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The business world is in a state of turbulence crossing all boundaries. Yet
America, despite it all, remains consistent in its unique way of approaching
opportunities…an openness to ideas, a somewhat chaotic process of
vetting them, and a hope that each will uncover a rainbow at the end.
Working with Americans will help you decode this journey and give you
invaluable insights on how best to participate successfully on it.
—Gary E. Knell, Chairman, National Geographic Partners

There’s never been a better time to arm yourself with this essential guide
to transatlantic business practices. By explaining how to sidestep many of
the common causes of misunderstanding and miscalculation, it cuts out
the trial and error that bedevils so many new Anglo-American business
relationships. It’s a treasure trove of clear advice from first page to last
and, having lived and worked in both the UK and US, I can vouch for its
relevance and accuracy. I only wish I’d got hold of a copy sooner.
—Patrick Jephson, Former Chief of Staff to Diana,
Princess of Wales

Working with Americans is also Learning from Americans. This book is

a fascinating journey into a business culture that values each person
as a unique individual. This coupled with an ingrained enthusiasm and
attitude that anything is possible has created a learning environment for
the business world in how to truly understand the power of diversity in
leadership.
—David Allen, President, Pandora EMEA

This is a must-have book for anyone wanting to work with and win
business with American companies of all sizes. Expertly written with unique
insights provided that will put you ahead in your quest for growth.
—Brenda Santoro, Head of Global Trade, Silicon Valley Bank

Working with Americans is an indispensable read for anyone looking for

a practical navigational aid in building and sustaining successful business
relationships in one of the most complex markets in the world.
—Lee Turlington, Global Chief Product Officer, Canada Goose

This is an essential how-to guide that should be required reading for

anyone trying to win in the US.
—Lord Stephen Carter, Group Chief Executive, Informa PLC
WORKING
WITH
AMERICANS

A nybody who has ever done business with Americans can testify
that there are more differences than similarities between the
US business culture and those in the rest of the world. Whether it’s
values, etiquette, communication, influencing or negotiating, there’s
a clear American style. How you go about building successful and
profitable business relationships in the US should be guided by
the many important lessons and insights offered in this essential
reference guide.

Authors Allyson Stewart-Allen and Lanie Denslow capture the

current US business environment in this second edition, providing
you with a deeper understanding of America’s business mindset,
diversity and regions so you can confidently navigate this large,
complex and profit-making economy.

Whether new to working with Americans or an experienced

internationalist, this book will serve as your ready reference for
connecting with US colleagues, clients, customers or consultants.
You’ll discover what drives American informality, schedules and the
desire to combine fun with business.

Each independent chapter allows you to dip into specific topics

or sections that interest you. All are grounded in evidence-
based research on cross-cultural working, behavioral science
and leadership. It’s the ultimate guide for busy business leaders
regardless of sector or company size.
ALLYSON STEWART-ALLEN is a renowned advisor, author,
speaker and educator whose expertise in brand internationalization
and localization is sought by leading businesses globally through
her consultancy, publications, appearances, mentoring and
corporate education. She has advised more than 200 businesses
in 26 countries and is a frequent keynote speaker at international
conferences. Allyson applies her extensive international consulting
experience, MBA education and languages to the company she
founded, International Marketing Partners.

LANIE DENSLOW is a leading author, speaker and advisor on

how culture shapes business practices around the world. She is
the founder and principal of World Wise Intercultural Training &
Resources, providing coaching and customized programs to
enhance clients’ cultural awareness and ability to navigate a
multicultural, global business environment. She has conducted
seminars for global business leaders and organizations in the US,
China, Germany, Russia and England.
WORKING
WITH
AMERICANS
HOW TO BUILD PROFITABLE
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

Second Edition

Allyson Stewart-Allen and Lanie Denslow

Second edition published 2020
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2020 Allyson Stewart-Allen and Lanie Denslow

The right of Allyson Stewart-Allen and Lanie Denslow to be identified as authors

of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.

First edition published by Pearson 2002

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Stewart-Allen, Allyson, author. | Denslow, Lanie, author.
Title: Working with Americans: how to build profitable business relationships /
Allyson Stewart-Allen and Lanie Denslow.
Description: Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. |
Includes bibliographical references. | Identifiers: LCCN 2019028933 (print) |
LCCN 2019028934 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367196707 (hardback) |
ISBN 9780429203831 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Business etiquette—United States. |
Intercultural communication—United States. | Psychology, Industrial
Classification: LCC HF5389.3.U6 S74 2020 (print) | LCC HF5389.3.U6 (ebook) |
DDC 330.973—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028933
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028934

ISBN: 978-0-367-19670-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-20383-1 (ebk)

Typeset in Helvetica
by codeMantra
CONTENTS

Foreword ix
Introduction xi
Acknowledgements xiii

PART 1
BACKGROUND

CHAPTER 1 THE TEA PARTY AND THE GREAT FRONTIER 3

CHAPTER 2 O
 PEN SPACE (WE’VE GOT LOTS) OR BIG IS
BETTER 19

CHAPTER 3 WE THE PEOPLE 33

CHAPTER 4 EVERYONE KNOWS THE RULES OF THE GAME 47

PART 2
FOUNDATION

CHAPTER 5 DO IT NOW 59

CHAPTER 6 I’LL DO IT MYSELF 77

CHAPTER 7 LET’S BE FRIENDS 91

CHAPTER 8 WRITE IT DOWN 105

vii
 contents

PART 3
BUSINESS

CHAPTER 9 AMERICAN CORPORATE CULTURE119

CHAPTER 10 WHO’S THE BOSS?137

CHAPTER 11 IF IT’S NEW, IT’S GREAT: INNOVATION

AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP153

CHAPTER 12 LOTS OF PLANS AND LOTS OF ADVICE165

CHAPTER 13 SUPERSTITION IS THE WAY183

CHAPTER 14 SEE YOU IN COURT…MAYBE191

PART 4
CREATING CONNECTIONS

CHAPTER 15 WAIT YOUR TURN, I’M TALKING NOW207

CHAPTER 16 WHAT CAN WE SAY?219

CHAPTER 17 LET’S DO LUNCH233

CHAPTER 18 W
 ORKING WITH AMERICANS –
WHY BOTHER?251

viii
FOREWORD

W hen the first edition of Working with Americans was published

in 2002, I described in my Foreword the bookshelves
crammed with titles covering “how to do business with” almost every
nationality but the US. I was delighted there would at last be a book
that explained how to work with Americans.

