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 Page i

Business Driven Technology

TENTH EDITION

Paige Baltzan

University of Colorado Denver

 Page ii

BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019.
Copyright ©2024 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage
or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to
customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 28 27 26 25 24 23

ISBN 978-1-266-08325-9
MHID 1-266-08325-1
Cover Image: chuyuss/Shutterstock

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of
the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The
inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill
LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented
at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
 Page iii

DEDICATION

In memory of Allan R. Biggs, my father, my mentor, and my inspiration.

Paige
BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page iv

UNITS

1. Achieving Business Success

Chapter 1: Business Driven Technology

Chapter 2: Identifying Competitive Advantages

Chapter 3: Strategic Initiatives for Implementing Competitive Advantages

Chapter 4: Measuring the Success of Strategic Initiatives

Chapter 5: Organizational Structures That Support Strategic Initiatives

2. Exploring Business Intelligence

Chapter 6: Valuing and Storing Organizational Information—Databases
Chapter 7: Accessing Organizational Information—Data Warehouses

Chapter 8: Understanding Data’s Impact on Business

3. Streamlining Business Operations

Chapter 9: Enabling the Organization—Decision Making

Chapter 10: Extending the Organization—Supply Chain Management

Chapter 11: Building a Customer-centric Organization—Customer Relationship Management

Chapter 12: Integrating the Organization from End to End—Enterprise Resource Planning

4. Building Innovation
Chapter 13: Creating Innovative Organizations

Chapter 14: Ebusiness

Chapter 15: Creating Collaborative Partnerships

5. Transforming Organizations
Chapter 16: Integrating Wireless Technology in Business
 Chapter 17: Developing Software to Streamline Operations
Chapter 18: Managing Organizational Projects

BUSINESS PLUG-INS

B1 Business Basics B6 Information Security

B2 Business Process B7 Ethics

B3 Hardware and Software Basics B8 Sustainable MIS Infrastructures

B4 MIS Infrastructures B9 Business Intelligence

B5 Networks and Telecommunications B10 Global Trends

TECHNOLOGY PLUG-INS

T1 Personal Productivity Using IT T5 Designing Database Applications

T2 Basic Skills Using Excel T6 Basic Skills Using Access

T3 Problem Solving Using Excel T7 Problem Solving Using Access

T4 Decision Making Using Excel T8 Decision Making Using Access

Apply Your Knowledge Projects Glossary

Notes Index
TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Author x Page v

Preface xiii

UNIT 1 2
Achieving Business Success 2
Data Analytics Careers: Top Skills for Your Future 3
CHAPTER 1: BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY 6

Competing in the Information Age 6

Data 8
Information 10

Business Intelligence 12
Knowledge 14

Systems Thinking and Management Information Systems 15

The MIS Solution 17

Systems Thinking 18

Chapter One Case: Do You Trust Your Data? 22

Learning Outcome Review 23

Review Questions 23
Making Business Decisions 24

Key Terms 26

CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFYING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES 27

Identifying Competitive Advantages 27
SWOT Analysis: Understanding Business Strategies 29

The Five Forces Model—Evaluating Industry Attractiveness 30

Buyer Power 30
Supplier Power 31
 Threat of Substitute Products or Services 31
Threat of New Entrants 32

Rivalry Among Existing Competitors 32

Analyzing the Airline Industry 33

The Three Generic Strategies—Choosing a Business Focus 34

Value Chain Analysis—Executing Business Strategies 35
Chapter Two Case: SWOT Yourself 38
Learning Outcome Review 39
Review Questions 40
Making Business Decisions 40
Key Terms 43

CHAPTER 3: STRATEGIC INITIATIVES FOR IMPLEMENTING COMPETITIVE

ADVANTAGES 44
Business Process Analysis 44
Supply Chain Management 47
Customer Relationship Management 48
Enterprise Resource Planning 50
Chapter Three Case: Data Bits 54
Learning Outcome Review 55
Review Questions 56
Making Business Decisions 56
Key Terms 57

CHAPTER 4: MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES 58

MIS Roles and Responsibilities 58
Metrics: Measuring Success 60
Efficiency and Effectiveness Metrics 62
The Interrelationship of Efficiency and Effectiveness MIS Metrics 63

Metrics for Strategic Initiatives 64

Chapter Four Case: Is It Effective or Is It Efficient? 67
Learning Outcome Review 68
Review Questions 68
 Making Business Decisions 69
Key Terms 72

CHAPTER 5: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT STRATEGIC

INITIATIVES 73
Information Ethics 73
Legal vs. Ethical 74

Information Does Not Have Ethics; People Do 76

Information Security 77
Hackers: A Dangerous Threat to Business 80

Viruses: A Dangerous Threat to Business 81

Chapter Five Case: Data Analysis Gone Wrong 84

Learning Outcome Review 85
Review Questions 85
Making Business Decisions 85
Unit Summary 88
Key Terms 88
Unit Closing Case One: The Internet of Things 89
Unit Closing Case Two: The Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Backdoor to
Reengineering Reality 90

UNIT 2 92
Exploring Business Intelligence 92
Envision 2030: 17 Goals to Transform the World for Persons with Disabilities
93
Introduction 95
CHAPTER 6: VALUING AND STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION—
DATABASES 96
The Business Benefits of High-Quality Data 96
Data Type: Transactional and Analytical 96 Page vi

Data Timeliness 98

Data Quality 98
Data Governance 100
 Storing Data Using a Relational Database Management System 101
Storing Data Elements in Entities and Attributes 102
Creating Relationships Through Keys 103

Coca-Cola Relational Database Example 104

Using a Relational Database for Business Advantages 104

Increased Flexibility 104

Increased Scalability and Performance 106

Reduced Data Redundancy 106

Increased Data Integrity (Quality) 106

Increased Data Security 107

Chapter Six Case: Determining Data Quality Issues 108

Learning Outcome Review 109
Review Questions 109
Making Business Decisions 110
Key Terms 111

CHAPTER 7: ACCESSING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION—DATA

