ASSESSMENT OF STELLA OBASANJO PUBLIC LIBRARY FUNDING STRATEGIES

ON THE LITERACY OF KOGI INDIGENES

BY

ENDURANCE YUNUSA AMODU

EDU19LIS912

BEING A RESEARCH WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY

AND INFORMATION SCIENCE, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, FEDERAL
UNIVERSITY LOKOJA, KOGI STATE. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SICENCE DEGREE
(B.Sc.EDU. HONS) LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

SEPTEMBER, 2024

1
 DECLARATION

I hereby certify that this research is original and has been written by me. I carried out this

research under the guidance and direction of my supervisor.

____________________________ ________________________
ENDURANCE YUNUSA AMODU DATE
(EDU19LIS912)

2
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project, written under the direction of the candidates’ project committee, has been presented

to, and accepted by, the faculty of Social Science. Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba in

partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Science, B.Sc. degree in Economics.

____________________ __________________

Dr. Sani Idris Date

Project Supervisor

___________________ __________________

Dr. Joy Ebeh Date

Head of Department

___________________ ____________________

Prof. C.U Idoko Date

Faculty Dean

____________________ _____________________

External examiner Date

3
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to almighty God who is the author and finisher of my faith, my great

sustainer and great provider, for leading me through to achieve this academic success.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Almighty God, for his mercy and grace which sustained me throughout my

academic period.

I cannot as well end this project without seeing the need to appreciate some certain people who

have contributed meaningfully to the success of my degree program ( (B.Sc) Degree in Library

and Information Science) I plead that you accept my implicit acknowledgement of your help.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to My supervisor, Dr. Sani Idris, for his invaluable

guidance, expertise, and unwavering support throughout this project. His patience despite his

tight schedule, his constructive feedback and encouragement were instrumental in shaping this

research and bringing out the standard it expected.

My ultimate appreciation goes to my family, particularly my parents, Mr. Matthew Ugwu and

Mrs. Promise Ugwu for their unrelenting support, encouragement, patience, and understanding

throughout my academic journey. Also, to my immediate siblings, Collins Alexander, Glory

Alexander, Goodnews Alexander, Thankgod Alexander.

My heartfelt gratitude goes to my extended family, to my uncle; Christian Nwabueze, Amos

Udoka of blessed memory. Also, to my cousins; Emmanuel Eze, Uchenna Eze, Chinenye

Maduka, for all your unwavering care towards me may God continue to bless and lift you.

To my fellowship, United Evangelical Student Fellowship of Nigeria (UNESFON) John Exodus,

Blessing Paul, Gideon Idoko, Abraham Elijah, Ochele Daniel, Ajeka Peniel, Samuel Abah,

Godwin Attah, Deborah Emmanuel, and everyone I met in this big and lovely family thank you

all.

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Finally, I am grateful for the contributions of everyone who assisted me in completing this mile

stone. Your support and expertise have been invaluable to my academic and professional growth.

My deepest gratitude goes to Romanus Idakwo, Audu Ibrahim, John Abah, Ernest James, Ayegba

Richard, John Okpanachi, Emmanuel Ezema, Ali Romanus, Prof. William Onogwu, Gabriel

Adegbe, Nehemiah Udeh, Solomon Gabriel, Abah Esther, Onah Esther, Abdulmalik Jemila and

Audu Evelyn.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE I

CERTIFICATION II

APPROVAL PAGE III

DEDICATION IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V

TABLE OF CONTENTS VII

ABSTRACT X

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem of the Study 4

1.3 Research Questions 5

1.4 Objective of the Study 5

1.5 State of Hypothesis 5

1.6 Significance of the Study 6

1.7 Scope of study 6

1.8 Definition of Terms 7

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CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Review 8

2.2 Theoretical Review 12

2.3 Empirical Review 15

2.4 Theoretical Framework 19

2.5 Gaps of Literature 20

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS/METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 22

3.2 Data collection Method 22

3.3 variable and Data sources 23

3.4 Data Analysis Techniques 24

3.5 Model Specification 23

3.6 Hypothesis Testing 24

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS

4.1 Data Presentation 25

4.2 Analysis of Result 26

4.3 Regression Result 27

4.4 Interpretation of Result 27

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CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary 30
5.2 Conclusions 31

5.3 Recommendation 31
Reference 33
Appendix 41

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 Abstract
This research project assesses the funding strategies of the Stella Obasanjo Public Library and
their impact on the literacy levels of Kogi State indigenes. The study aims to evaluate how the
financial resources allocated to the library influence its ability to provide essential services that
promote literacy among the local population. The research addresses key questions concerning
the sources of funding for the library, the effectiveness of these strategies, and the challenges
faced in accessing and managing funds. The study also explores the role of public libraries in
enhancing literacy and the broader implications for educational development in Kogi State.
Using a combination of secondary data analysis and questionnaires distributed to library staff
and users, the study identifies gaps in funding, the impact of these gaps on service delivery, and
the resulting effect on literacy rates. The findings reveal that while the Stella Obasanjo Public
Library plays a crucial role in promoting literacy, inadequate funding significantly hampers its
operations and outreach. The study concludes by recommending enhanced government support,
diversified funding sources, and better financial management practices to improve the library’s
effectiveness in fostering literacy in Kogi State.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Library is a social institution which is tied to the political and social realities of the

communities where it is situated; As the name implies, this is a library that serves the public

including educational boards who which to do research in the libraries (Hughes, Kathleen M.,

and Jamie Wirsbinski Santoro, 2021). UNESCO (1966) defines public library as "Those which

serve the population of the community or region free of change or for a nominal fee. It is a

library designed to serve the generality of the people. Oparaku, Anyanwu, Madi, (2019) defined

a public library as an institution that is set up by the government through enabling law, funded

and mentioned are expected to meet the informational and recreational needs of its community,

public library funding refers to making money available for the day running of the library.

Funding here deals with making money or funds available to public libraries.

According to Oduagwu, (2019) public libraries that serve the public are supported by

government subvention, local rates or charges. He went further to explain that public library is

often regarded as a poor man's university. Its clientele is heterogeneous devoid of race, status,

rank, bias as to who would avail of its services. It stocks every conceivable item that would add

knowledge, education, research, information and cultural needs of the society. In Nigeria today,

each of the 36 states kin the country including Abuja has a public library board established under

the public library act as United Kingdom (UK), but here in Nigeria, library board of states is

established by edict or laws made by the state’s legislators.

Finance is the life wire of any establishment including land, labour, entrepreneur and

information, capital refers to finance which can be used to procure other factors of production by

11
making it more important than others and fund is obviously the major element in every

establishment, It is equally the working capital of an establishment to invest on public library

(Felicia John, Aliyu Nasiru Muhammad, 2023).

Public library funding generally means the various ways we derive the expected funds for

capital and recurrent expenses. It involves the money available or allocation to library for

running its day to day activities (Abemade 2022). However, the funding and financial allocations

to public libraries have remained poor decades. Public libraries need adequate resources to run

their services pay and hire personal provides information, arrange, organize and monitor both

human and materials (Ogbonna J.E, 2006). This inadequacy is because of the political instability

and bad economy of the country. Ulu (1997) for instance, the Stella Obasanjo Library Lokoja

Kogi State was facilitated and help the institution even student from private tertiary education

came to make research, but due to lack of fund to train staff and carry out services, the services

have been on glow progression (Huruna Usman, 2019).

Nigerian Library Association (NLA National Conference, (2020) has organized

conferences that highlight the problems of poor funding of public libraries and need for

improved funding; This conference suggested recommended widening the sources of funding

public libraries rather than depending government funding only. On The 1st floor contains one

reference, circulation and adult lending section on the library and way to facilitate income for

updating of public libraries for better use. Search has been carrying on assessment on Stella

Obasanjo public library funding strategies on the literacy of Kogi indigenes that will review to us

more details on either they is a positive involvement or negative result on Stella Obasanjo

Library Lokoja.

