he is
very much indebted, as the indulgent manner in which his inquiries
have been received has materially assisted the conclusion of his
task.
In other quarters similar help has been given, and the author
desires to express his deep obligation to the Secretary of State for
India, Mr. Morley, to Mr. John E. Ellis, Parliamentary Under-Secretary
of State for India, to Sir William Lee-Warner, and to Mr. Thomas, of
the Political Department, India Office, for the considerate way in
which services have been rendered him. The very pleasant
hospitality bestowed upon the author by Mr. George Macartney,
C.S.I., the representative of the Government of India in Kashgar,
Chinese Turkestan; by Mr. L. G. Fraser, the editor of The Times of
India; by Mr. C. F. Meyer, Standard Oil Company’s Agent in Bombay;
by Major Cleveland, in Poona; and by Mr. Ivor Heron-Maxwell, late of
Baku in that centre, has provided him with many haunting memories
which, in a later volume, will be more suitably described. To Dr.
Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London,
and to Mr. J. Bryant Sowerby, Secretary of the Royal Botanic Society,
the author is indebted for assistance in compiling the tables of
species which illustrate chap. xii.; while to the Librarian of the India
Office, and to the Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, he
would express his grateful thanks.
As correspondent to The Pall Mall Gazette, and to The Times of
India from Central Asia, it is the pleasant duty of the author to
acknowledge the permission of Sir Douglas Straight and Mr. L. G.
Fraser to make use of certain articles which, although entirely
altered and greatly amplified since their original appearance, were
first presented in the respective columns of these organs. These
extracts, a few brief paragraphs on various pages, are confined
solely to the first six chapters of the book. Acknowledgments are
also due to the proprietors of that esteemed Indian journal The
Pioneer, whose London staff permitted the files of their well-known
paper to be inspected; to the proprietors of The Daily Graphic for
permission to reproduce the block of the Amir’s proclamation, and
accompanying translation, appearing on pages 370, 371; to Messrs.
Macmillan for the right to reproduce their copper engraving of Dr. A.
J. Gray’s painting of the Amir Abdur Rahman; to Baron Herbert de
Reuter, Managing Director of Reuter’s Telegram Company, for
courteous assistance; to Mr. J. D. Holmes, an Indian photographer of
renown, whose unique photographs of the Khyber Pass illustrate
chaps. xvi. and xvii.; to Lieutenant Stewart, whose photographs
appear in chap. ix.; to Lieutenant Olufsen for the right to reproduce
certain interesting photographs from that informative work Through
the Unknown Pamirs; to Colonel Sir Thomas Holdich for authority to
base upon his original sketches enlarged drawings of Herat and
Kandahar, by Mr. Percy Home; to Major Cleveland, I.M.S., to whose
great credit very many of the illustrations in this volume must be
placed; to Major Molesworth Sykes, H.B.M. Consul at Meshed, for
photographs appearing in chap. vii.; to Professor Victor Marsden, of
Moscow University, for general courtesies; to Captain Charles
Bancroft for assistance in translating extracts from papers placed at
the author’s disposal by his Excellency Prince Khilkoff, Russian
Minister of Railways; to that well-known military novelist, Mr. Horace
Wyndham, who has been good enough to assist the author in the
revision of his proofs; and to Mr. Thomas Bumpus, of Messrs. J. and
E. Bumpus, Limited.
The final, but by no means the least gratifying, duty now remains
to be fulfilled. It is concerned with the dedication of this volume
which, by special permission, is inscribed:
to him
who,
by the splendour of his gifts
and
the wisdom of his rule,
has left
an indelible and memorable
impression
upon india:
LORD CURZON OF KEDLESTON,
G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., P.C.
ETC. ETC. ETC.

