Solutions For Calculus Early Transcendentals 11th Us Edition by Anton

SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR CALCULUS EARLY
TRANSCENDENTALS 11TH US EDITION BY ANTON

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The Derivative
ExerciseAnswers
Set 2.1to Odd-Numbered Exercises A7
1. (a) mtan = (50 − 10)/(15 − 5) = 40/10 = 4 m/s.
! Exercise Set 2.1 (Page 000)
1. (a) 4 m/s (b) 5
Velocity (m/s)
4
3
2
1
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
(b)
3. (a) 0 cm/s (b) t = 0, t = 2, and t = 4.2 (c) maximum: t = 1;
2. Att t==3 4 s,
minimum: (d)m−7.5 cm/s
tan ≈ (90 − 0)/(10 − 2) = 90/8 = 11.25 m/s. At t = 8 s, mtan ≈ (140 − 0)/(10 − 4) = 140/6 ≈ 23.33
5. straight line with slope equal to the velocity
m/s.
7. Answers may vary. 9. Answers may vary.
y (a) (10 − 10)/(3 − 0)
3. y = 0 cm/s.
y = f(x) y = f(x)
L
(b) t = 0, t = 2, t = 4.2, and t = 8 (horizontal tangent line).
x L
x
(c) maximum: t = 1 (slope > 0), minimum: t = 3 (slope < 0).
11. (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 4x0 13. (a) − 16 (b) − 41 (c) −1/x02
(d) y y cm/s (slope of estimated tangent line to curve at t = 3).
(d) (3 − 18)/(4 − 2)(d)
= −7.5
3 4
4. (a)2 decreasing (slope of tangent line decreases with increasing time)
1 Secant
x Tangent
(b) increasing (slope of tangent line increases with increasing time)
−2 −1 1 2
−1 Tangent x
(x-axis)
(c) increasing (slope of tangent line increases
4 with increasing time)
Secant
1
15. (a) 2x0 (d) (b) −2 17. (a) 1(slope
decreasing (b) 23 line decreases with increasing time)
+ √of tangent
2 x0
Responses to True–False questions may be abridged to save space.
5. It is a straight line with slope equal to the velocity.
19. True; set h = x − 1, so x = 1 + h and h → 0 is equivalent to x → 1.
21. False; velocity is a ratio of change in position to change in time.
6. The velocity increases from time 0 to time t0 , so the slope of the curve increases during that time. From time t0 to
23. (a) 72 ◦ F at about 4:30 p.m. (b) 4 ◦ F/h (c) −7 ◦ F/h at about 9 p.m.
time t1 , the velocity, and the slope, decrease. At time t1 , the velocity, and hence the slope, instantaneously drop
25. (a) first year (d) Growth rate (cm/year)
to zero, so there is a sharp bend in the curve at that point.
(b) 6 cm year
/ 40
(c) 10 cm/yearsat about age 14 30
20
10
t (yr)
5 10 15 20
t
27. (a) 19,200 ft (b) 480 ft/s (c) 66.94 ft/s (d) 1440 ft/s
29. (a) 720 ft/min (b) 192
t 0 tft1 /min
! Exercise Set 2.2 (Page 000)

43
1. 2, 0, −2, −1 5. y 7. y = 5x − 16
3. (b) 3 (c) 3 1 9. 4x, y = 4x − 2
44 Chapter 2
7.
8.
9.
10.
f (1) − f (0) 2
11. (a) msec = = =2
1−0 1
f (x1 ) − f (0) 2x21 − 0

(b) mtan = lim = lim = lim 2x1 = 0
x1 →0 x1 − 0 x1 →0 x1 − 0 x1 →0
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) 2x21 − 2x20

(c) mtan = lim = lim = lim (2x1 + 2x0 ) = 4x0
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0
Secant
2
Tangent x
1
(d) The tangent line is the x-axis.
f (2) − f (1) 23 − 13
12. (a) msec = = =7
2−1 1
f (x1 ) − f (1) x3 − 1 (x1 − 1)(x21 + x1 + 1)

(b) mtan = lim = lim 1 = lim = lim (x21 + x1 + 1) = 3
x1 →1 x1 − 1 x1 →1 x1 − 1 x1 →1 x1 − 1 x1 →1
Exercise Set 2.1 45
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) x3 − x30

(c) mtan = lim = lim 1 = lim (x21 + x1 x0 + x20 ) = 3x20
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0
y
9
Tangent
x
5
Secant
(d)
f (3) − f (2) 1/3 − 1/2 1

13. (a) msec = = =−
3−2 1 6
f (x1 ) − f (2) 1/x1 − 1/2 2 − x1 −1 1

(b) mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim =−
x1 →2 x1 − 2 x1 →2 x1 − 2 x1 →2 2x1 (x1 − 2) x1 →2 2x1 4
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) 1/x1 − 1/x0 x0 − x1 −1 1

