Full download ebooks at https://ebookmeta.

com

The History Of Japanese Economic Development

Origins of Private Dynamism and Policy
Competence Kenichi Ohno

For dowload this book click link below

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-history-of-japanese-
economic-development-origins-of-private-dynamism-and-policy-
competence-kenichi-ohno/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWLOAD NOW
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Economic Policy and the History of Economic Thought 1st

Edition Stavros Drakopoulos

https://ebookmeta.com/product/economic-policy-and-the-history-of-
economic-thought-1st-edition-stavros-drakopoulos/

Slavery s Capitalism A New History of American Economic

Development Sven Beckert

https://ebookmeta.com/product/slavery-s-capitalism-a-new-history-
of-american-economic-development-sven-beckert/

The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England: The

Influence of Private Choice and Public Policy David
Mitch

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-rise-of-popular-literacy-in-
victorian-england-the-influence-of-private-choice-and-public-
policy-david-mitch/

Modern Japanese Economic Thought: An Intellectual

History to 1950 1st Edition Kiichiro Yagi

https://ebookmeta.com/product/modern-japanese-economic-thought-
an-intellectual-history-to-1950-1st-edition-kiichiro-yagi/
The Puzzle of Latin American Economic Development
Patrice Franko

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-puzzle-of-latin-american-
economic-development-patrice-franko/

The Economic Sociology of Development 2nd Edition

Andrew Schrank

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-economic-sociology-of-
development-2nd-edition-andrew-schrank/

The Economic Policy of Online Media. Manufacture of

Dissent 1st Edition Peter Ayolov

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-economic-policy-of-online-
media-manufacture-of-dissent-1st-edition-peter-ayolov/

A Private History of Happiness 1st Edition George

Myerson

https://ebookmeta.com/product/a-private-history-of-happiness-1st-
edition-george-myerson/

The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business

in the Japanese American Community Edna Bonacich

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-economic-basis-of-ethnic-
solidarity-small-business-in-the-japanese-american-community-
edna-bonacich/
THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

This is an easy-to-read book that explains how and why Japan industrialized rapidly. It traces
historical development from the feudal Edo period to high income and technology in the cur-
rent period. Catch-up industrialization is analyzed from a broad perspective including social,
economic and political aspects. Historical data, research and contesting arguments are amply
supplied. Japan’s unique experience is contrasted with the practices of today’s developing
countries. Negative aspects such as social ills, policy failures, military movements and war
years are also covered.
Nineteenth-century Japan already had a happy combination of strong entrepreneurship
and relatively wise government, which was the result of Japan’s long evolutionary history.
Measured contacts with high civilizations of China, India and the West allowed cumulative
growth without being destroyed by them. Imported ideas and technology were absorbed with
adjustments to fit the local context.
The book grew out of a graduate course for government officials from developing coun-
tries. It offers a comprehensive look and new insights at Japan’s industrial path that are often
missing in standard historical chronicles. Written in an accessible and lively form, the book
engages scholars as well as novices with no prior knowledge of Japan.

Kenichi Ohno is Professor at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo. He
was born in Kobe, Japan and holds a PhD in Economics from Stanford University, California.
He worked at the International Monetary Fund and taught at the University of Tsukuba and
Saitama University before assuming his current position.
THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Origins of Private Dynamism and
Policy Competence

Kenichi Ohno
First published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
 2018 Kenichi Ohno
The right of Kenichi Ohno to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Ono, Ken’ichi, 1957- author.
Title: The history of Japanese economic development : origins of private
dynamism and policy competence / by Kenichi Ohno.
Description: First Edition. | New York : Routledge, [2017] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017018249| ISBN 9781138215399 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781138215429 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315444048 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Economic development—Japan—History. | Japan—
Economic policy. | Banks and banking—Japan—History.
Classification: LCC HC462.95 .O626 2017 | DDC 338.952—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017018249

ISBN: 978-1-138-21539-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-21542-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-44404-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK
Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/ohno
C ON T E NTS

List of figures vi
List of tables viii
List of boxes ix

Introduction 1

1 An overview: evolutionary history and translative adaptation 4

2 The Edo society: preparing conditions for industrialization 21

3 Transition from Edo to Meiji 35

4 Importing and absorbing technology 46

5 Development of key industries 61

6 Budget, finance and the macroeconomy of Meiji 73

7 World War I and the 1920s 82

8 The banking crisis of 1927 95

9 The 1930s and the war economy 104

10 Postwar recovery 1945–49 118

11 The high growth era 131

12 Economic maturity and slowdown 150

13 The asset bubble and prolonged recession 162

Questions and answers 179

Bibliography 195
Index 202

v
FIGU R ES

1.1 Japan’s multi-layered identity 5

1.2 Integration viewed from outside 7
1.3 Integration viewed from inside 7
1.4 Umesao’s view of the world 9
1.5 Four periods of Japanese history 12
2.1 Population and rice production 25
2.2 General price level 27
2.3 Inter-regional economic linkage in the late Edo period 29
3.1 Survival of millionaires in the late Edo and Meiji period 41
4.1 Production, export and import of cotton yarn 49
4.2 Trade structure 50
4.3 Structure of export and import 51
4.4 Foreign advisors employed by the Meiji government 52
4.5 Technology and factory size 57
4.6 Manufacturing output in prewar Japan 57
4.7 Employment structure in prewar Japan 58
5.1 Profits of Osaka Spinning in the early years 64
5.2 Average duration of male employment in manufacturing 67
6.1 Central and local government expenditure 75
6.2 Yen–dollar exchange rate 76
7.1 Price movement and the composition of gross national expenditure 83
7.2 Estimated tariff protection 86
7.3 Gross capital formation 87
7.4 Timelines of Japanese automobile producers 89
8.1 The balance sheet of the Bank of Taiwan 99
8.2 Share of big five banks 101
9.1 Wholesale price level 106
9.2 Average income of farm households (including non-farm income) 106
9.3 Production of military goods 112
9.4 Supply of consumer goods per head 113
9.5 Maritime transport during the Pacific War 114
10.1 Industrial production index 119

vi
 F igures

10.2 Retail price inflation in Tokyo 122

10.3 Priority production system in theory (production index) 128
10.4 Priority Production System in practice (production index) 128
11.1 Real GDP growth 131
11.2 Japanese industrial prices relative to US prices 133
11.3 Central government revenue and expenditure 137
11.4 International reserves 138
12.1 The ratio of households owning consumer durables 151
12.2 Money supply and inflation 152
12.3 US bilateral trade balances with Japan and China 158
13.1 GDP growth 163
13.2 Real income per head relative to the United States 163
13.3 Nikkei 225 stock index average 164
13.4 Urban land price 164
13.5 Monetary base, money and bank lending 169
13.6 International reserves 169
13.7 Government debt as percent of GDP 170
A.1 Rice price in semi-log scale 190
A.2 Tokyo’s industrial areas in the Taisho period 190

vii
TABLES

1.1 Outline of Japanese history 15

2.1 Some basic terms of the Edo period 22
2.2 Examples of private professional schools (late Edo period) 32
4.1 Selected foreign investment projects during Meiji and Taisho 53
5.1 Largest enterprises by employment size (1907) 66
6.1 Estimated savings–investment balance by sector 78
9.1 Two major political parties in prewar Japan 108
11.1 Four major pollution lawsuits of postwar Japan 146