I’m delighted to welcome this new, updated edition to this volume,

the first and most valuable insider’s tour of what’s need to be
understood in order to be successful in the world’s largest economy.

Having lived as an American expat in Britain for some 17 years,

serving in various corporate capacities, including Advisor to the
HSBC Holdings Board and later Vice President of Group External
Affairs at Royal Dutch Shell, I view this book as required reading
for everyone who has, or would like to have, American business
partners, employees or colleagues.

The authors’ invaluable insights facilitate understanding and save

precious time and frustration in working with the “cut to the chase”
approach of most Americans in business, and in life.

Despite criticism, American-style capitalism remains the norm in

even remote parts of the world, and business professionals can gain
rich insights into the what, why and how of the US business psyche:
that things often are exactly as they seem and that Americans
usually do exactly what they say they’ll do.

ix
 foreword

I’ve often wished this book had been available when I first embarked
on my expatriate career; my life – and perhaps the lives of those
with whom I’ve worked – might have been made easier with the
knowledge of what makes Americans tick.

Every American expat should consider sharing it with colleagues and

every organization – business, philanthropic, governmental – with its
teams to empower their effectiveness and promote their success in
their US business pursuits.

Mary Jo Jacobi

x
INTRODUCTION

Y ou might wonder why we decided to write this book about

Americans in business. Isn’t working with US business
executives just like working within any other culture, just with a
different accent? In simple terms, no it isn’t.

If you’ve worked with Americans, you already know this is the case.
If you’re about to begin that journey, we hope this book will provide
useful insights to prepare you for the American experience.

And why us, you may ask? Because, as well as both being
Americans, we have years of experience living and working
in Europe. Californian Allyson Stewart-Allen (allyson@
intermarketingonline.com) has been in London for over three
decades, and makes her living advising international and US
companies wanting to ensure their trans-Atlantic forays are
profitable.

Lanie Denslow ([email protected]) lives in San Jose,

in the heart of Silicon Valley. Her work advising individuals and
institutions in the US, Asia and Europe has shown differences in
business cultures do exist and understanding these differences,
and similarities, is essential for success in today’s global business
environment.

When working in fast-paced, complex American business contexts,

you probably wish “it could be easier”, and wonder when your
American colleagues will behave in a “reasonable” fashion. This book
is meant to help you understand that the definition of “reasonable”

xi
 introduction

varies by culture; to know what drives American business behaviors;

to learn what is typical, and thereby reduce potential levels of stress
when you encounter business values and decisions which feel very
different from those that would be the norm in your home business
culture.

As Americans and authors, we know it is impossible to describe

the complete diversity of the US business culture within these
covers. This is not that kind of guide. There are no “one-size-fits-all”
explanations as people and situations will be different – influenced
by family, upbringing, education and personal experience.

But we hope we’ve gone some way toward demystifying the

American approach to business, and at the same time, by helping
you better understand Americans, they’ll, in turn, better understand
your business culture too.

Note to Readers: Throughout the book, you’ll see we’ve referred

to the United States of America as either the US or simply, America.
By that, we do not mean to imply that we’re only one country within
the Americas: North, Central and South. It’s a matter of common
shorthand for those living in the States to use these two labels
for the country that is the focus of this book, and we mean no
disrespect to our neighbors near and far.

xii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T o list all those who encouraged me to write this guide for

better understanding of Americans at work would be like
giving an endless Oscar acceptance speech. Special thanks are
due to Graham and Grace Allen, who have been, and always are,
supportive, loving and insightful and without whose encouragement
I’d be lost. I also owe a great debt to my parents, who taught me the
value “hard work gets results”, how to use commas correctly and to
appreciate the value of good writing and communication.

I certainly owe significant thanks to each of my international clients,

colleagues and friends (you know who you are!) who regularly
engaged me in conversation about American foreign policy, business
and cultural values which was instrumental in allowing me to
crystallize my thoughts for this exposé.

Others who have inspired and helped me include Mary Jo Jacobi,

Dr. Peter Drucker, Philip Kotler, the news producers at Sky News,
CNN and the BBC among many, many others.

Allyson Stewart-Allen

That this book exists is testimony to the support, encouragement,

advice and good humor of my family who have cheered me on
throughout my journeys. Friends, colleagues and clients offered
support, generously shared their experiences and provided
introductions to people they knew. Strangers around the world
responded and became friends. To each of them, I owe a debt of
thanks.

xiii
 acknowledgements

My hope is that this book is valuable for you the reader, giving you
insights that enable you build bridges across cultures, creating paths
to working with people from different places, sharing experiences
and ideas. More than enjoying successful business outcomes,
I hope it leads to the creation of the special friendships I’ve
discovered working across borders and cultures.

Lanie Denslow

Our joint thanks to the open-minded and friendly team at Informa

and Routledge – Lord Stephen Carter, Jeremy North, Amy Laurens,
Alexandra Atkinson, Becca Shand, Sue Damm – for believing in us
and this project, for being patient, answering our many questions
with thoughtfulness and good humor. Their graciousness and
encouragement at every step were invaluable!

We also owe a significant debt to the many people who have

touched our lives, informed our work, shared our journey – to all we
say Thank You!
Allyson ([email protected])
Lanie ([email protected])

xiv
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
cannot be certain, although it is not impossible that it was closely
connected with those great earth-movements of Pliocene times,
which gave rise to the chief topographic fixtures of N.E. Africa and
S.W. Asia.