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1.2 Statement of Problem

In many public libraries, the budgetary allocation released as at when due, delays the

implementation of the programs of those libraries when funds are eventually released. There is

inadequate funding of public libraries by the state government which required by the public

libraries. Shortage of funds has resulted in shortage currently relevant text books as being

experienced by students and researcher who are in need of the materials. Inadequate provision of

funds has prevented the provision of current materials needs by the staff and clientele in public

libraries. With respect to this the searchers will make assessment on Stella Obasanjo public

library funding strategies on the literacy of Kogi indigenes

Nigeria do not appreciate the importance and needs of public libraries and the services it

offers; this problem reflects in the level of funds allocated to it by the government. State

government subventions which constitute about 80% of public library fund is grossly inadequate.

The result of the impending global economic situation on the other hand has drastically affected

the attainment or achievements of basic standards in funding the libraries. From the history of

public libraries in Nigeria, the problem if funds has remained an Intractable phenomenon.

Lack of appreciation by policy makers in government is one of the problems. This shows

that the public libraries in the nation are not given due recognition they deserve and this is

traceable not only to the non-quantifiable nature of library services but also the misconception

given to libraries by government to get off these problems. There must be a re-orientation on the

part of the policy makers in government to accord the public library the recognition it deserves.

According to Egbulonu (2002), he said that these problems have adversely affected the

public library services and its operations. The Nigerian library association is worried by the poor

13
funding of libraries generally but public libraries in particular. Therefore, the Nigerian Library

Association has organized several conferences that highlight the problems of poor funding of

public libraries and need for improved funding. This conference suggested recommended

widening the sources of funding public libraries rather than depending government funding only.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objectives of this study are as follows

1. To examine the influence of stella Obasanjo public library funding strategy on the literacy

of Kogi indigenes

2. To document the funding sources of available to public libraries Kogi State

3. To examine the funding strategies on the literacy of Stella Obasanjo public library on

literacy of Kogi Indigenes

4. To know the role of public libraries in literacy of indigenes of Kogi State

1.4 Research Questions

1. in what ways have Stella Obasanjo library funding strategies influenced the literacy of

Kogi State

2. What are funding sources of library in Kogi State?

3. What are the challenges faced in accessing funding?

4. What is the role of public libraries in literacy of indigenes of Kogi State

1.5 Significance of the Study

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 This study will enable us to know Stella Obasanjo public library funding strategies on the

literacy of Kogi indigenes, the problems facing public libraries in Kogi State. It will also be of

important to researcher or any other person who is interested to find out Stella Obasanjo Public

library in Kogi State, especially Kogi state library board Lokoja. It will also help us to appreciate

the public library as an agent of political, social and religious development of a community

which can compel them into passing the right judgment and taking the right decision that affect

their lives and existence. The study will be an added literature in this branch of public

librarianship.

The research is also significant to student in federal University Lokoja on the influenced

of stella Obasanjo Public Library on the literacy of the students and also the community, schools

and over all body of institution who undergo research in Stella Obasanjo Library.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study will enable us to assess Stella Obasanjo public library funding

strategies on the literacy of Kogi indigenes. The investigation is limited to Kogi State. The

project covers chapter one; chapter two which review several theory of literature review; some of

the conceptual review are; concept of public library in Nigeria, history of library in Nigeria, role

of public library in Kogi State, funding of public libraries by the government, alternative source

of funding, problem of funding public libraries in Nigeria, brief note about Stella Obasanjo

library in Kogi State, funding strategies on Stella Obasanjo on the literacy of indigenes of Kogi

State, the theories use are 5 to such as public goods theory, total capital theory, resources

dependency theory, information access theory, and stakeholder theory from (2014 to 2022). The

empirical review where carryout by different researchers the theoretical framework was

15
dependency theory by Pfeffer & Salancik, (1978) which was built upon as a new theory by

Chinwe Veronica Anuobi (2018).

The Chapter three of the methodology will carry out the quantitative research done in the

library premises with method of collection of questionnaires as structure for the researcher.

Chapter four will cover the data presentation, result of findings that will address the research

questions on each of assessment of Stella Obasanjo public library funding on literacy of Kogi

indigenes using percentage. Chapter five will entail conclusion, recommendation.

1.7 Operational Definition of terms

Assessment: The process of evaluating or measuring the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of

the funding strategies employed by the Stella Obasanjo Public Library on the literacy levels of

Kogi indigenes. This involves analyzing the methods, outcomes, and challenges associated with

these strategies.

Stella Obasanjo Public Library: A public library located in Kogi State, Nigeria, named after

the late Stella Obasanjo, the former First Lady of Nigeria. The library serves as a key educational

and informational resource for the residents of Kogi State.

Funding Strategies: The specific methods and approaches employed by the Stella Obasanjo

Public Library to secure financial resources. This includes government allocations, donations,

grants, and other financial support mechanisms that enable the library to operate and provide

services to the public.

Literacy: The ability of individuals to read, write, and comprehend information effectively. In

the context of this study, literacy refers to the educational level and reading skills of Kogi

16
indigenes and how these are influenced by access to and the quality of library resources and

services.

Kogi Indigenes: The native or original inhabitants of Kogi State, Nigeria. This term refers to the

population that resides in Kogi State, whose literacy levels are being assessed in relation to the

services provided by the Stella Obasanjo Public Library.

Public Library: A library that is accessible by the general public and is usually funded by public

sources, such as government funding. The Stella Obasanjo Public Library serves as a public

institution aimed at providing educational resources and promoting literacy among the

population of Kogi State.

Strategies: The specific plans, policies, and actions implemented by the Stella Obasanjo Public

Library to achieve its objectives, particularly in securing funding and enhancing the literacy

levels of the people in Kogi State.

Impact: The effect or influence that the funding strategies of the Stella Obasanjo Public Library

have on the literacy rates and educational outcomes of Kogi indigenes. This includes both

positive and negative consequences of the strategies employed.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITURATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers,
as well as explained terminologies with regards to the assessment of Stella Obasanjo public
library funding strategies on the literacy of Kogi indigenes. The chapter also gives a resume of
objective of the studies.

2.1.1 Concept of Public Library Nigeria

According to Nwachukwu (1978) notes that a public library in its real sense could be

regarded as the people’s university, because it is equipped in such a way that all the academic

disciplines are represented and a conscientious user of the library can attain any height through

the judicious use of its stock.

Library is a social institution which is tied to the political and social realities of the

communities where it is situated; As the name implies, this is a library that serves the public

including educational boards who which to do research in the libraries (Hughes, Kathleen M.,

and Jamie Wirsbinski Santoro, 2021). UNESCO (1966) defines public library as "Those which

serve the population of the community or region free of change or for a nominal fee. It is a

library designed to serve the generality of the people. Oparaku, Anyanwu, Madi, (2019) defined

a public library as an institution that is set up by the government through enabling law, funded

and mentioned are expected to meet the informational and recreational needs of its community,

18
public library funding refers to making money available for the day running of the library.

Funding here deals with making money or funds available to public libraries.

According to Oduagwu, (2019) public libraries that serve the public are supported by

government subvention, local rates or charges. He went further to explain that public library is

often regarded as a poor man's university. Its clientele is heterogeneous devoid of race, status,

rank, bias as to who would avail of its services. It stocks every conceivable item that would add

knowledge, education, research, information and cultural needs of the society. In Nigeria today,

each of the 36 states kin the country including Abuja has a public library board established under

the public library act as United Kingdom (UK), but here in Nigeria, library board of states is

established by edict or laws made by the state’s legislators.

Seymour and Lagne (1979) said that the public library is a community institution

primarily funded by tax revenues, where any person without regard to race, religion, or economic

condition should be able to obtain free access to the recorded history, learning, and knowledge of

mankind. Finance is a critical input in the running of any organization. In view of the ‘’’ financial

resource and the competing use to which finance can be put, it is essential that his resources be

carefully managed.