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED
The works consulted in the preparation of this volume, including
references to the Encyclopædia Britannica, embrace most of the
well-known writers on Asiatic Russia, Persia, Afghanistan, and the
Indian Frontier. Among those of less recent date are the books of
Bellew, Connelly, Elphinstone, Ferrier, Lansdell, MacGregor, Marvin,
Pottinger, Rawlinson, Vambéry, Wood and Yule.
Contemporary authorities, to which the author is more especially
indebted, are as follows:
Bruce, R. I. The Forward Policy and its Results.
Chirol, Valentine The Middle Eastern Question.
Curzon, Lord Russia in Central Asia.
” ” Persia and the Persian Question.
” ” The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus.
Daly, Mrs. Kate Eight Years among the Afghans.
Gray, Dr. A. J. My Residence at the Court of the Amir.
Holdich, Colonel Sir T. H. The Indian Borderland.
Keane, A. H. Asia.
Lansdell, H. Russia in Central Asia.
Olufsen, O. Through the Unknown Pamirs.
Roberts, Field Marshal Lord Forty-one Years in India.
Ronaldshay, Earl of Sport and Politics under an Eastern Sky.
” ” ” On the Outskirts of Empire in Asia.
Shoemaker, M. M. The Heart of the Orient.
Skrine, F. H., and Ross, E. D. The Heart of Asia.
Sultan Mahomed Khan Laws and Constitution of Afghanistan.
” ” ” The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan.
Thorburn, S. S. The Punjab in Peace and War.
Yate, A. C. England and Russia Face to Face.
Yate, C. E. Kurasan and Seistan.
” ” Northern Afghanistan.
Together with scientific papers, lectures and articles by:
Colonel de la Poer Beresford.
Major Cleveland.
Major-General Sir Edwin Collen.
Mrs. Kate Daly.
Major-General Sir Edmond Elles.
Sir Lepel Griffin.
Miss Lillias Hamilton.
Colonel Sir Thomas Holdich.
Colonel Sir Henry MacMahon.
And including all Parliamentary, Consular, and other official