WAREHOUSES 112
Business Intelligence 112
The Problem: Data Rich, Information Poor 112
The Solution: Data Aggregation 113

Data Warehousing: Supporting Decisions with Business Intelligence 114

Integrations: The Primary Goal of the Data Warehouse 116
Data Analysis 118

Data Lake 119

Data Cleansing (or Scrubbing) 120

Chapter Seven Case: Data Cleansing: Can You Do It? 123

Learning Outcome Review 125
Review Questions 125
Making Business Decisions 126
Key Terms 128
 CHAPTER 8: UNDERSTANDING DATA’S IMPACT ON BUSINESS 129
Storytelling with Data Visualizations 129
Distributed Hyperledgers: Blockchain 133
How Blockchains Work 134
Blockchain Advantages 137

Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) 138

Chapter Eight Case: Data Warehouse or Data Lake? 139

Learning Outcome Review 140
Review Questions 140
Making Business Decisions 140
Unit Summary 142
Key Terms 142
Unit Closing Case One: Data Visualization: Storytelling with Data 143
Unit Closing Case Two: Changing the Way You Think about Data 145

UNIT 3 148
Streamlining Business Operations 148
Attention, People, We Are Tracking You Right Now, with Facial Recognition
149
Introduction 150
CHAPTER 9: ENABLING THE ORGANIZATION—DECISION MAKING 151
Making Organizational Business Decisions 151
The Decision-Making Process 152

Using MIS to Make Business Decisions 155

Operational Support Systems 155
Managerial Support Systems 156

Strategic Support Systems 158

Using AI to Make Business Decisions 162

Machine Learning 163

Neural Networks 165

Virtual Reality 167
 Chapter Nine Case: Alexa: Can You Hear Me? 168
Learning Outcome Review 169
Review Questions 170
Making Business Decisions 170
Key Terms 173

CHAPTER 10: EXTENDING THE ORGANIZATION—SUPPLY CHAIN

MANAGEMENT 174
Information Technology’s Role in the Supply Chain 174
Technologies Reinventing the Supply Chain 176
3D Printing Supports Procurement 178

RFID Supports Logistics 180

Drones Support Logistics 182

Robotics Supports Materials Management 183

Blockchain Revamping the Supply Chain 184

Chapter Ten Case: Blockchain Is Disrupting the Supply Chain 186

Learning Outcome Review 188
Review Questions 188
Making Business Decisions 189
Key Terms 190

CHAPTER 11: BUILDING A CUSTOMER-CENTRIC ORGANIZATION—

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT 191
Customer Relationship Management 191
The Power of the Customer 192

Operational and Analytical CRM 192

Marketing and Operational CRM 192
Sales and Operational CRM 195
Customer Service and Operational CRM 197

Analytical CRM 197

Chapter Eleven Case: Robots Took My Job 199

Learning Outcome Review 201
 Review Questions 201
Making Business Decisions 201
Key Terms 203 Page vii

CHAPTER 12: INTEGRATING THE ORGANIZATION FROM END TO END—

ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING 204
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 204
The Evolution of ERP 206
Integration Tools 207

Core and Extended ERP Components 208

Core ERP Components 209
Extended ERP Components 209

Measuring ERP Success 210

Organizational Integration with ERP 211

On-Premise ERP 212

Cloud ERP 212

Hybrid ERP 214

Chapter Twelve Case: Five Famous ERP Failures 216

Learning Outcome Review 218
Review Questions 218
Making Business Decisions 219
Unit Summary 222
Key Terms 222
Unit Closing Case One: Hootsuite 223
Unit Closing Case Two: Dream It, Design It, 3D Print It 224

UNIT 4 226
Building Innovation 226
The Warby Parker Way 227
Introduction 228
CHAPTER 13: CREATING INNOVATIVE ORGANIZATIONS 229
Disruptive Technologies and Web 1.0 229
Disruptive versus Sustaining Technology 229
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
A well-known British fish of this family is the little Gunnel or Butter-
Fish (Pholis gunnellus), remarkable for the manner in which the
female protects her offspring, coiling herself round the eggs, which
she rolls up into a ball about the size of a Brazil nut, in holes of the
boring Mollusc (Pholas). The male sometimes assists the female.

Fam. 12. Zoarcidae.—Suborbitals not forming a subocular shelf;

mouth feebly protractile. Praecaudal vertebrae with strong
transverse processes bearing ribs and epipleurals. Gill-membranes
usually more or less broadly united to isthmus; 5 to 8 branchiostegal
rays; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiae present or
absent. Scapular arch as in Blenniidae. Ventral fins jugular or absent;
if present, with 1 to 4 rays. Body more or less elongate, naked or
with very small scales. Dorsal and anal fins elongate, all the rays
articulated, or a few of the posterior dorsals spinous. Usually no
distinct caudal fin.

Fig. 430.—Typhlonus nasus × ½. (After Güther.)

These fishes have usually been placed, in part at least, near the
Gadids, but they have more in common with the Blenniids, as
pointed out by Jordan and Evermann, and may be regarded as
degraded forms descended from the latter.[754] The family is widely
distributed in all seas, many of the forms being specially adapted to
live at great depths. The species known number about 130. Principal
genera: Scytalina, Zoarces, Lycodes, Gymnelis, Lycocara,
Melanostigma, Derepodichthys, Bathyonus, Porogadus, Bythitis,
Neobythitis, Cataetyx, Selachophidium, Acanthonus, Typhlonus,
Aphyonus, Tauredophidium, Rhodichthys, Brosmophycis, Brotula,
Lucifuga, Lamprogrammus, Diplacanthopoma, Hephthocara.
Some are oviparous, others (Zoarces, Diplacanthopoma,
Hephthocara, Lucifuga) viviparous. The eyes are absent, or at least
not visible externally in some of the bathybial forms (Typhlonus,
Aphyonus, Tauredophidium), as well as in the only known freshwater
forms, the Cuban Cave-Fishes Stygicola and Lucifuga, which are
evidently allied to the marine Brotula, whilst the blind Cave-Fishes of
North America (cf. p. 618) are derived from freshwater types. It is
believed that blind fishes are found also in caves of the island of
Jamaica, but no specimens have been seen by naturalists. The
largest Cuban Cave-Fish is 5 inches long.[755]

Fam. 13. Congrogadidae.—Eel-shaped Fishes without ventrals,

allied to the Blenniidae, but with all the rays soft and articulated, the
post-temporal small and ankylosed to the skull, and the sub-orbitals
produced into laminae supporting the eyeball. Lips much developed;
gill-membranes free from isthmus; scales very small.

