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INTEGR ATED PRINC IPLES OF
SEVENTEENTH EDITION
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.

WASHINGT ON AND LEE UNI VER SI T Y
Susan L. Keen
UNI VER SI T Y OF C ALIFORNI A–DAV IS
David J. Eisenhour
MOREHE AD STAT E UNI VER SI T Y
Allan Larson
WASHINGT ON UNI VER SI T Y
Helen I’Anson
WASHINGT ON AND LEE UNI VER SI T Y
Original Artwork by
WILLIAM C. OBER, M.D.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
and
CLAIRE W. OBER, B.A.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, SEVENTEENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2014, 2011, and
2008. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not
limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hickman, Cleveland P., Jr., author.

Title: Integrated principles of zoology / Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.,
Washington and Lee University, Susan L. Keen, University of
California-Davis, David J. Eisenhour, Morehead State University, Allan
Larson, Washington University, Helen I’Anson, Washington and Lee
University; original artwork by William C. Ober, M.D. Washington and Lee
University, and Claire W. Ober, B.A., Washington and Lee University.
Description: Seventeenth edition. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education,
2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016026850 | ISBN 9781259562310 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Zoology.
Classification: LCC QL47.2 .H54 2016 | DDC 590—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026850
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
About the Authors ix 20 Crustaceans 421

Preface x
21 Hexapods 443
22 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates 471
23 Chordates 498
PART ONE 24 Fishes 516
25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 543
Introduction to Living Animals
26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 562
1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 1 27 Birds 584
2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life 19 28 Mammals 610
3 Cells as Units of Life 35
4 Cellular Metabolism 55
PART FOUR
PART T WO Activity of Life
29 Support, Protection, and Movement 639
Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life
30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and
5 Genetics: A Review 71 Temperature Regulation 660
6 Organic Evolution 99 31 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 680
7 The Reproductive Process 133 32 Digestion and Nutrition 702
8 Principles of Development 154 33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense
Organs 720
34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 746
PART THREE 35 Immunity 764
36 Animal Behavior 778
Diversity of Animal Life
9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 183
10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 197 PART FIVE
11 Unicellular Eukaryotes 216
12 Sponges and Placozoans 246 Animals and Their Environments
13 Cnidarians and Ctenophores 260 37 Animal Distributions 797
14 Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 289 38 Animal Ecology 816
15 Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa 319
16 Molluscs 332 Glossary G-1
17 Annelids and Allied Taxa 363 Index I-1
18 Smaller Ecdysozoans 385
19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 402
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
About the Authors ix CHAPTER 4

Preface x
Cellular Metabolism 55
4.1 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 56
4.2 The Role of Enzymes 57
PART ONE 4.3 Enzyme Regulation 59
4.4 Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP 60
4.5 Cellular Respiration 61
4.6 Metabolism of Lipids 67
4.7 Metabolism of Proteins 68
Summary 69
PART T WO
Introduction to Living Animals
CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological Principles and the Science
of Zoology 1
1.1 Fundamental Properties of Life 2
1.2 Zoology as a Part of Biology 9
1.3 Principles of Science 9 Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life
1.4 Theories of Evolution and Heredity 13
Summary 17
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 2 Genetics: A Review 71
The Origin and Chemistry of Life 19 5.1 Mendel’s Investigations 72
5.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 72
2.1 Water and Life 20 5.3 Mendelian Laws of Inheritance 76
2.2 Organic Molecular Structure of Living Systems 22 5.4 Gene Theory 85
2.3 Chemical Evolution 25 5.5 Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information 85
2.4 Origin of Living Systems 28 5.6 Gene Mutations 95
2.5 Precambrian Life 30 5.7 Molecular Genetics of Cancer 96
Summary 32 Summary 96
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 6
Cells as Units of Life 35 Organic Evolution 99
3.1 Cell Concept 36 6.1 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory 100
3.2 Organization of Cells 38 6.2 Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence 103
3.3 Mitosis and Cell Division 49 6.3 Revisions of Darwin’s Theory 121
Summary 53
iv
w w w. m h h e . c o m / h i c k m a n i p z 1 7 e Table of Contents v
6.4 Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Species 122 9.4 Complexity and Body Size 194
6.5 Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events 128 Summary 195
Summary 130
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 197
The Reproductive Process 133
10.1 Linnaeus and Taxonomy 198
7.1 Nature of the Reproductive Process 134 10.2 Species 200
7.2 The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells 138 10.3 Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction 205
7.3 Reproductive Patterns 142 10.4 Theories of Taxonomy 207
7.4 Structure of Reproductive Systems 143 10.5 Major Divisions of Life 213
7.5 Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction 145 10.6 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom 213
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 11
Principles of Development 154 Unicellular Eukaryotes 216
8.1 Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis 155 11.1 Naming and Identifying Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 217
8.2 Fertilization 156 11.2 Form and Function 221
8.3 Cleavage and Early Development 159 11.3 Major Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 227
8.4 An Overview of Development Following Cleavage 161 11.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 241
8.5 Mechanisms of Development 163 Summary 244
8.6 Gene Expression During Development 166
8.7 Developmental Patterns in Animals 169
8.8 Evolutionary Developmental Biology 174 CHAPTER 12
8.9 Vertebrate Development 174 Sponges and Placozoans 246
8.10 Development of Systems and Organs 177
Summary 180 12.1 Origin of Animals (Metazoa) 247
12.2 Phylum Porifera: Sponges 247
12.3 Phylum Placozoa 257
Summary 258
PART THREE
CHAPTER 13
Cnidarians and Ctenophores 260
13.1 Phylum Cnidaria 261
13.2 Phylum Ctenophora 282
13.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 286
Summary 287
CHAPTER 14
Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 289
14.1 Phylum Acoelomorpha 290
14.2 Clades Within Protostomia 291
14.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes 293
Diversity of Animal Life 14.4 Phylum Gastrotricha 306
14.5 Clade Gnathifera 308
14.6 Phylum Gnathostomulida 309
CHAPTER 9 14.7 Phylum Micrognathozoa 309
14.8 Phylum Rotifera 309
Architectural Pattern of an Animal 183 14.9 Phylum Acanthocephala 313
14.10 Phylum Mesozoa 314
9.1 Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity 184
14.11 Phylogeny 316
9.2 Animal Body Plans 185
Summary 316
9.3 Components of Animal Bodies 189
vi Table of Contents
Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa 319 Crustaceans 421
15.1 Clade Polyzoa 321 20.1 Subphylum Crustacea 423
15.2 Phylum Cycliophora 321 20.2 A Brief Survey of Crustaceans 431
15.3 Phylum Entoprocta 321 20.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 437
15.4 Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) 322 Summary 441
15.5 Clade Kryptrochozoa 325
15.6 Clade Brachiozoa 325
15.7 Phylum Brachiopoda 325
CHAPTER 21
15.8 Phylum Phoronida 326 Hexapods 443
15.9 Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) 327
15.10 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 329 21.1 Class Insecta 444
Summary 330 21.2 Insects and Human Welfare 462
Summary 469
CHAPTER 16
Molluscs 332 CHAPTER 22
16.1 Molluscs 333 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and
16.2 Form and Function 335 Hemichordates 471
16.3 Classes of Molluscs 338
16.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 358 22.1 Phylum Chaetognatha 473
Summary 361 22.2 Form and Function 473
22.3 Phylum Xenoturbellida 474
22.4 Clade Ambulacraria 474
CHAPTER 17 22.5 Phylum Echinodermata 474
Annelids and Allied Taxa 363 22.7 Phylum Hemichordata 491
17.1 Phylum Annelida, Including Pogonophorans (Siboglinids) 22.8 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 494
and Echiurans 364 Summary 495
17.2 Phylum Sipuncula 381
17.3 Evolutionary Significance of a Coelom and Metamerism 382 CHAPTER 23
Summary 383 Chordates 498
23.1 The Chordates 499
CHAPTER 18 23.2 Five Chordate Hallmarks 502
23.3 Ancestry and Evolution 503
Smaller Ecdysozoans 385 23.4 Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata) 504
23.5 Subphylum Cephalochordata 506
18.1 Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms 386
23.6 Subphylum Vertebrata 506
18.2 Phylum Nematomorpha 394
Summary 513
18.3 Phylum Loricifera 395
18.4 Phylum Kinorhyncha 395
18.5 Phylum Priapulida 396 CHAPTER 24
18.6 Clade Panarthropoda 397
Fishes 516
18.7 Phylum Onychophora 397
18.8 Phylum Tardigrada 398 24.1 Ancestry and Relationships of Major Groups of Fishes 517
18.9 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 399 24.2 Living Jawless Fishes 517
Summary 400 24.3 Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes 522
24.4 Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes and Tetrapods 526
24.5 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes 531
CHAPTER 19 Summary 541
Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 402
19.1 Phylum Arthropoda 403 CHAPTER 25
19.2 Subphylum Trilobita 406 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 543
19.3 Subphylum Chelicerata 407
19.4 Subphylum Myriapoda 414 25.1 Devonian Origin of Tetrapods 544
19.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 417 25.2 Modern Amphibians 546
w w w. m h h e . c o m / h i c k m a n i p z 1 7 e Table of Contents vii
Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 562 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion,
and Temperature Regulation 660
26.1 Origin and Early Evolution of Amniotes 563
26.2 Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Groups 568 30.1 Water and Osmotic Regulation 661
Summary 582 30.2 Invertebrate Excretory Structures 665
30.3 Vertebrate Kidney 667
30.4 Temperature Regulation 672
Birds 584
27.1 Origin and Relationships 585 CHAPTER 31
27.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations for Flight 588
Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 680
27.3 Flight 596
27.4 Migration and Navigation 599 31.1 Internal Fluid Environment 681
27.5 Social Behavior and Reproduction 601 31.2 Composition of Blood 682
27.6 Bird Populations and Their Conservation 604 31.3 Circulation 684
Summary 605 31.4 Respiration 691
Summary 700
CHAPTER 28
Mammals 610 CHAPTER 32
Digestion and Nutrition 702
28.1 Origin and Evolution of Mammals 611
28.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals 614 32.1 Feeding Mechanisms 703
28.3 Humans and Mammals 627 32.2 Digestion 706
28.4 Human Evolution 628 32.3 Organization and Regional Function of Alimentary
Summary 636 Canals 708
32.4 Regulation of Food Intake 713
32.5 Nutritional Requirements 715
Summary 717
PART FOUR
CHAPTER 33
Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and
Sense Organs 720
33.1 Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems 721
33.2 Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves 725
33.3 Evolution of Nervous Systems 727
33.4 Sense Organs 733
Summary 744
CHAPTER 34
Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 746
34.1 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 747
Activity of Life 34.2 Invertebrate Hormones 749
34.3 Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones 751
Summary 761
CHAPTER 29
Support, Protection, and Movement 639
CHAPTER 35
29.1 Integument 640 Immunity 764
29.2 Skeletal Systems 643
29.3 Animal Movement 648 35.1 Susceptibility and Resistance 765
Summary 658 35.2 Innate Defense Mechanisms 765
viii Table of Contents
35.3 Immunity in Invertebrates 769 CHAPTER 38