Summary.
Summary of the Geological History of the Oasis.—
The oldest[61] sedimentary deposit in Egypt is the
Nubian Sandstone of the Cretaceous. From the general absence of
marine shells in this rock we may premise that the deposit was laid
down in an inland sea or lake, which must have covered an
enormous extent of country. In the northern part of Egypt the upper
part of the Nubian Sandstone becomes fossiliferous, the fauna
having an undoubted Cenomanian aspect; this is the case in Wadi
Araba, at Abu Roash and in Baharia. Further to the south, however,
as in Dakhla, the Nubian Sandstone first becomes fossiliferous in
Senonian times. We may explain this difference in the two localities
on the supposition that a gradual subsidence was taking place with a
corresponding gradual encroachment of the sea from the north,
which covered the northern part of the country (including Wadi
Araba, Abu Roash and Baharia) in Cenomanian times but did not
reach the latitude of Dakhla till considerably later, i.e., in Senonian
times.
From the Cenomanian onwards throughout the Cretaceous, the
Baharia area was one of continued subsidence, the lithological and
palæontological characters of the beds showing evidence of a
gradual increase in conditions of depth, until the maximum was
reached in the deposition of the White Chalk in Danian times.
Between the deposition of the uppermost Cretaceous rocks and
the Eocene it is probable that a considerable interval elapsed, during
which the Cretaceous was elevated into land, with much folding and
fracturing of the rocks and subsequent denudation.[62] It was
probably during this upheaval that the Cretaceous of Baharia
assumed its anticlinal structure.
 Subsequently, subsidence taking place, the Eocene sea
submerged the area, and deposits were laid down on the uneven
Cretaceous land in an unconformable and overlapping manner. In
Baharia the lowest member of the Eocene of Egypt, the Esna Shales,
is not present, although further to the south towards Farafra it has
been observed. On the east side, some sandstones and clays met
with below the white chalk beds of the outer plateau may belong to
this division.
The first undoubted Eocene deposits in the Baharia area are the
limestones with Operculina and Nummulites which unconformably
overlie different members of the Cretaceous in the north and west
sides, and eastward of the south end. The whole of the Eocene
deposits are here, however, only a few metres thick, which contrasts
strangely with the enormous thickness of the deposits of the same
age in the Nile Valley. This is intelligible, however, on the supposition
that near the subsiding Cretaceous land the conditions for continued
accumulation of deposits were not so favourable as further to the
east, where deeper water conditions obtained.
Subsequently, in Post-Eocene times, the whole underwent
upheaval, and it is probable that during this elevation the main
synclinal fold[63] was produced, together with the minor anticline.
The evidence for placing the date of the formation of the syncline
anterior to the deposition of the ferruginous grits, limonite, etc.
(Series No. 3) stands on the following basis: the absence of proof of
the folding in question having affected the beds of Series 3, and the
presence of a horizontal deposit of limonite on the upturned edges
of the strata, at the point where the fold meets the eastern scarp
(page 66). About the same time, probably, basalt and dolerite was
intruded into the Cenomanian rocks below.

Formation
As a result of the sharp folds the upper limestones
of were cracked, and their denudation by natural agencies
depression. followed, forming a slight hollow similar in shape to that
which the oasis now exhibits; the agent of denudation cannot be
stated with certainty, but whatever force came into operation it
would find easy work in the cracked-up rocks, and still easier would
be its task in partly removing the soft Cenomanian sandstones and
clays after the harder limestones had disappeared. The primary
excavation of the hollow was followed by the formation of a great
lake, in which were laid down deposits of sandstone, quartzite, and
iron-ore; this lake doubtless surrounded islands, represented to-day
by those hills which still preserve their limestone-caps; it extended,
or similar lakes existed, beyond the oasis-limits, forming the
quartzites and ferruginous sandstones passed on the way from
Maghagha to Baharia, and was perhaps continuous with the
Oligocene and post-Oligocene sea which covered a large part of the
country to the north.
In later times the area finally became continental and denudation
gradually sculptured the oasis to its present form; this sculpturing
would no doubt proceed rapidly in the moist climate which is known
to have existed in Egypt in Pliocene and early Pleistocene times, and
is being continued to-day by the powerful agency of the desert
wind-borne sand and changes of temperature.
The water-supply of the oasis is probably derived from the
tropical rains of the mountainous regions of Central Africa, the water
from which penetrates the ground and flows northwards along
permeable beds of sandstone, etc., in which it is confined by other
impermeable strata, until tapped naturally or artificially in the great
oases or depressions of the Libyan Desert.

[35] Voyage à Méroé, etc., op. cit.