publications, the files of The Times, Morning Post, Standard, Daily
Chronicle in England; and The Pioneer, Times of India, and Indian
Daily News in India; besides the more prominent Continental organs.
Royal Societies Club, St. James’s
June 1, 1906.
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. The Orenburg-Tashkent Railway 1
II. The Khanate of Bokhara, the Province of Samarkand, the Districts of
Tashkent and Merv 25
III. From Tashkent to Merv 58
IV. The Northern Border and the Oxus River: its Character, Tributaries
and Fords 81
V. The Murghab Valley Railway 110
VI. The Murghab Valley 131
VII. Herat and the Western Border 147
VIII. Kandahar 178
IX. Seistan and the McMahon Mission 211
X. Provinces and District Centres, Ethnographical and Orological
Distribution 242
XI. Administration, Laws and Revenue 269
XII. Trade: Industries and Products 288
XIII. Army, Forts and Communications 308
XIV. Kabul: its Palaces and Court Life 342
XV. Kabul and its Bazaars 376
XVI. Anglo-Afghan Relations 400
XVII. Anglo-Afghan Relations (continued) 427
APPENDICES
I. Names of Stations on the Orenburg-Tashkent Railway 461
II. (A) List of Stations from Tashkent to Merv, with Distances from
Krasnovodsk and Tashkent 463
II. (B) Murghab Valley Railway: List of Stations from Merv to
Kushkinski Post, with Distances from Krasnovodsk and Merv 464
III. Table of Measurements 465
IV. The Treaty of Gandamak, etc. etc. 466
V. Time Tables of the Oxus Flotilla 519
VI. Return of Articles Exported from Russia to Khorassan during the
Period March 21, 1903, to March 20, 1904, compared with 1900-
03 522
VII. Return of Articles Exported from Khorassan to Russia during the
Period March 21, 1903, to March 20, 1904, compared with 1900-
03 526
VIII. Return of Articles Exported from Afghanistan to Khorassan and
Seistan during the Period March 21, 1903, to March 20, 1904,
compared with 1900-03 529
IX. Return of Articles Exported from Khorassan and Seistan to
Afghanistan during the Period March 21, 1903, to March 20,
1904, compared with 1900-03 531
X. Return of Articles Exported from India to Khorassan viâ the Seistan
Route during the Period March 21, 1903, to March 20, 1904 534
XI. Return of Articles Exported from Khorassan to India viâ the Seistan
Route during the Period March 21, 1903, to March 20, 1904 535
XII. Trade Value of the Seistan Route compared with Competing Routes 536
XIII. Agreement between the United Kingdom and Japan 537
XIV. Chronological Sketch of Afghan History 540
Index 547
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Lord Curzon of Kedleston Frontispiece
Market-cart, Orenburg 1
Tomb in the Market-place, Samarkand 3
Palace of the Governor, Baku 5
The Picturesque Camel 6
The Shir Dar Medresse, Samarkand 7
On the Road in Asia 9
Kirghiz Elders 17
Kirghiz Women 19
Native Quarter, Tashkent 21
Shir Dar, Samarkand 25
The Amir of Bokhara on Palace Steps 27
The Gates of Bokhara 31
The Prison, Bokhara 35
The Minar Kalan, Bokhara 36
The Ark, Bokhara 37
The Tomb of Tamerlane, Samarkand 41
Samarkand—the Hour of Prayer 44
Samarkand—a Bird’s-eye View 45
Sobornaya Boulevard in Tashkent 47
Bazaar Scene 51
Breaking Camp on Manœuvres, Tashkent 53
Native Quarter, Tashkent 58
Koran Stand, Samarkand 58
Peasants from the Golodnaya Steppe 60
The Column of Tamerlane, Samarkand 63
The Registan, Samarkand 65
Throne-Room—Palace of the Amir of Bokhara 68
Amir’s Palace, Bokhara 70
The Dervishes of Bokhara 72
The Kara Kum—Black Sands 76
Mosque at Bairam Ali 77
The Gur Amir 78
The Military Quarter, Merv 80
The Amu Daria Bridge 81
Near the Source of the Oxus 83
The Valley of the Oxus 83
Beside the Oxus 87
The Wakhan Valley 87
Type from Wakhan 89
Bridge over the Upper Oxus 90
Difficult Going 92
Village on the Lower Oxus 95
Petro Alexandrovsk 99
Native Church at Khiva 101
Temple on the Banks of the Oxus 103
The Shrine of Hazrat Ali 105
Village on the Middle Oxus 107
Street Scene, Andijan 110
A Notable Gathering 113
On the Central Asian Railway 115
School Children 118
Hindu Traders at Pendjeh 120
Native Water-Sellers 123
Khorassan Dervish 125
The Murghab Valley Railway 127
Native School 130
The Russian Cossack on the Afghan Border 131
Tamarisk Scrub in the River Valley 133
Bokharan Traders at Pendjeh 139
The Russo-Afghan Boundary 141
Meshed Traders at Pendjeh 143
Gandamak Bridge, where the Famous Treaty was signed 151
Plan of Herat 153
A Street Shrine 155
The Irak Gate 159
Herat Citadel 163
Kitchen in Native House 165
Household Utensils 167
A Caravansary Compound 170
Religious Festival on the Perso-Afghan Border 171
Afghan Post at Kala Panja 175
A Water Seller 177
Typical Street Scene 180
Crossing the Helmund River 183
Constructing the Quetta-Nushki Line 188
Plan of Kandahar 191
The Walls of Kandahar 195
Always a popular and central Meeting-place 199
Typical Street Scenes 207
Carrying Cotton to Market 210
Camel Bazaar, Nasratabad 212
Lakeside Dwellers 214
The Native Staff attached to the Mission 215
Officers of the McMahon Mission 217
Baluchistan Camel Corps 220
Baluchi Chiefs who accompanied Colonel McMahon 221
Gates at Nasratabad 224
The Walls at Nasratabad 225
Bazaar Scene, Nasratabad 227
Dâk Bungalow on the Nushki Route 236
Infantry with the Persian Commissioner 238
The Persian Commissioner 240
A Caravan of Pack-Ponies 242
Women pounding Grain 245
A Baluchi Shepherd 248
Elders from Wakhan 251
Kasi Khoda da of Ishkashim 261
Children from the Upper Oxus 265
A Mountain Village 268
Entrance to Amir’s Pavilion at Jelalabad 269
Tomb of the Emperor Baber near Kabul 272
Spinning Cotton 275
A Customs Station in the Plains 285
Abdur Rahman’s Memorial to the Soldiers who fell in the War of 1878-
1880 287
Caravan of Wool and Cotton 288
Cotton Fields under Irrigation from the Amu Daria 299
Across the Passes 307
Typical Afghan Fortress 310
Picket of the Household Troops 313
Troop of Cavalry 315
Men of the Amir’s Bodyguard 317
Infantry in Parade State 319
Patrols of Household Troops 322
Infantry on the March 325
Miss Brown, Physician to the Amir’s Harem 342
Winter Palace of the Amir 348
Amir’s Summer Residence—Indikki Palace 351
Major Cleveland, I.M.S. Physician to the Amir of Afghanistan 354
Mrs. Cleveland 355
His Highness Prince Nasr Ulla Khan 361
The Amir’s Bodyguard 363
His Highness Habib Ullah, Amir of Afghanistan 367
A Proclamation 370
Major Cleveland’s Residence at Kabul 375
The famous Cage on the Summit of the Lataband Pass 376
Weighing Wood in the Bazaar 377
Playground of Amir’s School, Kabul 381
Afghan Women 383
A Saint’s Tomb 385
The Bala Hissar Kabul 389
Remains of the Roberts Bastion at Shirpur 393
Bazaar Children 398
In the Khyber Pass 400
Abdur Rahman’s Palace at Jelalabad 404
The Road to Lundi Khana, Khyber Pass 412
Ali Masjid Fort 420
Jamrud Fort 426
Jamrud Fort 428
Caravansary at Dakka 430
Grounds of Palace occupied by the Dane Mission 437
Takht-i-Rawan 447
Festival in Honour of the Dane Mission 453
Scene of the Audiences between Habib Ullah and Sir Louis Dane 455
Escort outside the Gate of the Quarters occupied by the Dane Mission 457
The Walls of Bokhara 458
Map of Afghanistan At end
market-cart, orenburg
CHAPTER I
THE ORENBURG-TASHKENT RAILWAY