viii
B OX E S

1.1 The gap between economic and social achievements 18

2.1 Proto-industrialization and population dynamics 33
3.1 The lecture of Natsume Soseki 44
4.1 Meiroku Zasshi 58
5.1 Shibusawa, Yamanobe and others 70
6.1 Japan becomes a new threat to East Asia and the world 80
7.1 Taisho Democracy 92
8.1 Hamaguchi Osachi and Koizumi Junichiro 102
9.1 The origin of the Japanese system 115
10.1 Arisawa Hiromi and Okita Saburo discuss postwar recovery 127
11.1 Honda Soichiro: a postwar business hero 147
12.1 Prof. Komiya and the Japan–US trade friction 159
13.1 The future of manufacturing SMEs 176

ix
IN T R O DUCTION

This book offers a historical tour of Japan’s socio-economic changes over the last few
centuries paying particular attention to industrialization. It is not intended to be a mono­
tonous chronology or a collection of specialized academic research. Rather, it explains
why Japan developed so fast among all latecomers by presenting a broad and coherent
picture of its steps from a comparative perspective. While the writing style of this book
may seem plain and not overly technical, it nonetheless introduces the reader to a large
amount of facts and data as well as advanced—and sometimes highly controversial—
research on the modern history of Japan. As such, the book is suitable for those who have
little prior knowledge of Japanese society or economy but want to take a quick look at
how Japan industrialized. But those who already know much about Japan will also benefit
greatly from the rich information and arguments concisely presented in this volume. In
this sense, the book is introductory and professional at the same time.
Materials contained in this book were originally made available to master-level students
who took my course, Economic Development of Japan, from 1999 at the National Graduate
Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Tokyo. The majority of my students were young govern-
ment officials from developing countries. In 2006, course materials were printed in textbook
form and began to be distributed free of charge to enrolled students. Soon, it became clear
that the book was very much wanted beyond the classroom by policy makers and advisors in
different countries who were eager to learn about Japanese development experience. I was
approached variously by my former students, a Chinese publisher, the Japan Foundation and
researchers abroad specializing in Japan, for permission to translate my English textbook
into several other languages. As a result, Japanese, Vietnamese, Chinese, Arabic, Russian
and Persian editions are now available. I have also frequently been asked to give a condensed
lecture on the subject to various audiences in Japan, Vietnam and Ethiopia. Meanwhile, my
course kept evolving and expanding as I discovered new studies and as my students raised
stimulating questions and comments.
The popularity of this textbook convinced me that the time was ripe for significant
revision and commercial publication—the original printing was financed by a research
fund that required noncommercial circulation—to incorporate new findings as well as to
reach larger readership. All chapters, sections and boxes have been revised considerably
or entirely rewritten, new information and diagrams have been added, and the final chapter
was extended with recent developments. The present publication should thus be regarded as
a new production rather than a slightly updated second edition.
I am not an economic historian but a practitioner of economic development. My main
research interest is why some economies industrialize rapidly while others stagnate at low to

1
 I ntroduction

middle income and never attain great prosperity. My hypothesis is that divergent growth per-
formance can be explained mainly by the amount of initial private dynamism and the quality
of industrial policy. In close cooperation with the Japanese government, I regularly con-
duct industrial policy dialogue with the leaders and policy makers of Vietnam and Ethiopia.
I advise them and train young people from these countries as well as other countries in
Asia and Africa. I also teach Policy Design and Implementation in Developing Countries at
GRIPS with other instructors. Through these activities, I am acutely aware of practical diffi-
culties these countries face in executing development policies. The central topic of this book,
how and why Japan industrialized rapidly from the mid-nineteenth century onward, may
seem a little worn-out to Japanese scholars who have already spilled a huge amount of ink on
the issue. But I still take it up, in the hope that we may see the road traveled by past Japan in
a new light shed by the standards and common sense of today’s developing countries.
This book contains no original research or new primary data. It is just a careful rear-
rangement of facts and analyses extracted from a large amount of existing literature mostly
written in Japanese. But this can be the strength of the book. It portrays Japanese history
not as random details specialists like to investigate, but as a comprehensive and continuing
story that compares Japan with other latecomers. Japanese experience is told not as a past
tale to be reminisced about but as a contemporary message to foreign elites who are at this
very moment struggling to develop their national economies. We recognize ourselves by the
existence of others. International comparison is essential to understand the characteristics
of any society in both its uniqueness and commonality. My lectures at GRIPS are meant to
be a mirror in which foreign students discover their own societies and their strengths and
missing elements. At the same time, they can also serve as a mirror for Japanese people to
re-discover themselves. I myself encountered numerous surprises in preparing and deliver-
ing these lectures. Domestic research closed to the rest of the world cannot uncover Japan’s
true position in world history.
History proceeds as endless interaction between domestic factors and foreign influences,
with the relative strength of each changing over time. In this process, domestic society is the
solid foundation into which foreign elements are selectively introduced—or so it should be
if foreign impact is to energize the existing society rather than destroy it. Japanese history is
unique in that the alternation of domestic and foreign forces went on for over two millennia
without serious disruption or eradication of any previous major achievements. This imparted
evolutionary and cumulative quality to Japanese history, unlike societies where foreign
influences often came in the form of violent invaders who wiped out existing political struc-
ture and rewrote state and ethnic boundaries, which made social continuity hardly possible.
In contrast, Japan’s evolutionary history generated resilience, flexibility and long memory
in both the rulers and the ruled. Japanese society developed organically from centralized
monarchy to its gradual disintegration, which brought a rise of local powers, and private
commerce and industry under feudalism. By the end of the Edo period (1603–1867), from
which this book starts its journey, Japanese society was mature enough to be able to quickly
absorb and internalize new systems and technology imported from the West.
After the general framework is presented in Chapter 1, the rest of the book sequentially
explains concrete cases of interaction between domestic and foreign forces, as well as between
public and private sectors, from the Edo period to present. Japanese industrialization, which
progressed very fast in the Meiji period and the post-WW2 period, is depicted as social trans-
formation driven by strong private dynamism supported by appropriate policies from the
sideline. The main engine of growth was active private players while the government, on

2
 I ntroduction

average, also played a useful role as a coach and promoter. The strength of both sectors, in
turn, was the result of Japan’s evolutionary history mentioned above. The reader should be
duly amazed at such dual strength, which is rarely seen in today’s developing and emerg-
ing economies. Few latecomer societies combine globally competitive entrepreneurship with
wise government, with the possible exceptions of Singapore, Taiwan and Korea. My students
from developing country governments are often impressed with how effectively Meiji leaders
and Showa businessmen worked, competed and cooperated. This also leads to the conclusion
that Japanese experience cannot be transplanted to a different soil without prior adjustment
and serious additional learning.
Another feature of this book is ample discussion of the socio-political elements behind
economic growth. Economics cannot be separated from politics and social change as they
arise mutually to shape national development. Negative events such as wars, social unrest,
environmental damage and political uncertainty are also taken up so far as they defined
and influenced the path of industrialization. The question of why Japan became an aggres-
sive invader and colonizer of neighboring Asia, ultimately leading to the Pacific War,
which is often skipped in the teaching of Japanese history, is squarely addressed to the
extent that this can be regarded as another main theme of this book apart from the reasons
for rapid industrialization.
I would like to thank my students at GRIPS over the last eighteen years for giving me an
opportunity and reason to write and continuously revise this book, and Ms. Yuka Akiyama
for her proficient support in preparing the current edition. The result looks quite different
from the original textbook, not just because the text and diagrams have been greatly modified
and added, and the front cover has been redesigned, but also because photographs generously
used in the previous edition were all eliminated for reasons of space and cost. Additional
lecture slides and data available to my students cannot be included for the same reasons.
Nevertheless, the book is sufficiently rich to serve as the first textbook for newcomers
in Japanese history as well as a compact guidebook on ongoing issues and debates for
specialists. Missing photos of political and business leaders, major historical events and
early factories and structures can be viewed easily in the internet age. I hope the readers will
enjoy the book.