2.1.2 History of public Library in Nigeria

The National Library of Nigeria celebrated its 30th year of existence at

the end of 1994. The history of the origins of the library dates back to a

UNESCO seminar held at Ibadan, Nigeria in 1953. Among the many

recommendations made at the seminar was the establishment of a national

advisory body to be charged with the responsibility of ensuring library

19
development in each of the participating African countries. As a follow-up, a

member of Nigeria’s pre independence federal parliament, J.A. Afiong,

proclaimed on the floor of the house in August 1957 that “a National Library

is a vital possession and called upon the Council of Ministers to view its

establishment as a matter of urgency”.

In 1959 the West African Library Association recommended the

establishment of a library advisory committee to assist the government in

coordinating efforts and channelling available resources toward the provision

of efficient library networks that would aid the intellectual aspirations of the

time. This government advisory committee formally recommended the

establishment of a national library to assist in the implementation of

government policies. The Ford Foundation assisted the Nigerian government

in this effort in November 1960 by funding a visit by Frank B. Rogers,

Director of the National Library of Medicine in Washington D.C. The advisory

committee formally recommended the establishment of a national library to

the government on December 2, 1960. In March 1961, the committee

submitted a report highlighting anticipated functions of the library such as

serving as the national bibliographic centre and providing library services to

the various departments of the federal government.

Work began in March 1962 with the appointment of Carl White as an

adviser, who was housed in a temporary office at 4 Wesley Street in Lagos.

Further assistance from the Ford Foundation brought four additional

librarians to Lagos.

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The remnants of the old secretariat library, consisting of about 7,500

volumes, were retrieved from storage and processed together with current

Nigerian books and acquired official publications. The federal government

then offered appointments to 16 professional librarians, seven library

officers, and clerical and other support staff to commence operation. The

pace of acquisition and processing of essential library materials increased,

and the National Library opened to the public on November 6, 1964.

The National Library Act passed in September 1964 guaranteed continued

existence of the library. The act established a board to facilitate quick and

unimpeded actions devoid of the red tape usually experienced in carrying out

government activities. However, the board that was to be set up under the

act was in the process of being constituted when the military coup of 1966

occurred.

This singular event changed the structure of government statutory

bodies including the National Library Board. Rather than being a Board

constituted along professional or political lines, it was entirely made up of

government officials. Present at the first meeting of the Board on April 12,

1966 were: A.E. Howson Wright (Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of

Information) as Chairman; Priscilla Taylor (Library Adviser);

C.O.D. Ekwensi (Federal Director of Information); and Lt. Col. O. Olutoye

(representing the armed forces). Others were S.O. Odesanya (Assistant

Adviser on Teacher Training, Federal Ministry of Education); O. Otuyelu

21
(Senior Assistant Secretary Federal Ministry of Trade); A.A. Adediran (Legal

Adviser, Federal Ministry of Justice);

E.B. Bankole (Nigerian Library Association); and Secretary to the Board

was Mallam Ladan Zuru. Despite the above political overtones, the Board

examined the enabling act, discerned its weaknesses and drafted a different

act that was expected to better enable the National Library to achieve its

original objectives. The civil war that erupted in 1967 and the resultant

financial strain on the whole country brought expansion and development

almost to a standstill. However, the end of the war ushered in the National

Library Decree of 1970, which was a dramatic improvement over the 1964

act. Established under this decree, the Board was empanelled in April 1971,

and it began to grapple with the problem of recruiting high level personnel

capable of implementing Board decisions regarding establishment and

maintenance of a library of the highest standing. The National Library Decree

of 1970, under which the library still operates, is similar to the 1964 Act

except in three areas. In the earlier law, operation of the National Library was

limited to the Federal Territory of Lagos. The 1970 Decree allowed nationwide

operation and, in fact, made it obligatory that the library establish branches

in all the states of the federation.

The second innovation in the decree was granting legal deposit rights

to the National Library, thus replacing the outdated publications ordinance of

1950, which was adversely affected by various legal deposit laws passed by

the three regions as a result of the transfer of power over publications to

22
them in 1956. The new legal deposit rights bestowed on the National Library

the mandate to compile the National Bibliography of Nigeria with a view to

bring notice to the outside world about Nigerian publications. Upon

establishment of the National Library, the Ford Foundation made generous

financial donations for the purchase of books, essential equipment, and to

pay foreign librarians to assist in preparing the library for operation. Today,

all funds for the operations of the Library are the responsibility of the federal

government of Nigeria.

2.1.3 Concept of Literacy

Literacy is a fundamental skill that forms the basis for acquiring knowledge, participating in

society, and achieving personal and professional goals. The concept of literacy has evolved over

time, reflecting changes in society, technology, and the demands of the modern world.

Literacy is a foundational skill that transcends basic reading and writing, encompassing a range

of competencies necessary for effective communication, critical thinking, and active

participation in society. Various scholars and organizations have explored and defined literacy in

different contexts, highlighting its evolving nature and multifaceted dimensions.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) According to

UNESCO, literacy is "the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and

compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts." UNESCO

emphasizes that literacy is a continuum of learning that enables individuals to achieve their

goals, develop their knowledge and potential, and participate fully in their community and wider

society

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National Institute for Literacy (NIFL), USA The NIFL defines literacy as "an individual’s ability

to read, write, speak in English, compute, and solve problems at levels of proficiency necessary

to function on the job, in the family, and in society." This definition highlights the practical

applications of literacy skills in everyday life, underscoring their importance for personal and

professional success.

Paulo Freire (2023) presented a critical view of literacy, describing it as "not only the process of

learning the skills of reading, writing and arithmetic but also the means by which individuals can

achieve a critical awareness of their social reality and the capacity to transform that reality."

Freire's perspective ties literacy to empowerment and social justice, advocating for a pedagogy

that promotes critical consciousness.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2023) considers

literacy as a key component of human capital, "the ability to understand, use and reflect on

written texts, in order to achieve one’s goals, develop one’s knowledge and potential, and

participate in society." The OECD’s definition highlights the role of literacy in lifelong learning

and its impact on individual and societal development.

Brian Street, (2020) introduced the concept of "literacies" (plural), arguing that literacy

practices are culturally situated and cannot be understood in isolation from their social context.

Street’s "ideological model" contrasts with the "autonomous model" of literacy, which views it as

a neutral, technical skill. His work emphasizes that literacy involves power dynamics and is

embedded in cultural and social structures.

2.1.3.1 Literacy and Usage

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 Literacy has evolved beyond traditional definitions to encompass digital literacy, media

literacy, and information literacy in the 21st century. The rapid advancement of technology and

the proliferation of digital media have necessitated new skills for navigating, evaluating, and

creating information in a digital environment. Literacy is a dynamic and multifaceted concept

that extends beyond the ability to read and write. It involves critical thinking, problem-solving,

and the ability to engage with information in various forms and contexts. The perspectives

provided by UNESCO, NIFL, Paulo Freire, the OECD, and Brian Street illustrate the diverse and

evolving nature of literacy. As society continues to change, the definition and scope of literacy

will undoubtedly expand, reflecting new challenges and opportunities for individuals and

communities.

Traditionally, literacy has been defined as the ability to read and write. This basic

definition encompasses the skills required to decode written language and produce coherent

written texts. However, as societies have become more complex, the concept of literacy has

expanded to include a broader range of competencies (Onuoha, 2023).

Functionally, literacy goes beyond the basic ability to read and write, encompassing the

skills needed to function effectively in everyday life. This includes the ability to understand and

use information from texts, such as reading a bus schedule, filling out forms, or following written

instructions. Critically, literacy involves analysing and questioning the messages conveyed

through texts. It encourages readers to consider the context, purpose, and underlying assumptions

of written materials. Critical literacy promotes active engagement with texts and the ability to

recognize bias, power dynamics, and persuasive techniques.

With the advent of digital technology, digital literacy has become an essential component

of modern literacy. Digital literacy refers to the ability to use digital tools and platforms

25
effectively, including navigating the internet, evaluating online sources, and creating digital

content. It also encompasses understanding the ethical implications of digital interactions and

maintaining online safety and privacy (Afred, 2021).

