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Irena Roterman-Konieczna (Ed.)
Simulations in Medicine
Irena Roterman-Konieczna (Ed.)
Simulations in
Medicine
ISBN 978-3-11-066687-8
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-066721-9
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067691-4
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License.
For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
www.degruyter.com
Foreword
Traditional medicine has, since its inception, registered numerous examples of treat-
ment resulting in positive or negative outcomes, depending on the patient. This
observation was reinforced after the completion of the human genome sequencing
project. As it turns out, individual humans exhibit genetic differences despite pos-
sessing the same genome. The identification of so-called single nucleotide polymor-
phisms confirms and explains the familiar phenomenon of variable reaction to treat-
ment [1, 2]. Given that even siblings differ in terms of their chromosomal material,
the genetic variability of the general human population should come as no surprise.
Recent research has also revealed differences in the composition of gut bacterial flora
resulting from diverse dietary habits [3]. In light of such specificities, the need for
individual, personalized therapy becomes evident. Fortunately, many high-tech tools
can be used in medical practice (Chapter 1).
The most direct applications of personalized medicine involve individualized
pharmacotherapy. Drugs designed to interact with a specific target may help improve
therapeutic outcomes while remaining affordable, particularly in the presence of bio-
informatic technologies. Identifying links between molecular chemistry and patho-
logical processes is among the goals of system biology [4]. Access to computer soft-
ware that simulates the complete proteome may help discover causal reactions—not
just in the scope of a particular disease, but between seemingly unconnected pro-
cesses occurring in the organism [4]. Harnessing the power of modern computers
in an objective, dispassionate therapeutic process will enhance the capabilities of
medical practitioners, for example, by offering access to vast databases of biologi-
cal and medical knowledge (Chapter 2). Moreover, processing data with the use of
artificial intelligence algorithms may lead to conclusions which a human would not
otherwise be able to reach (Chapter 2).
Closer collaboration between communication system experts and biologists
should help identify promising research directions and explain the methods by
which organisms—the most complex biological systems known to man—identify and
process information (Chapter 3).
Gaining insight into the molecular phenomena will help resolve some long-stand-
ing fundamental questions. Even before this happens, however, medical science can
reap benefits by exploiting existing solutions and models (Chapter 4).
Eliminating transplant rejection is of critical importance in individualized
therapy. Three-dimensional bioprinting technologies represent an important mile-
stone on this path (Chapter 5). They can be used to build arbitrarily complex objects,
with local variations in the applied materials. An advanced printing environment may
enable introduction of biological material (e.g., cells harvested from the patient for
whom the implant is being created) directly at the printing stage (Chapter 5). Simi-
larly, the shape of the printed tissue may accurately reflect the patient’s needs, which
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110667219-202
vi Foreword
is particularly important, e.g., when recreating the layout of coronary vessels for
bypass surgery.
Surgeons may also benefit greatly from the use of robots that surpass humans in
their capacity to perform repetitive actions with great accuracy (Chapter 6).
Modern diagnostic tools that both simplify the therapeutic process and improve
its accuracy already provide added value for doctors. A hybrid operating room that
supports both macro- and microscale (cellular) activities enhances on-the-fly deci-
sion making during surgery (Chapter 7).
Recent advances in augmented reality technologies are finding their way into the
operating theater, assisting surgeons and enabling them to make the right choices
as the surgery progresses. Holographically superimposing imaging results (such as
CAT scans) on the actual view of the patient’s body (made possible by AR headsets)
enhances the surgeon’s precision and eliminates errors caused by inaccurate identifi-
cation of the surgical target (Chapters 8 and 9).
The use of computers in medical research also encompasses the organization
system of a hospital. The software monitoring information and transport of materials
(as well as medical equipment) in hospital units delivers the logistic system for the
communication of patients and doctors in medical practice (Chapter 10).