Kenichi Ohno

3
1
A N O VERVIEW
Evolutionary history and translative adaptation

Domestic society and external forces

In any country, history proceeds as an interaction between domestic and foreign forces.
In the discussion of Japanese development that follows, this aspect of systemic interac-
tion will be highlighted. Japan’s modernization began with its encounter with the powerful
West in the nineteenth century. The path of Japanese industrialization thereafter can be
interpreted as the process of various domestic actors, including the government, businesses,
communities and individuals, responding to shocks and influences coming from abroad.
This perspective is very useful even today, since developing countries are now required to
develop in the strong presence of globalizing pressure. The development process of such
countries can also be understood as two systems, local and foreign, in dynamic interaction.
Today, new ideas and systems often come with such names as the market mechanism,
democracy, conditionality, international best practice, MDGs and SDGs, bilateral and
regional free trade agreements, and so on.
Domestic society is the base into which new foreign systems are introduced. Each
society has unique characteristics reflecting its geography, ecology and history. Existing
institutions in any society are mutually dependent and form a coherent whole (this is
called “institutional complementarity”). Domestic societies have their own logic and
mechanisms of internal evolution and, for certain periods, can evolve mainly through
internal forces. This evolution is usually slow and continuous. But when exposed to
strong foreign impacts, social equilibrium is suddenly disturbed and the country is dis-
lodged from its previous course. If the domestic response to foreign elements is resilient
and appropriate, the society will begin a new dynamic path of evolution. But if the
response is weak or inconsistent, the society may be destabilized or even destroyed under
foreign dominance.
In the twentieth century, isolation and self-sufficiency were pursued under socialist plan-
ning in some countries, but the effort failed miserably to produce economic dynamism. Since
the disappearance of the Soviet Union, refusal to integrate into the global economy has been
totally discredited as a national development strategy. While the policies of the World Trade
Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank contain
many shortcomings, latecomer countries have no option but to join these international organ-
izations and receive their policy advice. Now the question is not whether to integrate but how

4
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 INDEX DES TOMES I ET II

Les chiffres romains renvoient au tome (I : Sahara algérien ; II : Sahara soudanais).

A
Abalessa, I, 73 ; — II, 6, 32, 38, 40, 42, 44.
Abankor, I, 16, 310.
Abedj (bracelet de pierre), I, 133.
Aberaghetgan, II, 32, 38.
Aberras (djebel), I, 25, 283, 342.
Abouila, II, 167.
Abrik, II, 63.
Acacia, II, 184.
Açedjerad, I, 3, 25, 289, 293, 297, 319, 321.
Achaouadden, II, 80, 113.
Acheb, I, 200 ; — II, 151, 163.
Achegrad (Cf. Açedjerad), I, 350.
Achourat, II, 22, 27.
Adafar, II, 5.
Adaptations, II, 163.
Ad’ar’ (Adr’ar’), II, 47.
Adax, II, 201.
Adéras, II, 183.
Adesnou, II, 58.
Adjar, II, 181.
Adjellela, II, 32, 262.
Adjennar (oued), II, 261.
Adjerazraz, I, 292
Adjouz, II, 48, 85, 92.
Admar, II, 34.
Adoukrouz, I, 291, 314, 326.
Adoux, II, 184.
Adr’ar’, II, 34.
Adr’ar’ Ahnet, I, 10, 291, 310, 319, 321, 325, Pl. XLIX, L, LI ; — II,
258.
Adr’ar’ Doutchi (Tahoua), II, 107.
Adr’ar’ des Ifor’as, II, 19, 21, 132.
Adr’ar’ Haggar’en, II, 261.
Adr’ar’ Nahlet, II, 259.
Adr’ar’ Ouan R’elachem, II, 261.
Adrem (oued), I, 47, 326.
Aérolithe, I, 253.
Aetheria, II, 196.
Agahlélé, II, 36.
Afernane, II, 190.
Affassez, II, 25.
Aflissès, I, 28 ; — II, 6.
Afoud Dag Rali, I, 286, 312.
Aftoutt, II, 249.
Agadez, II, 59, 64, 69, 81, 128, 178, 221.
Agalac, II, 59, 68.
Agames, II, 197.
Agdal, I, 213.
Aggatane, II, 59.
Aglagal (oued), I, 27, 277, Pl. XLIII.
Agorgott, II, 279.
Agoua, II, 190.
Agram, II, 39, 119.
Aguadem, II, 265.
Aguellal, II, 23, 57, 66.
Aguelman (r’dir, guelta), I, 311.
Aguelman Tamana, I, 106.
Aguelman Taguerguera, I, Pl. VI.
Ahaggar, II, 19, 129, 145, 157, 212, 293.
Ahl Azzi, I, 307.
Ahnet, I, 3, 293, 321, 322 ; — II, 4.
Aïn, I, 13.
Aïn Chebbi, I, 282.
Aïn Cheikh, I, 227, 229, 280, 281, 282, 301.
Aïn Dhob, I, 198.
Aïn Kahla, I, 285, 301.
Aïn Memnouna, I, 98.
Aïn Sefra, I, 62, 121.
Aïn Tadjemout, I, 313, 320.
Aïn Tarlift, I, 279, 280.
Aïn Tezzaï, I, 341.
Aïr, I, 115 ; — II, 20, 21, 56, 81, 133, 263.
Aït el Kha, I, 292, 312, 314, 326, 342.
Aïtoklan, II, 29, 40.
Akabli, I, 25, 304, 330.
Akara, II, 263.
Akelamellen, II, 59.
Akkra, II, 14.
Alakhos, II, 81, 90, 116, 149.
Alar’sess, II, 65, 76, 81, 87, 178.
Alberkaram, II, 90, 110, 266.
Alcool, II, 149.
Aleg, II, 224.
Alenda, II, 160.
Alios, II, 273.
Alpes sahariennes, II, 56.
Aluminium, II, 278.
Alun d’Aïn Chebbi, I, 329.
Alunifères (schistes), I, 283.
Amadr’or, II, 34, 257, 297.
Amanga, II, 234.
Ambadj, II, 148.
Amdja (oued), I, 326 ; — II, 5, 21.
Ammès, I, 30.
Amenokal, II, 212.
Amguid, II, 35.
Amonkay Ouroua, II, 110.
Amr’ar, II, 213.
Anabasis aretioides, I, 155, 200.
Anahef, II, 5, 28, 34.
Âne, I, 317 ; — II, 204.
Anémophiles, II, 169.
Angola, II, 89, 102.
Ansongo, II, 12, 75, 98, 226, 229.
Antar, I, 146, Pl. XX.
Antilope, I, 95.
Antilope adax, I, 6. Pl. XXXIV.
Antilope mohor, I, 317.
Aouari (Haci el), I, 62.
Aoudéras, II, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 65, 263.
Aouguerout, I, 227, 245, 246 ; — II, 87.
Aoulef, I, 279, 302, 306.
Aourarène, II, 59.
Apus, II, 195.
Ara, II, 283.
Arak, I, Pl. XLV.
Araouan, II, 23, 135, 246, 298.
Ararebba, II, 53.
Ardjem (pluriel de redjem), I, 61.
Ar’érem, II, 39.
Argent monnayé, I, 274.
Argiles gypseuses, I, 232.
Arib, I, 35.
Arigan, II, 32.
Arouellé, II, 239.
Asabai, II, 157.
Asabay, II, 189.
Asben, II, 56.
Asclépiadées, II, 188.
Assaouas, II, 62, 76, 221, 264, 277.
Asséchement graduel du pays, I, 40.
Asselar’, II, 85.
Assiou, II, 8.
Assodé, II, 56, 66.
Atacora, II, 14.
Atakor, II, 29.
Atar, II, 10.
Atchan (erg), I, 30, 45, 51, 183, 198.
Atil, II, 181.
Aussert, II, 268.
Autruche, II, 65, 199, 292, 296.
Az’ aoua, II, 187.
Azaoua, II, 109.
Azaouad, I 328 ; — II, 109, 224, 225.
Azaouak, II, 63, 64, 68, 73, 97, 109, 221.
Azas (Dazas), II, 218.
Azdjer, II, 28, 212.
Azelmati, I, 26 ; — II, 21, 22, 36.
Azenazen, II, 22.
Azigui, II, 92.
Azzaz (djebel), I, 301, 319.