By a coincidence of singular interest in Central Asian affairs the
completion of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway occurred
simultaneously with the evacuation of Lhassa by the troops of the
Tibetan Mission, the two events measuring in a manner the
character of the policies pursued by the respective Governments of
Great Britain and Russia in Mid-Asia. Moreover, if consideration be
given to them and the relation of each to contemporary affairs
appreciated, it becomes no longer possible to question the causes
which have determined the superior position now held in Asia by our
great opponent. If this situation were the result of some sudden
cataclysm of nature by which Russia had been violently projected
from her territories in Europe across the lone wastes of the Kirghiz
steppe into and beyond the region of the Pamirs or over the desert
sands of the Kara Kum to the southern valleys of the Murghab river,
our periodic lament at the mastery of Central Asia by Russia would
be more comprehensible. But, unfortunately, the forward advance of
Russia to the borders of Persia, along the frontiers of Afghanistan to
the north-eastern slopes of the Hindu Kush, has been gradual; so
gradual indeed that as each successive step became accomplished
we have had time to register recognition of the fact in bursts of
indignant chatter, accompanied as is not unusual with us by a frothy
clamour of empty threats. Unluckily noisy outcry has been mistaken
for action; but from the moment when Russia first moved into Trans-
Caspian territory there appears to have been nothing but vague
realisation of the acute possibilities with which the situation in
Central Asia from that hour became impressed. As time passed and
the several phases vanished our indifference and supineness have
increased, until no chapter in the history of our Imperial affairs
offers more melancholy reading than that which deals with the
period covering the “peaceful” penetration of Asia by Russia.
In order to secure sufficient momentum for her descent railways
were needed; and, while the line so lately completed between
Orenburg and Tashkent is a more material factor in the situation
than hitherto has been recognised, the laying of the permanent way
between Samarkand and Termes, Askhabad and Meshed,
approximately gauges the duration of the interval separating Russia
from the day when she will have rounded off her position in Mid-
Asia. Just now, therefore, and for ten years to come, strategic
requirements should alone be permitted to influence the
arrangement of our policy in High Asia. Commercial developments
within the vexed sphere of the Russian and British territories in this
region should be regulated by circumstances which, actually inherent
in our Asiatic position, have been too long ignored. No question of
sentiment, no considerations of trade influenced the creation of
railway communication between Orenburg and Tashkent, the
construction of the Murghab Valley line or the extension of the
Trans-Caspian system from Samarkand to Osh. Strategy, steely and
calculating, required Mid-Russia to be linked with Mid-Asia, the
irresistible expansion of empire following not so much the line of
least resistance as the direction from which it would be placed in
position for the next move. Continents have been crossed, kingdoms
annihilated and provinces absorbed by Russia in her steady, inimical
progression towards the heart of Central Asia; until there is nothing
so important nor so intimately associated with our position in
Afghanistan to-day as the intricate perplexities which have emanated
from this untoward approach. From time to time attempts have been
made to effect an adjustment of the points at issue. The result has
been unsatisfactory since the patchwork application of pen and
paper has come, as a rule, in response to some accomplished coup
upon the part of our astute opponent. Indeed, there is nothing in
the result of any of these compromises which can be said to do
credit to our knowledge of the existing situation. Indifference,
coupled with a really lamentable ignorance, distinguishes the
conditions, if not the atmosphere, under which these rectifications of
frontier and modifications of clauses in previously accepted treaties
have been carried out. But now that we have witnessed the joining
of the rails between Orenburg and Tashkent let us put an end to our
absurd philandering; and, appraising properly the true position of
affairs, let us be content to regard all further extension of the
Russian railway system in Mid-Asia as the climax of the situation. To
do this we must understand the points at issue; and to-day in
Central Asia there are many causes which of themselves are
sufficient to direct attention to them.
tomb in the market-place, samarkand
Years have passed since the delimitation of the Russo-Afghan