The medical treatment takes advantage of applying the techniques of telecom-
munication, allowing the conduct of therapy and especially surgery independently
between medical doctors participating in the therapeutic practice from a distance
(Chapter 11).
Medical education implements the training simulation using phantoms. The
computer-based steering of phantom behavior allows the medical students to be
familiar with the patient’s behavior in extreme conditions, conscienceless, or rising
emotions (Chapter 12).
This publication should be regarded as an extension of our previous work, pre-
senting the use of simulation techniques in studying systems of variable structural
complexity (including the human organism [5]). The overview presented simulations
carried out at several scales, from individual molecules, through cells and organs, all
the way to the organism as a whole.
The simulation of diagnostic processes is presented with the use of so-called
virtual patients, whereas therapeutic approaches are discussed on the example of
chemotherapy. We also present psychological aspects related to gamification and
describe 3D printing as a means of treating skeletal defects. In this hierarchy of ever-
greater involvement of IT technologies, the final tier is occupied by telemedicine. All
tiers are discussed against the backdrop of preclinical activities described in the pre-
vious edition of Simulations in Medicine.
The current overview focuses on the use of simulation techniques in clinical
practice and decision support, particularly in delivering personalized therapeutic
solutions. Personalized therapy is currently the focus of significant research effort in
areas such as genomics, epigenetics, drug design, and nutrition, while also yielding
Foreword vii
practical benefits, such as those described in the presented work. The subject has
engendered numerous publications, some of which are explicitly mentioned in our
study.
Both editions of Simulations in Medicine demonstrate the extensive practical
applications of in silico solutions. The marriage of medicine and information science
promises to result in tools and approaches that facilitate large-scale adoption of per-
sonalized therapy. It seems, however, that the effective design of personalized treat-
ment options calls for better understanding of processes such as protein folding and
3D structure prediction. Pathologies that affect the folding process lead to a variety
of medical conditions jointly referred to as misfolding diseases. This phenomenon is
among the most pressing challenges facing modern medical research [6–18].
References
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development into theranostics.” Pharmacy and Therapeutics 35, no. 10 (2010): 560–76.
[2] Brittain HK, Scott R, Thomas E. “The rise of the genome and personalised medicine.” Clinical
Medicine (London) 17, no. 6 (2017): 545–51. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.
[3] Gentile CL, Weir TL. “The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health.” Science
362 (2018): 776–80.
[4] Konieczny L, Roterman-Konieczna I, Spólnik P. Systems Biology. Springer, 2012.
[5] Roterman-Konieczna I. Simulations in Medicine. de Gruyter, 2015.
[6] Jackson SE, Chester JD. “Personalised cancer medicine.” International Journal of Cancer 137,
no. 2 (2015): 262–6. doi:10.1002/ijc.28940.
[7] Almeida A, Kolarich D. “The promise of protein glycosylation for personalised medicine.”
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Medicine 48, no. 5 (2018): 497–9. doi:10.1111/imj.13789.
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[11] Carrasco-Ramiro F, Peiró-Pastor R, Aguado B. “Human genomics projects and precision
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viii Foreword
Irena Roterman-Konieczna
Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Contents
Foreword v
Contributing authors xv
Zbigniew Nawrat
6 Virtual operating theater for planning Robin Heart robot operation 73
6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Introduction to surgical operation 73
6.3 Modeling and planning of a surgical procedure 74
6.4 Training 78
6.5 Planning of robotic operations 81
6.6 Robin Heart 82
6.7 Exercises with students 86
6.8 Summary 90
6.8.1 Robots and virtual space technologies 90
6.9 References 93
Index 185
Contributing authors
Maciej Bochenek
Dariusz Dudek
Department of Heart Transplantation and
Department of Interventional Cardiology
Mechanical Circulatory Support
University Hospital
Wroclaw Medical University
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Borowska St. 213
Kopernika 17
50-556 Kraków
31-501 Kraków
Poland
Poland
[email protected]
[email protected]
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