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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 701
Suresh Chandra Satapathy

Joao Manuel R. S. Tavares
Vikrant Bhateja
J. R. Mohanty Editors
Information
and Decision
Sciences
Conference on FICTA
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Volume 701
Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory, applications,
and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as
engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce,
environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent
systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing including neural networks,
fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient
intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and
systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and adaptive systems,
e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric computing, recommender systems, intelligent
control, robotics and mechatronics including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms,
learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents,
intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust management, interactive
entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings of
important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the field, both
of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short
publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results.
Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Joao Manuel R. S. Tavares
Vikrant Bhateja ⋅ J. R. Mohanty
Editors
Information and Decision

Sciences
Conference on FICTA
123
Editors
Suresh Chandra Satapathy Vikrant Bhateja
Department of Computer Science Department of Electronics
and Engineering and Communication Engineering
PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology SRMGPC
Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
India India
Joao Manuel R. S. Tavares J. R. Mohanty

Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica School of Computer Application
Universidade do Porto KIIT University
Porto Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Portugal India
ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-981-10-7562-9 ISBN 978-981-10-7563-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7563-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018930369
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018

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Preface
This book is a collection of high-quality peer-reviewed research papers presented at

the 6th International Conference on Frontiers of Intelligent Computing: Theory and
Applications (FICTA-2017) held at School of Computer Applications, KIIT
University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, during October 14–15, 2017.
The idea of this conference series was conceived by few eminent professors and
researchers from premier institutions of India. The first three editions of this con-
ference: FICTA-2012, FICTA-2013, and FICTA-2014 were organized by Bhuba-
neswar Engineering College (BEC), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Due to its
popularity and wide visibilities in the entire country as well as abroad, the fourth
edition FICTA-2015 has been organized by the prestigious NIT Durgapur, WB,
India. The fifth edition FICTA-2016 was organized by KIIT University, Bhuba-
neswar, Odisha, India. All papers of past FICTA editions are published by
Springer AISC series. Presently, FICTA-2017 is the sixth edition of this conference
series which aims to bring together researchers, scientists, engineers, and practi-
tioners to exchange and share their theories, methodologies, new ideas, experiences,
applications in all areas of intelligent computing theories, and applications to
various engineering disciplines like Computer Science, Electronics, Electrical,
Mechanical, Biomedical Engineering.
FICTA-2017 had received a good number of submissions from the different
areas relating to decision sciences, intelligent computing, and its applications.
These papers have undergone a rigorous peer review process with the help of our
program committee members and external reviewers (from the country as well as
abroad). The review process has been very crucial with minimum 2 reviews each
and in many cases 3–5 reviews along with due checks on similarity and content
overlap as well. FICTA-2017 witnessed more than 300 papers including the main
track as well as special sessions. The conference featured seven special sessions in
various cutting-edge technologies of specialized focus which were organized and
chaired by eminent professors. The total toll of papers received, included submis-
sions received cross country along with 7 overseas countries. Out of this pool, only
131 papers were given acceptance and segregated as two different volumes for
v
vi Preface
publication under the proceedings. This volume consists of 59 papers from diverse
areas of information and decision sciences.
The conference featured many distinguished keynote addresses by eminent
speakers like Dr. Siba K. Udgata (University of Hyderabad, Telangana, India) on
Intelligent and Soft Sensor for Environment Monitoring; Dr. Goutam Sanyal (NIT
Durgapur, WB, India) on Vision-based Biometric Features; Dr. Kamiya Khatter
(Sr. Editorial Assistant, Springer Nature, India) on Author Services and Tools.
These keynote lectures embraced a huge toll of an audience of students, faculties,
budding researchers, as well as delegates.
We thank the General Chairs: Prof. Samaresh Mishra, Prof. Veena Goswami,
KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India, and Prof. Suresh Chandra Satapathy,
PVPSIT, Vijayawada, India, for providing valuable guidelines and inspiration to
overcome various difficulties in the process of organizing this conference.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Honorary Chairs of this conference:
Dr. B. K. Panigrahi, IIT Delhi, and Dr. Swagatam Das, ISI, Kolkata, for being with
us from the beginning to the end of this conference and without their support this
conference could never have been successful.
We would also like to thank School of Computer Applications and Computer
Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, who jointly came forward to support
us to organize sixth edition of this conference series. We are amazed to note the
enthusiasm of all faculty, staff, and students of KIIT to organize the conference in
such a professional way. Involvements of faculty coordinators and student volunteer
are praiseworthy in every respect. We are confident that in the future too we would
like to organize many more international-level conferences in this beautiful campus.
We would also like to thank our sponsors for providing all the support and financial
assistance.
We take this opportunity to thank authors of all submitted papers for their hard
work, adherence to the deadlines, and patience with the review process. The quality
of a refereed volume depends mainly on the expertise and dedication of the
reviewers. We are indebted to the program committee members and external
reviewers who not only produced excellent reviews but also did these in short time
frames. We would also like to thank the participants of this conference, who have
participated in the conference above all hardships. Finally, we would like to thank all
the volunteers who spent tireless efforts in meeting the deadlines and arranging every
detail to make sure that the conference can run smoothly. All the efforts are worth and
would please us all, if the readers of this proceedings and participants of this con-
ference found the papers and conference inspiring and enjoyable. Our sincere thanks
to all press print and electronic media for their excellent coverage of this conference.
We take this opportunity to thank all Keynote Speakers, Track and Special
Session Chairs for their excellent support to make FICTA-2017 a grand success.
Vijayawada, India Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy

Porto, Portugal Dr. Joao Manuel R. S. Tavares
Lucknow, India Dr. Vikrant Bhateja
Bhubaneswar, India Dr. J. R. Mohanty
Organization
Chief Patron
Achyuta Samanta, KISS and KIIT University
Patron
H. Mohanty, KIIT University
Advisory Committee
Sasmita Samanta, KIIT University
Ganga Bishnu Mund, KIIT University
Samaresh Mishra, KIIT University
Honorary Chairs
Swagatam Das, ISI, Kolkata
B. K. Panigrahi, IIT Delhi
General Chairs
Veena Goswami, KIIT University
Suresh Chandra Satapathy, PVPSIT, Vijayawada
Convener
Sachi Nandan Mohanty, KIIT University
Satya Ranjan Dash, KIIT University
Organizing Chairs
Sidharth Swarup Routaray, KIIT University
Manas Mukul, KIIT University
vii
viii Organization
Publication Chair
Vikrant Bhateja, SRMGPC, Lucknow
Steering Committee
Suresh Chandra Satapathy, PVPSIT, Vijayawada
Vikrant Bhateja, SRMGPC, Lucknow
Siba K. Udgata, UoH, Hyderabad
Manas Kumar Sanyal, University of Kalyani
Nilanjan Dey, TICT, Kolkata
B. N. Biswal, BEC, Bhubaneswar
Editorial Board
Suresh Chandra Satapathy, PVPSIT, Vijayawada, India
Vikrant Bhateja, SRMGPC, Lucknow (UP), India
Dr. J. R. Mohanty, KIIT University
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
Joao Manuel R. S. Tavares, Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
Carlos Artemio Coello Coello, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
Transport and Hospitality Chairs

Ramakant Parida, KIIT University
K. Singh, KIIT University
B. B. Dash, KIIT University
Session Management Chairs

Chinmay Mishra, KIIT University
Sudhanshu Sekhar Patra, KIIT University
Registration Chairs
Ajaya Jena, KIIT University
Utpal Dey, KIIT University
P. S. Pattanayak, KIIT University
Prachi Viyajeeta, KIIT University
Publicity Chairs
J. K. Mandal, University of Kalyani, Kolkata
Himanshu Das, KIIT University
R. K. Barik, KIIT University
Organization ix
Workshop Chairs
Manoj Mishra, KIIT University
Manas Kumar Rath, KIIT University
Track Chairs
Machine Learning Applications: Steven L. Fernandez, The University of Alabama,
Birmingham, USA
Image Processing and Pattern Recognition: V. N. Manjunath Aradhya, SJCE,
Mysore, India
Signals, Communication, and Microelectronics: A. K. Pandey, MIET, Meerut (UP),
India
Data Engineering: M. Ramakrishna Murty, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, India
Special Session Chairs

SS01: Computational Intelligence to Ecological Computing through Data Sciences:
Tanupriya Choudhury and Praveen Kumar, Amity University, UP, India
SS02: Advances in Camera Based Document Recognition: V. N. Manjunath
Aradhya and B. S. Harish, SJCE, Mysore, India
SS03: Applications of Computational Intelligence in Education and Academics:
Viral Nagori, GLS University, Ahmedabad, India
SS04: Modern Intelligent Computing, Human Values and Professional Ethics for
Engineering and Management: Hardeep Singh and B. P. Singh, FCET, Ferozepur,
Punjab
SS05: Mathematical Modelling and Optimization: Deepika Garg, G. D. Goenka
University, India, and Ozen Ozer, Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Turkey
SS06: Computer Vision and Image Processing: Synh Viet-Uyen Ha, Vietnam
National University, Vietnam
SS07: Data Mining Applications in Network Security: Vinutha H. P., BIET,
Karnataka, India, and Sagar B. M., RVCE, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Technical Program Committee/International Reviewer Board