B
Baba Ahmed, I, 279, 288.
Badjouda, I, 307.
Bagarua. Cf. Acacia.
Baghazam, II, 59, 62, 67, 221.
Baharia, II, 286.
Bahr El Ghazal, II, 233, 237.
Bai, II, 52.
Bakoy, II, 13.
Balanites, I, 315 ; — II, 183.
Balsamodendron, II, 183.
Bambara, I, 259, 260.
Bammako, II, 101.
Bandiagara, II, 15, 101, 232.
Baobab, II, 182.
Barbeau, I, 40, 250, 319.
Barkanes, II, 247.
Barmata, I, 36, 38, 256, 260, 264.
Baro, II, 233.
Barques de Tamentit, I, 39.
Barrebi, I, 94, 344.
Bassila, II, 13.
Baten ou Kreb, I, 9, Pl. II.
Baten Ahnet (Adr’ar’ Ahnet), I, 295, 314, 321, Pl. XLIV.
Batha, II, 233.
Bauhinia, II, 185.
Bauxite, II, 270.
Bazina, I, 61, 71.
Bdellium. Cf. Mounas.
Béchar, I, 147, Pl. XXI, XXII, XXIII.
Béchar (ksar), I, 160.
Béchar (oasis), I, 159.
Béchar (palmeraies), I, 160.
Bechna, II, 171, 180.
Béduaram, II, 265.
Bekati El Bess, II, 8.
Belbel, I, 314.
Bélédougou, II, 101.
Belia, II, 12.
Bélier ou bouc, coiffé d’un sphéroïde, I, 89.
Bellah, II, 71.
Bel Rezaïm, I, 286.
Bemba, II, 85, 92, 97, 249.
Ben Ghazi, II, 292.
Beni Abbès, I, 29, 33, 184, 186, 194, 201, 208, 210, 342.
Beni Goumi, I, 161, 248.
Beni Goumi (carte), I, 165.
Beni Hassen, I, 202, 212.
Beni Ikhlef, I, 181, 200, 212.
Beni Ounif, I, 62, 149, 150, 176.
Bénoué, II, 240.
Ben Zireg, I, 62.
Beraber, I, 205, 246, 273.
Berbères, I, 63, 246, 248, 323 ; — II, 215.
Béréré, II, 88.
Béri-Béri, II, 116.
Beurkot, II, 25.
Bezazil Kelba, I, Pl. XXIV.
Bidei, II, 4.
Bilakora, II, 115.
Bilat, II, 59.
Bilma, II, 9, 24, 73, 75, 81, 87, 91, 118, 233, 282, 294, 297.
Bir, I, 13.
Bir Deheb, I, 37.
Bitis, II, 198.
Bizerte, II, 123.
Blé, II, 118, 175, 178.
Bled el Mass, I, 25, 258, 283. Pl. XLIX.
Bodelé, II, 233, 244.
Bœuf, II, 26, 44, 51, 72, 106, 203, 204.
Bœuf porteur, I, 136.
Bœuf zébus, I, 108, 318.
Boguent, II, 250.
Bois silicifiés, I, 233, 278 ; — II, 97.
Borkou, II, 234, 238, 240.
Bornou, II, 237, 294.
Bornouans, II, 116.
Bornoyazu, II, 82.
Bossia, II, 101, 182.
Bosso, II, 63, 85, 222, 231.
Bota (oued), I, 25, 47, 309 ; — II, 21, 247.
Bouar, II, 17.
Bouc casqué, I, 92.
Boucerozia, II, 166.
Bouda, I, 24, 28, 33, 250.
Bou Djeheba, II, 298.
Boudoumas, II, 120, 238.
Bou-Kaïs, I, 145.
Bou-Kaïs (faille), I, 148.
Boulakendo, II, 218.
Boulloum, II, 81, 218, 245.
Boultoum, II, 115.
Bour, II, 191.
Boura (haci), I, 22, 24, 34.
Bou-rékouba, I, 314.
Bourem, II, 97.
Bourgoumouten, II, 283.
Boutoutou, II, 96.
Bou Yala, I, 62, 147.
Bouza, II, 94, 96, 97.
Bouzou, II, 71.
Bracelet de pierre (abedj), I, 133.
Brinken, I, 27, 246 ; — II, 128.
Brouillard, II, 137.
Broulkoung, II, 239.
Brousse à mimosées, II, 147, 153.
Brume, II, 136.
Brumes sèches, I, 42.
Bubalus antiquus, I, 89, 94, 117.
Bubalus antiquus bâté, I, 94.
Burgu, II, 148, 175.