A single genus, Congrogadus, with three species from the Australian

and East Indian coasts. The recently described Japanese genus
Hierichthys has been referred to this family.

Fam. 14. Ophidiidae.—Degraded Blenniids, closely related to the

Zoarcidae, with pseudobranchiae, with tapering tail without distinct
caudal fin, and with the ventral fins each reduced to a pair of
filaments or a bifid ray inserted just behind the chin at the extremity
of the clavicle, which is produced forwards as a slender rod.

Small marine, carnivorous fishes, from the Atlantic and Southern

Pacific coasts as well as from great depths in the Atlantic, Pacific,
and Indian Oceans. About 25 species are known. Genera: Ophidium,
Lepophidium, Genypterus.
Fam. 15. Podatelidae.—Mouth inferior, protractile, toothless or
with minute teeth. Praecaudal vertebrae with transverse processes,
to which the ribs are attached. Gill-membranes narrowly attached to
isthmus; 8 or 9 branchiostegal rays; gills 4; no pseudobranchiae.
Supratemporal loosely attached by ligament to the skull; scapula
cartilaginous, perforate, bearing the base of the pectoral fin, which is
an undivided cartilaginous plate; coracoid small, ossified. Ventral fins
jugular, each reduced to a single stout filament made up of two
intimately coherent rays. Body short, tail elongate and tapering,
compressed; no scales. A short dorsal fin, without spines, situated
above the pectorals; a long anal fin, continuous with the caudal.

Fig. 431.—Pectoral arch of Podateles indicus. cl, Clavicle; cor, coracoid;

pelv, pelvis; ptr, pterygial; ptte, post-temporal; sc, scapula; scl,
supraclavicle.

The genus Podateles (Ateleopus) comprises only two species from

the deep sea, one from Japan and one from India.

Division IX.—TAENIOSOMI.

Exceedingly compressed, more or less elongate, often ribbon-like

fishes of doubtful affinities, probably related to the earlier
Acanthopterygians, the ventral fins, when well developed,
comprising as many as 7 to 9 rays. Dorsal fin extending from the
head to the end of the tail, its rays simple (separable into lateral
halves), the anterior often prolonged; anal fin very short or absent.
Pectoral fin with horizontal or nearly horizontal base, the rays
supported by the scapula and by three short pterygials, all three, or
two at least, of which are related to the coracoid. Ribs small and
slender, or absent. Post-temporal simple and solidly attached to the
skull. Scales minute or absent.

Deep-sea or pelagic fishes from the Atlantic and Mediterranean and

from the Pacific; the life-histories are still very imperfectly known,
and great changes of form take place with growth. Only two
families.[756]

Fam. 1. Trachypteridae.—Mouth very protractile; ventral fins

more or less developed, with 6 to 9 rays, or reduced to a single long
ray; no anal fin; vent about the middle of the body; caudal rays, if
present, divided into two fascicles, the upper sometimes much
prolonged and directed upwards.

Fig. 432.—Trachypterus iris. × 1. (After Cuvier and Valenciennes.)

Two genera. The most generalised is Trachypterus, of which

probably only 10 forms are entitled to specific distinction. The best
known species is T. arcticus, the Deal-Fish or Northern Ribbon-Fish,
which reaches a length of 8 feet or more, and of which a few
specimens have been stranded on the coasts of Scotland. Nilsson,
who has observed these fishes alive on the Scandinavian coast, says
they approach the shore at flood-tide on sandy shelving bottoms,
and are often left by the retreating waves; that they move with one
side turned obliquely upward, and that they lie on the side like Flat-
Fishes on the bottom in 2 or 3 fathoms of water. Regalecus differs in
the presence of a single ray to the ventral and the absence of the
caudal fin. Some 5 or 6 species may be distinguished. R. glesne, the
Oar-fish, or "King of the Herrings," is the best known and the largest
species, reaching a length of over 20 feet. About 25 specimens are
known to have occurred on the British coasts. Some of the accounts
of "Sea-Serpents" are probably based on this fish, which has been
observed to swim with undulating motion and with a small portion of
the head as well as the crest-like anterior part of the dorsal fin
above the water.

The fish named Stylophorus chordatus, which has been referred to

this family, is known from a single specimen too imperfectly
preserved to afford a clear idea of its affinities.

Fam. 2. Lophotidae.—Mouth moderately protractile; ventrals very

small, if distinct, with 4 or 5 rays; abdominal cavity extending nearly
the whole length of the much elongated body, the vent very far back
and followed by a short anal fin; caudal fin small, not divided.

A single genus, Lophotes, with 3 or 4 species, from the

Mediterranean, the tropical Atlantic, the Cape of Good Hope, Japan,
and New Zealand, reaching a length of 6 feet or more. The dorsal fin
commences with an extremely long and strong spine on the head,
which is much elevated and truncate in front.

Sub-Order 11. Opisthomi

Air-bladder without open duct. Opercle well developed, hidden under

the skin; supraoccipital in contact with the frontals, separating the
parietals. Pectoral arch suspended from the vertebral column, far
behind the skull; no mesocoracoid. Vertical fins with spines. Ventral
fins absent.
This division stands in the same relation to the Acanthopterygii as do
the Apodes to the Malacopterygii. The single family is possibly
derived from the Blenniidae.

Fam. 1. Mastacembelidae.—Body more or less Eel-shaped; a

series of short spines detached from the very elongate dorsal fin,
which is more or less confluent with the likewise very elongate anal
fin. A single nostril on each side. Mouth not protractile, bordered by
the praemaxillaries, to the upper border of which the maxillaries are
attached. Gill-cleft inferior; gills 4; branchiostegal rays 6; no
pseudobranchiae. Vertebrae numerous (72-95), the praecaudals with
transverse processes bearing the ribs. Scales very small.