A. Govardhan, India
Aarti Singh, India
Almoataz Youssef Abdelaziz, Egypt
Amira A. Ashour, Egypt
Amulya Ratna Swain, India
Ankur Singh Bist, India
Athanasios V. Vasilakos, Athens
Banani Saha, India
Bhabani Shankar Prasad Mishra, India
B. Tirumala Rao, India
Carlos A. Coello, Mexico
x Organization
Charan S. G., India

Chirag Arora, India
Chilukuri K. Mohan, USA
Chung Le, Vietnam
Dac-Nhuong Le, Vietnam
Delin Luo, China
Hai Bin Duan, China
Hai V. Pham, Vietnam
Heitor Silvério Lopes, Brazil
Igor Belykh, Russia
J. V. R. Murthy, India
K. Parsopoulos, Greece
Kamble Vaibhav Venkatrao, India
Kailash C. Patidar, South Africa
Koushik Majumder, India
Lalitha Bhaskari, India
Jeng-Shyang Pan, Taiwan
Juan Luis Fernández Martínez, California
Le Hoang Son, Vietnam
Leandro Dos Santos Coelho, Brazil
L. Perkin, USA
Lingfeng Wang, China
M. A. Abido, Saudi Arabia
Maurice Clerc, France
Meftah Boudjelal, Algeria
Monideepa Roy, India
Mukul Misra, India
Naeem Hanoon, Malaysia
Nikhil Bhargava, India
Oscar Castillo, Mexico
P. S. Avadhani, India
Rafael Stubs Parpinelli, Brazil
Ravi Subban, India
Roderich Gross, England
Saeid Nahavandi, Australia
Sankhadeep Chatterjee, India
Sanjay Sengupta, India
Santosh Kumar Swain, India
Saman Halgamuge, India
Sayan Chakraborty, India
Shabana Urooj, India
S. G. Ponnambalam, Malaysia
Srinivas Kota, Nebraska
Srinivas Sethi, India
Sumanth Yenduri, USA
Organization xi
Suberna Kumar, India

T. R. Dash, Cambodia
Vipin Tyagi, India
Vimal Mishra, India
Walid Barhoumi, Tunisia
X. Z. Gao, Finland
Ying Tan, China
Zong Woo Geem, USA
Monika Jain, India
Rahul Saxena, India
Vaishali Mohite, India
And many more …
Contents
A New Approach for Authorship Attribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

P. Buddha Reddy, T. Raghunadha Reddy, M. Gopi Chand
and A. Venkannababu
Using Aadhaar for Continuous Test-Taker Presence Verification in
Online Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
N. Sethu Subramanian, Sankaran Narayanan, M. D. Soumya,
Nitheeswar Jayakumar and Kamal Bijlani
Determining the Popularity of Political Parties Using Twitter
Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Sujeet Sharma and Nisha P. Shetty
Analysis of Passenger Flow Prediction of Transit Buses Along a Route
Based on Time Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Reshma Gummadi and Sreenivasa Reddy Edara
Smart Fire Safety: Serious Game for Fire Safety Awareness . . . . . . . . . 39
George Jacob, R. Jayakrishnan and Kamal Bijlani
An OpenMP-Based Algorithmic Optimization for Congestion Control
of Network Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Monika Jain, Rahul Saxena, Vipul Agarwal and Alok Srivastava
Comparative Analysis of Frequent Pattern Mining for Large Data
Using FP-Tree and CP-Tree Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
V. Annapoorna, M. Rama Krishna Murty, J. S. V. S. Hari Priyanka
and Suresh Chittineni
Wireless Seatbelt Latch Status Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
S. P. Adithya and O. V. Gnana Swathika
A Study of Various Varieties of Distributed Data Mining
Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Sukriti Paul, Nisha P. Shetty and Balachandra
xiii
xiv Contents
Graph Representation of Multiple Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Sylvia Encheva
Classification Through Discriminant Analysis Over Educational
Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Parag Bhalchandra, Aniket Muley, Mahesh Joshi, Santosh Khamitkar,
Hanumant Fadewar and Pawan Wasnik
Dynamic and Secure Authentication Using IKC for Distributed Cloud
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
M. Ranjeeth Kumar, N. Srinivasu and Lokanatha C. Reddy
Planned Random Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Anurag Pant, Kunwar Agrawal and B. K. Tripathy
Hurst Exponent as a New Ingredient to Parametric Feature Set for
Mental Task Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Akshansh Gupta, Dhirendra Kumar and Anirban Chakraborti
A Crawler–Parser-Based Approach to Newspaper Scraping and
Reverse Searching of Desired Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Ankit Aich, Amit Dutta and Aruna Chakraborty
Impact of Cloud Accountability on Clinical Architecture and
Acceptance of Healthcare System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Biswajit Nayak, Sanjaya Kumar Padhi and Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
A Stability Analysis of Inverted Pendulum System Using
Fractional-Order MIT Rule of MARC Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Deep Mukherjee, Palash Kundu and Apurba Ghosh
KMDT: A Hybrid Cluster Approach for Anomaly Detection
Using Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Santosh Thakur and Ramesh Dharavath
Extraction and Sequencing of Keywords from Twitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Harkirat Singh, Mukesh Kumar and Preeti Aggarwal
A Modular Approach for Social Media Text Normalization . . . . . . . . . 187
Palak Rehan, Mukesh Kumar and Sarbjeet Singh
Author Verification Using Rich Set of Linguistic Features . . . . . . . . . . . 197
A. Bhanu Prasad, S. Rajeswari, A. Venkannababu
and T. Raghunadha Reddy
Deterministic and Randomized Heuristic Algorithms for
Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Soumen Atta, Priya Ranjan Sinha Mahapatra and Anirban Mukhopadhyay
Contents xv
Group Search Optimization Technique for Multi-area Economic

Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Chitralekha Jena, Swati Smaranika Mishra and Bhagabat Panda
Adaptive Control of Aircraft Wing Oscillations with Stiffness and
Damping Nonlinearities in Pitching Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
L. Prabhu and J. Srinivas
Application of Total Least Squares Version of ESPRIT Algorithm for
Seismic Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
G. Pradeep Kamal and S. Koteswara Rao
Metadata-Based Semantic Query in Multilingual Databases . . . . . . . . . 249
Ch. V. S. Satyamurty, J. V. R. Murthy and M. Raghava
A Step Towards Internet Anonymity Minimization: Cybercrime
Investigation Process Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Shweta Sankhwar, Dhirendra Pandey and R. A. Khan
Comparison of Different Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms: A Replicated
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Tusharika Singh and Anjana Gosain
Passive Object Tracking Using MGEKF Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
M. Kavitha Lakshmi, S. Koteswara Rao, K. Subrahmanyam and
V. Gopi Tilak
Instantaneous Time Smoothing in GPS Receivers Using
Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
R. Revathi, K. S. Ramesh, S. Koteswara Rao and K. Uday Kiran
Application of Least Squares Algorithm for Precise GPS Receiver
Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Application of Parametric Methods for Earthquake Precursors Using
GPS TEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
A Fuzzy-Based Modified Gain Adaptive Scheme for Model Reference
Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
A. K. Pal, Indrajit Naskar and Sampa Paul
Early System Test Effort Estimation Automation for Object-Oriented
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Pulak Sahoo, J. R. Mohanty and Debabrata Sahoo
Identification of Coseismic Signatures by Comparing Welch and Burg
Methods Using GPS TEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
K. Uday Kiran, S. Koteswara Rao, K. S. Ramesh and R. Revathi
xvi Contents
Energy-Efficient GPS Usage in Location-Based Applications . . . . . . . . . 345

Joy Dutta, Pradip Pramanick and Sarbani Roy
Group Recommender Systems-Evolutionary Approach Based on
Consensus with Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Ritu Meena
Cryptanalysis of Image Cryptosystem Using Synchronized 4D Lorenz
Stenflo Hyperchaotic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Musheer Ahmad, Aisha Aijaz, Subia Ansari,
Mohammad Moazzam Siddiqui and Sarfaraz Masood
Automatic Text-Line Level Handwritten Indic Script Recognition:
A Two-Stage Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Pawan Kumar Singh, Anirban Mukhopadhyay, Ram Sarkar
and Mita Nasipuri
Weight-Based Secure Approach for Identifying Selfishness Behavior
of Node in MANET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Shoaib Khan, Ritu Prasad, Praneet Saurabh and Bhupendra Verma
Assisting Vehicles Using Cyber-Physical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Navid Anjum Munshi, Chandreyee Chowdhury and Sarmistha Neogy
An Efficient Framework Based on Segmented Block Analysis for
Human Activity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Vikas Tripathi, Durgaprasad Gangodkar, Monika Pandey
and Vishal Sanserwal
Ranked Gene Ontology Based Protein Function Prediction by
Analysis of Protein–Protein Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Kaustav Sengupta, Sovan Saha, Piyali Chatterjee, Mahantapas Kundu,
Mita Nasipuri and Subhadip Basu
Investigation of Optimal Cyclic Prefix Length for 4G
Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Ch. Vijay, G. Sasibhushana Rao and Vinodh Kumar Minchula
High-Density Noise Removal Algorithm for Brain Image Analysis . . . . . 437
Vimala Kumari G, Sasibhushana Rao G and Prabhakara Rao B
A Pragmatic Study and Analysis of Load Balancing Techniques in
Parallel Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Varsha Thakur and Sanjay Kumar
A Novel Segmentation Algorithm for Feature Extraction of Brain
MRI Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Ch. Rajasekhara Rao, M. N. V. S. S. Kumar and G. Sasi Bhushana Rao
Contents xvii
Adaptive Parameter Estimation-Based Drug Delivery System for