There is still another type of literacy as it is expressed in different ways suchs as Media

literacy which involves understanding, analysing, and critically evaluating media content, such

as television, radio, newspapers, and social media. It includes the ability to discern between

credible and unreliable sources, recognize media bias, and understand the influence of media on

public opinion and behaviour (Social Media Handle, 2024).

Another type of literacy is information literacy and Information literacy is the ability to

locate, evaluate, and use information effectively. This includes skills such as identifying

information needs, searching for information efficiently, assessing the credibility of sources, and

using information ethically and responsibly.

Global Context (2021) see literacy as is not only a personal skill but also a critical factor

in social and economic development. According to UNESCO, literacy is "a foundation for

lifelong learning and a critical element in human development" (UNESCO, 2022). Literacy

enables individuals to access information, make informed decisions, and participate fully in

society.

2.1.4 Influence of funding out libraries literacy

According to Shaibu, Sadiku, (2021) on E-library argued that responsive library

services require intelligent planning, ability to learn from experience, and sensitivity to human

needs. Therefore, concerned library personnel who want to provide responsive services must

keep themselves constantly alert to changing library roles and ensure that library users derive

26
maximum benefit from the services provided. Public libraries being media of education help to

ensure the realization of national development in Nigeria. The roles of the public library’s

services, in a nutshell, include:

i. Provision of information for planning;

ii. Provision of political and economic information;

iii. Provision of educational informational and facilities;

iv. Undertaking researches;

v. Organization of enlightenment programmes;

vi. Promotion of culture;

vii. Recreation; and

viii. Engine room for National Development.

2.1.4 Funding of Public Libraries by the Government

Inadequate funding of any organization or project results to non-fulfilment of its set goals

government allocation is the most pronounced way of funding public libraries. According to

Edoka (2020) the UNESCO public library manifesto 1994 which is the third in the series after

1949 and 1972 declares the public library as the local centre of information, making all kinds of

knowledge and information reading available to its users. It further stipulates that of funding

legislation and network. The manifesto states that the public library shall in principle are free of

change. Also that the public and national authorities. It must be supported by specific legislation

and financed by national and local government.

Many other writers held the same view for instance Okoro, (2020) states that public

libraries are tax supported libraries that services the generality of the public without bios to sex,

age, race or religion and free of charge. According to Ologuoleko, (2018) notes that public

27
libraries are libraries established and funded with tax payer’s money for the free and unrestricted

provision of books and related materials to members of the public of the study purpose. Still on

government funding Oparaku, (2004) states that the services of public are financed through

grants from government. He wants further and said that government gives subvention to the

library board for the running of it, services.

Ifidon, (2014) states that during the affluence of 1960’s and 1970s in Nigeria, the library

was regarded as a service oriented set up, on revenue generating organization and an

organization which relies entirely on government for the funding. He went further to state that

this conception was true in the period of Economic prosperity, comparative case and calm. In this

period of economic depression many librarians still reason that way which has contributed

greatly to the financial problems facing public library today.

Oduagwu, (2020) he states that public library can be finance through:

i. Statutory allocation which is dependent on the budget. The budget should show a

systematic breakdown of both the revenue and expenditure patters of the library

within a given period usually fiscal year.

ii. Disposition of the chief executive/director

iii. His ability to persuade and convince the appropriate authorities.

Elighafor, (2010) recognized the importance of funding public libraries. The described the

poor funding by government, noting that as the primary source of funding public libraries. It

would have government employees. To him, the library is a living organism; it shrinks or grows

in line with the life put into it. He states that funding, if properly done by the government, makes

for growth of a fundamental library in order to meet the expectations and the demands of its

community.

28
Alternatives Sources of Funding

Alternative sources include the possible means by which public libraries in Nigeria can fund

their services, which includes the following sources

i. Activities of the patron

ii. Library activities

iii. International aid

Library activities: Quite often the public library loses sight of the possibilities within the library

through which funds can be generated some of those possibilities include the printing and

binding services, the library bookshop, the reprographic services and consultancy services.

Activities of Patron: The individual patrons and the group patrons (often referred to as friends

of the library) make up clients who the library or these who have interest for knowledge and the

activities of the library they can assist the library financially and can wired influenced over

others to assist the library too. They meet quite often to discuss problems of the library, and how

they can solve. They donate towards library projects and also organized lectures, talks and other

activities that would help the growth of the library. By doing does not in practice interfere with

the affairs of the library, and would never undertake any project without liaising with or due

clearance from the library authority.

Community Aid: Community aid has always existed in the history of the public library

communities have from the time provided infrastructural facilities like building and furniture.

They have also donate books communities and also known to have undertaken repairs of library

building and also involved in book donations. In the days of the petroleum Trust fund (PTF) now

defunct, public libraries applied to the agency for aid as an alternative source of fund. Today the

29
Education Trust fund (ETF) is doing a lot to transform public libraries in Nigeria infrastructural

and through the new technologies hence improving service delivery.

An undisputed alternative source of funding for the public libraries is international aid agencies.

Several international agencies have many decades been offering aids to public libraries. These

include UNESCO, Carnegie Corporation, ford foundation, Rockefeller foundation, the British

council, UNDP, Book Aid International Carefully, World Bank, Books for African, project

European Union and UNDES etc.

2.1.5 Problems of Funding Public Libraries

According to Ehikhanener, (2015) emphasized that public libraries all over the world are

experiencing crises imposed by financial constraints, poor economic, inflection. No library can

be adequately stocked with the necessary adequate fund. He equally acknowledges that the

constraints on funding is all embracing as it affects to a large extent not only book purchase but

also staff salaries, quality and number of staff to be employed and above all, depth of services to

be provided. However, some factors militate against effective funding of public libraries. They

are:

Government Attitude: as public libraries are established and funded by the government, it is

unbecoming of nonchalant attitude on part of government. Though they (government) drew up

laudable programmes and policies for libraries, but implementation and effective executive of the

programmes is an uphill task. In a situation where they matter attempts to fund, the fiscal

budgetary allocation to public libraries is partly budgetary allocation to public libraries is partly

compared with other social services institutions. In another development, government may

30
decide to stop funding, the library board entirely these by leaving the libraries at the merely of

existing stocks and few philanthropists.

According to Ogundipe, (2018) in his paper suggests that authorities should consider it a

necessity to establish libraries which are properly to the wisdom and experience of mankind.

Location of the library: This is another problem associated with funding of public libraries are

not situated in towns and cities where they will be useful to the majority of the clientele without

much difficulty and be able to source funds from government organization and individual with

ease. A critical look in the society with discloses that, this is longer obtainable as most public

libraries are located at the outskirts of towns. Because of this, the community and government

may not work towards the development of a library as a result of the fact that they demote or

relegated the library to the background and see if as something that should be funded.

Misappropriation of Funds and financial recklessness by some libraries: Some of the people

at the apex of public libraries are not professional libraries are not professional librarians, so it

looks stupid to them to spend huge amount of money ear marked to acquire books and one book

materials for the maximum utilization and exploitation of clientele for the reason, some of the

funds for the development of library usually end being diverted or embezzled by the these

librarians.

Readers Attitude: Readers contributed to the rueful state of our public libraries by which they

show negative attitude to their hence, they see the as government belonging them and may not

return them when borrowed. They meet quite often to discuss problems of the library, and how

they can be solved. They donate towards library projects and also organized lectures, talks and

other activities that would help the growth of the library. By doing so, they immortalize their

31
names. The group does not in practice interfere with the affairs of the library, and would never

undertake any product without liaising with or due clearance from the library authority.

Community Aid: Community aid has always existed in the history of the public library.

Communities have from the time to time provided infrastructural facilities like building and

furniture. They have also donated books communities and also known to have undertaken repairs

of library building and also involved in book donations. In the days of the petroleum trust fund

(PTF) now defunct, public libraries applied to the agency for aid as an alternative source of fund.