C
Calcaires, II, 257.
Calédoniens (plissements), I, 290.
Calendrier Julien, I, 254.
Calotropis (Korounka Tourha), II, 188.
Cameroun, II, 99, 103.
Canaris, II, 172.
Canyon, I, 298, 313.
Cap Blanc, II, 10, 135, 247.
Cap Rouge, II, 101.
Câprier, II, 157, 160.
Caravane, I, 273.
Caravanes libres, I, 274.
Carbonifère, I, 224.
Carbonifères (fossiles), I, 287.
Carboniférien, I, 229, 280.
Cardium edule, I, 39, 234, 289, 360.
Carotte, II, 65.
Case, II, 217.
Cassia (Séné), II, 157, 169, 186.
Cavalier numide, I, 98, 109, 118.
Cavernes, II, 17.
Cénomanien, I, 143, 232, 277, Pl. XXIV.
Cercles de sacrifices, I, 83, Pl. XIV.
Céréales, I, 272, 275.
Chaab, I, 26.
Chache, II, 22.
Chameau, I, 318 ; — II, 106, 205, 293.
Chameau rupestre, I, 106.
Champignons, II, 169, 173.
Chari, II, 15, 83, 232.
Charouin, I, 29, 50, 51, 221, 222, 226, 246.
Chasse au mouflon, I, Pl. XVI.
Chauve-souris, II, 115.
Chebbi, I, 25.
Chebka, I, 9, Pl. II.
Chehed, I, 64, Pl. XIII.
Cheval, II, 106, 204.
Chèvre, I, 318 ; — II, 106, 203.
Chinguetti, II, 10.
Chirmalek, II, 82, 171, 245.
Chittati, II, 82, 232, 244.
Chotts, I, 11; — II, 169.
Chouchet, I, 61, 71.
Cimetière, I, Pl. XIII.
Cimetières d’Es Souk et de Kidal, I, 79.
Cipolins, II, 257.
Citronniers, II, 67.
Cocotier, II, 145.
Coff, I, 269.
Colomb-Béchar, I, 62, 143, 175 ; — II, 112.
Colomb-Béchar (étangs), I, 159.
Commerce, II, 292.
Commerce intérieur, I, 273.
Conifères, II, 142, 158.
Corneille à plastron, II, 198.
Côte d’Ivoire, II, 13.
Coton, II, 107, 150, 173, 176, 178.
Coudia, II, 29, 35, 129, 158, 161, 263.
Cristallophyllien, II, 15.
Crocodile, I, 319.
Crues, I, 192.
Cuivre, I, 152 ; — II, 257.
Cuivre (mine de), I, Pl. XXXI.
Culture, II, 170.
Cultures irriguées, II, 174.
Cuvettes fermées, I, 58.

D
Dagana, II, 171.
Daganou-Mazammi, II, 111.
Dahnoun, II, 178.
Dahomey, II, 13, 231.
Dakar, II, 268.
Dakoa, II, 12.
Dalguian, II, 81, 218, 245.
Dallacori, II, 115.
Dallols, II, 221, 253.
Damangara, II, 111.
Damergou, II, 75, 80, 81, 87, 88, 112, 144.
Dan Beda, II, 266.
Danmeli, II, 88, 112.
Daouna, II, 149, 174, 228.
Daoura, I, 31 ; — II, 220.
Darfour, II, 294.
Datte, I, 169, 256, 271.
Dattier, II, 178, 191.
Daya ou Maader, I, Pl. V ; — II, 156.
Debenat, II, 32.
Débo, II, 101, 149.
Décalcification, II, 274.
Défense contre les animaux, II, 170.
Demagherim, II, 110.
Démographie, I, 304.
Désert, II, 147, 155, 159, 208.
Desquamation, II, 290.
Dessins, II, 287.
Dévonien, I, 281.
Dévonien supérieur, I, 186, 223, 286.
Dévonien moyen, I, 222.
Dévonien inférieur, I, 181, 222.
Dévoniennes (couches gréseuses), I, Pl. XXIX.
Dhamrane, I, 314.
Dhomran, I, 200.
Diaclases récentes, I, 189, 296, 298.
Dibbela, II, 233.
Dini, II, 239.
Dinguiraye, II, 13.
Dinkim, II, 99.
Diss, II, 161, 180.
Djadjidouna, II, 88, 112, 295.
Djanet, II, 295.
Djar’et (oued), I, 21, 26, 299, 309.
Djemaa, I, 268.
Djerma, II, 99, 108.
Djoghraf, I, 320.
Djouf, I, 17, 24, 26, 55 ; — II, 224, 226, 228, 231.
Djourab, II, 233, 238.
Dogon Doutchi, II, 99.
Dolmens, I, 60.
Dori, II, 17, 101.
Doro, II, 12, 230.
Doui Menia, I, 168, 170, 205, 213.
Doui Menia (tentes), I, Pl. XXVIII.
Doum, II, 181, 190.
Draa (oued), II, 293.
Drinn, I, 314; — II, 160, 178.
Dune d’Aïn Sefra, I, 50.
Dune envahissant les oasis, I, 255, 303.
Dunes, I, 41, 250 ; — II, 76, 160.
Dunes parlantes, I, 53.
Dune vis-à-vis de la chaleur solaire, I, 52.
 E
Ech Chech, I, 31.
Édaphiques (déserts), II, 154.
Ed Denader, II, 229, 329.
Edjelé, II, 33.
Edjéré, II, 33, 261.
Edjéré. Cf. Scarabées.
Eglab, I, 32, 37 ; — II, 128.
Egueï, II, 233, 239, 244.
Ekelfi, II, 146.
El Adjou, II, 85.
El Ahmar, I, 29.
El Biar, II, 12, 86.
El Djenoun, II, 32.
El Eglab, II, 3, 11.
Éléphant (rupestre), I, 94, 108, 117.
El Euzzi, I, 38, 257.
Élevage, II, 176.
El Goléa, I, 220, 277.
El Hadj Guelman, I, 226.
El Haricha, II, 11, 86.
El Houz, II, 85.
Elias, II, 262.
El Khenachiche, II, 11, 86, 226.
El Kheneg, I, 312 ; II, 2.
El Ksaïb, II, 128.
El Mass, II, 4, 5.
El Mellah (sebkha), I, 180, 183, 198.
El Mer’ili, I, 251.
El Ouatia, I, 319, 326.
El R’essour (oued), II, 8, 9, 27, 251.
Endid, II, 38, 40.
Ennaya, I, 199.
Ennedi, II, 17, 233.
En Nefis, II, 9.
Ennfouss, I, 47, 297, 303, 309, 319.
Éocène, II, 264.
Éodévonien, I, 227, 288, 292.
Éodévoniennes (argiles), I, Pl. XLV.
Éodévoniens (grès), I, 293, Pl. XLV, XLVII.
Épines, II, 170.
Équateur zoologique, II, 193.
Eré, II, 241.
Erg, I, 4, 42, 44, Pl. III.
Éromophila, II, 194.
Érosion éolienne, I, 47 ; — II, 285.
Erouakib, II, 4.
Er-Raoui (erg), I, 42, 44, 45, 51, 183, Pl. X, XXXIV.
Esclaves, II, 292.
Es Souk, I, 79 ; — II, 49, 54.
Etambar, II, 49.
Éthel, I, 314 ; — II, 187.
Euphorbia, II, 154.
Euphorbes, II, 189.
Évaporation, II, 273.
Ezerzi, II, 263.