35.4 Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates 769
35.5 Blood Group Antigens 775 Animal Ecology 816
Summary 775
38.1 The Hierarchy of Ecology 817
38.2 Extinction and Biodiversity 829
Animal Behavior 778 Glossary G-1

Index I-1
36.1 Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology 780
36.2 Control of Behavior 781
36.3 Social Behavior 784
Summary 794
PART FIVE
Animals and Their Environments
CHAPTER 37
Animal Distributions 797
37.1 Principles of Historical Biogeography 798
37.2 Distribution of Life on Earth 804
Summary 814
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
CLEVELAND P. HICKMAN, JR. Dr. Keen has been teaching evolution and California–Berkeley, following B.S. and
animal diversity within the Introductory Biol- M.S. degrees in zoology from the University
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr., Professor Emeri- ogy series for 22 years. She enjoys all facets of Maryland. His fields of specialization
tus of Biology at Washington and Lee Uni- of the teaching process, from lectures and dis- include evolutionary biology, molecular
versity in Lexington, Virginia, has taught cussions to the design of effective laboratory population genetics and systematics, and
zoology and animal physiology for more exercises. In addition to her work with intro- amphibian systematics. He teaches courses
than 30 years. He received his Ph.D. in com- ductory biology, she offers seminars on in introductory genetics, zoology, macroevo-
parative physiology from the University of teaching methods in biology, and works with lution, molecular evolution, and the history
British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., in 1958 an animator to create self-guided teaching of evolutionary theory, and has organized
and taught animal physiology at the Univer- modules on animal development. She has and taught a special course in evolutionary
sity of Alberta before moving to Washington won awards for Excellence in Education from biology for high-school teachers. Dr. Lar-
and Lee University in 1967. He has pub- the Associated Students group at Davis. She son’s students have participated in zoological
lished numerous articles and research papers attended the National Academies Summer field studies around the world, including
in fish physiology, in addition to co-authoring Institute on Undergraduate Education in projects in Africa, Asia, Australia, Madagas-
these highly successful texts: Integrated Biology, and was a National Academies Edu- car, North America, South America, the
Principles of Zoology, Biology of Animals, cation Fellow in the Life Sciences for Indo-Pacific Ocean, and the Caribbean
Animal Diversity, Laboratory Studies in Ani- 2005–2006. Islands. Dr. Larson has authored numerous
mal Diversity, and Laboratory Studies in Her interests include horseback riding, scientific publications, and has edited for the
Integrated Principles of Zoology. gardening, travel, and mystery novels. journals The American Naturalist, Evolution,
Over the years Dr. Hickman has led many Dr. Keen can be contacted at: Journal of Experimental Zoology, Molecular
field trips to the Galápagos Islands. His [email protected] Phylogenetics and Evolution, and Systematic
research is on intertidal zonation and marine Biology. Dr. Larson serves as an academic
invertebrate systematics in the Galápagos. advisor to undergraduate students and super-
He has published three field guides in the DAVID J. EISENHOUR
vises the undergraduate biology curriculum
Galápagos Marine Life Series for the identi- David J. Eisenhour is professor of biology at at Washington University.
fication of echinoderms, marine molluscs, Morehead State University in Morehead, Dr. Larson can be contacted at:
and marine crustaceans. Kentucky. He received his Ph.D. in zoology [email protected]
His interests include scuba diving, wood- from Southern Illinois University, Carbon-
working, and participating in chamber music dale. He teaches courses in environmental
ensembles. HELEN I’ANSON
science, human anatomy, mammalogy, gen-
Dr. Hickman can be contacted at: eral zoology, comparative anatomy, ichthyol- Helen I’Anson, a native of England, is the
[email protected] ogy, and vertebrate zoology. David has an John T. Perry Professor of Biology and
active research program that focuses on sys- Research Science at Washington and Lee Uni-
SUSAN KEEN tematics, conservation biology, and natural versity in Lexington, Virginia. She received
history of North American freshwater fishes. her Ph.D. in physiology at the University of
Susan Keen is Associate Dean for Under- He has a particular interest in the diversity of Kentucky, Lexington, and postdoctoral train-
graduate Academic Programs, College of Kentucky’s fishes and is writing a book ing at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Biological Sciences at the University of about that subject. He and his students have She teaches courses in animal physiology,
California–Davis. She received her Ph.D. in authored several publications. David serves microanatomy, neuroendocrinology, general
zoology from the University of California– as an academic advisor to prepharmacy biology, and reproductive physiology. She has
Davis, following a M.Sc. from the Univer- students. an active research program that focuses on the
sity of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She is a His interests include fishing, landscaping, neural regulation of energy partitioning
native of Canada and obtained her under- softball, hiking, and entertaining his three during development using the female wean-
graduate education at the University of Brit- children, who, along with his wife, are enthu- ling rat. In particular, she is interested in
ish Columbia in Vancouver. siastic participants in fieldwork. mechanisms regulating the development of
Dr. Keen is an invertebrate zoologist fasci- Dr. Eisenhour can be contacted at: childhood obesity. Currently, she is studying
nated with sea jelly life histories. She has a [email protected] the role of snacking from weaning to adult-
particular interest in life cycles where both hood in the onset of childhood obesity.
asexual and sexual phases of organisms are ALLAN LARSON Her interests include gardening, hiking,
present, as they are in most jellies. Her other fishing, aromatherapy, music, and participat-
research has included work on sessile marine Allan Larson is a professor at Washington ing in choral ensembles.
invertebrate communities, spider populations, University, St. Louis, MO. He received his Dr. I’Anson can be contacted at:
and Andean potato evolution. Ph.D. in genetics at the University of [email protected]
ix
P RE FA C E
I
ntegrated Principles of Zoology continues to be the leading text metabolism and as a precursor to RNA gets expanded treatment, as
for the introductory zoology course. With the seventeenth edi- does the role of membrane-bound vesicles in the evolution of bio-
tion, the authors bring a wealth of real experience as they de- logical polymers. Chapter 3 features a new explanation of electron
scribe the diversity of animal life and the fascinating adaptations that microscopy, more information on the Golgi apparatus and on how
enable animals to inhabit so many ecological niches. cells adapt to temperature, and a more detailed description of how
The overall organization of this text has proven to work well to spindle fibers organize chromosomes for cellular division.
help students understand the content. Distinctive features, espe-
cially the emphasis on principles of evolution and zoological sci-
ence, have been strengthened. To aid in student learning, several Part Two, Continuity and Evolution of
pedagogical features have been retained: opening chapter prologues
drawn from the chapter’s theme; chapter summaries and review
Animal Life
questions to aid in comprehension and study; concise and visually Chapter 5 features greater detail on Mendel’s investigations, plus a
appealing illustrations; chapter notes and essays that offer interest- more detailed and precise explanation of how geneticists use the
ing sidelights to the narrative; literature citations; and an extensive term “chromosome.” Also given expanded explanations are the top-
glossary providing pronunciations, derivations, and definitions of ics of chromosomal sex determination, how a new allele arises by
terms used in the text. mutation, occurrence of multiple alleles in a population, autosomal
linkage and crossing over, DNA structure, and gene expression.
Chapter 6 contains a more complete explanation of geological dat-
NEW TO THE ing, a reorganized section, Forces of Evolutionary Change, and a
new section describing studies of Caribbean ectoprocts as the
SEVENTEENTH EDITION best-documented case of punctuated equilibrium. New information
Revisions for the seventeenth edition are primarily for improved on the CRISPR tool used to splice and to manipulate genes appears
pedagogy, and guided by an electronic tabulation of student in Chapter 8. Chapter 8 includes updates on mesoderm and coelom
responses to questions. All parts of the sixteenth edition were linked formation, plus new and improved diagrams of development.
to electronic questions designed to measure students’ comprehen-
sion of their reading. Authors received a heat map of the sixteenth
edition, showing for each paragraph the percentage of correct stu- Part Three, Diversity of Animal Life
dent responses for that material. We focused our revisions on Chapters 9 and 11 update taxonomy of unicellular eukaryotes.
improving explanations wherever the heat map showed less than Chapter 10 features more precise explanation of cladistic terminol-
50% of the students responding correctly. With this detailed and ogy, phylogenetic reconstruction, the conflicts among the major
insightful guidance, we have made our text more accessible to its schools of taxonomy, and the major divisions of life. Chapter 11
readers. emphasizes symbiogenesis as a major theme emerging from studies
In addition to focused revision of the writing, we have replaced of eukaryotic origins. Chapter 11 also includes clarifications on
many photographs and diagrams throughout the book to improve saprozoic feeding and sexual reproduction in unicellular eukary-
clarity and vibrancy. otes, and updates on recent U.S. outbreaks of Cryptosporidium par-
We summarize our major revisions in order by the book’s five vum. Chapter 12 updates sponge taxonomy to use Calcispongiae
major parts. instead of Calcarea, provides greater detail on Homoscleromorpha,
and updates the debate on whether sponges have true tissue epithe-
lia, including classification of pinacoderm as an incipient tissue.
Part One, Introduction to Living Animals Chapter 13 is retitled Cnidarians and Ctenophores. “Jellyfishes”
In Chapter 1, a new section, Historical Continuity of Life, replaces are now consistently called “jellies.” The section on sea anemones
the section formerly titled Does Life Have Defining Properties? A is revised with greater detail, and the section on coral reefs now