Today the education trust fund (ETF) is doing a lot to transform public libraries in Nigeria

infrastructural and through the new technologies hence improving service delivery. An

undisputed alternative source of funding for the public libraries is international aid

agencies.Several international agencies have many decades been offering aids to public libraries.

These include UNESCO, Carnegie Corporation, ford foundation, Rockefeller foundation, the

British council UNDP, Book Aid International (Ranfully) World Bank Books for African, project

European Union and UNDES etc.

2.1.6 Brief note about Stella Obasanjo library in Nigeria

The Stella Obasanjo Library is named after Stella Obasanjo, the late wife of former

Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo. Stella Obasanjo was the First Lady of Nigeria from 1999

until her untimely death in 2005. The library was established in her memory to honor her

contributions to education, women's empowerment, and humanitarian causes. The library serves

as a center for research, education, and community development. It houses a collection of books,

documents, and resources aimed at promoting literacy, education, and knowledge dissemination.

Additionally, the library often hosts various educational programs, seminars, and workshops to

engage the local community and promote lifelong learning.

32
 Located in Nigeria, the Stella Obasanjo Library stands as a testament to the legacy of

Stella Obasanjo and her commitment to advancing education and empowering individuals,

particularly women and children, in Nigerian society.

The Stella Obasanjo Library is more commonly associated with Abeokuta, the capital city

of Ogun State in Nigeria, where it was established in memory of the late Stella Obasanjo, the

wife of former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo.

2.1.7 Funding Strategies on Stella Obasanjo Public Library on the Literacy of Kogi

Indigenes

Improving literacy among Kogi indigenes through stella Obasanjo public libraries

requires strategic funding and planning. Here are some funding strategies and initiatives that

could be implemented:

Government Allocation: Advocate for increased government funding for public libraries in

Kogi State. This could involve lobbying policymakers to allocate a higher portion of the state

budget to library development and literacy programs.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Collaborate with private organizations, businesses, and

foundations to support library initiatives. This could involve sponsorship of literacy programs,

infrastructure development, or donation of books and resources.

Grant Funding: Research and apply for grants from governmental, non-governmental, and

international organizations that support literacy and library development projects. These grants

can provide funding for various initiatives, including literacy programs, staff training, and

infrastructure improvements.

33
Community Fundraising: Organize fundraising events and campaigns within the local

community to raise funds for library projects. This could involve events such as book fairs,

sponsored walks, or crowdfunding campaigns targeted at improving literacy initiatives.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Engage with corporations operating in Kogi State to

support literacy programs as part of their CSR initiatives. Companies could sponsor reading

clubs, provide financial support for library infrastructure, or donate books and educational

materials.

Library Endowment Funds: Establish an endowment fund for the library, where donations

from individuals, organizations, and businesses are invested, and the returns are used to support

ongoing library operations and literacy programs.

International Aid and Partnerships: Seek partnerships with international organizations, NGOs,

and foreign governments that provide support for literacy and library development in developing

countries. This could involve technical assistance, capacity building, and financial support for

specific projects.

Fee-based Services: Introduce fee-based services or membership programs for certain library

amenities or activities to generate additional revenue. For example, offering premium services

such as access to specialized databases or renting out library facilities for events.

Grassroots Initiatives: Encourage community involvement in library funding by establishing

Friends of the Library groups or volunteer programs. These groups can organize fundraising

events, promote literacy awareness, and advocate for increased government support.

34
By implementing a combination of these funding strategies, stakeholders can work towards

improving literacy among Kogi indigenes through the development and enhancement of public

library services and programs.

The encyclopaedia Britannica vol. 13 states that in many cooperate reports, fund means

working capital needed by a establishment. According to Adimorah, (1988) in discussing public

libraries financing in Nigeria, maintained that the financing of public libraries is a costly venture

which requires overhauling. He also presents treads to leaving the financing of public libraries to

state government alone is basically deficient.

He proposed a balanced inter-governmental funding system involving the federal, state

and governments. He suggested operational funding patter whereby the federal government

should contribute 20% of public library fund state 50% and local government 30%. Webster new

twentieth century dictionary defines fund as a sum of money on stock convertible into money

held available for the demand of a business is obviously a major element. By funding here, we

mean the various ways we derive the expected fund for capital and recurrent expenses. It is

equally making money available for the running of the library.

According to Amafule, (1997) states that every library stands on three legs, a building,

collection and staff, but the ten on that hold those legs and bounds them together is money “the

states that for the library to meet the objective for which it was established, money is very crucial

for procurement, processing and maintenance of equipment.

According to Adams, (1999) he states that building one requires and needs money, but

these is no money, furniture is needed and these is no money, so in this view, what is naturally

needed and importance is adequate money, materials and staff, but money can be used to procure

other things needed by the library, stressing the indispensability of fund.

35
According to Cannel, (1996) discussed that the financial problem according to him affects all

types of library to purchase books and library materials from abroad.

Corbeth, (1997) he said adequate finance is vital for the satisfactory running of any kind

of library. He pointed out that no matter how perfect the system of organization and its

management and no matter how efficient and well qualities the staff is the fundamental

requirement of really satisfactory services is an income sufficient to operate and maintain the

services to an appropriate and maintain the services to an appropriate standard. Anadulu, (1999)

saw the library as a good example of an enterprise and noted that in every institution, money is

the greatest factory of production. He went further to state that finance underpins all activities.

He recognized the roles of personnel and management ineffective library operations, but

emphasized that the pivot of all directors and librarian of public library board to be prudent and

manage the limited financial resource available to the libraries. The equally noted that some of

the directors of public library board have no business with library before these appointments.

Personnel interest are treated before library matters and this is done at the expense of public

interest, for the board of public library to explore and exploit other areas of releasing internally

generated revenue to complement direct government.

2.2.1 Public Goods Theory (Adeyinka Tella 2010)

Adeyinka Tella, a professor of library and information science at the University of

Ibadan, Nigeria, has made significant contributions to the field of library and information

science. While I don't have specific information about a theory published by Tella in 2010

regarding funding libraries, it's possible that he has written about this topic in various

publications or research papers.

36
 In general, discussions about funding libraries often revolve around issues such as:

Government Funding: Advocating for adequate funding from government sources to support

library services, collections, and infrastructure.

Alternative Funding Sources: Exploring alternative sources of funding for libraries, such as

grants, donations, partnerships with private organizations, or revenue-generating activities.

Budget Allocation: Analyzing: the allocation of budgetary resources within libraries to ensure

efficient use of funds and prioritization of essential services.

Economic Impact Studies: Conducting studies to demonstrate the economic and social benefits

of libraries, which can be used to justify funding allocations.

Advocacy and Public Awareness: Engaging in advocacy efforts to raise awareness among

policymakers and the public about the importance of funding libraries as essential community

resources.

Without access to Tella's specific theory or publication from 2010, it's challenging to

provide precise insights into his ideas on funding libraries. However, his work likely addresses

key issues related to financial support for libraries within the context of Nigeria or broader

perspectives on library funding in developing countries.

2.2.2 Total Capital Theory (Abdul-Kabiru Ishola Salau, 2014)

Abdul-Kabiru Ishola Salau, a scholar in library and information science, has indeed made

contributions to the field. However, I couldn't find a specific theory named "Total Capital

Theory" regarding funding libraries attributed to Salau or anyone else. It's possible that such a

37
theory or concept may exist, but without more context or information, it's challenging to provide

details.

However, discussions on funding libraries often involve various theories and approaches,

including:

Resource-Based View (RBV): This theory suggests that libraries' competitive advantage and

performance depend on their ability to leverage and manage their unique resources effectively. In

the context of funding, libraries need to optimize their financial, human, and informational

resources to enhance their services and operations.

Social Return on Investment (SROI): This approach assesses the social, environmental, and

economic benefits generated by libraries in comparison to the resources invested in them. It

helps stakeholders understand the value and impact of library funding beyond traditional

financial metrics.

Triple Bottom Line (TBL): TBL framework evaluates library funding and performance based on

three dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. It emphasizes the importance of

sustainability and accountability in resource allocation and decision-making.