Blood Pressure Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Bharat Singh and Shabana Urooj
Mathematical Modeling of Sensitivity and Specificity for Basal Cell
Carcinoma (BCC) Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Sudhakar Singh and Shabana Urooj
Integer Representation and B-Tree for Classification of Text
Documents: An Integrated Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
S. N. Bharath Bhushan, Ajit Danti and Steven Lawrence Fernandes
Switching Angle and Power Loss Calculation for THD Minimization
in CHB-Multilevel Inverter Using DEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Gayatri Mohapatra and Manas Ranjan Nayak
Load Balancing of Unbalanced Matrix with Summation Method . . . . . . 503
Ranjan Kumar Mondal, Payel Ray, Enakshmi Nandi, Biswajit Biswas,
Manas Kumar Sanyal and Debabrata Sarddar
Detection of Outliers Using Interquartile Range Technique from
Intrusion Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
H. P. Vinutha, B. Poornima and B. M. Sagar
A Novel Arbitrary-Oriented Multilingual Text Detection in
Images/Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
H. T. Basavaraju, V. N. Manjunath Aradhya and D. S. Guru
Working with Cassandra Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Saurabh Anand, Pallavi Singh and B. M. Sagar
Learning to Solve Sudoku Problems with Computer Vision Aided
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Tuan T. Nguyen, Sang T. T. Nguyen and Luu C. Nguyen
Combined Effect of Cohort Selection and Decision Level Fusion in a
Face Biometric System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Jogendra Garain, Ravi Kant Kumar, Dipak Kumar, Dakshina Ranjan Kisku
and Goutam Sanyal
Global Stability of Harvested Prey–Predator Model with Infection in
Predator Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Nishant Juneja and Kulbhushan Agnihotri
Flying Ad hoc Networks: A Comprehensive Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Amartya Mukherjee, Vaibhav Keshary, Karan Pandya, Nilanjan Dey
and Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
About the Editors
Suresh Chandra Satapathy, Ph.D. is currently working as Professor and Head

of the Department of CSE, PVPSIT, Vijayawada, India. He was the National
Chairman Div-V (Educational and Research) of the Computer Society of India from
2015 to 2017. A Senior Member of IEEE, he has been instrumental in organizing
more than 18 international conferences in India and has edited more than 30 books
as a corresponding editor. He is highly active in research in the areas of Swarm
Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Mining. He has developed a new opti-
mization algorithm known as social group optimization (SGO) and authored more
than 100 publications in reputed journals and conference proceedings. Currently, he
serves on the editorial board of the journals IGI Global, Inderscience, and Growing
Science.
Joao Manuel R. S. Tavares earned his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engi-
neering in 2001 and his postdoctoral degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2015. He
is a Senior Researcher and Project Coordinator at the Instituto de Ciência e Ino-
vação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Portugal, and an
Associate Professor at the Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto
(FEUP), Portugal. He is the co-editor of more than 35 books, co-author of more
than 550 articles in international and national journals and conferences, and holder
of 3 international and 2 national patents. He is the co-founder and co-editor of the
book series “Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics,” founder
and editor-in-chief of the journal “Computer Methods in Biomechanics and
Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization,” and co-founder and co-chair
of the international conference series: CompIMAGE, ECCOMAS VipIMAGE,
ICCEBS, and BioDental.
Vikrant Bhateja is an Associate Professor in the Department of ECE, SRMGPC,

Lucknow, and also the Head of Academics and Quality Control at the same college.
His areas of research include Digital Image and Video Processing, Computer
Vision, Medical Imaging, Machine Learning, Pattern Analysis, and Recognition.
He has authored more than 120 publications in various international journals and
xix
xx About the Editors
conference proceedings. He is an Associate Editor for the International Journal of

Synthetic Emotions (IJSE) and International Journal of Ambient Computing and
Intelligence (IJACI).
J. R. Mohanty is a Professor and Associate Dean School of Computer Applica-

tions at KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India. He holds a Ph.D. (Computer Sci-
ence) and has 20 years of experience teaching postgraduate students. His key
strengths in research and academia include Database Management Systems,
Operating Systems, Evolutionary Algorithms, Queueing Networks, and Cloud
Computing. He has published a number of research papers in peer-reviewed
international journals and conferences.
A New Approach for Authorship
Attribution
P. Buddha Reddy, T. Raghunadha Reddy, M. Gopi Chand

and A. Venkannababu
Abstract Authorship attribution is a text classification technique, which is used to

find the author of an unknown document by analyzing the documents of multiple
authors. The accuracy of author identification mainly depends on the writing styles
of the authors. Feature selection for differentiating the writing styles of the authors
is one of the most important steps in the authorship attribution. Different researchers
proposed a set of features like character, word, syntactic, semantic, structural, and
readability features to predict the author of a unknown document. Few researchers
used term weight measures in authorship attribution. Term weight measures have
proven to be an effective way to improve the accuracy of text classification. The
existing approaches in authorship attribution used the bag-of-words approach to
represent the document vectors. In this work, a new approach is proposed, wherein
the document weight is used to represent the document vector instead of using
features or terms in the document. The experimentation is carried out on reviews
corpus with various classifiers, and the results achieved for author attribution are
prominent than most of the existing approaches.
Keywords Authorship attribution ⋅ Author prediction ⋅ Term weight measure

BOW approach
P. B. Reddy (✉) ⋅ T. R. Reddy ⋅ M. G. Chand

Department of IT, Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India
T. R. Reddy
M. G. Chand
A. Venkannababu
Department of CSE, Sri Vasavi Engineering College, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1