new figure illustrating protein structure strengthens the visual cor- includes an example of coral bleaching in the Maldives. The section
respondence between the bonding of amino acids and the three- on phylogeny and adaptive diversification is substantially revised to
dimensional macromolecular structure of a protein. Regarding include detail on the evolutionary biology of muscle cells in cnidar-
general properties of living systems, we expand the explanation of ians and ctenophores. In Chapter 14, the section on Cestoda is
speciation as part of the biological hierarchy, and extend the princi- updated with greater detail on the life cycle of pork tapeworms.
ple of movement to the macromolecular level, emphasizing revers- New phylogenetic evidence groups acoelomorphs and xenoturbel-
ible conformational changes in proteins. In Chapter 2, expanded lids as a clade. The introduction to Chapter 15 now mentions con-
captions for Figures 2.12–2.15 make the diagrams more indepen- troversy concerning homology of the lophophore across the three
dent of the text in conveying the fundamental structures of biologi- lophophorate phyla. The section on Phylum Ectoprocta now
cal macromolecules. The important role of ATP in cellular includes detail on Tricellaria inopinate as an invasive species.
x
w w w. m h h e . c o m / h i c k m a n i p z 1 7 e Preface xi
Chapter 16 features a new description of evolution of terrestrial Part Four, Activity of Life
slugs, new information on how ocean acidification threatens marine
molluscs, and the economic importance of molluscs. Chapter 17 The section on integument in Chapter 29 includes a new footnote
presents a completely revised introductory section on annelids with directing readers to the Annual Report to the Nation on the Status
updated information on the fluid-filled coelomic cavity, and more of Cancer 1975–2011. The section on skeletal systems presents an
background on annelid evolutionary history. The section describing update on the running capability and speed of Tyrannosaurus. The
earthworms’ peristaltic movement is augmented and improved. Chapter 31 subsection on excitation and control of the heart now
Chapter 18 reports that all plant parts have specialized nematode features greater detail on how sympathetic nerves increase stroke
parasites. The section on form and function of nematodes is aug- volume and heart rate when activated. Chapter 32 presents addi-
mented and improved with updated information on the life cycle of tional detail on the functionality of pepsin. There are updated
Ascaris worms. Information from the CDC on filarial worms is statistics and a new footnote on the prevalence of childhood and
updated. The evolutionary placement of the fossil Hallucigenia adult obesity in the United States, plus more detail on secretions
sheds light on the evolution of teeth in ecdysozoans and their loss in of fat cells and inflammatory responses. The section on nutri-
velvet worms. Additional detail appears on mating in nematomorphs. tional requirements includes updated statistics on meat consump-
Chapter 19 features greater detail on spider respiration. Updates tion. Coverage of hearing in Chapter 33 includes new material on
include the role of the Varroa mite in the dramatic loss of U.S. hon- luna moth defenses. In the section on prostoglandins and cyto-
eybees. Chapter 20 reports the first venomous crustacean and kines, Chapter 34 features more information on secretion of these
includes updates on the symbiotic feeding habits of yeti crabs. Chap- hormones and inflammatory responses. In the section on hor-
ter 21 features new phylogenetic data suggesting that insects arose mones of metabolism, more detail appears on possible conse-
far earlier than the fossil record indicates. The section on insect quences of defects in thyroid hormone production or receptors,
metamorphosis and growth includes new information on molting along with more detail on the evolution of bone and parathyroid
and ecdysis. The defense section includes a new box on luna moths. glands in fishes. A boxed essay on anabolic steroids has updated
The section on insects and human welfare continues from Chapter 19 statistics. The Chapter 35 section on innate defense mechanisms
the discussion of colony collapse disorder in honeybees, plus updates adds current studies on the gut microbiome, which may be altered
on defoliation and the Zika virus. Chapter 22 adds information on by obesity. In Chapter 36, the subsection on genetics of behavior
species diversity of Chaetognatha, echinoderm larvae and nervous includes greater detail on W. C. Dilger’s hybridization of love-
systems, and echinoderms of Class Ophiuroidea. birds and its disruption of genetically programmed behavior. The
In Chapters 23–24, we adopt unranked nested clade names for subsection on agonistic or competitive behavior features added
vertebrate taxonomy. There is no longer a consensus system for detail on peck order. The subsection on cooperative behavior,
placing the higher groups of vertebrates into a Linnaean system. altruism, and kin selection describes W. D. Hamilton’s modifica-
We update hagfish and lamprey relationships; these are now con- tion of Ronald Fisher’s concept of the fitness of an allele and
sidered sister groups, forming the clade Cyclostomata. Also pre- self-sacrifice. The subsection on the language of honeybees fea-
sented is new information about hagfish development and tures a more detailed description.
reproduction, which includes the first documentation that at least
some hagfishes do have vertebrae. Extensive clarification of word-
ing throughout these chapters follows the guidance of the heat map. Part Five, Animals and
The fish cladogram was heavily modified, incorporating new ideas Their Environments
about relationships of placoderms and acanthodians. There is new
The Chapter 37 discussion of distribution by dispersal and vicari-
lungfish art depicting aestivation behavior. An updated boxed essay
ance includes more information on the geographic distribution of
describes the impact of dams, and their removals, on salmon popu-
ratite birds. There is more information on glacial cycles in the sec-
lations. Chapter 25 presents more precise dating information on the
tion on climatic cycles and vicariance, and greater detail on the
Devonian origin of tetrapods in the text and accompanying figures.
relationships between upwellings of phytoplankton in the Antarctic
Chapter 26 features updated information on turtle evolution, high-
sea and krill. The Chapter 38 subsection on populations includes a
lighting evolutionary developmental biology of the shell. The
new paragraph on the metapopulation model, plus greater detail
opening section on enclosing the pond has been substantially
and clarity on the three principal types of theoretical survivorship.
revised for context and clarity, now specifying the four living rep-
Figure 38.3 has a revised and more detailed caption. This section
tile groups and noting that dinosaurs form a clade with birds. A
also now includes a note on the United Nations’ position that a
new boxed essay describes the Burmese python as an invasive spe-
world population of 7–11 billion people would reach the point of
cies in southern Florida. Chapter 27 features more precise termi-
being unsustainable agriculturally. The section on community ecol-
nology and description of the categories of bird flight. The boxed
ogy is significantly revised and now includes coverage of ecologi-
essay on flightless birds includes an update on the height of the
cal character displacement, microhabitat selection, and the theory
largest bird, and the essay on Himalayan migration by bar-headed
of competitive exclusion. It also features new coverage of ectopara-
geese is updated. Chapter 28 presents an expanded section on
sites and endoparasites and the complexity of parasite/host relation-
mammalian omnivory. Updates to human evolution include new
ships. The section on ecosystems is revised for clarity and to provide
information from recent South African and European fossils and
greater detail. The caption for Figure 38.13 is revised for better
from DNA studies of Neanderthal and modern humans. The boxed
context.
essay on trade in rhinoceros horns is updated.
xii Preface
OUR APPROACH Chapter notes, which appear throughout the book, augment the
text material and offer interesting sidelights without interrupting the
TO THE REVISION narrative. We prepared many new notes for this edition and revised
several existing notes.
Our goal now is, as it has always been, to ensure student success. To
To assist students in chapter review, each chapter ends with a
that end, we approached this revision differently. To help guide our
concise summary, a list of review questions, and annotated
revision for this seventeenth edition, we were able to incorporate
selected references. The review questions enable a student to self-
student usage data and input, derived from thousands of our Smart-
test retention and understanding of the more important chapter
Book® users. SmartBook “heat maps” provided a quick visual
material.
snapshot of chapter usage data and the relative difficulty students
Again, William C. Ober and Claire W. Ober have strengthened
experienced in mastering the content. With these data, we were able
the art program for this text with many new full-color paintings that
to hone not only our text content but also the SmartBook probes.
replace older art, or that illustrate new material. Bill’s artistic skills,
∙∙ If the data indicated that the subject was more difficult than knowledge of biology, and experience gained from an earlier career
other parts of the chapter, as evidenced by a high proportion as a practicing physician have enriched this text through 10 of its
of students responding incorrectly to the probes, we revised or editions. Claire practiced pediatric and obstetric nursing before turn-
reorganized the content to be as clear and illustrative as ing to scientific illustration as a full-time career. Texts illustrated by
possible. Bill and Claire have received national recognition and won awards
∙∙ In other cases, if one or more of the SmartBook probes for a from the Association of Medical Illustrators, American Institute of
section was not as clear as it might be or did not appropriately Graphic Arts, Chicago Book Clinic, Printing Industries of America,
reflect the content, the probes were edited, rather than the and Bookbuilders West. They are also recipients of the Art Directors
text. Award.
Below is an example of one of the heat maps from Chapter 13. The
color-coding in highlighted sections indicates the various levels of For the Zoology Lab
difficulty students experienced in learning the material, topics high-
lighted in red being the most challenging for students. Laboratory Studies in Integrated Principles of Zoology by
Cleveland Hickman, Jr., Susan Keen, and Lee B. Kats
Now in its seventeenth edition, this lab manual was written to
accompany Integrated Principles of Zoology, and can be easily
adapted to fit a variety of course plans.
TEACHING AND LEARNING AIDS