Carnivorous fishes, from fresh and brackish waters of Southern Asia

and Tropical Africa. 33 species are known, referable to two genera:
Mastacembelus and Rhynchobdella. The largest species reach a
length of three feet. Little is known of their habits. Of the Indian
Rhynchobdella aculeata, Day says it conceals itself in the mud and
becomes drowned in water if unable to reach the surface, as it
apparently requires to respire air directly.

Fig. 433.—Mastacembelus maculatus. × ½.

Sub-Order 12. Pediculati.

Air-bladder without open duct. Opercle large, hidden under the skin;
supraoccipital in contact with the frontals, separating the parietals.
Pectoral arch suspended from the skull; no mesocoracoid. No ribs,
no epipleurals. Ventral fins jugular. Gill-opening reduced to a
foramen situated in or near the axil, more or less posterior to the
base of the pectoral. Body naked or covered with spines or bony
tubercles.

A small, natural group, connected with the Acanthopterygii Jugulares

through the Batrachidae, in which the elongate pterygials of the
pectoral fin foreshadow the kind of arm ("pseudobrachium") which is
more or less characteristic of these highly aberrant Fishes. As in the
Batrachidae, the post-temporal is flat and ankylosed to the cranium,
and the suprascapula is much elongated. The pterygials, two or
three in number, are separated from the small scapula and coracoid
by a broad ligament, the arm-like pectorals being more or less
distinctly geniculated and inserted far back behind the cranium. The
head is large, the basis cranii simple. The gills are reduced to 2, 2½,
or 3. The spinous dorsal, if present, consists of a few rays, which
may be modified into tentacles inserted on the head. Vertebrae 17 to
31.

Five families:—

I. Gill-opening in or behind lower axil of pectoral; mouth large, terminal or

directed upwards.
Pectoral fin scarcely geniculated; ventrals present .......... 1. Lophiidae.
Pectoral fin scarcely geniculated; ventrals absent .......... 2. Ceratiidae.
Pectoral fin strongly geniculated; ventrals present ..........
3. Antennariidae.
II. Gill-opening behind lower axil of pectoral; mouth large, inferior; ventrals
absent .......... 4. Gigantactinidae.
III. Gill-opening above axil of pectoral; mouth rather small, subterminal or
inferior; pectoral fin strongly geniculated; ventrals present; spinous
dorsal absent or reduced to a small tentacle lodged in a cavity under
the snout .......... 5. Malthidae.
Fam. 1. Lophiidae.—Mouth extremely large, terminal, with very
strong cardiform teeth. Gill-opening in lower axil of pectoral;
pseudobranchiae present. Pectoral fin scarcely geniculated, with two
pterygials. Ventral fin with 1 spine and 5 branched rays. Spinous
dorsal present. Skin naked.

Twelve species, referable to three genera (Lophius, Chirolophius, and

Lophiomus) living on the bottom of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific
Oceans, at moderate or great depths. Lophius was represented in
the Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca.

Fig. 434.—Chirolophius naresii. (After Günther.) × ⅓.

The Fishing-Frog or Angler (Lophius piscatorius) has a wide

distribution, occurring on the coasts of Europe and North America.
The first dorsal ray, inserted on the snout, is very long, movable in
every direction, and terminates in a dermal flap, which is supposed
to be used by the "Angler" as a bait, attracting other fishes, which
are soon ingulfed in the enormous gape. It grows to a length of over
5 feet. The ventral rays are very elongate in the young.

Fam. 2. Ceratiidae.—Mouth extremely large, terminal, with strong

cardiform teeth. Gill-opening in lower axil of pectoral;
pseudobranchiae absent. Pectoral fin scarcely geniculated, with three
pterygials. Ventral fins absent. Spinous dorsal fin usually present,
sometimes reduced to a single tentacle on the snout. Skin naked.

The members of this family, about 25 in number, are all inhabitants

of great depths (300-2600 fathoms). The colour of the body is
usually a deep black, and the first dorsal spine, on the head, may
terminate in a luminous bulb with or without filaments. "The
Bathybial Sea-devils," writes Günther, "are degraded forms of
Lophius; they descend to the greatest depths of the ocean. Their
bones are of an extremely light and thin texture, and frequently
other parts of their organisation, their integuments, muscles, and
intestines are equally loose in texture when the specimens are
brought to the surface. In their habits they probably do not differ in
any degree from their surface representative, Lophius."

Fig. 435.—Himantolophus reinhardti, outline and skeleton. (After

Lütken.) × 1.

Principal genera: Ceratias, Aceratias, Oneirodes, Himantolophus,

Aegaeonichthys, Melanocetus, Liocetus, Linophryne, Caulophryne,
Dolopichthys.

Fam. 3. Antennariidae.—Mouth large, vertical or very oblique,

turned upwards, with cardiform teeth. Gill-opening in or behind
lower axil of pectoral; pseudobranchiae absent. Pectoral fin forming
an elbow-like angle, with three pterygials. Ventral with 4 or 5 rays.
Spinous dorsal present. Skin naked or spinulose.

About 40 species, referable to 5 genera: Pterophryne, Antennarius,

Brachionichthys, Saccarius, and Chaunax.
The species of Antennarius live mostly in coral groves, where they lie
in wait for prey, well concealed by their protective coloration and the
harmonising aspect of their integument and appendages. To this
genus also belongs the "Marbled Angler" (A. marmoratus), carried
about in mid ocean among the Sargassum weed, to rest on which,
from its peculiar arm-like pectoral fins, it is specially fitted; there it
makes its wonderful nest of silk-like fibres, probably secreted by the
parent as in the Sticklebacks, with large bundles of eggs hanging like
grape clusters.[757] The deep-sea Chaunax inflates its abdomen like
Tetrodon.