S. C. Satapathy et al. (eds.), Information and Decision Sciences,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 701,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7563-6_1
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The Law
What is Meant by the Law.—Having outlined the organization
and jurisdiction of the federal courts, the question next arises: What
branches of law do American courts administer? We often speak of
the courts as administering “justice ”, and it is no doubt true that
their decisions usually@ possess the quality of justice; but what the
courts really administer is the law. The law may be just or unjust,
and it is very difficult, if not impossible, for any court to wring justice
out of an unjust law. Where injustice is done, the law and not the
court is in most cases to blame.
The Common Law.—Speaking broadly the How the common
system of jurisprudence which American courts law developed.
administer is made up of three branches, known as common law,
statutory law, and equity. Of these the common law is made up of
various time-honored usages, some of which go back many
hundreds of years. The common law began its growth in mediaeval
England when there were very few written rules, and the courts
found it necessary to decide cases in accordance with the usages or
customs of the people. Gradually these decisions became uniform,
one court following the example of another, until this body of usages
interpreted by judicial decision became “common” or universal
throughout the whole realm of England although it had never been
so established by any action of parliament. Thus the rule developed
that no man should be compelled to testify against himself, that
mere hearsay should not (with certain exceptions) be received as
evidence, that all witnesses should be put upon oath, that questions
of fact should be decided by juries, that agreements to restrain trade
in an unreasonable manner were punishable, and so on.[143] During
several centuries a great body of legal rules developed in this way
and the system of common law was brought by the English colonists
to America, where it speedily took root and was administered by the
colonial courts.[144] After the Revolution it was continued and it still
remains the groundwork of the law in all the states except Louisiana.
Of course it has been gradually modified during the past hundred or
more years by court decisions and by statutes, and it still keeps on
changing.
Statutory Law.—Second, there is statutory law. This is law made
by definite action of the people or their representatives.
Constitutions are in effect statutory law, supreme statutory law.
Laws enacted by the people through the initiative and referendum
are statutory law. Most statutory law, however, Statutes.
consists of laws made by Congress, by the state
legislatures, by city councils, and by other regular lawmaking bodies.
[145]
These enactments supplement or alter the common law. Until a
statute is passed affecting any question, the common law prevails.
Whenever a statute conflicts with a provision of the common law,
the statute prevails. But when ordinary statutes conflict with the
constitution, the constitution prevails. Enormous numbers of statutes
are enacted each year by Congress and the legislatures of the forty-
eight states. They now form the larger part of the whole system of
law.
The Need for Greater Uniformity in Statute Law.—In many
matters of business the fact that the statutes are different in every
one of the forty-eight states is a great disadvantage. When
wholesale dealers sell goods on credit to merchants in far-off states
they want to know just what the laws provide in the matter of
collecting debts. The only way to do this is to enquire into the
statutes of each state where goods are sold. So it is with wills,
contracts, notes, and so on. In some states a will must have three
witnesses; in others only two. The man who endorses a note in one
state assumes greater liabilities than are assumed by endorsers
somewhere else. To remedy this situation there is a strong
movement to secure uniformity among all the states in the case of
certain important statutes (for example, the statutes relating to
sales). A commission of eminent lawyers has been at work for years
preparing uniform laws on various subjects and some of these have
been adopted by the legislatures of many states. A uniform statute
relating to negotiable instruments (notes, bills of exchange, etc.) has
now been adopted by more than forty states, and a uniform sales
act by about a dozen of them.
Equity.—Finally, there is the branch of jurisprudence known as
equity. People think of this word as implying something that is more
just than the law, something which has its roots in the conscience of
the judge rather than in the statute books. But equity as actually
administered in the courts is made up of formal rules which the
judges apply in certain cases without having much discretion in the
matter. The rules of equity are written in books just like the rules of
law, and they are about as precise.
The origin of these rules is an interesting story The origin of equity.
which cannot be narrated here save in the
briefest way. In early England there grew up, side by side with the
common law, a set of unwritten rules administered by the chancellor,
who was called the “keeper of the king’s conscience” and to whom
people could appeal for relief when they felt that they had not
received justice in the courts of common law. At the outset the
chancellor, whose office eventually grew into a Court of Chancery,
decided every case on its own merits; but in due course all cases of
the same kind came to be decided in the same way, and thus a set
of rules or principles was gradually formulated. With further growth
these rules of chancery or equity were gathered together, arranged
logically, put into written form, applied by the English courts,
brought to America in colonial days, retained after the Revolution,
and they continue in force at the present time.
The differences between law and equity are too technical to be
explained here; even lawyers sometimes fail to understand them
thoroughly.[146] Cases in equity often result in the issue of injunctions
and the issue of these injunctions in labor disputes has given rise to
much complaint. (See pp. 407-408.) Both equity and law are usually
administered by the same courts.[147]
Judicial Procedure
The Jury System.—When a legal dispute arises between
individuals or corporations, or when some offence is charged against
a person, there are usually two questions to be decided. The first
question is: What are the facts? What actually took place? The
second question is: What does the law provide with reference to
these facts? If you charge someone with having done you a wrong,
it is not enough to prove your charge; you must also convince the
court that common law, or statutory law, or equity gives you the
right to redress. The first question in most important cases, both
criminal and civil, is decided by a jury; the second question by a
judge.
The Grand Jury.—There are two kinds of How the grand jury
juries, both of which are selected in much the is chosen.
same way, but their functions are quite different. The first is called
the grand jury. It is a body of men, varying from seven to twenty-
three in number, chosen by lot from among the qualified voters of
the county or district, and charged with the duty of investigating
whether crimes have been committed. Evidence is presented to it by
the prosecuting attorney, or the grand jury may make investigations
on its own behalf. It conducts an investigation, Its work.
not a trial. If it decides by a majority vote that
there are reasonable grounds for placing any person on trial, it
submits to the court a true bill or indictment. If it believes that any
conditions within the county or district are wrong and ought to be
remedied, it submits to the court a statement of these conditions,
which is called a presentment. When a person is indicted by a grand
jury, this does not mean that he has been proved guilty but merely
that, in the grand jury’s opinion, he ought to be placed on trial. The
grand jury does not hear the accused person’s side of the case. Its
purpose is to protect individuals from being put to the inconvenience
and humiliation of a public trial unless there are reasonable grounds
for doing this.[148]
The Trial Jury.—The other jury is known as How the trial jury is
the trial jury or petit jury and practically always chosen.
consists of twelve persons. The method of selecting a trial jury is, in
general, as follows: Some public official who is entrusted by the law
with this duty makes a list of the persons who are liable for jury
service. This list is usually compiled from the roll of voters, leaving
off all persons (such as lawyers, physicians, public officials, and so
on) who are exempted by law from jury duty. From this list a certain
number of names, perhaps fifty to a hundred, are then selected,
usually by lot. These individuals are thereupon summoned to court,
where they form what is known as the jury panel. One by one their
names are called in court and the lawyers on either side of the case
are given an opportunity to state their objections.[149] When twelve
persons have been found to whom there is no objection from either
side, these twelve constitute the jury and proceed to hear the facts
of the case. The trial jury, however, may hear Its work.
only such evidence as the judge permits it to
hear, for the question whether any item of evidence can be
permitted is a question of law. The value of the evidence, after the
judge has allowed the jury to hear it, is for the jury to determine.
The usual procedure in a jury trial, therefore, Jury procedure.
is this: When the jury has been chosen and
sworn to decide the issue fairly, the prosecuting attorney (or, in a
civil case, the counsel for the plaintiff) states briefly to the court
what he intends to prove. Then the witnesses for the prosecution, or
for the plaintiff, are called, put upon oath, and questioned. As each
witness finishes his direct testimony the defendant’s counsel takes
him in hand for cross-examination. The purpose of this cross-
examination is to test the witness, to see if he is telling the truth, or
to induce him to say things which will weaken his original testimony.
[150]
When the witnesses for the prosecution have finished, the
witnesses for the defendant are called and they likewise are cross-
examined by the other side. After all the testimony is concluded the
counsel on both sides make addresses to the jury, the judge explains
to the jurymen the points of law bearing on the case, and the jury
retires to consider its verdict. This it does in secret, remaining in a
room which no one is allowed to enter or leave.
In criminal cases the verdict must be Second jeopardy.
unanimous one way or the other; if not, the
case has to be tried all over again.[151] In civil cases unanimous
verdicts are required in some states but not in others. The verdict,
whatever it may be, is reported in open court and is ordinarily
conclusive. In some cases, however, the presiding judge is
empowered to set a unanimous verdict aside and to order a new
trial.[152] Where an accused person is found not guilty by the
unanimous verdict of a jury he may never, under any circumstances,
be placed on trial for the same offence again.[153] If he is found
guilty, on the other hand, he has in most cases the right to appeal,
on points of law, to a higher court.
Value of the Jury System.—The jury system has great value but
also some serious defects. Its value consists in assuring to everyone
a fair determination of the facts by an impartial body of his
neighbors, each one of whom is sworn to decide without fear or
favor. It is a great safeguard against the tyranny of judges and
public officials. On the other hand it makes judicial administration
expensive (for the jurymen have to be paid); it results in making
trials much longer than if the evidence were heard by a judge alone;
and the requirement that verdicts shall be unanimous often results in
no verdict at all. Exemptions from jury service have been given too
freely, so that juries are sometimes made up of men who serve
because they have no other work to do. The others are either
exempted by law or ask to be excused by the court. Prolonged trials
and close confinement make jury service a burden which many
people try to evade. In serious cases the jurymen are sometimes not
permitted to visit their homes for weeks at a time; they sleep in the
courthouse, have their meals under the watchful eye of the sheriff,
and are not permitted to read the newspapers while the trial lasts.
Occasionally we have witnessed the absurd spectacle of a jury kept
under guard while the prisoner was out on bail. Yet with all its faults
the jury system affords a safer method of trying criminal cases than
trial by a judge alone. On the other hand the use of jury trials in civil
cases, particularly where the matters in dispute are not of great
importance, tends to delay the work of the courts. It has been
suggested that all such cases ought to be tried by the judge alone.
The Law’s Delays.—Much complaint is heard nowadays because
lawsuits are so long and involve so much expense. The courts are
often so overwhelmed with cases that a lawsuit which is brought
today cannot be tried for many months. The privilege of appealing
from the decisions of lower courts is so widely granted, moreover,
that when lawsuits are once begun they may not be ended for years.
The claim is often made that all this gives a great advantage to the
rich man or the large corporation as against the ordinary individual
who cannot afford the expense involved in prolonged litigation.
Lawsuits require the hiring of lawyers by both sides and the
assistance of lawyers is costly. Judicial procedure can be much
simplified, and it ought to be. It probably would be simplified were it
not for lawyers. Lawyers profit by the law’s delays; the more lawsuits
and the more prolonged they are, the more profitable it is for them.
And lawyers form a large element in the legislatures which make the
laws relating to court procedure. This is not to imply, however, that
lawyers on the whole fail to promote the interests of justice. They do
perform great services in this respect. The ends of justice would be
far less perfectly served were it not for lawyers.
The main reason for the slowness with which Reasons for these
justice is administered in the United States can delays.
be found in the great (and perhaps unnecessary) amount of care
which is taken to assure every individual his legal rights. This has
multiplied appeals, encouraged technicalities, and given the courts
far too much to do. The right to be given a full and fair trial, to have
a jury in most cases, to appeal, and to have due process of law with
all that this implies—these are rights which the constitution
guarantees and which we greatly value. Valuable they are, no doubt,
but they make the course of justice slower in the United States than
in other countries where these constitutional safeguards do not
exist. A famous Prussian king, Frederick the Great, once ordered that
every lawsuit should be brought to an end within a year. Despots
can make their courts move quickly in this way; but nothing of the
sort is possible in a democracy.
Yet the courts are, when all is said and done, Keep the courts
the most important among the institutions of incorruptible.
free government. Corruption and incompetence in legislatures, or in
the executive branch of the government, are serious evils when they
exist, to be sure; but when incompetence and corruption invade the
judiciary they reach to the very heart of the Republic. The Great
Charter of 1215 provided that “justice should not be sold, delayed,
or denied to any man”. That is a principle which must be maintained
at all costs.
General References
C. A. Beard, American Government and Politics, pp. 294-314; Ibid., Readings in
American Government and Politics, pp. 273-290; 488-508;
Everett Kimball, National Government of the United States, pp. 379-422;
James T. Young, The New American Government and Its Work, pp. 275-297;
W. B. Munro, The Government of the United States, pp. 342-371;
S. E. Baldwin, The American Judiciary, especially pp. 3-124;
J. C. Gray, The Nature and Sources of the Law, pp. 84-112.
Group Problems
1. What can be done to improve the work of the courts? Present
organization of the courts. How cases are brought. Figures concerning the number
of cases. How far are the courts behind in their work? Causes of congestion. Has
the jury system anything to do with it? The right to new trials. The right of appeal.
Other factors which make for delay. The expensiveness of lawsuits. Justice and the
poor. Proposed reforms in judicial procedure. Conclusions. References: S. E.
Baldwin, The American Judiciary, pp. 197-251; 365-373; C. A. Beard, Readings in
American Government and Politics, pp. 500-508; R. H. Smith, Justice and the Poor,
pp. 3-34; C. G. Haines and Bertha Haines, Principles and Problems of Government,
pp. 367-402; American Bar Association, Report on the Reform of Judicial
Procedure (in Journal of the American Bar Association, Vol. VI, pp. 509-527, July,
1920); See also The Cleveland Survey, 1921.
2. The Supreme Court of the United States and its place in the
American scheme of Government. References: W. B. Munro, Government of
the United States, pp. 357-371; P. S. Reinsch, Readings on American Federal
Government, pp. 703-720; C. A. Beard, Readings in American Government and
Politics, pp. 288-290; W. W. Willoughby, The Supreme Court of the United States,
pp. 22-42.
Short Studies
1. The Supreme Court at work. F. J. Haskin, American Government, pp. 325-
336.
2. The practice of declaring laws invalid. C. G. Haines, The American
Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy, pp. 173-184; E. S. Corwin, The Doctrine of Judicial
Review, pp. 1-44.
3. The influence of Supreme Court decisions. P. S. Reinsch, Readings on
American Federal Government, pp. 706-716.
4. Law: its nature and development. Woodrow Wilson, The State, pp. 69-93.
5. The common law. J. C. Carter, Law: Its Origin and Growth, pp. 167-190; J.
C. Gray, The Nature and Sources of the Law, pp. 82-108; 266-292; Sir Frederick
Pollock, The Genius of the Common Law, pp. 1-26.
6. Trial by jury. S. E. Baldwin, The American Judiciary, pp. 184-196.
7. Criminal procedure. Ibid., pp. 226-251.
8. The law’s delays. C. A. Beard, Readings in American Government and
Politics, pp. 500-505.
9. Justice and the poor. R. H. Smith, Justice and the Poor, pp. 41-59.
10. The courts and democracy. J. H. Tufts, Our Democracy, pp. 255-267.
Questions
1. Is it essential that a country with a government like that of the United States
should have some body vested with the power to declare laws unconstitutional?
Why or why not?
2. Under what circumstances might a murder case come to the Supreme Court?
3. Tell in each case whether the following controversies would come up in the
federal or the state courts and give your reasons: (a) a man charged with murder
on an American ship at sea; (b) a suit between the Standard Oil Company of New
Jersey and the Ford Motor Company of Michigan; (c) a suit brought by Nicholas
Nickleby, a citizen of Illinois, against the State of New York; (d) a charge of
embezzlement brought against the cashier of a national bank; (e) a complaint
against a railroad conductor for assaulting a passenger at a railroad station in
Pennsylvania; (f) a charge against a foreign ambassador; (g) a suit brought by a
citizen of Massachusetts against a citizen of California for non-payment of a note.
4. What are the subordinate federal courts? How are they organized? How are
judges appointed and for what terms? How are they removed?
5. Describe all the steps in a criminal trial by jury, from arrest to conviction.
6. Explain the following terms, using a dictionary where needed: plaintiff; jury
panel; venireman; demurrer; second jeopardy; appellate jurisdiction; writ of
habeas corpus; affidavit; cross-examination; peremptory challenge; counsel for
the defendant.
7. Why should not every voter be required to do jury service when his turn
comes? What classes of citizens are exempted in your state? Do you think that
these exemptions are justified? Is it right that women should be called on for jury
service? Are there any cases in which they should not serve?
8. To what extent should the right of appeal be limited?
9. If a person is found not guilty and a few days later confesses that he actually
did commit the crime with which he was charged, he cannot be placed on trial
again. Do you think this is right? Why does this rule exist?
10. What suggestions can you make for the prevention of existing delays in the
administration of justice?
Topics for Debate
1. The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional should be
taken away.
2. Trial by jury should be abolished in civil cases.
3. The loser in a law suit should not be compelled to pay all the winner’s costs,
including his lawyer’s fees.
CHAPTER XVII
NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION
The purpose of this chapter is to show what nature has done for the United
States, and to explain the relation between national prosperity and natural
resources.
The Things that Make a Nation Great.— The source of