To help students in vocabulary development, key words are bold-
faced and derivations of technical and zoological terms are pro-
vided, along with generic names of animals where they first appear
in the text. In this way students gradually become familiar with the
more common roots that form many technical terms. An extensive
glossary provides pronunciation, derivation, and definition for
many terms, including new ones added to the glossary or existing
ones rewritten for this edition.
A distinctive feature of this text is a prologue for each chapter
that highlights a theme or fact relating to the chapter. Some pro-
logues present biological, particularly evolutionary, principles; those
in Part Three on animal diversity illuminate distinguishing charac-
teristics of the group presented in the chapter.
w w w. m h h e . c o m / h i c k m a n i p z 1 7 e Preface xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although we make every effort to bring to you an error-

free text, errors of many kinds inevitably find their way into a text-
The authors express their appreciation to the editors and support book of this scope and complexity. We will be grateful to readers
staff at McGraw-Hill Higher Education who made this project pos- who have comments or suggestions concerning content and send
sible. Special thanks are due Justin Wyatt, Brand Manager, and their remarks to Patrick Reidy, Executive Marketing Manager, at
Elizabeth Sievers, Lead Product Developer who were the driving [email protected]
forces in piloting this text throughout its development. Jessica
Portz, Content Project Manager, somehow kept authors, text, art, Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
and production programs on schedule. Lori Hancock oversaw the Susan Keen
extensive photographic program and Tara McDermott managed the David J. Eisenhour
book’s interior and cover design. We are indebted to them for their Allan Larson
talents and dedication. Helen I’Anson
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PA R T O N E
1
C H A P T E R
Life: Biological Principles and
the Science of Zoology
© Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
Zoologist studying the behavior of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in

the Amboseli Reserve, Kenya.
Many important principles come from previous studies of the living

The Uses of Principles world, of which animals are one part.
We explore the animal world by actively applying important guiding Principles of heredity, variation, and organic evolution guide the
principles to our investigations. Just as the exploration of outer space is study of life from the simplest unicellular forms to the most complex
both guided and limited by available technologies, exploration of the animals, fungi, and plants. Because life shares a common evolutionary
animal world depends critically on our questions, methods, and princi- origin, principles learned from the study of one group often provide in-
ples. Zoology makes sense to us only when we understand the principles sights into other groups as well. By tracing the origins of our operating
used to construct this knowledge. principles, we see that zoologists are not an island unto themselves but
The principles of modern zoology trace their long history to many part of a larger scientific community.
sources. Some principles come from laws of physics and chemistry, We begin our study of zoology by searching broadly for our most
which all living systems obey. Others come from the scientific method, basic principles and their diverse sources. These principles simultane-
which tells us that our hypothetical explanations of the animal world ously guide our studies of animals and integrate those studies into the
must guide us to gather data that potentially can refute these explanations. broader context of human knowledge.
2 PART ONE Introduction to Living Animals
Z 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES

oology, the scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries
of human observations of the animal world. Mythologies of
nearly every human culture reveal early attempts to solve the OF LIFE
mysteries of animal life and its origin. Zoologists now confront these
same mysteries with the most advanced methods and technologies Historical Continuity of Life
developed by all branches of science. We document the diversity of We begin by asking, What is life? Our definition lies in the historical
animal life and organize it in a systematic way. This complex and continuity of life on earth. Life’s history of common descent with
exciting process builds on the contributions of thousands of zoolo- modification gives it an identity separate from the nonliving world.
gists working in all dimensions of the biosphere (Figure 1.1). We We trace this common history backward through time from the d iverse
strive to explain how animal diversity originated and how animals forms observed today and in the fossil record to a common ancestor
perform the basic processes of life that permit them to inhabit diverse that must have arisen almost 4 billion years ago (see Chapter 2). There
environments. are no traces in the fossil record or on earth’s surface of what we
This chapter introduces the fundamental properties of animal postulate to have been the incipient stages of life, those that predate
life, the methodological principles that govern their study, and two cells. Replicating molecular systems, which could not have produced
important theories that guide our research: (1) the theory of evolu- fossils, must have preceded and given rise to cellular life, whose his-
tion, which is the central organizing principle of biology, and (2) the tory appears in the fossil record. All descendants of life’s common
chromosomal theory of inheritance, which explains heredity and ancestor, past and present, lie within our concept of life.
variation in animals. These theories unify our knowledge of the ani- Life’s most fundamental attribute is its reproduction of individ-
mal world. uals with heredity and variation. Replication of large molecules that
© Martin Strmiska/Alamy Stock Photo
A
© Biophoto Associates/Science Source
© Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
C B
Figure 1.1 Examples of observation in zoological research. A, Observing a coral reef. B, Observing nematocyst discharge from cnidarian tentacles
(C, see p. 260)
w w w. m h h e . c o m / h i c k m a n i p z 1 7 e CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 3
store information is unique to life and must trace to life’s origin. Proteins, for example, are built from 20 specific kinds of amino
These properties establish a temporal continuity of ancestral and acid subunits linked together by peptide bonds in a linear
descendant populations showing extensive and ongoing change, sequence (Figure 1.2). Additional bonds occurring between
which we call evolution. Through its evolution, life has generated amino acids that are not adjacent to each other in the protein
many spectacular features that have no counterparts in the nonliving chain give the protein a complex, three-dimensional structure
world. Novel properties emerge at all levels of life’s hierarchical (see Figures 1.2 and 2.15). A typical protein contains several
systems, from molecules and cells to organismal form and behavior. hundred amino acid subunits. Despite the stability of this basic
We must resist giving life a definition based in essential charac- protein structure, the ordering of the different amino acids in a
teristics that must occur in all living forms past and present. Such a protein molecule shows enormous variation. This variation un-
definition would be particularly difficult for our theories of the ori- derlies much of the diversity that we observe among different
gin of life from nonliving matter. Nonetheless, all living cells share kinds of living organisms. The nucleic acids, carbohydrates,
metabolic processes and genetic information that reveal unmistak- and lipids likewise contain characteristic bonds that link vari-
ably their hereditary descent from life’s common ancestor. able subunits (see Chapter 2). This organization gives living
systems a common biochemical theme with great potential
diversity.
General Properties of Living Systems 2. Complexity and hierarchical organization. Living systems
demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization.
Life’s most outstanding general features include chemical unique-
Nonliving matter is organized at least into atoms and molecules
ness; complexity and hierarchical organization; reproduction (hered-
and often has a higher degree of organization as well. However,
ity and variation); possession of a genetic program; metabolism;
atoms and molecules are combined into patterns in the living
development; environmental interaction; and movement.
world that do not exist in nonliving matter. In living systems,
1. Chemical uniqueness. Living systems demonstrate a unique we find a hierarchy of levels that includes, in ascending order
and complex molecular organization. Living systems assemble of complexity, macromolecules, cells, organisms, populations,
large molecules, called macromolecules, that greatly exceed in and species (Figure 1.3). Each level builds on the level below it
complexity the small molecules of nonliving matter. Macro- and has its own internal structure, which is also often hierarchi-
molecules contain the same kinds of atoms and chemical bonds cal. Within a cell, for example, macromolecules are assembled
that occur in nonliving matter and obey all fundamental laws of into structures such as ribosomes, chromosomes, and mem-
chemistry; it is only the complex organizational structure of branes, and these are likewise combined in various ways to
these macromolecules that makes them unique to life. We rec- form even more complex subcellular structures called organ-
ognize four major categories of biological macromolecules: elles, such as mitochondria (see Chapters 3 and Chapter 4). The
nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (see Chapter 2). organismal level also has a hierarchical substructure; cells com-
These categories differ in the structures of their component bine to form tissues, which combine to form organs, which
parts, the kinds of chemical bonds that link their subunits to- likewise combine to form organ systems (see Chapter 9).
gether, and their roles in living systems. Cells (Figure 1.4) are the smallest units of the biological
The general structures of these macromolecules evolved and hierarchy that are semiautonomous in their ability to conduct
stabilized early in the history of life. With some modifications, basic functions, including reproduction. Replication of mole-
these same general structures occur in every form of life today. cules and subcellular components occurs only within a cellular
© Laguna Design/Science Source
Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid

A B
Figure 1.2 A computer simulation of the three-dimensional structure of the human endothelin-1 protein (A), which can constrict blood vessels to in-
crease blood pressure. The protein is a linear string of molecular subunits called amino acids, connected as shown in B, which fold in a three dimensional
pattern to form the active protein. The white balls correspond to carbon atoms, the red balls to oxygen, the blue balls to nitrogen, the yellow balls to sulfur,
the green balls to hydrogen, and the black balls (B) to molecular groups formed by various combinations of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur
atoms that differ among amino acids. Hydrogen atoms are not shown in A.
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*8. Going one day to visit the holy place of Monmatre, after his
prayers said in the church, he retired into a desolate part of the
mountain, near a little spring. There he kneeled down to prayer, and
that ended, dined on a piece of bread and a draught of water. After
dinner he took out his testament, and read a chapter on his knees,
bare-headed, with extraordinary reverence. Just then came a poor
man, saying his prayers. M. de Renty rose up to salute him, and fell
into a discourse with him concerning God, and that so powerfully,
that the poor man striking his breast, fell down upon the ground to
adore that great God. Immediately after, came a poor maid to draw
water at the well, whom he asked, What she was? She answered, a
servant, “But do you know, said he, you are a Christian, and to what
end you was created?” Whence he took occasion so to instruct her,
that confessing she had never before thought of the end of her
creation, she promised from thenceforth deeply to consider, and
seriously to pursue it.
9. In his first return from Dijon, he stopped three or four times in

the way, to instruct the poor passengers; and once went out of the
road, to shew some labourers in the field, how to sanctify the work
they were about.
10. A young maid in Paris, having been very cruelly used by her
uncle, fell into such a disorder, that in a fury she accused our Saviour
as the cause of her misery, for abandoning her to such a man. In
this horrible condition, she received the sacrament several times in a
day; on purpose to do despight to our Saviour, and provoke him to
finish her destruction. M. de Renty was no sooner informed of this,
than he hasted to find her out; as he did, after eight days search, in
the very act of communicating. He immediately conveyed her
thence, and took so great care both of her soul and body, that she
returned to herself, and gave ample testimonies of her repentance.
11. As the design of advancing the salvation of men, is attended
with much doing and much suffering, it is necessary for him that
undertakes it, to fortify himself with courage and patience; and both
these were most eminently in M. de Renty, being, in the first place,
full of courage, resolute, and laborious; employing his body as if he
had two more in reserve when that was spent; dispatching more
business in one half-hour, than others did in many days. Very bold
he was in entering upon difficulties, and quick in extricating himself
from them.
12. A lady who had left much to pious uses, made him her
executor. Being informed, her friends, men of eminent power, were
much displeased, he replied, “I never moved her to bestow any of
her estate this way; but since her piety has prompted her to it, I
shall not be dismayed with any power that shall oppose it: my care
is to perform her will, and for other things I take no thought.”
13. Seeing one day some gentlemen fighting, he threw himself

between their swords, laying hold on those who seemed most
outrageous. At first they quarrelled with him; but in a short time
were friends, both with him, and with one another.
*14. His zeal was accompanied, secondly, with unparalleled

patience; a virtue highly requisite for him that would save the souls
of men; seeing he must endeavour to win their hearts, at which he
is to make his first entrance; not following his own will or
inclinations, but theirs; becoming all things to all men; waiting long
for their conversion, and attending (without being tired and
discouraged, though by all his labour he should gain but little
ground) the favourable moments wherein they may yield to his
motives. He must, like this holy man, not only be willing to endure
hunger, thirst, heat, cold, wet, weariness and other outward pains,
inseparably attendant on employments of this nature; but also the
importunities, complaints, passions, the repulses, the contempts and
injuries that are continually to be expected in them.
15. While he was employed in instructing the poor travellers in
the hospital of St. Gervase, a man who was settled there, looking
upon it as an intrusion into his office, came to him, as he was in the
midst of the poor, and with many injurious and reproachful words,
forbad him to come any more. M. de Renty having heard him
without any emotion, replied, “The poor people had much need of
instruction; and since he would not be at the pains of it himself, he
prayed him not to hinder one that would.” This did not satisfy him at
all, but he came four days together to drive out M. de Renty,
interrupting him as soon as he began; but he still received him with
the same spirit, and at length overcame evil with good.
16. One day he visited a person who, from a groundless

suspicion, had cruelly used his wife; who understanding his
business, entertained him very coarsely, giving him much
opprobrious language, lifting up his hand to strike him, and offering
to thrust him out of doors. M. de Renty replied not one word, but
after some time, drew near again, embraced him, and accosted him
with such soft language, that he was perswaded, at length, to go to
confession, which he had not done in twelve years before, and to be
fully reconciled to his wife; insomuch that he lived and died a good
Christian.
17. Another time, visiting a poor, old man that was sick, he
began, as usual, to speak of spiritual things. But the old man,
instead of listning, fell into a passion, telling him, he understood
those things better than he. M. de Renty told him, he would be glad
to be instructed; and after a great deal of patience, and attention,
taking advantage from some things in that weak discourse, to
convince and inform him better, he proceeded so happily, that the
rest of his days he led a truly Christian life.
18. His patience in bearing with the faults and imperfections of
others, as it was truly exemplary, so it never took away, or
weakened his desire to correct them, for which he only waited a
proper occasion. When he intended to reprove another, he
commonly first accused himself, to prepare them by his example.
Having such an intention, he began a discourse of that openness
with which Christians ought to tell one another the truth; for want of
which we grow grey in our vices, and often carry them with us to
our graves; saying, “He should hold himself ♦ extremely obliged to
any who would shew him that kindness. His friend finding his heart
exceedingly softened, besought him to deal freely and plainly with
him, in telling him whatsoever he saw amiss in him; which thing
then he did.”
♦ “extreamly” replaced with “extremely”
*19. But his patience did not in the least break in upon that
fortitude, which is often requisite in the things of God, for the good
of our neighbour, and for the worthy preserving of our just authority.
He knew severity must be used sometimes, especially when we have
to do with stubborn offenders; and accordingly advised a friend,
concerning a third person, “Take heed of humbling yourself before
that man; the abasing yourself in this case, would both prejudice
him, and the cause of God. Reprove him severely and roundly.”
20. And not in these instances only, but in all others, his zeal was
accompanied both with freedom and prudence. For though his
humility has concealed many of his inward graces and outward
actions, yet many likewise has his zeal brought to light, where he
judged it necessary for the glory of God, or the good of his
neighbour: concerning which he thus wrote to a virtuous lady:
“Give me leave to speak my thoughts of that liberty we ought to
use, in communicating freely the gifts of God bestowed upon us, to
such persons as may reap fruit from them; not stifling them in
ourselves, whereby we obstruct a second fruit, which God expects
from his graces. *We should consider ourselves set in the world as a
chrystal, which, placed in the middle of the universe, would give free
passage to all the light which it receives from above: so ought we to
impart all the talents we receive, and this without disguise, or the
least claim of propriety.
*“Farther: as the chrystal, if several torches were set under it,

would transmit the beams of them all towards heaven: so whatever
honours or commendations we receive from below, should freely
pass through us up to God; for God hath therefore bestowed upon
us such things as are praise-worthy, not that the praise thereof
should rest upon us, but that it may pass through us to him, that he
may ♦be blessed and praised in all things.”
♦ inserted skipped word “be”
21. Yet his zeal, though free, was not so indiscreet, as to be its
own herald upon every appearance of doing good; but was very
circumspect in weighing all circumstances. Accordingly, in the same
letter, he gives this wise advice, touching the order and measure
which are necessary to be observed in this communication.
“To some, we must lay open our hearts freely and exactly; to
others more reservedly; to others we should be altogether locked
up, concealing from them what we see no disposition in them to
make a good use of.”
*22. Zeal indeed should be always attended with prudence, to
consider things well, and execute them in the best manner; to
prevent mischiefs, or redress them with as much of sweetness, and
as little acrimony as possible: and in desperate cases, or where the
cure would prove worse than the disease, to suffer and pass them
over; some souls having defects, as it were, incorrigible, which God
permits to perfect them by humility; and others likewise, that have
an intercourse with them, by patience and charity.
*23. One great point of prudence requisite in a zealous man, is,

neither to hurt his body by too much labour, nor his mind with too
much business. As to the latter of these, M. de Renty took especial
care, so to manage all his works of charity, that his piety might not
be hindered but advanced thereby, indispensably performing all his
exercises of devotion; and while he conversed most with his
neighbour, reserving a considerable part, both of the day and night,
for conversing with God. As to the other, he thus expressed himself
to a clergyman, who had impaired his health by extreme labour:
“Give me leave, Sir, to tell you plainly, that you should not impose
too much upon yourself, lest for want of moderation, you render
yourself altogether unserviceable. The enemy usually takes no small
advantage of such free and well-disposed natures; you are not your
own, but a debtor to all men. Preserve yourself therefore, not by
indulging your body, but by laying upon it no more than it is able to
bear.”
24. Being at Citry, in the latter end of the year 1642, he had a
strong impression upon his spirit, that at his return to Paris, he
should find a new employment about the poor, and be much taken
up therein. Accordingly, two days after his return thither, some
persons came to advise with him, about a course of relieving all such
poor in the city, as were ashamed to beg. He undertook to visit a
fourth part of them, and to assist them according to their
necessities. An employment sufficient to take up the whole time of
one man, which yet he performed, notwithstanding the multitude of
his other occupations; so that we must say, without a special
assistance, he could not have done and suffered what he did; but
God, who hath limited our strength of body, can increase it when
and how he pleaseth.
25. Sometimes he received before-hand only a present impulse

of something to be done, without any particular discovery. As when
he was much pressed in spirit to go to Pontois, without
understanding any reason for it; yet, believing it to be the call of
God, he immediately undertook the journey; where unexpectedly he
met with a nobleman of great quality, who was come from a
province far distant, on purpose to be instructed by M. de Renty,
how to serve God, which he had, till then, little known, and less
practised.
26. But though this great servant of God had an excellent faculty
of assisting all, yet was he more eminently assistant to some
particular persons, for the healing their souls, and leading them on
apace in the narrow way of perfection. I shall mention one only, the
Countess of Chatres, who being deep in the affections of the world,
as are most young ladies of her quality, it pleased God to inspire her
with a desire to ask advice of M. de Renty; this he gave her with so
happy success, that he himself was astonished at it. In less than a
year, she was so perfectly disengaged from all those little
conveniences and accommodations, which our ladies perswade
themselves are absolutely necessary, that one offering her
something of this kind, which she was formerly fond of, she
answered, “I thank God, I have quitted this, and many more things,
for the love of God, and yet find no want at all.”
27. God gave him light to discern her proper way, how to
renounce herself, and advance in the paths of solid virtue, and to
support her in great inward afflictions. And she, on her part,
resigned up herself to his guidance, and forced herself to put his
advice in execution: a thing very requisite in those who would make
use of the conduct of others to good purpose.
*28. Though this happy intercourse, accompanied with such