Fam. 4. Gigantactinidae.—Mouth inferior, snout produced into a

long tentacle directed forwards, and bearing a luminous organ. Body
covered with small spines. Otherwise as in the Ceratiidae.
Gigantactis vanhoeffeni, of Brauer, from the Indian Ocean, at depths
of about 1000 fathoms.

Fam. 5. Malthidae.—Mouth rather small, subterminal or inferior,

with villiform or cardiform teeth. Gill-opening above pectoral;
pseudobranchiae absent. Pectoral fin forming an elbow-like angle,
with three pterygials. Ventral with 5 rays. Spinous dorsal absent, or
reduced to a more or less developed tentacle lodged in a cavity
under the snout. Head and body with bony tubercles or spines.

About 30 species are known, mostly from the deep sea within the
tropics (down to 1270 fathoms). Principal genera: Coelophrys,
Malthe, Malthopsis, Halieutaea, Halicmethes, Dibranchus.

The "Bat-Fish" (Malthe vespertilio), common in shallow water about

the West Indies, is said to assume an almost toad-like attitude on
the ground, the head being directed slightly upwards, while the
pectorals take on the function of hind legs and the ventrals of fore
legs.
 Sub-Order 13. Plectognathi.

Air-bladder without open duct. Opercular bones more or less

reduced; supraoccipital in contact with the frontals, separating the
parietals; maxillary and praemaxillary bones often firmly united.
Pectoral arch suspended from the skull. No ribs. Ventral fins thoracic
and much reduced if present; the pelvic bones, if present, more or
less completely co-ossified. Gill-opening much reduced. Body
covered with more or less osseous scales, bony scutes, or spines, or
naked.

A highly aberrant group, closely connected with the Acanthopterygii

through the Acanthuridae, as pointed out long ago by Dareste.[758]
The skeleton is often feebly ossified and the vertebrae much reduced
in number, but the jaws, although short, are very strong, usually
with large sectorial teeth which may be confluent into a beak; the
post-temporal is short and simple, suturally united to the squamosal.
These fishes have usually been arranged in three divisions:
Sclerodermi, Ostracodermi, and Gymnodontes, but Regan,[759]
whose classification is here followed, has shown that the latter
include a type (Triodon) which, in spite of its beak-like teeth, is more
nearly related to the Sclerodermi, whilst the Ostracodermi have
much more in common with the latter than with the Gymnodontes.
It therefore appears best to admit only two divisions, the first with 4,
the second with 3 families:—

I. Sclerodermi.—Supraclavicle vertical; pectoral arch of the Perciform type; all

the vertebrae with a single neural spine.
A. Body covered with hard or spinous scales; epipleurals present; pelvis
present.
Teeth separate; spinous dorsal present; ventrals paired; pelvis immovable
.......... 1. Triacanthidae. A beak; spinous dorsal and ventrals absent;
pelvis movable .......... 2. Triodontidae.
 Teeth separate; spinous dorsal present; ventrals absent or represented by
a single short spine; pelvis movable .......... 3. Balistidae.
B. Body encased in a carapace; no epipleurals; spinous dorsal, pelvis, and
ventrals absent .......... 4. Ostraciontidae.
II. Gymnodontes.—Supraclavicle oblique or nearly horizontal; lower three
pterygials enlarged and immovably united to the coraco-scapular
cartilage; anterior vertebrae with bifid divergent neural spines; pelvis
absent.
Beak with a median suture; interoperculum not connected with
suboperculum; caudal fin present; body inflatable. ..........
1. Tetrodontidae.
Beak without median suture; interoperculum attached posteriorly to
suboperculum; caudal fin present; body inflatable. ..........
2. Diodontidae.
Beak without median suture; interoperculum attached posteriorly to
suboperculum; caudal fin absent, the body non-inflatable, truncate
posteriorly, with the dorsal and anal fins confluent. .......... 3. Molidae.

Fig. 436.—Left side of pectoral arch of A, Triacanthus brevirostris, and

B, Tetrodon mbu. cl, Clavicle; cor, coracoid; pcl, post-clavicle; p.r,
pectoral rays; ptr, pterygials; sc, scapula; scl, supraclavicle.

Division I.—SCLERODERMI.

Supraclavicle vertical; pectoral pterygials not enlarged, movably

attached by ligament to the scapula and coracoid, three to the
former and one to the latter. All the vertebrae with the neural arches
forming a single spine. Basis cranii more or less distinctly double;
dentary and articular completely co-ossified.
Fam. 1. Triacanthidae.—Praemaxillaries protractile, free from the
maxillaries; teeth in the jaws separate, conical or incisor-like;
palatine arch firmly united to the skull. Gills 4. Praecaudal vertebrae
with parapophyses; epipleurals present. Spinous dorsal fin with 2 to
6 spines. Ventral fins each represented by a strong spine, with an
inner basal knob which locks it when everted, rarely with the
addition of 1 or 2 rudimentary soft rays; pelvis present, firmly united
to the pectoral arch. Scales small, sometimes spinous or bony.
Vertebrae 20.

Marine fishes from the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. Ten
species, referable to three genera: Triacanthus, Triacanthodes,
Halimochirurgus. The latter, remarkable for its long, tube-like snout,
is the only deep-sea form of this Sub-order; it was recently
discovered in the Gulf of Manaar, at a depth of 143 fathoms. Fossil
genera are Acanthopleurus, Oligocene, and Spinacanthus, Eocene.

Fam. 2. Triodontidae.—Praemaxillaries not protractile, firmly

united to the maxillaries; teeth coalescent into a beak, the upper jaw
divided by a median suture, the lower simple. Praecaudal vertebrae
with or without parapophyses; epipleurals present. No spinous dorsal
fin. No ventral fins. Abdomen with a dilatable sac, kept expanded by
the very long movable pelvis. Body covered with small, spiny,
subimbricate, bony laminae. Vertebrae 20.

A single species, the curious Triodon bursarius of the Indian Ocean

and Archipelago.
 Fig. 437.—Monacanthus, sp., with enlarged views of dorsal scales (b)
and ventral spine (c).