Three things have contributed greatly to the America’s
upbuilding of the American nation. The first is greatness:
the wide extent, the richness, and the varied character of American
territory. The United States is not only a vast country, surpassed in
area by very few other countries of the world, but it possesses great
natural advantages. It contains, as will be seen 1. The land and its
presently, extensive regions which are well- resources.
suited for almost every form of human activity, including agriculture
in all its branches, manufacture, mining, forestry, transportation, and
trade. It is abundantly provided with natural harbors and waterways.
In soil and climate there is great variety. No other country of the
world can produce so many different things under such favorable
conditions.
But it is not enough that a country shall have 2. The initiative and
natural resources. It must have a people with industry of its
initiative and industry to develop them. The people.
American people have spent three centuries at the task of making
the land yield its increase and they have much to show for it.
Originally, for the most part, of Anglo-Saxon stock, the population
has been enriched by the addition of immigrants from every country
of the old world. This mingling of many races into one people has
given the nation vigor and versatility. It has helped to develop
among the American people that alert and progressive spirit which is
one of their most valued characteristics; it has also given strength to
democratic ideals.
The enduring greatness of a nation does not 3. The national
depend, however, upon its material deals.
achievements alone. It cannot be measured by figures of population
and wealth. What a nation contributes to the progress and
permanence of civilization depends not only upon its economic
prosperity but in an even greater degree upon its spiritual and
intellectual strength. This vast land, so richly endowed by nature and
with its riches so fully utilized by man, has won and can retain its
foremost place among the nations of the world by promoting justice
and contentment among its people, upholding the reign of law,
diffusing education among all, and holding true to the ideals of
democratic government.
The Land.—Soil is the fundamental resource Importance of the
of any country. Its fertility determines, in large soil.
measure, the size of the population that can be supported. It is
probable that more than thirty per cent of the American people are
today engaged in earning their living from the soil; at any rate the
whole population is in one way or another dependent upon it. From
the soil comes almost our entire food supply.
Outside the original thirteen states practically The land of the
the entire area of the country has been at some country is privately
period in the hands of the national government owned.
as part of the public domain.[154] By far the greater part of it,
however, has been sold or granted into private ownership. In the
course of this disposal many corporations and individuals managed
to obtain large tracts of land for very little outlay, because careful
attention was not always given to the administration of the land
laws; nevertheless the policy of selling land cheaply and giving it
free to settlers helped to build up the great Western territories. Out
of a public domain which at one time or another included nearly
two-thirds of the entire United States only six hundred million acres
now remain in the federal government’s hands. Most of this is
desert, mountain land, or land that is otherwise unfit for cultivation.
The Need of Conservation.—So long as land remained plentiful
and natural resources seemed to be abundant, very little thought
was given to the possibility that some day both of these things
would become scarce. The land in some parts of the country was
exhausted by wasteful methods of cultivation and then abandoned.
There are thousands of abandoned farms in the Some examples of
New England states. Coal, iron, and copper were wasted wealth.
mined in ways that permitted enormous wastage. Through
negligence much of our forest wealth was destroyed by fire. By the
beginning of the twentieth century it began to dawn upon the
people that the natural resources of the country were rapidly melting
away, that practically all the good land was gone, while the natural
resources in the way of coal and timber were being so wastefully
used that they would both be exhausted within relatively few
decades unless something were done to conserve them. Accordingly
a movement for the conservation of natural resources was started
and since 1900 it has made considerable progress both in securing
the passage of laws and in the education of the public to the
urgency of the situation.
SCIENCE REVEALING THE TREASURES

OF THE EARTH
By Edwin A. Abbey
From a mural painting in the Pennsylvania State
Capitol at Harrisburg.
In this picture the artist portrays an open coal mine
into which several mine-workers are descending. They
are stalwart, young, artless pioneers, eager for
discovery. They impart dramatic energy and realism to
the picture.
Science is pointing the way. She is accompanied by
Fortune, the latter blindfolded and tiptoeing on her
wheel. Grasping Fortune’s right hand is Abundance,
with an overflowing cornucopia, or horn of plenty, on
her shoulder. These mythological figures lend the
picture its symbolism.
The artist portrays a great truth. Human labor,
wisely guided by science, has found fortune and
abundance in the mines and quarries of the earth.
SCIENCE REVEALING THE TREASURES OF THE EARTH. By