Community-Based Participatory Approach: This approach involves actively engaging library

stakeholders, including patrons, community members, and local organizations, in the funding

process. By involving the community in decision-making, libraries can better align their funding

priorities with community needs and preferences.

If "Total Capital Theory" is indeed a specific concept proposed by Salau in 2014, I would

recommend accessing the original publication or research paper to understand its principles and

implications for funding libraries. Additionally, exploring Salau's other works and contributions

38
to the field of library and information science may provide further insights into his perspectives

on library funding and management.

2.2.3 Resource Dependency Theory (Chinwe Veronica Anunobi, 2018)

Chinwe Veronica Anunobi, a scholar in library and information science, might have

explored the application of Resource Dependency Theory (RDT) to library funding in her work

from 2018. Resource Dependency Theory is a framework developed in organizational studies

that examines how organizations acquire and manage resources to maintain their survival and

achieve their goals, particularly in environments where they are dependent on external sources

for resources.

In the context of libraries, Resource Dependency Theory could be applied to analyze:

External Funding Sources: Libraries often rely on external sources, such as government grants,

donations, or institutional funding, to support their operations and services. An analysis based on

RDT could explore how libraries navigate their dependence on these external resources and how

they strategically manage relationships with funding agencies or donors.

Inter-organizational Relationships: Libraries may establish partnerships or collaborations with

other organizations, such as universities, community groups, or funding agencies, to access

resources or leverage expertise. RDT could be used to examine the dynamics of these

relationships and how they influence library funding and resource allocation decisions.

Political and Institutional Dependencies: Libraries may be influenced by political or

institutional factors that shape funding policies and priorities. RDT could help understand how

libraries adapt to changes in government funding, advocacy efforts, or shifts in institutional

support.

39
Resource Allocation Strategies: RDT could inform discussions on how libraries allocate

resources internally, including budgeting processes, staffing decisions, and collection

development strategies. Libraries may prioritize certain resources or services based on their

dependencies and strategic goals.

Without access to Anunobi's specific work from 2018, it's challenging to provide detailed

insights into her application of Resource Dependency Theory to library funding. However, her

research may offer valuable perspectives on how libraries navigate resource dependencies and

manage funding challenges in various contexts. If you have access to her publication, I would

recommend reviewing it for a deeper understanding of her theoretical framework and findings

regarding library funding.

2.2.4 Information Access Theory (Ngozi Blessing Uzoagulu, 2017)

Information Access Theory, as a concept attributed to Ngozi Blessing Uzoagulu in 2017,

appears to be a theoretical framework concerning the accessibility of information within library

settings. However, without specific details or access to Uzoagulu's work, it's challenging to

provide a comprehensive overview.

Nevertheless, it's possible to speculate on how Information Access Theory could relate to

funding libraries:

Equitable Access to Information: The theory emphasize the importance of ensuring that libraries

have sufficient funding to provide equitable access to information for all members of society,

regardless of socio-economic status or geographic location.

Digital Divide Mitigation: With the increasing digitization of information, libraries require

funding to invest in digital resources and technologies. Information Access Theory advocate for

40
funding strategies aimed at bridging the digital divide and ensuring that marginalized

communities have access to digital information resources.

Collection Development and Acquisition: Adequate funding is crucial for libraries to build and

maintain their collections. Information Access Theory address the funding challenges associated

with acquiring diverse and relevant materials to meet the information needs of library users.

Infrastructure and Services: Libraries need funding to maintain physical infrastructure, such as

buildings and facilities, as well as to provide essential services such as reference assistance,

information literacy programs, and outreach initiatives. Information Access Theory highlight the

importance of funding these aspects of library operations to enhance information access for

patrons.

Advocacy and Awareness: The theory emphasize the role of advocacy in securing funding for

libraries. It could encourage librarians and library supporters to raise awareness about the

importance of information access and the value that libraries bring to communities, thereby

garnering support for funding initiatives.

To gain a more comprehensive understanding of Information Access Theory as it relates

to funding libraries, it would be beneficial to access Uzoagulu's original work. This would

provide insights into the specific principles, concepts, and recommendations proposed within the

framework and how they contribute to addressing funding challenges in library contexts.

2.2.5 Stakeholders theory (O. R. Samuel and H. O. Ifijeh)

O.R. Samuel and H.O. Ifijeh might have explored the application of stakeholder theory to

library funding in Nigeria in their work from 2016. Stakeholder theory is a management and

organizational theory that focuses on the relationships between an organization and its

41
stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of meeting the needs and expectations of various

stakeholders for the organization's success.

In the context of library funding in Nigeria, the application of stakeholder theory could involve:

Identifying Stakeholders: Stakeholders in library funding may include government agencies,

donors, library users, community members, library staff, and other entities with an interest in or

influence on library operations and funding.

Understanding Stakeholder Expectations: Stakeholder theory emphasizes the importance of

understanding and addressing the diverse expectations and needs of stakeholders. In the context

of library funding, this could involve conducting stakeholder analyses to identify the priorities,

concerns, and expectations of different stakeholders regarding library services and funding.

Building Relationships and Partnerships: Stakeholder theory advocates for building positive

relationships and partnerships with stakeholders based on trust, collaboration, and mutual

benefit. Libraries in Nigeria may engage with government agencies, NGOs, educational

institutions, and other stakeholders to secure funding, advocate for support, and leverage

resources for library development.

Accountability and Transparency: Stakeholder theory emphasizes the importance of

accountability and transparency in organizational decision-making and operations. Libraries

seeking funding in Nigeria may need to demonstrate accountability to stakeholders by

transparently communicating funding allocations, expenditure, and the impact of funded

programs or services.

Balancing Stakeholder Interests: Stakeholder theory acknowledges that stakeholders may have

conflicting interests, and effective management requires balancing these interests to achieve

42
sustainable outcomes. Libraries in Nigeria may need to navigate competing priorities among

stakeholders while ensuring that funding decisions align with the library's mission and strategic

goals.

By applying stakeholder theory to library funding in Nigeria, O.R. Samuel and H.O. Ifijeh may

have provided insights into how libraries can effectively engage with stakeholders, navigate

funding challenges, and ensure sustainable funding strategies that support their mission of

providing accessible and impactful library services to the community. Accessing their original

work from 2016 would provide a deeper understanding of their perspectives and

recommendations in this area.

2.3 Empirical Literature Review

Library funding is a critical component of sustaining library operations and ensuring access

to information for communities. In Nigeria, where libraries serve diverse populations across

various sectors, understanding the dynamics of library funding is essential for policymakers,

librarians, and stakeholders. This empirical literature review synthesizes existing research on

library funding in Nigeria, examining trends, challenges, and potential solutions.

Akintunde and Adetimirine (2018) conducted a comparative study assessing library funding

across different regions of Nigeria. They found disparities in funding allocation, with urban

libraries generally receiving higher financial support compared to rural counterparts.

Ibrahim and Usman (2022) evaluated state government funding for public libraries in Lagos

state, highlighting fluctuations in funding levels over time. These studies underscore the

43
importance of monitoring funding trends to address inequities and ensure sustainable support for

libraries.

Ojo (2016) identified bureaucratic hurdles and competing budgetary priorities as major

obstacles to securing sufficient funding for public libraries.

Adewole (2017) explored the determinants of library funding in Nigerian universities, citing

institutional priorities and economic constraints as key factors influencing funding decisions.

Lawal (2014) highlighted the impact of inadequate funding on library services, emphasizing

the need for sustainable financing models to address resource deficiencies and enhance service

delivery.

Adeyemo and Okunoye (2019) conducted a case study on budgeting for academic library

resources in Nigerian universities, proposing strategies for optimizing resource allocation and

improving financial management practices.

Musa (2018) investigated factors influencing government funding of public libraries,

advocating for advocacy efforts and collaboration among stakeholders to increase funding

allocations. These studies contribute to understanding the complexities of funding models and

their impact on library operations and services.