signal blessings, had contracted a strict and perfect friendship
between them, yet he was very wary and reserved in his
conversation with her; visiting her only when the work of God
required it, and neither speaking nor staying with her any longer
than was precisely necessary. This she thought a little harsh, and
complained of it to a friend, whom she knew to have some power
with him, saying, “M. de Renty extremely mortifies me with his
civilities and reservedness. I have great need to see him often, and
yet cannot obtain it. Nay, when we are together, he will not sit down,
except when I am sick, or not able to stand any longer; and always
with his hat in his hand. I beg you to tell him, what out of respect I
dare not, what inquietude I suffer, to see his behaviour such toward
me, who ought to be continually under his feet.”
The person acquainting him with this, he answered, “I proceed in
this manner because my duty to God and to the Countess of Chatres
require it. My Saviour obliges me to converse with her; but I must
do no more than what is necessary, and so retire, for which this
posture is most convenient. If we sat down, we should forget
ourselves, and talk more than is necessary, and perhaps pass on to
things unprofitable: therefore we ought both to stand upon our
guard.”
29. Those who undertake the conduct of souls, ought seriously to

consider this answer; and to be fully persuaded, that the business
does not consist in speaking much to them, but in disposing them to
speak to God, and in making them fit for God to speak to them.
30. In the year 1647, having visited one afflicted with great
pains, he thus writ to his director:
“I have been with the person you know of, and have told her
what I thought suitable to her condition. I acquainted her how we
ought to lay this sure foundation, that we are nothing but weakness
and misery itself; and that God from this insufficiency of ourselves to
all good, means to extract humility and diffidence of ourselves,
obliging us thereby to fly to his Son, to find strength in Him, and a
remedy for all our miseries.
“As concerning myself, I have not much to say. Only I find within
myself, by the mercy of God, a great tranquility in his presence,
through the Spirit of Jesus Christ, and such an inward experience of
eternal life, as I am not able to express. Yet I find myself, so naked
and barren that I wonder at the condition I am in, and by which I
discourse. In my converse with this person, I begun my speech, not
knowing how to pursue it. After the second sentence I had not the
least foresight of what should be the third; and so of the rest. Not
but that I seem to have a perfect knowledge of the things I speak,
in such a manner as I am capable of it. But I only utter what is given
me, and in the same way as it is communicated, I communicate it to
others.”
C H A P T E R IX.
His outward behaviour, and conduct of business.
1. de Renty being sensible, that even our outward behaviour is of

M. great consequence in the service of our neighbour, being
that which makes the first impression upon them, did whatever he
could for the well composing his exterior, keeping his gestures,
motions, looks, and all parts of his conversation in such a harmony,
as he judged fitted to draw his neighbour to God.
*2. He was very modest, always calm and inviolably equal.

“Among all the things I observed in M. de Renty, (says one of his
intimate friends) what first affected me was, his rare modesty and
great evenness of behaviour. There was something in his looks which
carried so much reverence in it one might easily judge, he was
always actually in the presence of God.”
3. In every condition or employment whatsoever, he was the
same in his looks, gestures, words and actions, whether alone or in
company, with rich or poor, strangers or friends, before his children
or servants, yea even before his footman, in the country or town, at
the table, and every where.
4. And such a constant equality was the more observable,

because of his natural disposition, which was not slow, heavy and
phlegmatick, but cholerick, hot and active. But the exact and
perpetual care he had over himself, had wholly inverted his nature,
and brought him to a behaviour, as well as temper, directly opposite
to those he took from his mother’s womb.
5. Another of his friends writes of him thus: “That which pleased

me most in him was, His great recollection and intimate union with
God: attended with such a wonderful peace of mind, as shone forth
in his countenance, and begot ♦a kind of devotion in his beholders.
This union, methought, was ever the same, without any sign of
distraction or levity, or any word not necessary, no complaisance or
human regard ever forcing him to scatter his spirit. Not but he was
full of civility; but still so as to look more within himself than
without.”
♦ duplicate word “a” removed
6. And indeed this continual presence of God, so wholly took up

his spirit, that no unusual accident or object, or any thing rare or
extraordinary could divert him. I never saw him admire any thing in
the world, nor fix his ♦eyes upon any curiosity whatever. And his gait
in the streets was so recollected, modest and equal, without gazing
on any thing, that a man might see Jesus Christ was his way, his
employment, and his all.
♦ “eys” replaced with “eyes”

7. In his speech he was very resolved, by choice as well as by
nature. In whatever company it concerned him to speak, he did so in
his course, with a composed demeanor, and words few, but material.
He was never known forward or eager to speak, or in speaking to do
it with a higher tone than ordinary. If he gave an account of any
business, he did it so briefly, and in words so pertinent, that it was a
very hard matter to find one that spoke better, and yet less than he.
8. Things that were unprofitable, or the news of the times, were

never the subject of his discourse: but always something pertaining
to the kingdom of God. And when the conversation was diverted to
worldly things, he either took leave of the company or stole away
without.
9. And when he talked even of good things, it was with care and
moderation: saying, “There was much need of sparingness and
sobriety, when we speak even of the things of God, lest it turn to no
good account: and that it was a great trouble to him, when among
serious persons to hear them often spend precious time in talking of
virtue at large, and to find them departing from such conferences,
with dry, empty, and dissipated spirits.”
10. As to conduct of business, his method was, seriously to

consider things, before any resolution, and if after his own sense
was given, he found another’s to be better he readily quitted his
own. After he had resolved, he was prompt, firm, and constant in
the execution of it. But sometimes, when he had gone through the
difficulties of a design, he left it to a friend to finish; not out of
inconstancy, but to gain time for undertaking more, as well as to
avoid the honour of it.
11. In all affairs that concerned the service of God, he had an
immoveable constancy. And besides the force of his words, there
appeared in his face an extraordinary assurance, (though his
ordinary deportment was always sweet and quiet) which particularly
appeared in all meetings, whereby he manifested such a spirit that
those who beheld him, felt themselves struck with awful regard. His
proposals generally carried so much light and force in them, that all
were constrained to acquiesce in his determination. But if any
disputed his reasons he knew how to enforce them; and if they
chanced to make another reply, (which was a thing that exceeding
rarely happened) he said not one word more, but his very silence,
and the steadiness of his countenance, restrained any further
dispute. The meeting ended, he would go to that person and ask his
pardon; informing him, “That what he aimed at, was, not to make
good his opinion but to advance the cause of God; in all other things
he was ready to yield to every one.”
*12. But of all things he took care, not to overcharge himself

with business, to the prejudice of his piety. He knew that outward
employments, even the most holy, may be hindrances to inward
holiness. Wherefore he was careful not to overburden himself with
them, and very vigilant, that they should not distract and dissipate
him, nor secularize his soul, but serve only as means to elevate and
unite him more to God.
*13. And God so blessed him therein, that in the multitude of
business, he was still in a continual recollection. A familiar friend
asking him, Whether in that throng of employments, he observed his
usual two hours of prayer; he answered, “When I can, I keep three
hours, sometimes four or five; but when occasion offers to serve my
neighbour, I easily quit them, for God of his mercy hath given me
the grace, to be inseparably with him, even in the crowd of
business.” To the same purpose he writ to his director; “I continue
my devotion out of the time and place of prayer, even in the midst of
converse and business: and I tell you sincerely, tho’ I perform every
thing so ill, yet I find little difference of times for prayer, being
recollected continually.” And the same might be gathered (as was
observed before) from his modesty and composed countenance,
clearly evidencing, that his soul was wholly and constantly in
application to God, from whom he drew light and strength, for the
conduct of all his business. Of which he thus wrote to his director;
“My recollection hinders no business at all, but furthers it. Without it
I should have a sollicitous desire of doing all myself: whereas I now
act in a most calm way, in which I have no share; for it is our Lord
that doth all.” In another letter thus; “Finding myself one day much
burthened with variety of businesses, I had a desire to draw off my
mind wholly; and at the same instant it was done. Since that time
they create me no trouble, and I dispatch them more readily without
thinking of them. This grace hath been often renewed in me,
(although in several manners) which I acknowledge to be very great,
because it preserves me disengaged, even in the multiplicity of
business.”
*14. If after he had done his part, any design miscarried, he
rested well satisfied. On such an occasion he thus writ to a friend;
“We may take up good designs, and God often inspires them; yet
when he is pleased to permit a contrary event, we must adore his
secret will, which brings more of mercy in the crossing of them, than
if they had succeeded. We should always be jealous over our spirit,
that it fix not upon any thing.” And again, “Our Lord has his designs,
which he effects by such means as we would not at all make choice
of: The reason is, because he would break our wills, and abate our
dependencies upon earth. Therefore he often crosses our best
undertakings, being more jealous of the sacrifice of our hearts, than
any thing else, how specious so ever.”
15. I cannot better conclude this chapter, than with a letter writ
to his director on this subject:
“For these three or four months I have been, as it were,