Fam. 3. Balistidae.—Praemaxillaries not protractile, firmly united

to the praemaxillaries; teeth incisor-like; palatine movably articulated
with ectopterygoid, or entirely free from it. Gills 4. Praecaudal
vertebrae with well-developed parapophyses, to which epipleurals
are attached. Spinous dorsal fin with 1 to 3 spines. Ventral fins, if
present, represented by a single short rough spine at the end of the
long, movable pelvis. Body covered with juxtaposed movable scutes
or with minute rough scales.

About 100 species are known from the tropical and warm seas, one
species (Balistes capriscus) occasionally wandering as far north as
the south coast of England. Genera: Balistes, Monacanthus,
Paraluteres, Pseudaluteres, Pseudomonacanthus, Aluteres,
Psilocephalus. The Oligocene genus Acanthoderma is closely allied to
Balistes.

The "File-Fishes" or "Trigger-Fishes" (Balistes), the largest species of

which grow to nearly 3 feet, have a powerful dentition, which
enables them to break off pieces of corals, on which they feed, and
to bore holes in the hard shells of Mollusca in order to extract the
soft parts; they are themselves well protected by a mail of hard,
rhomboidal scales. The herbivorous Monacanthus is less favoured in
this respect, the rough scales being so small as to give the skin a
velvety appearance.
Psilocephalus differs from Monacanthus in its very elongate head
and body, the very feeble dorsal spine, the presence of a mental
barbel, and its more numerous vertebrae (29 or 30 instead of 18 to
21). The flesh of many of these fishes is poisonous.[760] The
drumming sounds produced by Balistes have been described by
Möbius.[761]

Fam. 4. Ostraciontidae.—Praemaxillaries not protractile, firmly

united to the praemaxillaries; teeth incisor-like; palatine immovable.
Gills 4. Praecaudal vertebrae with very feeble parapophyses and no
epipleurals. No spinous dorsal fin. Clavicles, coracoids, and post-
clavicles much expanded. No ventral fins. Body encased in a
carapace formed of large, juxtaposed, mostly hexagonal bony plates.
Vertebrae 14 to 16.

The species of "Trunk-Fishes" number about 20, and are referable to

3 genera: Aracana, Ostracion, Lactophrys; all belong to the tropical
seas, living near the bottom in shallow water. The genus Ostracion is
represented by one species in the Upper Eocene.

The rigid box in which these fishes are encased entails more use of
the dorsal and anal fins for progression than is customary among
fishes. According to Brown Goode, "the propelling force is exerted by
the dorsal and anal fins, which have a half rotary, sculling motion,
resembling that of a screw propeller; the caudal fin acts as a rudder,
save when it is needed for unusually rapid swimming, when it is
used as in other fishes; the chief function of the broad pectorals
seems to be that of forming a current of water through the gills,
thus aiding respiration, which would otherwise be difficult on
account of the narrowness and inflexibility of the branchial
apertures. When taken from the water, one of these fishes will live
for two or three hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and
when restored to its native element seems none the worse for its
experience, except that, on account of the air absorbed, it cannot at
once sink to the bottom." "No group of tropical fishes," says the
same author, "is so thoroughly worked out in the writings of the
fathers of natural history as this one. Over 200 years ago every
species of trunk-fish now taken from the Atlantic was known to and
described by the naturalists, and it is a well-deserved tribute to their
discrimination as zoologists to say that none of the many efforts
which have since been made to subdivide their species have been at
all successful."

Fig. 438.—Ostracion quadricornis. × ½.

Division II.—GYMNODONTES.

Supraclavicle oblique, sometimes nearly horizontal; lower three

pectoral pterygials enlarged and immovably united to the
coracoscapular cartilage; upper pterygial small, suturally united to
the scapula. Anterior vertebrae with bifid divergent neural spines.
Basis cranii simple; suture between dentary and articular evident.
Pelvis absent.

The spinous dorsal and the ventral fins are constantly absent, the
praemaxillaries are united to the maxillaries, and the teeth are
coalescent, forming a beak; parapophyses are not developed, and
epipleurals are absent.

Fam. 1. Tetrodontidae.—Beak with a median suture.

Interoperculum a long rod, attached to inner face of praeoperculum,
sometimes connected with operculum, never with suboperculum.
Gills 3. First 4 or 5 praecaudal vertebrae with bifid neural spine and
closed neural arch. Skin naked or with movable spines, rarely with
bony plates; belly inflatable. Vertebrae 17 to 29.

The "Puffers" or "Globe-Fishes" comprise about 60 species, referable

to 5 genera: Tetrodon, Ephippion, Tropidichthys, Xenopterus,
Chonerhinus. They inhabit all the tropical and warm seas, a few
species being confined to fresh water. Remains of Tetrodon have
been found in Upper Eocene and later formations. They are
remarkable for the manner in which they inflate themselves with air.
[762] The flesh of most species is poisonous.

Fam. 2. Diodontidae.—Beak without median suture.

Interoperculum rod-like, attached posteriorly to the rod-like anterior
limb of the suboperculum. Gills 3. All the praecaudal vertebrae with
bifid neural spines. Skin with movable spines; belly inflatable.
Vertebrae 21 or 22.

Fig. 439.—Diodon geometricus. (After Goode.)

Only two genera appear capable of clear definition: Diodon and

Lyosphaera; species about 15. Numerous species have been
described from the Upper Eocene and later formations.

"Porcupine Fishes" are confined to tropical seas, and have attracted

attention from the earliest times, being frequently preserved as
"curiosities." Their flesh is regarded as poisonous.

Fam. 3. Molidae.—Beak without median suture. Interoperculum

rod-like, attached posteriorly to the rod-like anterior limb of the
suboperculum. Gills 4. Anterior praecaudal vertebrae with divergent
bifid neural spines and neural canal not roofed in. Body non-
inflatable, truncate posteriorly, without caudal peduncle; caudal fin
absent, the dorsal and anal fins confluent. Skin rough or tessellated.
Vertebrae 17 in Orthagoriscus.

The very young are armed with spines.

Fig. 440.—Orthagoriscus mola. (After Goode.) × 1⁄20.