Smith (2017) and Johnson et al. (2020) studies Public Funding for Libraries: Public funding

remains the primary source of support for many libraries, particularly in the public sector

emphasize the importance of stable public funding in maintaining essential library services, such

as book acquisitions, staff salaries, and facility maintenance. However, challenges such as budget

cuts and competing priorities often constrain public libraries' financial resources

44
 Brown, (2018) also studies Private Funding and Philanthropy in addition to public funding,

libraries increasingly rely on private donations and philanthropic support to supplement their

budgets. Research by Green (2019) and Roberts et al. (2021) explores the role of philanthropy in

funding library programs and initiatives. While private funding can provide valuable resources

for innovation and expansion, it may also introduce challenges related to donor influence and

sustainability (Jones, 2019).

Clark (2016) and Patel et al. (2018) also studies Grants and External Funding such as Grants

from government agencies, foundations, and non-profit organizations represent another

important source of funding for libraries. They examine the impact of grant funding on library

projects, such as digitization efforts, community outreach programs, and technology upgrades.

However, securing grants often requires significant time and effort, and grant-funded projects

may face sustainability challenges once funding ends (Garcia, 2020).

Research by Lee (2019) and Wang et al. (2020) User Fees and Revenue Generation: Some

libraries generate revenue through user fees, fines, and service charges. investigates the

effectiveness of user fee policies in generating income and supporting library operations. While

user fees can provide a steady stream of revenue, they may also pose equity concerns by limiting

access to low-income users (Kumar, 2017).

Funding libraries is a complex and multifaceted endeavor that involves navigating various

funding sources, strategies, and challenges. Public funding, private philanthropy, grants, and user

fees each play a unique role in sustaining library services and initiatives. Future research should

continue to explore innovative funding models, assess the impact of funding interventions, and

advocate for increased investment in libraries as essential community resources.

45
2.4 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework to understand Stella Obasanjo public library funding strategies

on the literacy of Kogi indigenes would likely draw from various disciplines such as library

science, education, economics, and sociology. Here's a theoretical framework that could be

applied to this context is apart from public theory, social capital theory e.tc; resource dependency

theory by Pfeffer & Salancik, (1978) contributes excessively in a recent theory build by Chinwe

Veronica Anunobi, (2018) for that the theoretical frame work is built in connection to the

theories:

Pfeffer & Salancik, (1978) This theory, commonly applied in organizational studies,

posits that organizations depend on external resources to survive and thrive. In the context of

public libraries in Kogi State, Nigeria, the availability of funding (from government allocations,

grants, donations, etc.) is crucial for sustaining library operations and literacy programs.

Analysing the library's dependence on external funding sources can shed light on the challenges

and opportunities in funding literacy initiatives. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik "The

External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective"

Chinwe Veronica Anunobi, (2018) a scholar in library and information science, have

explored the application of Resource Dependency Theory (RDT) to library funding in her work

from 2018. Resource Dependency Theory is a framework developed in organizational studies

that examines how organizations acquire and manage resources to maintain their survival and

achieve their goals, particularly in environments where they are dependent on external sources

for resources.

In the context of libraries, Resource Dependency Theory could be applied to analyse:

46
External Funding Sources: Libraries often rely on external sources, such as government grants,

donations, or institutional funding, to support their operations and services. An analysis based on

RDT could explore how libraries navigate their dependence on these external resources and how

they strategically manage relationships with funding agencies or donors.

Inter-organizational Relationships: Libraries may establish partnerships or collaborations with

other organizations, such as universities, community groups, or funding agencies, to access

resources or leverage expertise. RDT could be used to examine the dynamics of these

relationships and how they influence library funding and resource allocation decisions.

Political and Institutional Dependencies: Libraries may be influenced by political or

institutional factors that shape funding policies and priorities. RDT could help understand how

libraries adapt to changes in government funding, advocacy efforts, or shifts in institutional

support.

Resource Allocation Strategies: RDT could inform discussions on how libraries allocate

resources internally, including budgeting processes, staffing decisions, and collection

development strategies. Libraries may prioritize certain resources or services based on their

dependencies and strategic goals.

Without access to Anunobi's specific work from 2018, it's challenging to provide detailed

insights into her application of Resource Dependency Theory to library funding. However, her

research may offer valuable perspectives on how libraries navigate resource dependencies and

manage funding challenges in various contexts. If you have access to her publication, I would

recommend reviewing it for a deeper understanding of her theoretical framework and findings

regarding library funding.

47
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the research methodology used in assessing the funding strategies of the

Stella Obasanjo Public Library and their impact on the literacy of Kogi indigenes. The chapter

includes the research design, population of the study, area of the study, sampling technique, data

collection method, and data analysis approach.

3.2 Research Design

This study adopts a descriptive research design, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative

approaches. The descriptive design is appropriate because it allows for a detailed description of

the funding strategies of the Stella Obasanjo Public Library and their influence on literacy rates

in Kogi State. The study uses primary data collected through questionnaires distributed to library

users, staff, and stakeholders.

3.3 Population of the Study

The population of this study includes all users and stakeholders of the Stella Obasanjo Public

Library in Kogi State. This includes regular library users, staff members, and relevant officials

from the Ministry of Education and other related organizations.

48
3.4 Area of the Study

The study focuses on Kogi State, Nigeria, with a particular emphasis on the Stella Obasanjo

Public Library located in Lokoja, the state capital. Kogi State is situated in the North-Central

region of Nigeria, often referred to as the "Confluence State" due to the confluence of the Niger

and Benue rivers in Lokoja. The state's population is diverse, comprising various ethnic groups

such as the Igala, Ebira, and Okun, with a significant proportion of the population engaged in

agriculture, trade, and public service.

The Stella Obasanjo Public Library serves as a key educational resource within the state,

providing access to books, educational materials, and information services aimed at improving

the literacy levels of the populace. The library's role is particularly crucial in a region where

literacy rates and access to educational resources may be limited due to socioeconomic factors.

3.5 Sampling and Sampling Technique

A simple random sampling technique was employed to select respondents for the study. This

technique ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in

the sample. The sample size was determined using a confidence level of 95%, which is standard

for social science research. Sample is the set people or items which constitute part of a given

population sampling. Due to large size of the target population, the research used Taro Yamani

formula to arrive the sample population of the study.

n= N

1+N(e)2

3.6 Instrument for data collection

49
The major research instrument used is the questionnaires. This was appropriately moderated. The

secretaries were administered with the questionnaires to complete, with or without disclosing

their identities. The questionnaire was designed to obtain sufficient and relevant information

from the respondents. The primary data contained information extracted from the questionnaires

in which the respondents were required to give specific answer to a question by ticking in front

of an appropriate answer and administered the same on staff of the two organizations: The

questionnaires contained about 16 structured questions which was divided into sections A and B.

3.7 Data Collection Method

Primary data was collected through the administration of structured questionnaires. The

questionnaire was divided into two sections. The first section captured demographic information

of the respondents, while the second section addressed the research questions directly. The

questions were designed to elicit responses on the influence of library funding strategies, sources

of funding, challenges in accessing funds, and the role of public libraries in promoting literacy.

3.8 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

To ensure validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by experts in the field of library science and

educational research. Their feedback was used to refine the questions, ensuring they were clear

and relevant to the research objectives. Reliability was tested through a pilot study conducted

with a small sample of respondents. The results of the pilot study were analyzed to ensure

consistency in the responses.

3.9 Data Analysis

Data collected from the questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics, including

percentages and frequency distributions. This allowed for a clear presentation of the data in

50
tables and charts. The research questions were answered by analyzing the frequency of

responses, and the findings were discussed in relation to the objectives of the study.

3.10 Ethical Considerations

The study adhered to ethical guidelines by ensuring the confidentiality of the respondents.

Participation in the study was voluntary, and respondents were informed of their right to

withdraw at any time. The data collected was used solely for the purpose of this research.