[36] Geologie, u. Palæontologie der Libyschen Wüste. Cassel, 1883.
[37] Zittel had divided the Cretaceous of the Western Oases into the
following main divisions:—
Top.
1. Well-bedded limestone and earthy chalk.
2. Greenish and ash-grey shaly clays.
3. Beds with Exogyra Overwegi.
[38] On the Stratigraphy and Physiography of the Libyan Desert of
Egypt, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Nov. 1894, Vol. 50, p. 535.
[39] Letter from Prof. Zittel to Capt. Lyons, dated May 19th, 1894. It
was afterwards suggested (Beadnell, op. cit. Int. Geol. Congress, p.
10) that these specimens were possibly not E. Overwegi at all, and
Mr. Bullen Newton, of the British Museum, who has undertaken the
determination of the Baharia collection, confirms this, stating that the
so-called specimens of Exogyra Overwegi, referred to in Capt. Lyons’
paper, are in reality examples of E. mermeti.
[40] A short account of the geological structure of Baharia has already
been published:— Beadnell, op. cit. (Découvertes Géologiques
Récentes, etc.) Int. Geol. Cong. 1900; Paris, 1900.
[41] This, with the 6 metres of Eocene limestone above, gives the
height of the hill above the floor as 174 metres. Ascherson gives 162,
but the difference is probably due to our readings being commenced
on the lowest ground in the neighbourhood, where the oldest beds
were exposed.
[42] The specific names given in this report are based on
determinations made by Dr. Blanckenhorn in Cairo and by Mr. Bullen
Newton at the British Museum.
[43] In connection with the discovery of Cenomanian deposits in
Baharia Oasis, vide, Geological Magazine, Nos. 127, 430, 432, 1900
(H. J. L. B.).
[44] A very striking feature of the brown limestones is the abundance
in them of calcite-lined cavities; these are often arranged in planes
parallel to the bedding, as is well seen for instance in the hills north-
west of Harra.
[45] Mr. Gorringe first drew attention to the presence of fossil wood in
these beds.
[46] An analysis of this bone-bed is given in Report on the Phosphates
of Egypt, Geol. Surv. Egypt, publication, Cairo. 1900.
[47] Beadnell, Dakhla Oasis, its Topography and Geology. Geol. Surv.
Egypt. Report, 1899, Pt. IV. Cairo. 1901, pp. 96-98.
[48] Barron and Hume, Topography and Geology of the Eastern Desert
of Egypt, Geol. Surv. Report, Cairo, 1903.
[49] It may perhaps be that the lowest limestone bed disappears,
having thinned out, in which case it is difficult to distinguish the
sandstones and clays of this division from those of the one below.
[50] Zittel, op. cit.
[51] As it seems probable that the Lower Mokattam is a somewhat
local development of the upper part of the Libyan Series, and it being
difficult or impossible in many areas to separate the two, we shall in
our description of the Eocene of this oasis make no attempt at a
division.
[52] Chapman, Geol. Mag. Dec. IV, Vol. IX, Feb. and March, 1902, pp.
62-67, 106-114.
[53] It should be noted here that the presence of an overlap was
suspected by Capt. H. G. Lyons as long ago as 1894, as in his paper
(op. cit. 535) he says:—
“At the north-east and east of the Baharia Oasis the Upper
Mokattam beds, characterized by Ostrea Fraasi and O. Cloti (as kindly
determined by Dr. Zittel), occur 30 miles north-east and 20 miles east
of Upper Cretaceous beds containing Exogyra Overwegi in the oasis,
and with a difference in altitude of less than 200 feet. As there is no
marked dip of the beds, we have evidently an overlap of the
remainder of the Cretaceous beds and the Libyan and Lower
Mokattam beds of the Eocene, and this inference is borne out by the
short distance between the Cretaceous and Miocene outcrops to the
west on Dr. Zittel’s route to Siwa.”
[54] Voyage à Méroé, I., p. 189. The same observer also noted the
presence of nummulites in the northern scarp, and the ferruginous
nature of the sandstones composing the hills of the oasis (p. 190).
[55] Zeitsch. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1885, p. 134.
[56] Geol. d. Liby. Wüste, 1883, pp. 122, 123.
[57] Le Ligurien et le Tongrien en Égypte, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sec.
III, vol. XXI (1893).
[58] Beadnell, op. cit. (Farafra Oasis) p. 28.
[59] Lyons, op. cit. pp. 537-540.
[60] Op. cit. (Découvertes Géologiques Récentes, etc.) pp. 855-856.
[61] We except, of course, the very local areas where a Carboniferous
fauna has been detected.
[62] Compare, op. cit. The Cretaceous Region of Abu Roash, etc.
[63] Or, as suggested above, these folds may have been produced in
later times, i.e., Pliocene, when important earth-movements were
known to have taken place in N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia.
 CHAPTER VI.

Antiquities.

The archæological remains of Baharia Oasis admit of a

classification, based on their ages, into the following three groups:—
(a) Egyptian, consisting principally of a stela of the 18th, a
tomb of the 19th, and temples of the 26th Dynasty.
(b) Roman, including the ruins of an arch and various other
structures; also the subterranean aqueducts still in use
for conveying water from springs to the cultivated land.
(c) Coptic, embracing the ruins of several villages and a
church.
As the literature concerning these is mostly fragmentary and
scattered, it may be well to describe briefly the various remains,
following the above classification.
 (a) Egyptian Antiquities.