frontier and the definition of the Anglo-Russian spheres of influence
in the Pamirs were made. In the interval, beginning with the
acceptance of the findings of the Pamir Boundary Commission of
1896, Russia ostensibly has been engaged in evolving an especial
position for herself in North China and providing railway
communication between Port Arthur, Vladivostock and St.
Petersburg. In this direction, too, war has intervened, coming as the
culminating stroke to the policy of bold aggression and niggardly
compromise which distinguished the diplomatic activities of Russia in
Manchuria. Yet throughout these ten years the energies of Russia in
Mid-Asia have not been dormant. Inaction ill becomes the Colossus
of the North and schemes, which were en l’air in 1896, have been
pushed to completion, others of equal enterprise taking their place.
Roads now thread the high valleys of the Pamirs; forts crown the
ranges and the military occupation of the region is established.
Similarly, means of access between the interior of the Bokharan
dominions and the Oxus have been formed; caravan routes have
been converted into trunk roads and the services of the camel, as a
mode of transport, have been supplemented by the waggons of the
railway and military authorities.
The great importance attaching to the Orenburg-Tashkent railway
and its especial significance at this moment will be appreciated more
thoroughly when it is understood that hitherto the work of
maintaining touch between European Russia and the military
establishment of Russian Turkestan devolved upon a flotilla of
fourteen steamers in the Caspian sea—an uncertain, treacherous
water at best—and the long, circuitous railway route viâ Moscow and
the Caucasus. This necessitated a break of twenty hours for the sea-
passage between Baku and Krasnovodsk before connection with the
Trans-Caspian railway could be secured. The military forces in
Askhabad, Merv, Osh and Tashkent—including, one might add, the
whole region lying between the south-eastern slopes of the Pamirs,
Chinese Turkestan, the Russo-Afghan and the Russo-Persian
frontiers—embracing the several Turkestan Army Corps, were
dependent upon a single and interrupted line. Now, however, under
the provision of this supplementary and more direct Orenburg-
Tashkent route the entire military situation in Central Asia has been
dislocated in favour of whatever future disposition Russia may see fit
to adopt. All the great depôts of Southern and Central Russia—
Odessa, Simpheropol, Kieff, Kharkoff and Moscow, in addition to the
Caucasian bases as a possible reserve of reinforcements—are placed
henceforth in immediate contact with Merv and Tashkent, this latter
place at once becoming the principal military centre in these regions.
Similarly, equal improvement will be manifested in the position along
the Persian and Afghan borders, to which easy approach is now
obtained over the metals of this new work and for which those
military stations—Askhabad, Merv, Samarkand—standing upon the
Trans-Caspian railway, and Osh, now serve as a line of advanced
bases. It is, therefore, essential to consider in detail this fresh state
of affairs; and as knowledge of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway is
necessary to the proper understanding of the position of
Afghanistan, the following study of that kingdom is prefaced with a
complete description of the Orenburg-Tashkent work, together with
the remaining sections of railway communication between Orenburg
and Kushkinski Post.
palace of the governor, baku
The journey between St. Petersburg and Orenburg covers 1230

miles and between Orenburg and Tashkent 1174 miles, the latter line
having taken almost four years to lay. Work began on the northern
section in the autumn of 1900 and many miles of permanent way
had been constructed before, in the autumn of 1901, a start was
made from the south. The two sections were united in September of
1904; but the northern was not opened to general traffic until July,
nor the southern before November, 1905. Prior to the railway
communications were maintained by means of tarantass along the
post-road, which led from Aktiubinsk across the Kirghiz steppes viâ
Orsk to Irghiz and thence through Kazalinsk to Perovski, where the
road passed through Turkestan to run viâ Chimkent to Tashkent—a
journey of nineteen days. In addition to the galloping patyorka and
troika—teams of five and three horses respectively—which were
wont to draw the vehicles along the post-road and the more
lumbering Bactrian camels, harnessed three abreast and used in the

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by the splendour of his gifts

the wisdom of his rule,

an indelible and memorable

LORD CURZON OF KEDLESTON,

G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., P.C.

ETC. ETC. ETC.

And including all Parliamentary, Consular, and other official

THE ORENBURG-TASHKENT RAILWAY

Years have passed since the delimitation of the Russo-Afghan

palace of the governor, baku

The journey between St. Petersburg and Orenburg covers 1230

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