Edwin A. Abbey
Copyright by Edwin A. Abbey. From a Copley Print, copyright

by Curtis & Cameron, Boston. Reproduced by permission.]
What Conservation Means.—Conservation Conservation means

means three things: First, 1. Retention. three things:
that public lands still in the
hands of the nation and the states shall not be thoughtlessly turned
over to private corporations and individuals for their own profit, but
shall be administered so far as practicable by the public authorities
for the benefit of the whole country; second, 1. Retention.
that such portions of our timber, coal, oil, and
mineral resources as have already passed into private hands shall be
so regulated by law as to prevent their wasteful exploitation; and
third, that the government shall do its best to 3. Replacement.
encourage the replacement of such natural
resources as can be replaced (for example, by the reforesting of land
and the restocking of lakes with fish).
The Mines.—No country can ever become Coal and iron.
great in industry unless it has ready access to
minerals, especially iron and coal. It was the possession of iron and
coal in great quantities that served to make England during the
nineteenth century the industrial leader of Europe. Various regions of
the United States possess these great stores of mineral wealth and
have made good use of them. There is one great difference between
mineral resources and other natural resources, namely, that when
minerals are once taken from the earth there is no way of renewing
them. Soil can be replenished, and forests regrown; but minerals
form an endowment which, when once drawn from the bowels of
the earth, can never be replaced. Hence the urgent need for a policy
of conserving these important sources of national wealth. Coal and
iron, while they are the natural resources upon which the growth of
industry mainly depends, are not the only forms of wealth drawn
from below the surface of the ground in this country. In the mining
of silver and gold the United States is one of the Other minerals.
foremost among the various producing
countries. Copper, lead, oil, zinc, aluminum, quicksilver, and other
natural materials are also taken from the earth in large quantities
each year.
The Conservation of Coal, Oil, and The earlier practice.
Minerals.—Until about fifty years ago, land
containing coal or other mineral resources was sold and granted by
the government like any other lands. The individual or corporation
became the owner of whatever wealth might happen to lie beneath
the surface. In this way an enormous amount of wealth was
practically given away. It was not until a few years ago that the
government decided to reserve for itself all coal and minerals which
might be discovered in lands given to settlers. The present coal
But this action came too late, for most of the situation.
coal-bearing lands had already passed into private ownership. By its
failure to take due thought for the morrow the government had sold,
for a few dollars per acre, what might have been a source of
enormous revenue. If the practice of reserving the right to all coal,
oil, and minerals in granted lands had been adopted in 1810 instead
of in 1910 the value of these rights today would be greater than the
entire national debt.
A large and steady supply of coal is of the utmost value to
industry; in fact modern industry depends upon it. Yet when coal is
once taken out and burned it cannot be replaced; there is only so
much of it in the country and when that is gone there will be no
more. It took nature many millions of years to produce the coal that
is there now. At the present rate of increase in yearly consumption
all the coal that is known to exist in the United States will be gone in
about one hundred and fifty years. Some saving can be made by the
use of oil and water power. Some economies in mining and in the
use of coal are also possible. But these will hardly avail to prevent
the ultimate exhaustion of the supply. At best we can only set that
day a bit further off.
Speaking of oil, the amount of crude Conservation of oil.
petroleum or fuel oil now actually known to be
available in the United States will be exhausted in less than fifty
years if the present rate of consumption is maintained. There is
every likelihood that this rate of consumption will be increased owing
to the greater use of gasoline and kerosene for motor power. Large
quantities of oil, however, are, available in Mexico. Within recent
years it has been hoped that, with the progress of mechanical
appliances, it will be practicable to obtain oil from shale rock.
The Forests.—When the first European The wastage of our
settlers came to America, the colonists forest wealth.
depended heavily upon the forests. From the woods they obtained
timber for their houses and barns, wood for fuel and, by hunting, a
considerable part of their food supply. In all stages of civilization
men have depended upon the forests to satisfy many of their
diversified wants. Nowadays steel has taken the place of timber in
the construction of buildings and ships; coal and oil have largely
replaced wood as fuel; the days when men subsisted by hunting are
past; and mankind is no longer so heavily dependent upon the
forests as in the olden days. Yet the forests of America are still a
great source of wealth even though the timber resources have been
heavily drawn upon during the past hundred years. This is one of the
natural resources which has been wastefully used and it is only in
recent years that attention has been given to conserving what is left
of it. The forests are needed, not only as a source of timber supply,
but in order to preserve the fertility of the soil and to retain in it the
moisture which is otherwise evaporated or run off.
The Conservation of Timber.—In the days The earlier practice.
when so much of the land was covered with
timber the chief concern was to get it out of the way so that the
ground could be used for agriculture. No one seemed to realize that
the day would ever come when forest land would be more valuable
than corn land. Before 1878 the national government sold off many
million acres of valuable forest land at low prices to individuals and
corporations and they, in turn, used it in whatever ways would yield
the largest profit to themselves. By the Timber The Timber and
and Stone Act of 1878, however, it was provided Stone Act, 1878.
that only a limited area of government land containing timber or
stone could be sold to any one person or corporation and then only
at a higher price than agricultural land. But even this did not prove a
sufficient measure of waste-prevention, and in 1891 Congress
adopted the policy of withdrawing large areas of government forest
land from the market altogether. These tracts Forest reserves.
were set aside as national forest reservations
and today there are about one hundred and fifty million acres set
apart to ensure the country’s future supply of timber. The national
government is also permitted to buy from private owners forest
lands in the watersheds of navigable streams in order to protect the
natural flow in such waterways. The administration of all the forest
reservations is in the hands of the United States Forest Service,
which forms part of the Department of Agriculture.
The area of timber land owned by the states, Forest policy of the
by corporations, and by individuals is very much states.
greater than that contained in the national reservations. It is here,
moreover, that the greatest amount of waste is taking place. Forest
fires, most of which are due to carelessness, burn up enormous
quantities of timber every year. The states which still possess
considerable forest resources, such as New York, Minnesota, and
California, are also adopting the policy of creating reservations and
everywhere more effective measures are being taken to prevent
destruction by forest fires. These measures include the maintenance
of fire patrols, the construction of fire-breaks on the ridges of hills,
the clearing out of underbrush, and the stricter supervision of
camping parties.
Timber, fortunately, is a natural resource which can be replaced.
Lands which have been cut-over can be reforested and used to
supply timber for future generations. Large trees take a long time to
mature, however, and the lands which are being planted with
seedlings today will not be yielding material for the sawmill until the
middle of the twentieth century has faded into the past. Both the
national and state governments are now reforesting on a large scale.
To some extent private corporations and individuals have followed
their lead.
Other Natural Resources.—All the nation’s Harbors, lakes, and
wealth does not come, however, from the fields, waterways.
the mines, and the forests. In fisheries America leads the entire
world. The harbors and the waterways of the country are as
important to commerce as the soil is to agriculture. No other country
is better provided with natural harbors, lakes, and navigable rivers
than the United States. All the largest cities are located upon them,
and were it not for the waterways, we would not have the great
cities. Run over in your mind the ten or fifteen largest cities of the
United States and see if you can name any that are not situated on
one of the oceans, the Great Lakes, the great navigable rivers, or on
the Gulf of Mexico. It is not a mere accident that none of the great
industrial centers are without facilities for trade by water. Geography,
not man, determines for the most part the situation of all great
industrial communities. Water power is another natural heritage.
From the giant Niagara to the smallest cataract, Water power.
thousands of these water powers have been
harnessed and made to function as the servant of man, running
factories and generating electricity. Water power does the work of
coal.[155] Its presence has often determined the location of large
industries.
Geography and the Future.—From what How geography
has been said in the last four sections it will thus determines a
be seen that natural resources are a great factor nation’s progress.
in determining the progress and prosperity of a nation. No amount
of intelligence and industry on the part of the The energy of man
people will ensure rapid economic progress if cannot replace the
they occupy a country which lacks a fertile soil, bounty of nature.
is devoid of minerals, possesses no forests or fisheries, and is
deficient in natural harbors and waterways. Man can do much, but
his powers are limited without the aid of nature. Animals and plants
can be carried from one part of the world to another and made to
thrive in their new environment; but mineral resources were laid
down many millions of years ago in certain definite places and there
they have stayed. A country which has no mineral resources cannot
create them by the genius or industry of its people. On the other
hand, if great natural resources are at hand, progress becomes
merely a question of applying human intelligence and industry to
these resources. The rise of the American nation to its present
position, therefore, is not surprising, although it has taken a
relatively short period of time. It is the joint result of nature’s bounty
and man’s efficiency. To which of these we owe the larger share of
the nation’s progress no one can say. If the country had lacked
either, it could not have progressed in any such measure during the
past three hundred years.
The same things have been true of other Natural resources
countries. England, during the greater part of and national power.
the nineteenth century, was the leading industrial country of the
world. This was unquestionably due not only to the enterprise of
Englishmen but to the great natural resources of the country in coal
and iron. When Germany defeated France in 1870 she took away
from the French certain territories which were rich in minerals. With
the aid of these materials Germany in the course of fifty years was
able to become a great industrial power. Now, as the result of the
World War, the French have recovered these territories and we may
look for a marked revival in the industries of France. During the
peace negotiations more importance was attached to small areas of
coal and mineral lands than to whole provinces of agricultural land.
As the mineral resources of older countries become exhausted it is
altogether likely that industrial supremacy will pass with them. New
countries, which today have unexplored possibilities in coal and iron,
will then have their turn in industrial prominence. Who knows where
the balance of industrial power will be lodged a hundred years
hence. China, for aught we know, may be the chief manufacturing
country of the world in the twenty-first century. If we knew exactly
how long the natural resources of Europe and America will hold out,
and if we knew also just how much mineral wealth there is in the Far
East, we could predict these things with reasonable certainty.
Certain it is, at any rate, that the past history How geography will
of America has been determined, in no small influence the future
degree, by geographical conditions. The same progress of
America.
factors are likely to influence the future. The
country is becoming less agricultural, less dependent upon the soil.
As it becomes more industrial our dependence upon its other natural
resources, upon coal, iron, oil, copper, timber, and water power must
necessarily increase. The commerce of the country keeps on
growing, and with this growth the reliance of the nation upon its
harbors and waterways will inevitably become greater. As population
expands there will be a heavier demand upon the food supply and
the time will doubtless come when the United States will have no
food for export. Indeed the day may arrive when agricultural
products will have to be imported from outside. All this points to the
need for emphasis upon conservation. It means that we should
avoid all wastage of natural resources. The fertility of the soil should
be preserved by scientific methods of agriculture. The mineral
wealth of the country should be utilized in such a way as to give the
greatest advantage over the longest period of time. We must
reforest our unused lands. Harbors and waterways should be
developed to aid commerce. If these things are done, America can
face the future with confidence.
General References
Gregory, Keller, and Bishop, Physical and Commercial Geography of the United
States, pp. 252-350;
A. P. Brigham, Geographic Influences in American History, especially pp. 70-104;
E. C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, pp. 51-71;
O. W. Price, The Land We Live In, pp. 99-138;
N. S. Shaler, Man and the Earth, pp. 1-19;
C. R. Van Hise, The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States,
especially pp. 263-306;
T. N. Carver, Sociology and Social Progress, pp. 174-270 (The Influence Exerted
by Physical Laws over the Organization of Society and the Character of Individuals,
by T. H. Buckle); Ibid., Principles of National Economy, pp. 3-14; 123-152;
C. A. Beard, American Government and Politics, pp. 405-416; Ibid., Readings in
American Government and Politics, pp. 368-374;
P. S. Reinsch, Readings in American Federal Government, pp. 538-589;
M. H. Gregory, Checking the Waste, pp. 42-85;
Isaac Lippincott, Economic Development of the United States, pp. 149-182.
Isaiah Bowman, The New World: Problems in Political Geography (see index).
Group Problems
1. The civilization of the future as determined by the exhaustion and
development of natural resources. When European and American resources in
coal, oil, and iron give out, what substitutes can be used and to what extent?
What countries have the resources to enable them to forge ahead when that time
comes? Show the connection between industrial progress and each type of natural
wealth. Consider whether there is any way in which a country may keep its
industrial supremacy despite the exhaustion of natural wealth. References:
Encyclopedia Britannica; Statesman’s Year Book; Gregory, Keller, and Bishop,
Physical and Commercial Geography, especially pp. 252-350; 384-394; C. R. Van
Hise, The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States, especially pp.
359-379; H. T. Buckle, History of Civilization in England, Vol. I (1868 edition), pp.
39-151; Isaiah Bowman, The New World, passim.
2. Conservation and its apostles, especially President Roosevelt.
References: H. R. Burch, American Economic Life, pp. 101-108; C. R. Van Hise,
The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United Stales, pp. 1-14; 359-379;
Ely, Hess, Leith, and Carver, Foundations of National Prosperity, pp. 19-20; Gifford
Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation, pp. 40-70; Theodore Roosevelt, Autobiography,
pp. 408-436.
3. The coal industry: its past, present, and future. References: W. J.
Nicolls, The Story of American Coal; Peter Roberts, The Anthracite Coal Industry,
pp. 3-16; 212-227; Ely, Hess, Leith, and Carver, The Foundations of National
Prosperity, pp. 191-209.
Short Studies
1. The relation of human progress to geographic conditions. Gregory,
Keller, and Bishop, Physical and Commercial Geography, pp. 126-179; T. H. Buckle,
History of Civilization, I, pp. 174-270.
2. What are the fundamental factors in national prosperity? T. N. Carver,
Principles of National Economy, pp. 3-15; Isaac Lippincott, Economic Development
of the United States, pp. 14-34.
3. American forest reservations. H. D. Boerker, Our National Forests, pp.
170-232; O. W. Price, The Land We Live In, pp. 65-98; Ernest Bruncken, North
American Forests and Forestry (1900), pp. 161-182; U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Circulars.
4. The oil situation. David White, in the Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science (May, 1920); C. R. Van Hise, The Conservation of
Natural Resources in the United States, pp. 47-61.
5. The growth of the iron and steel industry. H. N. Casson, The Romance of
Steel, pp. 1-26; 72-100; J. R. Smith, The Story of Iron and Steel, pp. 108-126;
Andrew Carnegie, Autobiography, pp. 130-197.
6. The conservation of water power. C. R. Van Hise, Conservation of Natural
Resources in the United States, pp. 144-161.
7. The conservation of iron and copper. Ely, Hess, Leith, and Carver,
Foundations of National Prosperity, pp. 210-231.
8. The settlement and use of the national domain. Albert Shaw, Political
Problems of American Development, pp. 87-115.
9. The homestead system. C. R. Van Hise, Conservation of Natural Resources
in the United States, pp. 279-287; G. M. Stephenson, The Political History of the
Public Lands, pp. 190-245.
10. The reclamation of desert and swamp lands. H. R. Burch, American
Economic Life, pp. 93-99.
Questions
1. Mark on an outline map the chief geographical divisions of the United States.
State the chief characteristics of each.
2. Locate on the map the chief agricultural areas, the chief mining districts, the
chief industrial centers, and the chief harbors of the United States.
3. Why do the great railroads of the United States run east and west rather than
north and south?
4. Do you approve of granting free lands to bona fide settlers? Under what
restrictions?
5. Mark on the map the location of (a) the principal coal areas; (b) the principal
oil-bearing areas; (c) the national forests.
6. Show what natural resources are utilized in the building of a house, from
cellar to garret, and tell what section of the United States is the largest center of
production for (a) oak timber; (b) glass; (c) steel beams; (d) electric wire; (e)
sewer pipe.
7. Name the harbors of the United States in the order of their (a) natural
advantages; (b) commercial importance.
8. Compare the general geographical advantages of North and South America.
To what extent has the difference in the relative economic progress of the two
continents been due to geographical differences?
9. Which do you regard as the more urgent need at the present day: the
conservation of timber or of coal or of oil? Give your reasons.
10. Compare the relative geographical advantages of the following cities:
Pittsburgh, Detroit, Atlanta, San Francisco, Baltimore.
Topics for Debate
1. The United States should adopt a rental system for all public lands on which
there are mineral resources or water powers.
2. The United States should insist upon free access to foreign natural resources
(for example, in Mexico).
CHAPTER XVIII
THE AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS
The purpose of this chapter is to show the large part which agriculture
plays in the life of the country and to discuss briefly some of the problems of
agriculture today.
Importance of American Agriculture.—Agriculture has always