The oldest inscription yet found in Baharia is that on a stela of

the time of Thothmes II, which was discovered by Ascherson in 1876
to the west of Bawitti.
This stela is of historical importance, as being not only the oldest
of all antiquities from the oases, but also older than any inscription
bearing reference to the oases, and as proving that even at the
beginning of the New Empire the Egyptians had taken possession of
the oases and erected temples to their gods therein.
Ascherson was also the first to record the existence of the ruins
of an Egyptian temple in the oasis. This structure is marked on his
map[64] as existing some 2 kilometres north-west of El Qasr; he
appears, however, to have noted no inscription on the walls (the
only parts remaining) and his brief references to it in his memoir do
not give any data as to its age.
In his recent visit (1900) to Baharia, Steindorff[65] discovered the
remains of two Egyptian temples. The first of these exists under
modern dwellings in the middle of the village of El Qasr, in a farm
belonging to the Omda. It contains at present only one room, with
no inscriptions except on the roof, whence, however, we learn that
the building was erected during the reign of King Apries (B.C. 588-
570) to “Ammon-Re, the Lord of the Oasis, who dwells in Desdest,”
by a certain Weh-eb-Re-nofr and one Ded-Khens-ef-Onkh.
The second temple found by Steindorff, erected by the same
“Prince and Ruler of the Oasis” Ded-Khens-ef-Onkh, lies about 2
kilometres south-west of El Qasr. It was erected in the reign of
Amasis (B.C. 569-526) and is therefore of somewhat later date than
the foregoing. The large room, excavated from sand by Steindorff,
has its walls ornamented with representations of Egyptian deities,
the colours of which are admirably preserved.
 It is curious to note that at least one, and perhaps both, of the
temples discovered by Steindorff had been previously visited by
Ascherson in 1876. This observer mentions (op. cit. p. 140) “a well
preserved underground chamber which serves as a dwelling for the
servants of the Omda, which may be of Egyptian origin. On the roof
of this chamber (which is 7·25 metres long, 2·40 metres broad, and
2·90 metres high) is a line of inscription,” which latter he was unable
to read owing to the darkness. There can be no doubt of the identity
of this place with the first of the temples described by Steindorff.
Further on in his memoir (p. 142) Ascherson also mentions a ruin
called “Qasr Megasba, a sandstone structure having its sides
oriented to the four cardinal points, 8·5 metres long, 6·9 metres
broad, with a small entrance-hall to the south and a large room
which can only be entered through the smaller one.” He relates that
the door-way is walled up with crude brick, and does not say
whether he entered the building or not, so that it is not certain
whether this place is identical with Steindorff’s second temple. The
distance of the ruin from El Qasr, as shown on Ascherson’s map, is
about 4 kilometres, i.e., double that mentioned by Steindorff, but
otherwise the nature of the building is strongly suggestive of an
identity.
In his exploration of the large Necropolis east of El Qasr and
Bawitti, Steindorff records the finding of a tomb of the New Empire,
dating from the beginning of the 19th Dynasty (B.C. 1300). On
clearing out this tomb, extremely interesting decorations were found
on its walls. The tomb consists of several chambers hewn in the
rock, only two of which are decorated with reliefs, and belonged to a
certain Amenhotep, prince of the Northern Oasis and of the Oasis
Huye. The explorer records that on one of the walls of the first
chamber Amenhotep is represented sitting by his wife, his people
bringing to him all kinds of drinks and food, including fish; on
another wall he is seen superintending the manufacture of wine,
while on a third is a lively representation of the funeral of the
deceased. The pictures on the walls of the second room are of
similar kind, but of a more religious character.
 Steindorff remarks that this is the first important tomb of
Egyptian age to be found in the oases of the Libyan Desert. It
appears to have been used later on for other interments, as several
clay mummy-shaped coffins were found; from these the mummies
had disappeared, but a few relics such as scarabei, a gold earring, a
bronze mirror, etc., were found.
To the Egyptian period also belongs a limestone statue of the
same Ded-Khens-ef-Onkh who erected the two temples of the 26th
Dynasty already mentioned; Steindorff found this in one of the
houses at El Qasr.
A sandstone ruin situate 2 kilometres due west of Zubbo,
mapped but not examined by the Survey, would appear to be that of
another small Egyptian temple. It is marked on Cailliaud’s map as
“débris de Temple,” but is not mentioned in his description.
Yet a fifth temple in Baharia would seem to be represented by
the ruin “Qasr Mayesra,” 2 kilometres north-west of Mandisha,
visited by Ascherson. This ruin, which is also mentioned by Belzoni,
Cailliaud, and Wilkinson, is a small structure of sandstone 7·91
metres long, 6·24 metres broad, having only one room (entered
from the north), and oriented to the cardinal points. The stones of
this ruin have Greek letters and other signs cut in them, possibly
mason’s marks; they are so striking as to have been seen from a
distance through a telescope by Belzoni.
The rock-tombs south-east of Mandisha, mentioned by Ascherson
(l.c. p. 145), may possibly be further remains of the Egyptian epoch,
and the same is the case with some rock-chambers found by the
Survey in the south part of the oasis, some 3 kilometres south of Ain
el Haiss. The latter are excavated in an isolated rock-mass
(sandstone) some 20 metres in diameter and 6 metres high. The
chief entrance is on the south-east side of the rock, by what looks
from a short distance like a mere crack; this entrance leads into a
series of four small low chambers (each about 3 metres square),
with a deeper channel running along the centre. Other similar
chambers are found entering from the north side. No inscriptions
appear to exist except a few Arabic scratches near the principal
entrance, and the chambers were empty.
 (b) Roman Antiquities.