F
Fachi, II, 3, 10, 25, 81, 91, 119, 282.
Faguibine, I, 57 ; — II, 12, 101, 151, 223, 225, 227.
Failles ou plis posthumes, I, 235, 245, 287, 298.
Failles du Touat, I, 21.
Failles récentes, I, 227.
Falaise de Glint, I, 295, Pl. XLIV.
Falez lez, II, 36.
Feidj ou Gassi, I, 5, 43.
Fendi, I, 62, 147, Pl. XXV.
Fendi (petits lacs), I, 158.
Fennec, I, 35, 316 ; — II, 201.
Féodal, II, 213.
Ferzig, II, 187.
Fezzan, II, 216.
Fgagira, I, 223, 225.
Figuiers de Barbarie, II, 167.
Figuig, I, 5, 156, 170.
Filali, II, 296.
Filingué, II, 63, 85.
Fisnet, I, 309.
Fita, II, 267.
Fittré, II, 233.
Foggara, I, 40, 196, 239, 242, 243, 244, 269, 270, 275, 302, Pl. VIII,
XXXVII ; — II, 38, 177.
Foggaret el Arab, I, 304.
Foggaret es Zoua, I, 279.
Folé, II, 284.
Forêt, II, 147, 154.
Fort Crampel, II, 14.
Fossiles de Mouizib el Atchan, I, 140.
Fossiles pléistocènes marins de Tombouctou, I, 57.
Fosso, II, 25.
Foum el Kheneg, I, 7, 20, 21, 24, 32, 33, 197, Pl. IX ; — II, 284.
Foum Imok, I, 326.
Foum Lacbet, I, 295.
Foum Zeggag, I, 113, 288, 313.
Four, II, 284.
Fourmilière, II, 179.
Fouta Djallon, II, 13, 144.
Fumier, I, 271.

G
Gabana, II, 150, 266, 267.
Gabès, II, 299.
Gabès (seuil de), I, 20.
Gada (ou hammada), I, 3.
Gafouli, II, 171.
Galeries forestières, II, 143, 152, 153, 167.
Gamé, II, 95.
Ganadxa, II, 150.
Ganga, I, 317.
Gao, II, 47, 69, 85, 92, 229.
Gara, I, 8, Pl. III, XLV.
Garadoumi, II, 97.
Garagoa, II, 218.
Garamante, II, 108.
Garamgava, II, 284.
Garankaha, II, 117.
Garé, II, 117.
Garet ed Diab, I, 25, 289.
Garet Tamamat, I, 283.
Gassi (feidj), I, 5, 43.
Gauthiot, II, 241.
Gazelle, I, 317 ; — II, 200.
Geckos, II, 197.
Genêts, II, 157, 186.
Gessao, II, 63.
Ghardaia, II, 85, 123.
Gidi-Mouni, II, 111, 267.
Girafe, I, Pl. XVI.
Gisements néolithiques du Tanezrouft, I, 126.
Gîtes aurifères, II, 278.
Gîtes minéraux, I, 152.
Gnou, I, 95.
Grenouilles, II, 197.
Grès albiens, I, 144, 219, 220, 232, 234, 278, 300.
Grès albiens du Touat, I, p. 23.
Grès ferrugineux, II, 273.
Grès houillers, I, 143, Pl. XXVI.
Grès à sphéroïdes, I, 220.
Grès turriformes, II, 16.
Gribingui, II, 273.
Grouz, I, 143, 146, 154, 170.
Guediyo, II, 113.
Guelta (aguelman), I, 311.
Guentour, I, 29.
Guépard, II, 201.
Guerrier à bouclier rond, I, 109.
Guerzim, I, 196, 205.
Guesket, II, 81, 114.
Guétaf, II, 160, 165, 186.
Gueydoum, II, 91.
Guidambado, II, 94, 125.
Guidam Moussa, II, 110.
Guidjamou, II, 150.
Guinée, II, 13, 101, 271.
Guinéenne (zone), II, 143.
Guir, I, 191.
Guirbo, II, 114.

H
Habitation, II, 217.
Haches néolithiques, I, 126.
Hache touareg à emmanchure néolithique, I, 132.
Haci, I, 12.
Haci Achourat, I, 328.
Haci Adoukrouz, I, 313.
Haci Ar’eira, I, 287, 308.
Haci Bel Rezaim, I, 312.
Haci Boura, I, 233, 340.
Haci el Hamri, I, 30.
Haci el Kheneg, I, 284, 312.
Haci el Maghzen, I, 30.
Haci er Rouzi, I, 30.
Haci Gouiret, I, 307.
Haci In Belrem, I, 312.
Haci Maçin, I, 291, 312, 314, 326.
Haci Rezegallah, I, 22, 23, 34, 62, 230, 233, 339.
Haci Sefiat, I, 22, 24, 233, 339.
Haci Tikeidi, I, 289.
Haci Tirechoumin, I, 308.
Hacian Taïbin, I, 25, 26, 229, 280, 309, 342.
Had, I, 200, 314 ; — II, 144, 165, 180.
Hadj Guelman, I, 28, 246.
Hadjar El Hamis, II, 265.
Hadjra Mektouba, I, 48, 100, 187, Pl. XXXII ; — II, 288.
Hadrian, II, 262.
Halfa, II, 180.
Hammada, I, 3, Pl. I ; — II, 160.
Hammada dévonienne, I, 298.
Hammoudiya, I, 27.
Haouia, II, 206.
Haoussa, I, 63 ; — II, 73, 109, 211.
Haratin, I, 137, 169, 265, 266, 305 ; — II, 41.
Har’en, II, 262.
Harta, II, 160.
Heirane, I, 31, 33, 50, 228.
Henné, I, 255, 272.
Hercynienne (pénéplaine), I, 148, 189, 289.
Hercyniens (plissements), I, 144, 182, 225, 230, 281, 283 ; — II, 1.
Hippopotames, II, 202.
Hoggar, I, 71, 114.
Hombori, II, 12, 15, 224, 258.
Horo, II, 227.
Horst calédonien, I, 283, 285.
Horst silurien, I, 283, 285, 298.
Horst silurien d’Adoukrouz, I, Pl. XLVI.
Houilles, I, 143.
Huîtres, II, 196.
Hutte, II, 217.
Hygrophiles, II, 163.