been the most important single industry in the United States. It was
at one time practically the sole occupation of the The crops in earlier
people; even today it directly or indirectly days.
engages the attention of more than half the adult male workers of
the country. In colonial days the chief task of the people was to raise
a food supply sufficient for themselves. Corn was their principal crop,
the colonists having learned from the Indians the methods of
cultivating it. Corn had the advantage of being well suited to the soil
and climate; besides it grows well even in partially cleared land. But
in colonial days and even for a time after the Revolution the country
did not produce much grain beyond its own needs. The production
of large quantities for export came with the opening up of the great
agricultural areas of the West.
Types of Agricultural Activity.—American 1. Mixed farming.
agriculture has developed, during the past three
hundred years, in five or six different directions. The earliest settlers
in the northern colonies devoted themselves to general or mixed
farming, in other words to the raising of grain, hay, and cattle on the
same tract of land. This was because the environment and needs of
the northern region alike favored this method. Mixed farming has
continued to be the mainstay of agriculture east of the Alleghenies;
in some measure it has spread to other parts of the country as well.
A second type of agriculture, almost from the 2. Staple or
very outset, made progress in the South. This plantation farming.
involved the raising of certain staple products, such as rice, tobacco,
sugar, and cotton on large plantations. The soil, climate, and general
environment of the southern colonies all lent themselves to this type
of agriculture and it eventually spread itself over the whole region.
Cotton in time out-stripped the other staples and became king of the
whole South. This was largely because the invention of the cotton
gin, an appliance for removing the seeds from the fibre, greatly
reduced the cost of preparing cotton for the market. The scarcity of
free labor to work these great plantations led to the importation of
negro slaves and the institution of slavery had a profound effect
upon the subsequent course of American history. Since the
emancipation of the negroes, the plantation system has remained
although many of the larger tracts have been broken up into small
holdings.
The opening of the Middle West and 3. Cereal growing.
Mississippi Valley brought in a third form of
agricultural activity, namely, the production of cereals (such as corn,
wheat, oats, rye, and barley) on great tracts of prairie land. This
form of agricultural production received a great impetus from the
invention of labor-saving machinery, notably the power-reaper. The
region of extensive cereal production today includes the Middle
West, the Northwest, and the Mississippi Valley, making the richest
grain-growing area in the world.
LAND REGIONS
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
LAND REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES