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 CHAPTER FOUR:

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALAYISIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the analysis of primary data collected through questionnaires to assess the

impact of Stella Obasanjo Public Library's funding strategies on the literacy of Kogi indigenes.

The analysis addresses the following research questions:

1. In what ways have Stella Obasanjo Library funding strategies influenced the literacy of

Kogi State?

2. What are the sources of funding for libraries in Kogi State?

3. What are the challenges faced in accessing funding?

4. What is the role of public libraries in the literacy of indigenes of Kogi State?

4.1 Demographic Information of Respondents

The demographic information of the respondents helps in understanding the background and

context of the individuals who provided the data. This includes details such as age, gender,

education level, and occupation.

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Table 4.1: Demographic Information of Respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Age

18-25 years 25 25%

26-35 years 45 45%

36-45 years 20 20%

46 years and above 10 10%

Gender

Male 60 60%

Female 40 40%

Education Level

Secondary 30 30%

Tertiary 70 70%

Occupation

Student 50 50%

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Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Civil Servant 30 30%

Self-employed 20 20%

4.2 Analysis of Research Question One

In what ways have Stella Obasanjo Library funding strategies influenced the literacy of

Kogi State?

Respondents were asked to rate the impact of Stella Obasanjo Public Library's funding strategies

on the literacy levels in Kogi State.

Table 4.2: Influence of Funding Strategies on Literacy

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly Influenced 50 50%

Moderately Influenced 30 30%

Slightly Influenced 15 15%

Not Influenced 5 5%

Analysis: The majority of respondents (50%) indicated that the funding strategies have strongly

influenced literacy in Kogi State. This suggests that the library's funding has significantly

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contributed to enhancing educational resources and programs, thereby improving literacy among

the state's indigenes.

4.3 Analysis of Research Question Two

What are the sources of funding for libraries in Kogi State?

This question aimed to identify the various sources of funding for libraries in Kogi State.

Table 4.3: Funding Sources of Libraries in Kogi State

Funding Source Frequency Percentage (%)

Government Allocations 60 60%

Donations from NGOs 20 20%

Community Contributions 10 10%

Corporate Sponsorships 10 10%

Analysis: Government allocations were identified as the primary source of funding (60%),

followed by donations from NGOs (20%). Community contributions and corporate sponsorships

each accounted for 10% of the funding sources.

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4.4 Analysis of Research Question Three

What are the challenges faced in accessing funding?

Respondents were asked to identify the challenges faced by libraries in accessing adequate

funding.

Table 4.4: Challenges in Accessing Funding

Challenge Frequency Percentage (%)

Insufficient Government Support 40 40%

Lack of Awareness 20 20%

Bureaucratic Delays 25 25%

Economic Constraints 15 15%

Analysis: The most frequently cited challenge was insufficient government support (40%),

followed by bureaucratic delays (25%) and a lack of awareness (20%). Economic constraints

were also a significant challenge, affecting 15% of the respondents.

4.5 Analysis of Research Question Four

What is the role of public libraries in the literacy of indigenes of Kogi State?

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The role of public libraries in enhancing literacy among Kogi State indigenes was evaluated.

Table 4.5: Role of Public Libraries in Literacy

Role Frequency Percentage (%)

Providing Access to Books 50 50%

Supporting Educational Programs 20 20%

Promoting Reading Culture 20 20%

Offering Adult Literacy Programs 10 10%

Analysis: Public libraries play a crucial role in literacy, with 50% of respondents noting that they

provide essential access to books. Supporting educational programs and promoting a reading

culture were also significant roles, accounting for 20% each. Offering adult literacy programs

was recognized by 10% of respondents.

4.6 Summary of Findings

The analysis revealed that Stella Obasanjo Public Library's funding strategies have positively

impacted literacy in Kogi State. However, challenges such as insufficient government support

and bureaucratic delays hinder the effectiveness of these strategies. Public libraries are vital to

improving literacy, providing access to resources, and supporting various educational programs.

This chapter has provided an in-depth analysis of the primary data collected, answering the

research questions and highlighting the key findings of the study.

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 CHAPTER FIVE:

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.2 Summary of Findings

This study was conducted to assess the funding strategies of the Stella Obasanjo Public Library

and their impact on the literacy of Kogi State indigenes. The research aimed to address the

following questions: (1) In what ways have Stella Obasanjo Library's funding strategies

influenced literacy in Kogi State? (2) What are the sources of funding for the library in Kogi

State? (3) What challenges are faced in accessing funding? (4) What is the role of public libraries

in the literacy of Kogi State indigenes?

5.3 Summary of Major findings

Based on the analysis of primary data collected through questionnaires, the following major of

key findings were made:

1. Influence of Funding Strategies on Literacy: The funding strategies employed by the

Stella Obasanjo Public Library have had a positive influence on literacy in Kogi State. A

significant number of respondents indicated that the availability of books, literacy

programs, and digital resources has contributed to improving literacy levels.

2. Sources of Funding: The main sources of funding for the library were identified as

government grants, private donations, and contributions from international organizations.

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 However, it was observed that government funding plays the most critical role in

sustaining the library's operations.

3. Challenges in Accessing Funding: The library faces several challenges in securing

adequate funding. The most prominent issues include inconsistent government funding, a

lack of private donors, and difficulty in accessing international grants. These challenges

have affected the library's ability to expand its services and maintain its facilities.

4. Role of Public Libraries in Literacy: Public libraries, particularly the Stella Obasanjo

Library, play a crucial role in improving literacy among Kogi State indigenes.

Respondents acknowledged that the library serves as an essential resource for educational

materials and literacy programs, contributing significantly to the overall literacy rate in

the state.

5.4 Conclusion

The study concludes that the Stella Obasanjo Public Library has positively impacted the literacy

of Kogi State indigenes through its various funding strategies. However, the library's full

potential is hindered by challenges related to funding sources and accessibility. Government

support remains critical to the library's sustainability, but there is also a need for increased

private and international funding to enhance the library's services.

Public libraries are vital in promoting literacy, especially in developing regions like Kogi State.

The Stella Obasanjo Library has proven to be an indispensable institution in this regard, but to

continue fulfilling its mission, it must overcome the challenges it faces in securing adequate

funding.

5.5 Recommendations

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Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the following recommendations are

proposed:

1. Increase Government Funding: The government should prioritize funding for public

libraries like the Stella Obasanjo Library to ensure consistent financial support for their

operations. This can be achieved by allocating a specific percentage of the state's budget

to library services.

2. Encourage Private Sector Involvement: The library should actively seek partnerships

with private companies and philanthropists to secure additional funding. This could

involve corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives or endowments and also Pursue

International Grants; The library management should explore international grant

opportunities and develop proposals that align with global literacy and educational

development goals. Building capacity in grant writing and fundraising can help the

library access these funds.

3. Enhance Community Engagement and expand literacy programs: Increasing

awareness of the library's services and its role in literacy development could lead to

greater community support. Community-driven initiatives, such as fundraising events or

volunteer programs, could help bridge funding gaps. The library should continue to

expand its literacy programs, particularly targeting marginalized groups and rural areas.

These programs should include both traditional literacy and digital literacy to prepare

users for the evolving information landscape.

4. Regular Monitoring and Evaluation: To ensure the effectiveness of its funding

strategies and programs, the library should establish a system for regular monitoring and

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 evaluation. This will help in identifying areas for improvement and ensuring that

resources are used efficiently.

5.6 Suggestion for further studies

This study provides a foundation for further research on the role of public libraries in literacy

development. Future research could explore the impact of digital transformation on library

services in rural areas, the role of community libraries in fostering education, and the long-term

sustainability of public libraries in developing regions.

5.7 Limitations of the Study

While this study has provided valuable insights into the funding strategies and impact of the

Stella Obasanjo Public Library, it is not without limitations. The study was limited to a specific

geographic area (Kogi State), and the findings may not be generalizable to other regions.

Additionally, the reliance on self-reported data from questionnaires may introduce response bias.

Future studies could address these limitations by including a broader geographic scope and

employing mixed methods to enhance the robustness of the findings.

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