I
Iberkoran, II, 68.
Icherifan, II, 68.
Idelés, II, 29, 35, 40.
Idelioua, II, 61.
Idikh, I, 188.
Idjeran, I, 301, 319.
Idjil, II, 7.
Iférouane, II, 24, 57, 62, 66.
Ifetessen, I, 319.
Ifisten (oued), I, 326.
Ifor’as, I, 113, 128, 328, 350 ; — II, 53, 212.
Igharghar, II, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 220.
Igherran, II, 6.
Igli, I, 178, 194, 206, 342, Pl. XXIX.
Iglitten, I, 297, 312, 313, 326, 341, 342.
Iguelen, II, 40.
Iguidi, I, 31, 42, 43, 44, 119.
Ikaskazan, II, 72.
Ilamane, II, 29.
Iles du Tchad, II, 120.
Ilifek, II, 24.
Ilok, II, 36.
Imenan, II, 70.
Immidir, I, 318.
Impôt, I, 216.
In Abeggui, II, 27.
In Akaoual, II, 92.
In Amdjel, II, 40, 161.
In Ameggui, II, 8, 27.
In Azaoua, II, 7, 8, 21, 24, 28, 32, 36, 221, 232.
In Belrem, I, 286.
In Djeran, II, 30.
Industrie, II, 43, 64, 65, 117, 176, 284, 285.
Inerider, II, 63.
In Gall, II, 68, 69, 72, 283.
In Guezza, II, 23.
In Hihaou, II, 259.
Inifeg, I, 31.
Inikeren, II, 31.
In Killa, II, 92.
Inondation (zone d’), II, 148.
In Ouzel, II, 21.
In R’ar, I, 279, 280, 284, 300, 301, 304.
In Salah, I, 43, 47, 279, 284, 304, 306 ; — II, 47, 127, 293.
Inscription, II, 287, 289, Pl. XVIII.
Inscriptions arabes, I, 351.
Inscriptions berbères, I, 254.
Inscription hébraïque, I, 252, 346.
Inscriptions tinifar’, I, 116, 344.
Insécurité, II, 119.
Insolation, II, 290.
In Tebdoq, II, 53.
Inzegmir, I, 27, 28.
In Ziza, I, 62, 323, 327, 328, 342 ; — II, 3, 6, 18, 22, 28, 251, 259.
In Zizaou, II, 259.
Ir’achar = Ir’ahar = Ir’azar, II, 36, 61, 62.
Ir’acher, II, 53.
Irak, II, 187.
Ir’eli, II, 38.
Irhayenne, II, 79.
Ir’ir’i (oued), II, 261.
Iris (erg), I, 47, 303, 319.
Irrigation, I, 167, 217, 269.
Irrigation (procédés), I, 167.
Ivoire, II, 296.
Izabbaren, I, 82.
Izilek, II, 300.

J
Juifs, I, 251, 252, 262.
Juifs (temps des), I, 38.
Jujubier, I, 316 ; — II, 157, 183.

K
Kaba, Cf. doum.
Kabarah, II, 101, 223.
Kaberten, I, 245, 275.
Kadamellet (oued), II, 58, 264.
Kahal de Tabelbalet, I, 31.
Kakara, II, 83.
Kakoulima, II, 271.
Kalaa, I, 258.
Kalfou, II, 107.
Kalgo. Cf. Bauhinia.
Kali, I, 226.
Kanambakachy, II, 109.
Kanem, II, 82,173, 232, 244.
Kanembou. Cf. Kouri.
Kano, II, 64, 72, 112, 293.
Kaokilloum, II, 115.
Kaouar, II, 9, 24, 81, 117, 237.
Kaoura, II, 99.
Kardas, II, 111.
Karité, II, 143.
Karrouba, I, 270.
Kasri (ou peigne), I, 270. Pl. XXXVIII.
Kayes, II, 124.
Keita, II, 95, 222.
Kel Ahnet, I, 321, 330.
Kel Antassar, II, 105.
Kelbouroum, II, 236.
Kel Essouk, II, 54.
Kel Ferouan, II, 71.
Kel Gress, II, 69, 72.
Kellé, II, 90, 114.
Kel Oui, II, 69, 72, 212.
Kel R’ela, II, 44.
Kenakat, I, 307.
Kenatsa, I, 3, 161, 175, 261, Pl. XXVI, XXVIII.
Kennadji, II, 100.
Kerzaz, I, 196, 205, 261. Pl. XXXV.
Khanfousa. Cf. Scarabées.
Kidal, I, 79 ; — II, 53.
Komadougou, II, 83, 232.
Konakry, II, 268.
Kongoumé, II, 90, 109.
Korema-Alba, II, 97.
Kori, II, 61.
Kornaka, II, 110.
Korounka. Cf. Calotropis.
Kotto, II, 16.
Koufiques, II, 26, 289.
Koulikoro, II, 75, 101.
Kouloa, II, 125.
Kouloua, II, 238.
Kounta, I, 260, 306 ; — II, 48, 54.
Kouri (Kanembou), II, 120.
Kouria, I, 265.
Koutous, II, 81, 89, 114, 149, 218.
Kram-Kram, II, 168.
Kreb (= Baten), I, 9, Pl. II.
Ksabi, I, 24, 32, 197, 342, Pl. IX.
Ksar el Azoudj, I, 62, Pl. XXV.
Ksar en Nsara, I, 195, 202.
Ksars, I, 169.
Ksars du Touat, I, 257.
Ksars en ruines, I, 257, 258.
Ksir el Ma, I, 30.
Ksourien, I, 35, 169, 214.
Ktoub, I, 223, 228, 287.

L
Labezzanga, II, 17, 18, 87, 258.
Lac, II, 177.
Lac tertiaire, II, 76.
Laine, II, 203.
Laka, II, 241.
Laperrine (Lieutenant-colonel), I, Préface, IX et X.
Laraba, II, 114.
Latérite, II, 270.
Lehem, II, 85.
Leptadenia, II, 189.
Lernachich, I, 57 ; — II, 86.
Lianes, II, 143, 167.
Libye, II, 240.
Lièvre, I, 317.
Lilloa, II, 84.
Limite des domaines hercyniens et calédoniens, I, 230, 285.
Lion, II, 201.
Logone, II, 240, 273.

M
Maader, I, 12, 295, 298, 316, Pl. V, XLV.
Maader Arak, I, 314.
Mabrouka, II, 27, 48, 85, 87, 91, 92, 97, 295.
Macina, II, 226.
Magadji, II, 115.
Magaria, II, 183.
Mahzez, I, 31.
Maïjingui, II, 90, 109.
Maja, I, 30.
Malammi, II, 115.
Malte, II, 295.
Mana, I, 31.
Manetass, II, 63.
Manga, II, 82, 84, 117, 233, 240, 284, 289.
Manganèse, II, 278.
Mange-mil, II, 198.
Mao, II, 289.
Maraîchère (culture), II, 109, 111, 112.
Marandet, II, 78.
Marginella, II, 223.
Marginelles, II, 252.
Marthium, II, 115.
Massakory, II, 171, 236.
Matankari, II, 99.
Matriarcat, I, 332, 334 ; — II, 138, 214.
Matriouen, I, 277.
Mauritanie, II, 10, 186, 246.
Mauvaises herbes, II, 216.
Mayo Kebbi, II, 241, 265.
Mazzer, I, 29, 179, 194, 207, 218, 342.
Méditerranéens, II, 73, 142.
Medjbeds, I, 17, 34, Pl. VIII.
Méduses, II, 192.
Meghdoua, I, 288, 312, 342.
Meguidden, I, 29, 44.
Mekhergan, I, 25, 26, 251, 289, 300, 342.
Melfi, II, 267.
Melr’ir, II, 35.
Menaka, II, 73.
Menakeb, I, 31, 44.
Menhirs, I, 61.
Menouar’ar, I, 142.
Meraguen (oued), I, 25, 26, 28, 297, 326.
Merhouma (horst de), I, 184.
Merri, II, 230.
Merria, II, 111.
Méso-dévonien, I, 289.
Méso-dévoniens (fossiles), I, 288.
Méso-dévoniennes (argiles), I, 289.
Messaoud (oued), I, 20, 21, 24, 32, 34, 36, 54, 339.
Meules dormantes, I, 130.
Mezarif, I, 29, 145.
Mezzou (Haci), I, 29.
Mia, II, 35, 266.
Miellim, II, 267.
Migration du désert, II, 253.
Mil, II, 107, 112, 116, 171.
Mine de cuivre, I, 347.
Minerai, I, 182, 201, 354 ; — II, 278.
Mirage, II, 137.
Mirrh, II, 117.
Mio-Pliocène, I, 51, 151, 179, 189, 221, 234, 255, Pl. XXX.
Misère et famine au Touat, I, 272, 273.
Moa, II, 117, 251.
Mobilier funéraire, I, 65, Pl. XV.
Mœrua, II, 182.
Mohor, I, 96 ; — II, 200.
Mollusques, II, 195.
Mondoa, II, 115.
Mopti, II, 101.
Mortiers en pierre (néolithiques), I, 126.
Mosquées des Touaregs, I, 85.
Mouazil, I, 307, 330.
Mouflon, I, 317 ; — II, 201.
Mouidir, I, 3, 301, 318.
Mouidir Ahnet, I, 290.
Mouidir occidental (structure du), I, 295.
Mouizib el Achan, I, 141, Pl. XXI.
Moumen (djebel), I, 145, Pl. XXVI.
Mounas (bdellium), II, 183.
Moungar, I, 9.
Mounio, II, 75, 82, 90, 113, 150, 245, 265.
Mourzouk, II, 294.
Mousgou, II, 108, 110.
Moutons, II, 106, 203, 318.
Mrobkha, II, 178, 180.
M’salla, I, 86.
M’zab, I, 239 ; — II, 177.
Mzaourou, I, 124, 131.