continually employed in outward works; as removing from place to
place, new building a church, taking care of the sick, reconciling
differences, conferring with all sorts of people. Yesterday hearing
those words of the gospel read, ‘Thou art troubled about many
things,’ it was said to my heart, ‘Thou art not troubled about many
things,’ giving me to understand, that the things we are employed
upon, according to the will of God, do not create us that trouble;
and that Martha was not reproved for doing the work, but for doing
it too sollicitously. Our Saviour intimating to her, that no business
should be done with inordinate agitation of spirit. Since our great
business is, to hear the eternal word, and act nothing with
disturbance, but all in peace by his Spirit.”
*“I received hereby a great support in the performance of these
petty exterior offices, and made no difficulty at all to yield myself up
to this holily disordered divine order. At the same time I enjoyed
such a sensible impression of God, yet excelling all sense, that if I
had been thrown like a bowl, I could never have lost the sight of my
God. Our Lord turns this bowl in a strange manner, even as it
pleaseth him. And these several turnings are all for the soul’s
advantage, whereby she is fashioned for every occasion, that she
may do nothing for or by herself; but all for God, and according to
him.
“I see likewise that one whom God employs in these low affairs,
if he follow them with the same fidelity, is as acceptable to God, as
one that is employed in the most noble functions. Will nothing
please you but to convert worlds? You shall be content to carry
stones; and sometimes to sit still and do nothing. You are then to
offer the sacrifice of patience. And I believe it is a thousand times
more rare, to find a soul thus faithful in patience, and content to do
no more than God would have him, than faithful in actions that
appear abroad.
“I have one word more to tell you; which is, that I am really
ashamed and confounded, that I do no more for God: which indeed,
with the sense of my unfitness for any thing that is good, would
work me much torment, did I not consider, He is all-sufficient, and
doth with us as he pleaseth.”
C H A P T E R X.
Of his death.
1. N the 11th of April, 1649, he found himself very ill, and having
O concealed his sickness five days, was then constrained to take
his bed. He endured great pains all over his body, with which his
mind too was so much affected, that he profest, if God had not
assisted him against the ravings of his imagination, he should have
spoken more extravagancies than any madman. “There was much,
he said, in such a condition to humble him. But it was the duty of a
sinner to honour God, in all conditions wherein he should place him.”
2. During these great pains and torments, and during the whole
course of his sickness, his ordinary employment consisted in
affectionate elevations of his soul to God, in thoughts and words of
blessing, praise, and submission to whatsoever was laid upon him,
and of meekness and perfect obedience to all that attended, and
had the care of him, with such a humble and contented spirit, that
he thought all well done, though sometimes it was otherwise.
3. His patience never gave way to any complaint. And when his
keeper, who was of the hospital of charity, with whom he had visited
so many poor and sick, importuned him to declare his pain, *“O
sister, said he, how does the love of God wipe away all pain? The
servants of God suffer nothing.” Another friend asking, if his pain
was not great? He answered, no. The other replied, “He thought it
was.” “It is true, saith he, that I am much clogged with my disease;
but I feel it not, because I do not think of it.”
4. Being urged to take some sweet things, he refused, saying,
“These make little for life or for death.” Yet he refused not physic,
but took it with a chearful countenance, though it was very bitter,
and he had a great difficulty in swallowing. Indeed when one told
him of another medicine which had done great cures, he answered,
“Patience is a sovereign remedy,” intimating his unwillingness to try
it. Yet when it was brought, he took it without any reluctance.
5. His sickness increasing more and more, yet he never called for
any thing to refresh him: and when they had forced clean sheets
upon his bed, and a pillow, which he had before refused, he said,
“Lo! Here lies a gentleman at his ease.”
*6. Feeling some joy arise in him, upon the sight of a person of
his acquaintance, with whom he had held a strict correspondence in
spiritual things, who came out of the country on purpose to visit
him: he immediately repeated thrice over, with great fervour, “I
desire nothing more but God.”
7. Reflecting on the poor, the constant objects of his tenderest

care, he said to his lady, “I recommend the poor to you. Will not you
have a great care of them? You will perform it better than I. Fear
nothing: what you give to them, will not lessen the rest.”
8. The greatest part of the first week of his illness, and some
part of the second likewise, was spent by him in works of mercy,
appointing of alms, and giving orders for letters to be writ into
several provinces, about business of charity wherewith he stood
charged, and whereof he gave an exact account.
9. Many persons of quality coming to visit him, he received them

with much civility, but not without some concern, because most of
those visits drew on discourse of worldly things. “They come hither,
said he, to talk philosophy; of which I have no need.” And another
time his expression was,
“A Christian should talk little.”

*10. A lady of great piety coming to visit him said, “Sir, I would
with all my heart lay down my life to save yours.” He replied with a
chearful look, and eyes lifted up to heaven, “To die is not to be lost.
Our conversation and union will hereafter be more near and
intimate.” She said, “But, Sir, if it pleased God to restore your health,
and continue you longer with us; do not you desire it? St. Martin
desired to live upon these terms.” He answered, “O Madam, there is
no comparison between a saint and a sinner! The will of God be
done.”
11. The third day of his sickness he desired his director might be
sent for. And being asked, if he found himself worse? He answered,
“No; but in a business of this consequence, it is not safe to delay, for
fear of a surprizal, the judgment and memory being both so subject
to decay.” The next day he made his confession, the day after he
confessed again, and almost every day till his death.
12. The pastor of his parish having administered to him the Holy
Communion, and observing his deep silence, not speaking one word;
but only with profound humility, “My God, my God, pardon me; I am
a great sinner!” He asked him the reason, why he spake so little, and
did not apply himself to those who were well-pleased to hear him?
“It is not fitting, said he, to speak in the presence of him whom I
have received, nor take up any room in those hearts, which ought to
be filled only with God.” He added, *“My spirit is now applied to that
joy, which a creature ought to have, to see himself upon the point of
being re-united to his first principle, and his last end.”
13. The same day after dinner, one told him, “It was fit to use
some diversion from his serious thoughts; the physicians judging his
disease to have much of melancholy in it.” To whom he replied, “I
never had any joy comparable to that I have felt this day.” He asked
him, for what cause? “To think, said he, that I am going to be united
with my God.” He added earnestly, “I desire to be dissolved, and to
be with Christ. The Spirit and the bride say, Come; and let him that
heareth say, Come. And he that thirsteth, Let him come. Behold I
come quickly. Amen; Come Lord Jesus!”
*14. About noon, he desired his window might be set open, that
he might behold the brightness of the day: which being done, he
cried out, “O bright day of eternity! How this sun-shine chears me!
Helping me to meditate on that day, which shall never have night!”
*15. The more his sickness increased, the more he strove to

unite himself to God by prayer, imitating his master, who in the
strength of his agony, prayed the more earnestly. And when the
violence of his disease so opprest him, that he had need of greater
straining, to keep his mind fixed upon God, he cried out,
“Courage, courage! Eternity is at hand!”
16. Many such speeches he uttered with incredible fervor, tho’ he

could not pronounce them distinctly, by reason of the extreme
dryness of his throat, occasioned by the fever. At last, stopping his
speech, he fixed his eyes stedfastly on heaven, for a quarter of an
hour together, with a smiling look, and full of reverence, as if he saw
some extraordinary sight. After which gathering all his strength, he
sat up in his bed, took off his cap, and holding it in his hand, said,
(with words half stifled in his throat, as well by the ardor of his
spirit, as the weakness of his body)
“I adore you, I adore you.”

17. The curate having used the service of the church, to which he
attended with great devotion, answering to every prayer, asked him,
if he would not give a blessing to his children? He answered, “How
so, good Sir, shall I presume to give a blessing in your presence? I
should be happy to receive one from you.” But being urged thereto,
and told the church allowed it, he lifted up his hands and eyes to
heaven, saying,
“May it please God to bless you and to preserve you by his grace
from the malignity of the world, that you may have no part therein!
And above all, my children, may you live in the fear and love of God,
and yield due obedience to your mother!”
18. On Saturday, about half an hour past ten in the forenoon,

♦being just recovered out of a violent convulsion, looking attentively
on those that were present, he made signs with his hands, head,
and eyes, with a pleasant countenance, for an intimate friend to
come near him. Which being done, he said,
♦ “been” replaced with “being”
“Sir, I have one word to say to you before I die:” (then pausing a
little to recover his strength, he testified his affection to him, but in
words that could not distinctly be understood. At length raising his
voice, and speaking more articulately, he went on) “The perfection
of a Christian life, is to be united to God by faith. Let us not entangle
ourselves in novelties. Let us adore his conduct over us, and
continue faithful to him unto the end. Let us adhere to that one God,
crucified for our salvation. Let us unite all our actions, and all that is
in us to his merits; hoping that if we continue faithful to him by his
grace, we shall be partakers of the glory of his Father. I hope we
shall there see one another one day, which shall never have an end.”
19. Some time after, fixing his eyes upon heaven, he said, “The
holy Jesus, where is he?” They brought him his picture, which he
affectionately kissed. Then turning himself he presently entered his
last agony; which held about a quarter of an hour, the greatest part
of which he spent in pronouncing the name of Jesus; making as well
as he could, acts of resignation, and commending his spirit to God:
After which he expired sweetly, and his holy soul departed to its
place of rest.
20. Thus lived and died M. de Renty, one of the most glorious
lights God hath bestowed upon his church in our age. He died at
Paris, in the 37th year of his age, the 24th of April 1649, about
noon. We have great reason to admire the secret counsels of God, in
taking out of the world, in the flower of his age, a man so qualified
to advance the honour of God, and the good of his neighbour. But
when we say, it was the hand of God, all things are therein
concluded. Hereby he is pleased to let us know, that he hath no
need of us for the advancing his glory; and that when he does use
us as instruments therein, we ought to behave with all humility in his
presence. He hath translated him to another place, where he
glorifies his majesty with greater perfection; and where he waits for
us to glorify and love, together with him, God the Father, the Son,
and the Holy Ghost, to all eternity! Amen!
An e x t r a c t from the
L I F E and D E A T H of
T H O M A S W A L S H.
T H E I N T R O D U C T I O N.
T HE exceeding riches of the grace of God our Saviour, and the

effectual working of his mighty power, have in all ages shone
most conspicuously in the holy lives and exemplary conversation of
his eminent servants, the excellent of the earth, with whom are his
peculiar delights.
And although, strictly speaking, He only is wise and good,