The "Sun-Fish" are extraordinary creatures found in the open sea or

descending to great depths, and of wide distribution. The number of
species is still very uncertain, but two generic forms, Orthagoriscus
or Mola and Ranzania, are easily distinguished. Examples of both
occur now and then on our coasts. Orthagoriscus mola grows to
upwards of 8 feet and to a weight of 1800 pounds. It has been
observed to swim slowly about, near the surface, the high dorsal
above the water. Its food is said to consist chiefly of jelly-fish and
larval fishes; its mode of reproduction and places of breeding are still
unknown.
 INDEX

Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of

genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference
relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an
illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.
Abbott, 193 n.
Abcona, 670
Abdominal pores, 401 f.
Abramis, 582
Abyssascidia, 73
Acanthaphritis, 706
Acanthias, 455, 298;
vertebral column, 198;
uterine nutrition, 434;
A. vulgaris, 264, 455;
pectoral fin, 243
Acanthicus, 595
Acanthistius, 659
Acanthocepola, 662
Acanthoclinus, 709
Acanthocybium, 678
Acanthodei, 440 f., 148
Acanthoderma, 724
Acanthodes, 442;
A. wardi, 441
Acanthodidae, 441
Acanthodopsis, 442
Acanthonus, 712
Acanthophthalmus, 582
Acanthopleurus, 723
Acanthopoma, 589
Acanthopterygii, 650 f., 159, 306, 543;
diagram showing relationships of groups, 651
Acanthuridae, 668, 357, 651, 652, 654
Acanthurus, 668;
A. chirurgus, 357
Acara, 672
Accessory respiratory organs, 292
Acentronura, 634
Acentrophorus, 498
Aceratias, 719
Acerina, 659;
A. cernua, 659
Acestra, 595;
A. gladius, 595
Acestrorhamphus, 575
Acestrorhynchus, 575
Achilognathus, 582
Achiropsis, 687
Achirus, 687
Acipenser, 492, 149, 262, 264, 273, 274, 276, 282, 348;
ribs, 201;
lymph follicles, 261;
spiral valve, 268;
gills, 283, 284;
air-bladder, 298, 299;
vascular system, 319, 322, 328, 334;
spleen, 343;
gonoducts of female, 400, 405;
distribution, habits, and food, 493;
breeding, 494;
economic value, 494;
A. huso, 494;
A. rhynchaeus, pectoral fin, 243;
A. ruthenus, 493;
scales, 187, 188;
brain, 376;
micropyles, 411;
larva, 494;
A. sturio, 493, 494;
vertebral column, 200;
supra-renals, 346;
micropyles, 411
Acipenseridae, 486, 489, 495
Acipenseroidei = Chondrostei, q.v.
Acrania, 113
Acrartete, 636 n.
Acrochordonichthys, 588
Acrodus, 445
Acrogaster, 656
Acrognathus, 611
Acropoma, 659
Acropomatidae, 659, 654
Acrotus, 644
Actinistia, 477 n.
Actinopterygii, 476
Actinotrocha, 28 f., 29
Acysis, 588
Adipose fins, 163
Aegaeonichthys, 719
Aelurichthys, 588
Aethalion, 546
Aetheolepis, 498;
scales, 187
Aetheospondyli, 497
Aëtobatis, 465, 466;
spines, 177
Agassiz, 558 n., 685 n., 720 n.
Ageniosus, 589;
A. valenciennesi, 589
Agnathostomata, 145;
characters of, 147
Agoniates, 575
Agonidae, 700, 694
Agonopsis, 700
Agonus, 700;
A. cataphractus, 700
Agrammus, 696
Agriopus, 695
Aida, 639
Ailia, 588;
air-bladder, 302
Ailiichthys, 588
Aipichthys, 666
Air-bladder, as an accessory respiratory organ, 291 f.;
Amia, 291;
Lepidosteus, 291, 299;
Sudis gigas, 291;
Erythrinus taeniatus and E. braziliensis, 291;
Neoceratodus, 291, 300;
Protopterus, 291, 301, 302;
Lepidosiren, 291;
structure, 297;
in different Fishes, 298;
"red bodies," 307;
"red glands," 307, 308, 309;
gases of the air-bladder, 309;
functions, 309;
in locomotion, 310;
as a vocal organ, 358;
connexion with the auditory organ, 388, 389, 390
Albula, 548, 541, 549;
vestigial conus arteriosus, 329, 548;
A. conorhynchus, 548;
larva, 548
Albulidae, 547, 544
Alburnus, 582;
A. lucidus, 167, 583
Alcock, 695
Alder and Hancock, 38
Alepidosauridae, 614, 606
Alepidosaurus, 614;
A. ferox, 614
Alepocephalidae, 569, 544
Alepocephalus, 570;
A. rostratus, 570 n.
Aleposomus, 570
Alestes, 575
Alimentary canal, of Hemichordata, 11, 25;
 of Tunicata, 54, 67;
of Amphioxus, 120;
of Fishes, 252 f.;
regions, 252;
mesenteries, 258;
histology, 259 f.;
glands, 270
Allabenchelys, 588
Allis Shad, 564
Allman, 22 n., 705 n.
Alopecias vulpes, 451, 452;
spiral valve, 265
Aluteres, 724
Amaroucium, 88;
A. proliferum, stomach, 88
Ambassinae, 660
Ambassis, 660
Ambloplites, 657
Amblyapistus, 695
Amblyopsidae, 618, 361, 395, 606
Amblyopsis, 618;
A. spelaea, 166, 361, 618, 619
Amblyopus, 689
Amblypharyngodon, 582
Amblypterus, 487
Amia, 499, 149, 160, 262, 273, 274, 276, 283, 291, 393, 609 n.;
fossil, 501;
A. calva, 499, 500;
scales, 189;
vertebral column, 201, 202, 203;
skull, 228;
