Full Bucking The Buck: US Financial Sanctions and The International Backlash Against The Dollar Daniel Mcdowell Ebook All Chapters
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Bucking the Buck
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Bucking the Buck
US Financial Sanctions and the International
Backlash against the Dollar
DANIEL McDOWELL
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Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and
certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Oxford University Press 2023
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under
terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022060608
ISBN 978–0–19–767988–3 (pbk.)
ISBN 978–0–19–767987–6 (hbk.)
ISBN 978–0–19–767989–0 (epub.)
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197679876.001.0001
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For the “Crazy Crew”
(Luella, Eileen, and William)
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Contents
Figures
Tables
Preface and Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction
1. Financial Sanctions and Political Risk in the International
Currency System
2. The Source and Exercise of American Financial Power
3. Sanctions, Political Risk, and the Reserve Currency Role
4. The Anti-Dollar Gold Rush: Central Bank Reserves in the Age of
Financial Sanctions
5. Sanctions, Political Risk, and the Dollar as International
Payments Currency
6. Payment Politics: Anti-Dollar Responses to Sanctions in Trade
Settlement
7. Financial Sanctions and the Dollar’s Rivals
8. China’s Play for Payments Power
Conclusion
Appendixes
Notes
References
Index
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Figures
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Tables
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Preface and Acknowledgments
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Abbreviations
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Introduction
These are somewhat rare in the domestic animals, yet they have
been met with in the form of cysts, fibroma, fibro-myoma, sarcoma,
and carcinoma. In a number of cases the nature of the tumor has not
been clearly made out. Mangot saw a mare with two pediculated
uterine tumors having an aggregate weight of 12 lbs. These were
expelled with much straining and suffering. LaMaitre and Rodet
record other cases. Stockfleth describes multiple pediculated fibroid
tumors in the womb of the cow. Cysts have been especially seen in
the cow and bitch, and carcinoma in the bitch.
Symptoms. These may for a length of time be overlooked, though
breeding animals usually fail to conceive. Then a slimy, muco-
purulent, serous, bloody or fœtid discharge may escape habitually
from the vulva, smearing the tail and hips and collecting on the floor.
If the os is sufficiently patent to admit the hand vaginal and uterine
exploration will detect the tumor. In other cases it may be felt by
rectal examination.
Treatment is essentially surgical and will consist in dilatation of
the os, and the removal of the tumor by twisting, ecraseur, or curette,
and with careful antiseptic precautions before and after. In
malignant tumors in the uterine walls it may be expedient to remove
the entire organ.
UTERINE TUBERCLE.
The eye in the physiognomy. Broad forehead. Full eyes. Both eyes alike. Iris
smooth, lustrous. Media translucent. Pupil sensitive to light. Convexity median,
uniform. Pupil black in ordinary light. Lids open and mobile. Sclera light pink.
Tears clear, limpid without overflow. Lids thin, delicate, margins evenly curved.
Whole eye responsive to moving objects. Defects: small eye: semi-closed, thick,
sluggish lids; convex cornea: sunken eye: projecting eye: weeping eye: blear eye:
watch eye: irresponsive iris: dilated pupil: unequal eyes: flat cornea; ovoid cornea.
Much of the expression of the face depends upon the eyes, and in
animals as in man it is difficult to find compensations for a
forbidding countenance. Perfect, sound, intelligent eyes are always
pleasing; imperfect, defective, sunken or lifeless eyes mar the whole
expression. The following points may be specially noted:
1st. Ample breadth between the orbits. This is of great
importance in the horse, in which we seek for intelligence, courage
and indomitable energy. This confirmation does not indicate the size
of brain, as the cranium is situated higher up, but by placing the eyes
well outward, it indicates a wider range of vision, and usually implies
large, clear eyes, and since interdependent parts tend to correspond
in development and quality, this commanding vision bespeaks a
large, active brain, intelligence, docility and activity.
2d. Full, prominent eyes. This may be excessive, either through
primary conformation or disease. Abnormal convexity of the cornea
implies myopia. But within normal limits the prominent eye suggests
good health, condition and vigor, with ample cushions of fat under
the bulb and a sound, well-developed condition of the eyeball and its
muscles.
3d. Both eyes equal in all respects. Any variation in size,
shape, color, fullness, clearness or in any other respect is at best
unsightly, and implies not only defect but often disease as well.
4th. The iris should be lustrous, uniform in color and
even in surface. Whether dark brown as in the horse, or yellow as
in the dog, it should be brilliant. Any part that lacks lustre, being
lighter brown, or yellow and dull like a dead leaf, usually indicates
previous disease and a tendency to further trouble. Albinos and those
in which the pigment is congenitally absent in patches must be
considered as exceptions, yet, even in them, the peculiarity cannot be
held to add to the beauty.
5th. All the Media (Cornea, aqueous humor, lens and
vitreous) must be perfectly clear and translucent. The
slightest cloudiness or opacity in any of these is a serious blemish
and usually indicates disease, past or present.
6th. The pupil should promptly and freely respond to light
and darkness by contraction and expansion. Absence or
tardiness of movement indicates impaired vision, from disease of the
eye, its nerves, or their nerve centres.
7th. Each cornea should have a median convexity,
uniform in all directions implying the absence of myopia,
preshyopia and astigmatism. Any deviation from this will
interfere with the perfection of sight, and endanger shying and other
troubles.
8th. Under ordinary light the pupil should appear black
throughout. In the larger animals such dilation of the pupil as to
expose the tapetum lucidum under such circumstances implies
impaired vision (amblyopia, amaurosis), inflammation of the iris or
undue intraocular pressure. A white color or spot shows cataract.
9th. The lids must be open and mobile without excessive
dilation. Tardily moving or semi-closed lids, distorted by scar or
angle, everted or inverted, are unattractive and usually imply disease
in the eye, nerves or brain.
10th. The unpigmented portion of the sclera should be
light pink. The dark red of congestion and the pallor of anæmia are
equally objectionable.
11th. The tears must be clear, limpid and confined within
the lower lid. Any milkiness, flocculency or overflow is indicative
of disease.
12th. The eyelids must be thin, delicate, evenly and
uniformly curved along the borders, and fringed by an
abundance of strong, prominent and well directed lashes.
Puffiness or swelling betrays inflammation, dropsy, anæmia,
parasitism or other disorder, angularity of the upper lid an internal
ophthalmia, and depilation or wrong direction of the lashes, local
disease.
13th. The eye should respond instantly, by movement, to
new objects and noises, without showing undue irritability
or restlessness. The intelligent apprehension of the objects will
introduce an aspect of calmness and docility.
DEFECTS, BLEMISHES AND ABNORMALITIES OF
THE HORSE’S EYE.