The Roman structures in the oasis differ generally from those of

the Egyptian era in being built of crude brick instead of stone. They
show, however, a great solidity of construction; for this reason these
erections of the Romans have in many cases outlasted those of the
Coptic period which were built long afterwards; in Baharia the old
Roman underground aqueducts still serve for the conveyance of
water from the springs to the irrigated tracts, and the present
inhabitants are far too indolent to construct similar channels for
themselves.
According to Ascherson (l.c. p. 140) the village of El Qasr owes
its name to a Roman castle, abundant remains of which still exist
under the modern houses.
The most important of the Roman ruins of Baharia was however
until recently an arch situated close to the north of El Qasr. Cailliaud
(l.c. p. 183) describes the structure (as seen in 1820) as consisting
of an “arc de triomphe” standing on an embankment 39½ metres
long, with a dressed stone revetment;[66] this embankment rises 10
metres from the ground-level at the north side, and is level with the
soil of the village to the south. The principal façade is to the north.
The courses of the masonry are 27 to 30 centimetres high, and
show a peculiar construction, headers and stretchers being built in
alternate courses. The wall, which was about 2·3 metres thick, and
built with a strongly-marked batter, had an ornamental cornice all
round; above this came a sort of parapet 90 centimetres high. The
substance of the embankment is a kind of concrete of irregularly-
shaped stones set in cement.
The arch itself rises from the embankment in the middle of the
north façade, and is of the Doric order, its length being 7·48 metres.
At the time of Cailliaud’s visit only the central arcade was still
standing; from it one could descend by a flight of steps on to the
lower ground. The façade was ornamented with pilasters, and on
each side of the arch was a niche decorated with small columns. In
one of the main pillars Cailliaud saw a spiral staircase leading to a
terrace on the top of the arch. The stones are frequently marked
with Greek letters, doubtless to guide the builders; no hieroglyphs or
other evidences of the Ancient Egyptians could be seen in the ruins.
This interesting ruin was found in a far less perfect state of
preservation on the visit of Ascherson in 1876, the revetment-wall
having mostly disappeared, possibly owing to an earthquake which is
said to have taken place in the oasis about 1840. The latest traveller
to visit the ruins (Steindorff, 1900) found that the whole structure
had fallen.[67]
The ruin known as Qasr Alam, situated about 2½ kilometres
west of Bawitti, visited by Wilkinson and by Ascherson, is a
rectangular crude-brick structure on a slight eminence. Only the
lower parts of the walls remain, and Wilkinson speaks of it as “an
insignificant crude-brick ruin.” Ascherson obtained a bronze hawk
(now in the Berlin museum) found in this place.
Wilkinson mentions another ruin, similar to the above, 1
kilometre south-west of El Qasr; this does not appear to have been
since noted. There is no evidence to show the date of either of these
structures.
A nearly square building with battered walls and a fortified
appearance, situated among the ruins of the Coptic village some 4
kilometres E.S.E. from Mandisha may possibly be a Roman fort.
Cailliaud gives its size as 14·7 metres long, 12 metres wide, with
walls 8 metres in height, the single door being to the east. The
interior is full of debris, so that the arrangement cannot be well
seen.
The same doubt as to age occurs concerning some underground
chambers at El Qasr, in one of which Virchow[68] found an urn, and
similar structures at Bawitti mentioned by Ascherson.
There is less uncertainty concerning a large crude-brick ruin in
the south-east part of the oasis, some 6 kilometres E.S.E. of Ain el
Haiss. This ruin, mentioned by Belzoni (l.c., p. 427), Cailliaud (l.c., p.
194, and Pl. XXXVI, fig. 1), and Wilkinson (l.c., p. 361), stands
conspicuous on an eminence; it is of considerable size, its length
being over 87 metres, and the walls being 6 metres high. In the
interior is the debris of dwellings. It appears to have been a Roman
castle. Belzoni and Cailliaud mention also a square building with
small chambers, with a square pit cut in the rock in the centre; this
lies about 1 kilometre S.S.W. from the castle, and is regarded by
these discoverers as an ancient bath.
To the Roman period may possibly belong a large crude-brick
rectangular enclosure close to Ain el Haiss. This building is 75 paces
square, with a main door on the west side, and has walls about 2
metres in height. The brickwork is peculiar, a course of stretchers
three bricks deep being followed by two courses of headers set on
edge, with one or two rows of bricks in a perpendicular position
down the centre; the walls are 50 centimetres thick. The interior of
the place is a large court, with numerous small rooms at the north
and south sides and two others on the west. The rooms are used at
the present day by the men of Bawitti when they come to gather the
rice-crop at Ain el Haiss. It is not a little remarkable that no
reference to this large structure is to be found in Cailliaud’s account;
its position (some 300 metres only south-west of the sheikh’s tomb
at Ain el Haiss) would seem to preclude the possibility of confusing it
with the other ruins he describes. He gives however (l.c. p. 195) the
latitude of El Haiss as 28° 0′ 32″,[69] “latitude du couvent chrétien,”
from which it would appear likely that he considered this place a
convent. There is no evidence to decide whether the building is of
Roman or Coptic origin.
Far more enduring and more important (in a modern sense) than
any of their buildings, were the extensive excavations carried out by
the Romans for the improvement of the water-supply of oasis. In the
neighbourhood of Bawitti especially, long series of shafts sunk in the
sandstones and clays which form the ground, are frequently to be
seen. These shafts, which vary from 1 to 3 metres in diameter, are
sometimes round, sometimes rectangular, and are placed at only
short distances apart. They are connected below with long tunnels,
along which flows the water from the springs. Cailliaud mentions the
existence of ten of these ancient aqueducts near Mandisha, eight of
which still conveyed water in 1820; he entered one and followed it
for 40 metres. He counted no less than fourteen shafts connected
with this tunnel in a length of 150 metres, and records that one
measured had a rectangular shape, 1·45 metres by 0·45 metres,
and was perfectly cut in the rock, with footholds for the descent of
the workmen. The largest aqueduct found by Cailliaud is south-west
of El Qasr; its size is such that a man is able to walk in it. This
tunnel, which now contains no water, leads from an excavation 5
metres in diameter by 8 metres deep, and in a length of 55 metres it
is entered by ten shafts. In the same neighbourhood Cailliaud
counted more than thirty other aqueducts, mostly coming from the
south, like those of Mandisha. Four of these discharge their water
into a huge excavation 70 metres diameter and 12 metres deep. The
only example of an underground aqueduct at present known to exist
in the south part of the oasis is one discovered by Ascherson a few
kilometres east of Ain el Haiss; it is at present dry.
Though more abundant in Baharia than in any other of the
Egyptian oases, doubtless on account of the relatively shallow
depths at which water is there reached, these Roman levels are not
peculiar to Baharia, several existing in Farafra,[70] one of which was
noticed by Ascherson (l.c. p. 137); other examples have been found
at Ain Um Dababib and near Gennah in Kharga.[71] It appears, too,
that underground aqueducts of the same nature exist abundantly in
the oases of the Algerian and Moorish Sahara.
 (c) Coptic Antiquities.

Some 4 kilometres E.S.E. from Mandisha are the ruins of a

Coptic[72] village, which appear to be those described and figured by
Cailliaud, although he gives the position as “est 35° nord de Zabou”
Cailliaud characterises these remains as “miserable ruins,” but
mentions specially, besides the fort referred to, two ruined churches,
larger than the other structures. The first of these is 11·1 metres
long, 6·50 metres wide, and has walls still 6 metres high; a principal
door opens to the south, while another smaller door is situated on
the north side. The interior presents only one room, with a niche in
the wall; there are three windows on each of the two longer sides.
The second ruin is of about the same size; on each of its longer
sides are nine niches in the wall, and higher up are six small
openings for light. The building appears to have been vaulted. The
ancient habitations which form the remainder of the ruins are of a
uniform type—low vaulted dwellings surmounted by terraces, access
to which is got by steps. The entire village has a circumference of
about 520 metres. The name of the locality where these ruins exist
is not without interest. Ascherson quotes it as “Denise,” while
Wilkinson gives “Bayrees;” the name, like that of Beris in Kharga
Oasis, doubtless comes from the old Egyptian root “rs” (the south).
Another Coptic village existed in the south-east part of the oasis,
in a district now called Uxor, some 10 kilometres east of Ain el Haiss.
The principal ruin is that of a church, built of crude brick, 19·8
metres in length.[73] The exterior displays only four bare walls,
battered, with two doors in the east part opening respectively north
and south. In the interior is a nave, and on each side are three
arcades forming small chapels; in the centre is a niche ornamented
with small columns with volute capitals.
Above the chapels a gallery runs round the building. The columns
of the nave have capitals rudely modelled on the plan of the lotus-
flower of the ancient Egyptians. The remains of fresco paintings can
still be traced on the walls, with Greek crosses and fragments of
inscriptions. Ascherson records that he visited this ruin in 1876 and
found it in about the same state as Cailliaud narrates, though he was
unable to discover the inscriptions on the walls which that author
and Wilkinson refer to.
Besides the two above-mentioned, a third Coptic village seems to
have existed about 7 kilometres south-west of Mandisha, at the
south end of the range of hills which will be seen on the map. This
village has not been seen, apparently, by any European traveller,
though its position was pointed out to Ascherson from a distance,
under the name “Merharet-el-Fama.” Information was derived on a
visit to Ain Jafarra (6 kilometres south of Mandisha) that some ruins
existed a short distance to the north-west, and this would appear to
coincide with the position given by Ascherson; time unfortunately
failed for an excursion in search of them.