median fins, 235;
pectoral fin, 243, 244;
spiral valve, 268;
pseudobranch, 284;
air-bladder, 297, 299, 310;
 heart, 328;
arteries to air-bladder, 337;
sensory canal, 385;
nephrostomes, 401, 402;
segmentation of ova, 409;
distribution and habits, 499;
spawning, 500;
nest, 500, 501;
larvae, 501
Amiidae, 499, 299, 497
Amiopsis, 501
Amiurus, 588, 261;
liver and pancreas, 273;
A. catus, rectal valve, 254;
renal portal system, 319;
A. nebulosus, 587 n., 592;
A. nigrilabris, blind, 394
Ammocoetes, 428, 46, 262, 272, 280, 280 n., 327, 343, 428;
metamorphosis, 429;
protective value of the skin, 429
Ammocrypta, 659
Ammodytes, 639, 275;
A. lanceolatus, 639;
A. tobianus, 639
Ammodytidae, 639, 637
Ammopleurops, 687
Ammotretis, 687
Amniota, 145
Ampheristus, 695
Amphioxus, 112 f., 4, 37, 46, 110;
general characters, 113;
external characters, 114;
anatomy, 116, 117;
musculature, 117;
skeleton, 119;
notochord, 119;
 alimentary canal, 120;
branchial bars, 122;
endostyle, 123;
coelom, 123;
vascular system, 124, 125;
renal organs, 125, 127;
nervous system, 127;
sense-organs, 128;
gonads, 129;
embryology and life-history, 130, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136;
compared with Hemichordata, 11 f., 16, 29 f.
—see also Branchiostoma
Amphipnoidae, 598
Amphipnous, 598;
respiratory air-sacs of, 598;
A. cuchia, 294, 598
Amphiprion, 672
Amphisile, 633;
A. strigata, 633
Amphisilidae, 633, 628
Amphistiidae, 684, 683
Amphistium, 684;
A. paradoxum, 684
Amphistylic, 222, 223
Anabantidae, 645, 292, 637;
distribution of, 645
Anabas, 645, 355;
A. scandens, 645;
labyrinthiform organ, 293
Anableps, 616, 419;
intromittent organ, 414;
development of embryos in ovisacs, 418;
A. tetrophthalmus, 617
Anacanthini, 646 f., 543, 702, 703
Anacyrtus, 575
Anadromous, 413
Anallantoidea, 145
Anamniota, 145
Anampses, 673
Anapterus, 611
Anarrhichas, 709;
teeth, 251;
A. lupus, 710;
eggs, 408
Anaspida, 531 f., 149
Anchinia, 96, 100;
A. rubra, 100;
polymorphism, 100
Anchovy, 564
Ancylodon, 663
Ancylostylus, 549
Andersonia, 588, 589
Andrews, 113
Anema, 706
Angel-Shark, 456
Angler, 718
Anguilla, 601;
A. vulgaris (Common Eel), 601;
larva, 602;
red glands, 307;
renal portal circulation, 319, 320
Anguillidae, 600, 163, 405, 649 n.
Anodonta, Rhodeus in, 584
Anogmius, 549
Anomalopidae, 660;
photophores, 178
Anomalops, 660
Anomalopterus, 570
Anoplarchus, 709
Anoplogaster, 656, 655
Anoplopoma, 697, 693
Anoplopterus, 588
Anostominae, 576
Anostomus (Characinidae), 576;
(Mugilidae), 640
Ansorge, 560
Antennariidae, 720, 718
Antennarius, 720;
nest, 414;
A. hispidus, scales, 191;
A. marmoratus, 720;
scales, 191
Anthias, 659, 660
Antiarchi, 532 f., 149
Antigonia, 667
Antimora, 648
Anurella, 78;
development of, 78;
A. roscovita, larva, 78
Apateodus, 611
Apeltes, 630
Aphanopus, 679
Aphareus, 660
Aphia, 689;
A. pellucida, 690
Aphiocharax, 575
Aphoristia, 687
Aphredoderus, 656, 655;
A. sayanus, 656
Aphyonus, 712, 713
Apistus, 695, 692
Aplidium, 88;
A. zostericola, stomach, 88
Apodes, 599 f., 306
Apodichthys, 711
Apogon, 660
Apolectus, 677
Apostasis, 668
Appendicularia, 68, 37;
A. sicula, 66
Appendicularians, 64
Appendiculariida, 65, 66
Appendiculariidae, 68, 38;
nervous system, 53
Appendix digitiformis, 276
Aprion, 660
Aprionodon, 448
Apua, 582
Aracana, 724
Arapaima, 557;
A. gigas, 556, 558
Arch-centra, 196
Archaeomaenidae, 545, 544
Archaeomenes, 545
Archaeoteuthis, 669
Archaeus, 677
Archenteron, 20, 56, 130, 132
Archeobatis, 446
Archinephric duct, 397, 398
Arctoscopus, 663
Argenteum, 168
Argentina, 565, 569
Arges, 595
Arginae, 595
Argyriosus vomer, 363
Argyropelecus, 571
Ariscopus, 706
Aristotle, 36
Arius, 588, 587, 589;
A. australis, 593;
deposition of eggs, 415;
A. commersonii, 593
Armed Bullhead, 700
Arnoglossus, 687
Arripis, 663
Arthrodira, 535 f., 149
Arterial system, 329 f.
Artificial pearls, 167
Ascelichthys, 698
Ascidia, 72, 73;
structure, 39 f., 43, 45;
test, 40, 41;
body-wall, 42;
mantle, 42;
branchial cavity, 43, 48;
atrial or peribranchial cavity, 43;
other cavities of body, 44;
tentacles, 44;
endostyle, 46;
branchial sac, 47;
heart and circulation, 49, 51;
blood, 49;
neural gland, 52;
dorsal tubercle, 52;
nervous system, 53;
sense-organs, 53;
alimentary canal, 54;
renal organ, 54;
reproductive organs, 55;
embryology and life-history, 55, 57, 60;
metamorphosis, 61;
A. challengeri, dorsal tubercle, 79;
A. mentula, structure, 39 f., 40;
test, 42;
endostyle, 46;
pharynx, 47;
nervous system, 52;
larva, 78;
A. meridionalis, dorsal tubercle, 79;