N
Nahlet, II, 28.
Namous (oued), I, 3, 28, 29, 246.
Nappe artésienne de Figuig, I, 156.
Nazarif (oued), I, 321.
N’dellé, II, 14, 16.
Nebka, I, 6, 45, Pl. III, IX, XXX, XLV.
Néo-dévonien, I, 288.
Néolithique, I, 352 ; — II, 119.
Néolithique saharien, I, 134.
Néolithique égyptien, I, 134.
Néolithisme, I, 333.
N’Gouri, II, 236.
N’Gourti, II, 83.
N’Guigmi, II, 83, 285.
Niamey, II, 99, 124, 230.
Niébé, II, 173.
Nieger (le lieutenant). Cartes, I, Préf. IX, 27.
Niger, I, 57 ; — II, 12, 225.
Nitrates de potasse, I, 275.
Nogo, II, 245.
Nomades, II, 105.
Nouakchott, II, 183, 250.
Noubas, II, 211.
Noukhila, I, 30.
Noum en Nas, I, 236 ; — II, 128.
N’si, II, 163.

O
Oasis, I, 268.
Œufs d’autruche, II, 286.
Oguilet Mohammed, I, 30.
Ohrsane, II, 58, 61, 263.
Okapi, I, 96.
Olivier, I, 316.
Ombellifères, II, 187.
Onagre, II, 205.
Or, II, 292.
Ormaiort, II, 85.
Orred, I, 147, Pl. XX.
Ouadaï, II, 75, 233, 292.
Ouakda (ksar), I, 160.
Ouakda (palmeraies), I, 160.
Oualata, II, 86, 228.
Ouallen, I, 25, 26, 312, 313, 326, 327, 328, 329, 339, 342 ; — II, 22.
Ouamé, II, 80, 90.
Ouan R’elachem, II, 32, 38.
Ouan Tohra, I, 62, 82, 84, 111, 113, 312, 314, 326, 342, Pl. XVII,
XLIV.
Ouargla, I, 242, 243, 267, Pl. XIX.
Ouarourourt, I, 187.
Ouata, I, 30.
Ouatia, I, 313.
Oubangui, II, 14, 16.
Oudan, II, 32.
Oued, I, 10, Pl. IV.
Oueds interdits, II, 178.
Oueds quaternaires, I, 44, 45.
Ougarta, I, 215, Pl. IX.
Ougarta (chaîne d’) I, 180, 184, 199, Pl. XXX, XXXI, XXXII.
Ougarta (failles de la chaîne), I, 183.
Ougarta (fenêtre d’), I, 185.
Ould Brini, I, 37.
Ouled Ba Hammou, I, 306.
Ouled Djerir, I, 160, 168, 170.
Ouled Mahmoud, I, 227, 245, 246, 247, 249, 275.
Ouled Moulad, I, 35, 329.
Ouled Rached I, 29, 50, 247.
Ouled Saï, I, 31.
Ouled Sliman, II, 105, 120, 294.
Ouled Zenana, I, 306.
Oulimminden, II, 28, 48, 73, 213, 244, 246.
Oum es Seba, I, 150.
Ounan, II, 23, 86.
Ouskir (haci), I, 29.
Outoul, II, 38, 40, 261.

P
Paléocène, II, 103.
Palmier, I, 273 ; — II, 190.
Particules argileuses en suspension dans l’air, I, 7.
Pâturage, I, 11, 35, 246, 300.
Pâturage type, I, Pl. IV.
Peinture rupestre, I, 119.
Perroquets, II, 198.
Peuhls, II, 105, 110, 120.
Phacochères, II, 201.
Pichon (le baron), I, Préf. IX.
Piège, II, 202.
Pierres écrites, I, 100, 187.
Pilons en pierre, I, 130.
Pintade, II, 198.
Plantes houillères, I, 142.
Plantes salées, II, 144, 165.
Plantes sauvages, II, 178.
Plantes vénéneuses, II, 170.
Pli couché, II, 7, 18.
Pli de Kenatsa, I, 147.
Pliocène, I, 149, 150.
Plis posthumes, I, 302.
Plissement atlique, I, 147.
Plomb, I, 152.
Pointements éruptifs, I, 145.
Porc-épic, I, 155.
Port-Étienne, II, 11.
Porto-Novo, II, 125.
Prairie, II, 147, 153, 154, 161.
Précambrien, II, 5.
Prudhomme (le capitaine) I, Préf. IX, 27.
Puits, II, 177, Pl. VII.
Puits artésiens, I, 245, 275, 303.
Pygmées, II, 229.

Q
Quadria, II, 66.
Quartz cuprifère (filon de) I, 200.
Quaternaires (dépôts) I, 149, 150.

R
R’aba, I, 29, 195, 204, 300.
Race de Cro-Magnon, I, 333.
Races humaines, II, 209.
Rached (Ouled) I, 226.
Raisin, I, 271 ; — II, 42.
R’arbi (oued), I, 28, 51.
R’at, II, 70.
Ras el Ma, II, 227.
R’dir (aguelman), I, 311.
Recensement, I, 267.
Redjem. Cf. Tombeaux.
Redjems islamisés, I, 79.
Reg, I, Pl. I, III, VIII.
Reggan, I, 256.
Région littorale, II, 145.
Rhinocéros, II, 202.
Ridjel Imrad, I, 289, 309.
Rio de Oro, II, 7, 10.
Rivières du Touat, I, 41.
Riz, II, 176.
R’nanema, I, 195, 203.
Rônier, II, 191.
Rouge (mer), II, 154.
Rouleaux écraseurs, I, 130.
R’tem, I, 316 ; II, 160.
Rue de palmiers, I, 170, 219, 242, 249, 300.

S
Sabankafi, II, 89, 112.
Sable du Tanezrouft, I, 42.