[64] Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Band 20, 1885,
pp. 110-160.
[65] Berichte der philologisch-historischen klasse der Konigl. Sachs.
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 1900, pp. 209-239.
[66] Belzoni, as remarked on p. 8. mistook this revetment-wall for that
of a temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the builder’s stone-marks for the
remains of a Greek inscription.
[67] Op. cit. p. 226.
[68] “Gesichtsurne aus der kleinen Oase”; Sitzungsber. der Berliner
anthropol. Gesellschaft, 1876, pp. 171, 172 (with woodcut).
[69] The Survey observations give 28° 2′ 11″ N. as the latitude of Ain
el Haiss, thus placing it about 3 kilometres further north. Jordan’s
value, 28° 1′ 55″ substantially confirms this; the small difference is
doubtless due to different points of observation being used.
[70] Op. cit. Farafra Oasis, etc., p. 12.
[71] Kharga Oasis, etc., p. 82.
[72] Op. cit. p. 149. Pl. XXXVIII.
[73] Op. cit. p. 193 and Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 2.
 INDEX.

Abu Moharik dunes, 20, 25, 35, 36; see also Dunes.
Abu Roash, 16, 64, 70.
Abu Zabel, 63, 64.
Administration of Oasis, 8.
Ain Auena, 42.
„ Bayum, 42.
„ Beled, 46.
„ el Gidr, 20.
„ el Haiss, 12, 14, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 51, 56, 58, 59, 65, 66, 67, 70,
75, 77, 78.
„ el Wadi, 34.
„ Gelid, 25, 26, 36, 38, 41, 46.
„ Hassab, 45.
„ Haswi, 41, 46.
„ Jafarra, 44, 45.
„ Khaman, 46.
„ Murun, 42.
„ Rayan, see Rayan.
„ Sini, 42.
„ Um Dababib, 79.
Alexandria, 17, 39.
Altitudes, 13, 14, 24, 25, 29, 34.
Amenhotep, northern oasis of, 8.
Andesite, see Igneous rocks.
Animals, 15, 18.
Antiquities, see Archæology.
Aqueducts, 8, 15, 42, 78.
Aradj, 35.
Archæology, 7, 8, 9, 15, 73-80.
Area of depression, 37, 42.
Ascherson, 5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 34, 35, 36, 42, 45, 46, 47, 51, 63, 73,
74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80.
Assiut, 11, 36.
Assuan, 26.

Bahnessa, 17, 22, 35, 64.

Bahr bela ma, see El Bahr.
Bahr Yusuf, 35.
Ball, J., 17.
Barron, T., 54.
Barytes, 49.
Basalt, see Dolerite.
Base-line measurement, 12.
Bawitti, El, 11, 14, 15, 20, 39, 42, 45, 46, 49, 53, 58, 74, 77, 78.
Bayrees, 79.
Beadnell, H. J. L., 16, 17, 19, 34, 47, 48, 54, 68.
Belzoni, 8, 35, 75, 76.
Beniadi, 36.
Beni Suef, 8.
Beris, 79.
Bilbeis, 63.
Blanckenhorn, M., 23, 52, 59.
Blown sand, see Dunes.
Bone-beds, 54.
Boring wells, 43.
Botany, 9, 15, 18, 43.
Bounding escarpments, 38, 40.
Bullen Newton, R., 47, 52.

Cailliaud, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 33, 45, 63, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80.
Cenomanian deposits, 16, 48, 49-55, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66.
Chapman, F., 58, 59.
Coptic remains, 8, 46, 58, 76, 77, 78, 79.
Cretaceous deposits, 9, 10, 32, 33, 47, 48, 49-57, 58.
Crops, 44, 45.
Cultivation, 20, 37, 42, 44, 45, 46, 65.

Dakhla, Oasis, 7, 8, 9, 37, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57, 68, 69, 70.
Danian deposits, 16, 48, 55-57, 59.
Dates, 42, 43, see also Palms.
Declination of compass, 13.
Decrease in cultivated land water-supply, 44.
Delga, 17, 36.
Denise, 79.
Der el Maragh, 36.
Distribution of water, 43.
Dolerite, see Igneous rocks.
Drift sand, see Dunes.
Dunes, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36, 41, 42, 46, 48, 65.

Earliest explorers of oasis, 8, 9.

Eastern Desert, 16, 54, 55.
Egyptian remains, 9, 72-74.
El Ayun, 42.
El Bahr, 18, 19, 22, 23, 35.
El Beled, 46.
El Gharb, 45.
El Haiss, see Ain el Haiss.
El Qasr, 8, 20, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75.
El Wadi, see Ain el Wadi.
Eocene deposits, 21-24, 26-38, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58-61, 68, 69.
Excavation of oasis, 16, 72.
Exports, 42, 43, 44.

Farafra Oasis, 7, 8, 9, 11, 16, 17, 29, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 56, 57, 68,
69.
Faults, 21, 58.
Fayum, 9, 10, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 62, 64.
Ferns, 15.
Feshn, 17, 38.
Floor of oasis, 41-46.
Folding, see Tectonics.
Formation of depression, 16, 72.
Fruit, 43, 44.