The great geographical regions of the United States
are indicated by this map. Starting from the East we
have the Atlantic Plains and, just behind them, the
Eastern Plateaus running north and south. Then come
the Appalachian Mountains and the Allegheny
Plateaus, followed, still further westward, by the Lake
Plains, the Prairie Plains, and the Great Plains.
Southward, fringing the Gulf of Mexico, are the Gulf
Plains. To the far west are three great land regions,
namely, the Rocky Mountain area, the Western
Plateaus, and the Pacific Slope.
This map should be used in connection with
Question 1 (page 354).
As the frontier rolled westward to the foothills 4. Cattle raising.
of the Rocky Mountains a fourth type of
agriculture—using the term in its wider sense—began to make rapid
strides. This was the stock-raising industry, the production of horned
cattle and sheep on large tracts of grazing land or ranches. This
branch of agricultural activity has made its greatest progress in the
Middle Southwest and upon the upland states just east of the
Rockies (Montana, Wyoming, etc.). Cattle are raised on the ranches,
then shipped to the corn belt where they are fattened before being
sent to the abattoirs at St. Louis and Chicago.[156]
Other branches of agriculture which have Miscellaneous
developed largely within the past half century activities.
are dairying, market gardening, and fruit growing. These activities
are not confined to any one section of the country but to a
considerable extent are carried on everywhere. Dairying and market
gardening have made most progress within convenient distance of
the large cities, although improved transportation facilities in the
way of air-cooled and refrigerator cars now permit the shipment of
dairy and garden produce over long distances.
From all this it can be seen that when one speaks of the interests
of agriculture a great many different things are included. The
agriculture of the United States is diversified to an extent that is
found in no other country.
The Value of American Agricultural Size of the various
Products.—The largest cereal crop produced in crops.
the United states is corn; the total in some years runs as high as
three billion bushels. This is more than twice the amount of corn
grown in all the rest of the world. Oats come next, with about one
and one-half billion bushels in the best years, and wheat third, with
a round billion or thereabouts. Cotton is the largest staple crop, with
an annual yield of from ten to fifteen billion bales, each bale
containing five hundred pounds. Of this nearly half is exported. More
than twelve million cattle are received each year at the great
abattoirs, besides an equal number of sheep and twice as many
hogs.
The value of this enormous agricultural production, if stated in
dollars and cents, would be misleading because prices change from
year to year; the fluctuations are often considerable within a very
short period of time.[157] But in any case the contribution which
agriculture makes to the yearly income of the nation is enormous.
Upon it the national prosperity depends in a very great measure.
American Agriculture and the War.— How the war
American agriculture had a very important part stimulated American
in winning the World War. As this great struggle food production.
progressed the task of providing food for the Allied armies and for
the civilian populations became month by month more difficult. Men
were drawn off the farms of Europe to fight and the fields went
uncultivated; practically the whole of Belgium and a considerable
part of France were in the hands of the enemy; no supplies could be
drawn from remote parts of the world such as Australia, South
America, or the Far East because the available ships were needed to
carry troops and munitions; so the American farmer had to speed up
production in order to save the situation. When America entered the
war the Allies had practically reached the end of their resources in
foodstuffs; their populations were living under a rigid system of food
rationing. Under the stimulation of this great emergency American
agriculture rose to the occasion and the increased production of
foodstuffs, together with the savings which were made through the
observance of “wheatless” and “meatless” days enabled the United
States not only to maintain an army of two million soldiers in France
but to contribute largely to the food supplies of the Allied armies and
civilian populations as well. The supply trains which fed the
American army in France (and never on a single day did they fail to
reach the front), started from Kansas City and Chicago, not from
Brest or Havre. The American farmer was the great factor in this
service of supply.
A Peculiarity of Agricultural Production— An example of
The Law of Diminishing Returns.—There is increasing returns.
one fundamental feature in which agriculture differs from industry.
In industry, as a rule, the more labor and capital you apply the
greater the amount of the produce. Many industries, indeed, are so
constituted that by applying additional capital and labor you obtain
more than proportionate returns. Take the book-binding industry, for
example. A small shop, employing three men, might bind and stamp
two hundred books per day at a cost of twenty cents per book. But a
large establishment, employing a hundred workers with modern
machinery can easily put through many thousand books at half the
cost per volume. A manufacturer, if he is wise, finds out what
branches of his business are most profitable. Then he applies more
capital and labor in that direction so as to increase his earnings, and
devotes less attention to the things which cannot be made so
profitably. This is known as production under the law of increasing
returns.
But in agriculture the situation is quite different. Any farmer or
ranchman will tell you, if you ask him, that some of his land is better
than the rest and yields him greater profit for the capital and labor
applied to it. But if you thereupon suggest to him that he should
devote all his attention to this particular piece of land, and neglect
the rest, he would think very poorly of your intelligence. And rightly
so, for if he applied more labor and capital to his An illustration of
best land, he would not be sure of getting a decreasing returns.
crop-increase in proportion; on the contrary, he would be quite safe
in saying that, after a certain point, his extra labor and capital would
bring him less than proportionate returns. An investment of ten
dollars per acre may result in a crop of fifteen bushels per acre. It is
very doubtful whether by applying twenty dollars worth of capital
and labor to the land this yield could be doubled and it is quite
certain that it could not be trebled by spending thirty dollars per acre
on the land. In other words, agriculture is carried on, for the most
part, under the law of diminishing returns, which may be briefly
defined by saying that, “if at any given time, the amount of labor
and capital applied to agricultural land is increased beyond a certain
point, the increased investment will yield less than proportionate
returns”. If this were not the case, no one would ever cultivate the
poorer lands. We would raise our entire crops from the most fertile
tracts. The point at which the returns will begin to diminish can
never be exactly fixed, for improvements in the methods of
agriculture may place it further ahead. These improved methods also
bring into cultivation lands which otherwise would not be utilized.
Another Peculiarity of Agriculture—Limitations on Division
of Labor.—In one other fundamental feature there is a difference
between agriculture and industry. In industry, as will be seen
presently, the individual worker confines his attention to one
operation in the process of production. He does not make a shoe,
but only part of a shoe. But in agriculture, this division of labor
cannot be carried so far. The workers engaged Why division of
in agriculture cannot be ploughmen, sowers, labor does not
reapers, or threshers only; they must take a apply to
agriculture.
hand at all these things when the time comes.
This is because the tasks connected with agriculture change with the
seasons. Agricultural labor must, therefore, be much more versatile
than labor employed in large-scale industry. Most industries,
moreover, are able to run along at an even pace throughout the
year, affording steady employment to a fixed number of workers. But
in most forms of agriculture, the amount of labor required is much
greater at some seasons of the year than at others, thus giving the
farmer a labor problem of great difficulty to contend with.
The Exhaustion of the Soil.—The The chemical
agricultural production of the country depends elements in soil.
upon the fertility of the soil. Agricultural soil contains various
chemical properties which are exhausted by long-continued
cropping, particularly if only one type of produce is grown. These
chemical elements are, more particularly, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potash. Some crops draw chiefly upon one of these chemical
elements and some upon the others. Wheat and corn take large
amounts of nitrogen from the soil, while potatoes draw a larger
proportion of potash. The exhaustion of the soil is prevented in two
ways, first by rotation of crops and, second, by the use of fertilizers.
Rotation of crops involves the growing of different products in
successive years, such as wheat, potatoes, and hay. It is not always
practicable. Fertilization involves the putting of Fertilization.
chemical elements back into the soil. It may be
effected by the use of natural manure or artificial fertilizers or by

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Proceedings of First International Conference on

Proceedings of the International Congress on

Proceedings of International Conference on ICT for

Proceedings of International Conference on ICT for

Proceedings of the Second International Conference on

Proceedings of the International Conference on Data

Smart Computing and Informatics Proceedings of the

Smart Intelligent Computing and Applications

Suresh Chandra Satapathy

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Information and Decision

Joao Manuel R. S. Tavares J. R. Mohanty

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

This book is a collection of high-quality peer-reviewed research papers presented at

Vijayawada, India Dr. Suresh Chandra Satapathy

Transport and Hospitality Chairs

Session Management Chairs

Special Session Chairs

Technical Program Committee/International Reviewer Board

Charan S. G., India

Suberna Kumar, India

A New Approach for Authorship Attribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Graph Representation of Multiple Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Group Search Optimization Technique for Multi-area Economic

Energy-Efﬁcient GPS Usage in Location-Based Applications . . . . . . . . . 345

Adaptive Parameter Estimation-Based Drug Delivery System for

Suresh Chandra Satapathy, Ph.D. is currently working as Professor and Head

Vikrant Bhateja is an Associate Professor in the Department of ECE, SRMGPC,

conference proceedings. He is an Associate Editor for the International Journal of

J. R. Mohanty is a Professor and Associate Dean School of Computer Applica-

P. Buddha Reddy, T. Raghunadha Reddy, M. Gopi Chand

Abstract Authorship attribution is a text classiﬁcation technique, which is used to

Keywords Authorship attribution ⋅ Author prediction ⋅ Term weight measure

P. B. Reddy (✉) ⋅ T. R. Reddy ⋅ M. G. Chand

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1

The Things that Make a Nation Great.— The source of

SCIENCE REVEALING THE TREASURES

SCIENCE REVEALING THE TREASURES OF THE EARTH. By

Copyright by Edwin A. Abbey. From a Copley Print, copyright

What Conservation Means.—Conservation Conservation means

Importance of American Agriculture.—Agriculture has always

LAND REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES

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