nevertheless, there is a sense in which goodness is with propriety
ascribed both to angels and to men. This consists in their
resemblance of him who is the source and model of all goodness,
holiness, and perfection; as proceeding from his fulness, whence life
and blessedness flow to every creature, whether in heaven or in
earth.
Of this kind the scriptures furnish us with several examples,
Abraham, Enoch, Noah, Daniel and Job, (beside many others) are
described in the Old Testament, as men walking before God, and
perfect in their generation. And the eleventh chapter to the Hebrews
contains little else than an account of ancient worthies, eminently
remarkable for their faith, sufferings, patience, and glorious end;
who considering themselves as strangers and pilgrims in this world,
sought a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is
God. And God, saith the apostle, hath provided some better things
for us, that they without us should not be made perfect.
The time would fail to mention particularly the names of all the
eminently faithful, who have lived and adorned their profession,
since life and immortality have been brought to light by the gospel.
They are an innumerable company. It is enough for us to know, that
if any one loveth God, the same is known of him. Their names are
written in the Lamb’s book of life, and shall at last be numbered
amongst his jewels.
When names, and sects, and parties fall,
And thou, O Christ, art all in all!
Among the number of persons eminent for their usefulness and

personal holiness, which the present generation has produced, he, a
part of whose life is here related, may justly be considered as one;
and his example is one, which in some respects may be said to have
its peculiar excellencies.
A circumstantial detail of such things as often find a place in this

kind of writings, namely, family, childhood, education, stature,
complexion, and a variety of common occurrences, is judged, as well
tedious as foreign to the design of the work, which is to represent,
principally what passed between God and his soul in the progress of
his conversation and daily walking with God.
And yet neither is intelligence of this sort wholly omitted; he has
left a few particulars relative thereto, which will enable the reader to
form some idea, as well of the former as latter part of his
pilgrimage.
His prayer was, ‘That this little book (meaning what is here called
the first part, great part of which he wrote himself) may be made a
blessing to all who shall read it; that the Lord Jesus may make it a
means of kindling holy desire in their souls, and of stirring them up
to the fear and love of God.’
P A R T the F I R S T.
C H A P T E R I.
Of his birth and education.
T HOMAS WALSH, was born in the year of our Lord 1730, at a

place called Bally Linn, in the county, and within about ten
miles of the city of Limerick in Ireland. His father, Edmund Walsh,
was by occupation a carpenter, a man of tolerable education, and
strong natural understanding. His mother’s name was Helena
Nougham, born of reputable parents. They were both members of,
and entirely biggotted to the church of Rome.
When about eight years old, he was put to school to learn
English (his mother tongue was Irish.) Afterwards he went to school
to one of his brothers (of whom he had several) by whom he was
initiated into the Latin tongue. Having acquired its rudiments in
some tolerable degree, he went afterwards into the neighbouring
county of Clare, with a design to be put apprentice, his friends
intending him to be of his father’s trade.
But God in his adorable providence and unsearchable wisdom,

had, as the event shewed, other designs concerning him.
Disappointed therefore in this he returned to school, and proceeded
in his pursuit of learning; applying himself at present to the study of
Latin, which he had but lately intermitted.
After he had made some considerable progress in this, he applied

himself to the study of some parts of the mathematicks, for which
he thought he had a better genius than for languages. He soon
acquired the knowledge of arithmetic, both vulgar and decimal,
measuring superficies and solids, &c. And afterwards went to the
city of Limerick in order to perfect himself in writing.
And now having continued at school till about the nineteenth

year of his age, and having acquired such branches of literature as
fitted him for being useful to others in the same way: he quitted
school, and set up one for himself, wanting neither scholars nor
ability to instruct them, which he did with success, during the time
he continued his school.
C H A P T E R II.
Of his religion, and the struggle which he found between
nature and grace, till the sixteenth year of his age.
H IS parents (being as has been observed) members of, and
strongly attached to the church of Rome, brought him up in
the same principles and communion, and took care that his mind
should be early furnished with the first and fundamental parts of
what they judged his duty towards God.
“When (says he) I was young I learned the Lord’s prayer, and
Ave Maria, in Irish, together with the hundred and thirtieth psalm in
Latin; with the Popish augmentation thereto. And now I began to
imbibe that uncharitable, anti-scriptural opinion, that all dissenters
from the church of Rome were heretics, and in a state of damnation.
But, since the Lord hath enlightened my understanding, I am fully
convinced that therein I greatly erred, not knowing the scriptures,
neither the power of God.
“I cannot but lament the case of those parents, who alas! not
knowing what they do, endeavour to instill into the minds of their
children such pernicious principles: and I do earnestly intreat all
children, as soon as they come to years of discretion, to examine,
and judge for themselves.”
It pleased our Lord to work in his heart very early. He made him
bear the yoke in his youth, and by his terrors restrained him from
excess, and the great offence. “Even while I was young and ignorant
(says he) God was striving with me, and often terrified my heart:
especially whenever I thought of the day of judgment, and of
eternity!
“At those times especially, I frequently repeated the prayers I had

learnt. But alas! to how little purpose? While I prayed neither with
the spirit, nor with understanding. My heart was hard and stubborn,
and my understanding was blind and foolish. I had no just
conception either of God, or of religion. Nay, so great was my
ignorance, that when I named our Saviour in Irish, I thought the
name belonged to some woman in heaven.
“While I was thus foolish, and blind (even as a beast before
thee!) my fallen nature began powerfully to discover itself. The seed
of the serpent working in my heart, broke forth in words and in
deeds. Now pride, anger, and self-will especially, reigned over me.
But alas! I then little knew that those accursed tempers proceeded
from that source of universal disorder, and all human miseries,
original sin. I believed that this had brought temporal death into the
world, and great disorder into the whole state of the visible creation:
but of its subjecting the soul to spiritual, and exposing it to eternal
death, I had no apprehension. I had, it is true, conviction whenever
I did amiss; told a lie, or fell into any other outward sin. But the
Spirit of God, and the holy scriptures alone, I now plainly see, could
convince me that my tempers deserved the damnation of hell. And
hitherto I was ignorant of both.
“When I was about eight years old, I began to love play, and
divers other silly pleasures, spending the time I was out of school in
catching of birds, playing at ball, and the like. My fondness for these
occasioned my frequently breaking the sabbath, which I usually
spent either in these vain amusements, or in reading some profane
history, or other unprofitable book; and indeed no one so much as
told me, that these kinds of employments were any violation of the
Lord’s day: my parents, like the rest of their neighbours, esteeming
them innocent diversions, harmless amusements.
“I did not then know that I ought not on this day to do mine own
pleasure, to speak mine own words, or think my own thoughts; that
I ought to spend it wholly in glorifying God, by praying to him,
hearing his word, and reading and meditating therein; calling the
sabbath a delight, the holy of the Lord, honourable. ¹ O the curse of
ignorance and evil example! How many souls do these lead into the
broad way of destruction! How happy would it have been for my
poor soul, if I had known and remembered my Creator in the days of
my youth! Had I been brought up in the nurture and admonition of
the Lord; had I known the scriptures from my childhood! ² How
would it have contributed to prevent my wrong conceptions, and to
regulate, at least, in some measure, my whole conduct.
¹ Isaiah lvii. 13.
² Ecclesiastes xii. 1. Ephesians vi. 4. 2 Timothy iii. 15.

“From the tenth to the fourteenth year of my age, my corruptions
increased, took deeper root, and more visibly appeared in my whole
conversation: and yet I was more regular and conscientious in
discharging my duty towards God. (So I was taught to call a dull
form of words, part of which only were addressed to God, and the
greatest part to saints and angels.) My parents according to custom
brought me at the usual times to the priest, who examined me
concerning the Pater Noster, Ave Maria, and credo in Deum, with
some other rites of the church of Rome. But alas! to how little
purpose? It made me neither wiser, nor better. Some part, it is true,
of what he taught me, was according to the word of God; but the
greater part entirely repugnant thereto, and to all truth and
righteousness. But I knew not then how to distinguish between the
truths of God, and the traditions of men, having had no knowledge
of the law and the testimony, the only infallible touchstone of
doctrine and practice. He might therefore have imposed whatever he
pleased upon me; and the rather, as I was taught to believe
whatever he said, and to consider it as coming from the mouth of
God. Indeed I could not help observing even then, that several of
those reverend gentlemen frequently erred in practice: tho’ still I
thought they were infallible as to doctrine.
“After this catechising, I became more inquisitive, and began to

read books of devotion. These I found for the present had their use.
Whenever I read of the passion of our Saviour; the love of God to
sinners; the joys of heaven, or the miseries of the damned, my heart
became deeply affected; and much desire towards God enkindled in
my soul.” But alas! it soon died away again, becoming like the
morning cloud. The inconstancy and corruption of his heart, easily
prevailing over those divine, but transient impressions.

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9. In his first return from Dijon, he stopped three or four times in

13. Seeing one day some gentlemen fighting, he threw himself

*14. His zeal was accompanied, secondly, with unparalleled

16. One day he visited a person who, from a groundless

♦ “extreamly” replaced with “extremely”

*“Farther: as the chrystal, if several torches were set under it,

♦ inserted skipped word “be”

*23. One great point of prudence requisite in a zealous man, is,

25. Sometimes he received before-hand only a present impulse

*28. Though this happy intercourse, accompanied with such

29. Those who undertake the conduct of souls, ought seriously to

1. de Renty being sensible, that even our outward behaviour is of

*2. He was very modest, always calm and inviolably equal.

4. And such a constant equality was the more observable,

5. Another of his friends writes of him thus: “That which pleased

♦ duplicate word “a” removed

6. And indeed this continual presence of God, so wholly took up

♦ “eys” replaced with “eyes”

8. Things that were unprofitable, or the news of the times, were

10. As to conduct of business, his method was, seriously to

*12. But of all things he took care, not to overcharge himself

“For these three or four months I have been, as it were,

7. Reflecting on the poor, the constant objects of his tenderest

9. Many persons of quality coming to visit him, he received them

“A Christian should talk little.”

*15. The more his sickness increased, the more he strove to

“Courage, courage! Eternity is at hand!”