Gar el Hamra, 20, 23, 62.

Gar Marzak, see Jebel Gar Marzak.
Gennah, 79.
Geographical determinations of villages, etc., 11-13.
Geology, special description, 47-72.
Geological summary, 16, 48, 69-72.
Geology, Farafra road, 33-34, Feshn and Maghagha road, 21-24, Minia road,
26-33.
Gharag, 35.
Ghard el Shubbab dunes, 19.
Girga, 26.
Gorringe, L., 5, 54.
Gypsum, 21, 49.

Harra village, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 53, 59, 67.
Health statistics, 44.
Heights, see Altitudes.
Hills within depression, 40, 41.
History of oasis, 7, 8.
Hot springs, 8, 43, 45.
Hume, W. F., 54.
Huye Oasis, 8, 74.
Hyde, 8.

Igneous rocks, 13, 16, 21, 22, 40, 48, 49, 50, 63, 64.
Inhabitants, 45, see Population.
Ironstone, 29, 51, 61, 62, 63, 68, 72.

Jebel Ahmar, 22, 62.

„ el Ghudda, 18, 22, 62.
„ el Hefhuf, 40, 53, 56, 58, 63, 66.
„ Gar Marzak, 19.
„ Horabi, 20, 38, 39, 40, 51, 62.
„ Mandisha, 40, 42, 63, 64.
„ Mayesra, 20, 40, 63.
„ Morabi, see Horabi.
„ Muailla, 17, 21.

Jordan, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 29, 33, 34, 41.
Jupiter Ammon temple, 8.

Kharafish, 19.
Kharga Oasis, 7, 8, 16, 32, 37, 42, 43, 44, 57, 68, 79.

Latitude determinations, 11, 12, 13.

Letorzec, 8.
Limonite, see Ironstone.
Longitude determinations, 11, 12, 13.
Lucas, A., 63.
Lyons, Capt. H. G., 9, 13, 47, 52, 60, 68.
Maghagha, 5, 11, 12, 17, 26, 29, 33, 58, 64, 72.
Magnetic Meridian, 13.
Magnetite, 13.
Mandisha, 13, 20, 26, 40, 41, 44, 49, 50, 65, 75, 78, 79, 80.
Mandisha Aguza, 44, 45.
Mangatin, 35.
Mayer Eymar, 64.
Measurement of water, 43.
Medinet el Fayum, 35.
Merharet el Fama, 80.
Mima, 11, 12, 14, 17, 24, 32, 36, 38, 60.
Mogara, 17, 20, 39.
Muailla, see Jebel Muailla.
Muller, 9.

Nasl Nadiub Lengat, 24, 25, 29, 32.

Oligocene deposits, 21, 22, 48, 61, 64; see also Post Eocene deposits.
Origin of depression, 16, 72.

Pacho, 9, 35.
Pacho Mt., 35.
Palms, 20, 37, 42, 43, 45.
Pleistocene deposits, 21, 65.
Population, 42, 44, 45.
Position of oasis, 7, of Ain el Hais, 12, 78, of Zubbo, 11, of south end of
depression, 13, 29.
Post Eocene deposits, 16, 24, 26, 28, 32, 48, 49, 51, 61, 67.
Public health, 44.

Qasr el Lamlum Bey, 17, 20.

Qasr Mayesra, 75.
Qasr Megasba, 74.
Rayan, 17, 22, 25, 35.
Recent deposits, 17-36, 65.
Roads, 17, 36; Bahnessa road, 35; Farafra road, 33-34; Fayum road, 34-35, 36;
Feshn and Maghagha road, 17-21; Minia road, 24-33; Siwa road, 34, 39.
Rohlfs Expedition, 9, 34, 35, 47.
Roman remains, 8, 15, 42, 43, 76-79.
Rubi, 35.

Salines, 37, 41, 48, 65.

Samalut, 9, 17, 35, 36, 46.
Sand dunes, see Dunes.
Sand erosion, 19, 23, 72.
Schweinfurth, 9, 19.
Senonian deposits, 48, 55, 71.
Serir, 18, 19.
Silicified wood, 22, 52, 54.
Sittra, 9, 35.
Siwa Oasis, 8, 10, 17, 34, 39, 44.
Springs, 37, 42, 46, 65, see also Ain, and Water-supply.
Statistics, 15, 42, 43, 44.
Steindorff, 7, 8, 9, 10, 73, 74, 75, 77.
Surveying operations, 5, 11-16, 17.

Tablemun, 46.
Tamarisk, 41.
Taxation, 43.
Tectonics, 16, 48, 53, 57, 61, 65-69.
Temperature of wells, 43, 45, see Hot springs.
Topography, 37-46.
Tripoli, 63.
Turonian deposits, 48, 55.

Unconformity between Eocene and Cretaceous, 16, 48, 57, 60, 61.
Underground aqueducts, see Aqueducts.
Uttiah, 35.
Uxor, 79.

Villages, 37, 42, 44, 45.

Virchow, 77.
Volcanic rocks, see Igneous rocks.
Vuta, G., 5.

Wadi Araba, 71.

„ Muailla, 17, 20.
„ Rayan, see Rayan.
Water-supply, 15, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 72.
Wells, 42, 43, 45, 46, see also Water supply and Ains.
Wilkinson, 9, 75, 77, 79, 80.
Wind erosion, see Sand erosion.

Zirkel, 63.
Zittel, 9, 19, 34, 47, 48, 49, 57, 60, 63.
Zoology, 15, 18.
Zubbo, 11, 12, 13, 20, 24, 26, 41, 42, 47, 75, 79.
BAHARIA OASIS
Plate I.
 SKETCH MAP OF
EGYPT
Showing the Positions of the
WESTERN OASES
Plate II.
 Plate III.
BAHARIA OASIS
MAP OF THE
VILLAGES AND PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF WATER
IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE OASIS.
 Plate IV.
BAHARIA OASIS
SECTION THROUGH WESTERN ESCARPMENT 11 KILOM. N. OF SOUTH END OF
DEPRESSION