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    CH 13

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    damanjeettiwana4
    Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used by organic chemists to determine the structure of molecules. NMR uses a strong magnet to align atomic nuclei with odd numbers of protons or neutrons, and a radiofrequency transmitter to excite these nuclei. The NMR spectra produced provides information about a molecule's structure, including the number and environment of different types of hydrogen atoms present. Modern NMR machines consist of a supercooled magnet, radiofrequency transmitter, detector, and recorder to plot NMR signals.

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    CH 13

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    damanjeettiwana4
    15 views6 pages
    Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used by organic chemists to determine the structure of molecules. NMR uses a strong magnet to align atomic nuclei with odd numbers of protons or neutrons, and a radiofrequency transmitter to excite these nuclei. The NMR spectra produced provides information about a molecule's structure, including the number and environment of different types of hydrogen atoms present. Modern NMR machines consist of a supercooled magnet, radiofrequency transmitter, detector, and recorder to plot NMR signals.

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    Ch13

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    Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used by organic chemists to determine the structure of molecules. NMR uses a strong magnet to align atomic nuclei with odd numbers of protons or neutrons, and a radiofrequency transmitter to excite these nuclei. The NMR spectra produced provides information about a molecule's structure, including the number and environment of different types of hydrogen atoms present. Modern NMR machines consist of a supercooled magnet, radiofrequency transmitter, detector, and recorder to plot NMR signals.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views6 pages

    CH 13

    Uploaded by

    damanjeettiwana4
    Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used by organic chemists to determine the structure of molecules. NMR uses a strong magnet to align atomic nuclei with odd numbers of protons or neutrons, and a radiofrequency transmitter to excite these nuclei. The NMR spectra produced provides information about a molecule's structure, including the number and environment of different types of hydrogen atoms present. Modern NMR machines consist of a supercooled magnet, radiofrequency transmitter, detector, and recorder to plot NMR signals.

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    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy NMR is the most powerful analytical tool currently available to an organic chemist.

    NMR allows characterization of a very small amount of sample (10mg), and does not destroy the sample (non-destructive technique). NMR spectra can provide vast information about a molecule's structure and can very often be the only way to prove what the compound really is. Typically though, NMR is used in conjunction with other types of spectroscopy and chemical analysis to fully confirm a complicated molecule's structure. NMR Theory Any nucleus that has either an odd atomic number or an odd mass number has a nuclear spin that can be observed by an NMR spectrometer. The proton is the simplest odd numbered atomic nucleus (and also the most useful for organic characterization). NMR theory is reasonably complicated, involving the magnetic alignment of spins of different nuclei. More important is the use of NMR to elucidate structures.

    NMR spectroscopy important facts: (1) The number of different absorptions implies how many different types of hydrogens are present. (2) The amount of shielding (chemical shift) is determined by each hydrogen's environment, and so we get information about the local electronic surroundings for each hydrogen. (3) The intensities of the signals tell us the number of identical hydrogens. (4) The splittings of each signal tells us about the other groups proximate to the hydrogens in question.

    Ch13 NMR

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    A Simple NMR Machine An NMR machine consists of: (1) A powerful, supercooled magnet (stable, with sensitive control, producing a precise magnetic field). A radio-frequency transmitter (emitting a very precise frequency). A detector to measure the absorption of radiofrequency by the sample. A recorder (to plot the output).

    (2) (3) (4)

    Figure 13-6(SLIDE) A simple NMR spectrum plots absorption on the y axis, and magnetic field strength on the x axis (Scale is in parts per million, and usually goes from 010 ppm). The different positions of NMR absorptions are described as chemical shifts (). A chemical shift is defined as the difference in parts per million (ppm) between the resonance frequency of the observed proton and that of the tetramethylsilane (TMS) hydrogens. TMS is the most common reference compound in NMR, it is set at =0ppm. The chemical shift in ppm is calculated as the shift downfield from TMS in Hz, divided by the spectrometer operating frequency in MHz. So if a 60MHz spectrometer records a proton resonance at a frequency of 426Hz downfield from TMS, this corresponds to a chemical shift of 426/60 = 7.10ppm. Figure 13-9(SLIDE)

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    New 300MHz NMR Machine

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    The NMR spectrum of methanol shows only two resonances (and the reference TMS peak at 0ppm). The hydrogens in the CH3 group are all the same 1 resonance The OH proton gives a signal at different . We can say that there are two chemically different hydrogens in methanol. Different hydrogens absorb at different chemical shifts - see table 13-3 and Figure 13-40 (SLIDE) NMR of Acetic Acid Figure 13-15 (SLIDE)

    The number of signals tells us the number of chemically equivalent hydrogens in a molecule. E.g. the NMR of methyltbutylether Figure 13-19. (SLIDE) There are two types of chemically equivalent hydrogens 2 separate resonances in the NMR spectrum. The NMR of methylacetoacetate (Figure 13-17) shows 3 different proton resonances. (SLIDE) Areas under the Peaks NMR machines are equipped with integrators, which can calculate the area under each peak in the NMR spectrum. This is very useful since the area under a peak is equivalent to the number of identical hydrogens that contribute to that signal. Figure 13-9 and Figure 13-20 (SLIDES)

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    Remember that this only gives the RATIO of the number of hydrogen, so a ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 is the same as a ratio of 2 : 4 : 6 and 0.5 : 1 : 1.5 This is where 'simple' NMR ends

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