(c) mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim =− 2
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x0 x1 (x1 − x0 ) x1 →x0 x0 x1 x0
Secant x
1 Tangent
(d)
f (2) − f (1) 1/4 − 1 3

14. (a) msec = = =−
2−1 1 4
f (x1 ) − f (1) 1/x21 − 1 1 − x21 −(x1 + 1)

(b) mtan = lim = lim = lim 2 = lim = −2
x1 →1 x1 − 1 x1 →1 x1 − 1 x 1 →1 x1 (x1 − 1) x1 →1 x21
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) 1/x21 − 1/x20 x2 − x21 −(x1 + x0 ) 2

(c) mtan = lim = lim = lim 2 20 = lim 2 x2 =− 3
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x x (x1 − x0 )
0 1
x1 →x0 x 0 1 x 0
x
2
Tangent Secant
(d)
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) (x21 − 1) − (x20 − 1) (x21 − x20 )

15. (a) mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim (x1 + x0 ) = 2x0
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0
(b) mtan = 2(−1) = −2

46 Chapter 2
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) (x21 + 3x1 + 2) − (x20 + 3x0 + 2) (x21 − x20 ) + 3(x1 − x0 )

16. (a) mtan = lim = lim = lim =
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0
= lim (x1 + x0 + 3) = 2x0 + 3
x1 →x0
(b) mtan = 2(2) + 3 = 7

√ √
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) (x1 + x1 ) − (x0 + x0 )

1 1
17. (a) mtan = lim = lim = lim 1+ √ √ =1+ √
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x 1 →x 0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 + x0 2 x0
1 3
(b) mtan = 1 + √ =
2 1 2
√ √ √ √
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) 1/ x1 − 1/ x0 x0 − x1
18. (a) mtan = lim = lim = lim √ √ =
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x1 − x0 x1 →x0 x0 x1 (x1 − x0 )
−1 1
= lim √ √ √ √ = − 3/2
x1 →x0 x0 x1 ( x1 + x0 ) 2x 0
1 1
(b) mtan = − =−
2(4)3/2 16
19. True. Let x = 1 + h.
20. False. A secant line meets the curve in at least two places, but a tangent line might meet it only once.
21. False. Velocity represents the rate at which position changes.
22. True. The units of the rate of change are obtained by dividing the units of f (x) (inches) by the units of x (tons).
23. (a) 72◦ F at about 4:30 P.M. (b) About (67 − 43)/6 = 4◦ F/h.
(c) Decreasing most rapidly at about 9 P.M.; rate of change of temperature is about −7◦ F/h (slope of estimated
tangent line to curve at 9 P.M.).
24. For V = 10 the slope of the tangent line is about (0 − 5)/(20 − 0) = −0.25 atm/L, for V = 25 the slope is about
(1 − 2)/(25 − 0) = −0.04 atm/L.
25. (a) During the first year after birth.
(b) About 6 cm/year (slope of estimated tangent line at age 5).
(c) The growth rate is greatest at about age 14; about 10 cm/year.
Growth rate
40 (cm/year)
30
20
10
t (yrs)
(d) 5 10 15 20
p √ √
26. (a) The object falls until s = 0. This happens when 1250 − 16t2 = 0, so t = 1250/16 = 78.125 > 25 = 5;
hence the object is still falling at t = 5 sec.
f (6) − f (5) 674 − 850

(b) = = −176. The average velocity is −176 ft/s.
6−5 1
Exercise Set 2.2 47
f (5 + h) − f (5) [1250 − 16(5 + h)2 ] − 850 −160h − 16h2

(c) vinst = lim = lim = lim = lim (−160 − 16h) =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0
−160 ft/s.
27. (a) 0.3 · 403 = 19,200 ft (b) vave = 19,200/40 = 480 ft/s
(c) Solve s = 0.3t3 = 1000; t ≈ 14.938 so vave ≈ 1000/14.938 ≈ 66.943 ft/s.
0.3(40 + h)3 − 0.3 · 403 0.3(4800h + 120h2 + h3 )

(d) vinst = lim = lim = lim 0.3(4800 + 120h + h2 ) = 1440 ft/s
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
4.5(12)2 − 4.5(0)2
28. (a) vave = = 54 ft/s
12 − 0
4.5t21 − 4.5(6)2 4.5(t21 − 36) 4.5(t1 + 6)(t1 − 6)

(b) vinst = lim = lim = lim = lim 4.5(t1 + 6) = 54 ft/s
t1 →6 t1 − 6 t1 →6 t1 − 6 t1 →6 t1 − 6 t1 →6
6(4)4 − 6(2)4
29. (a) vave = = 720 ft/min
4−2
6t41 − 6(2)4 6(t41 − 16) 6(t21 + 4)(t21 − 4)

(b) vinst = lim = lim = lim = lim 6(t21 + 4)(t1 + 2) = 192 ft/min
t1 →2 t1 − 2 t1 →2 t1 − 2 t1 →2 t1 − 2 t1 →2
30. See the discussion before Definition 2.1.1.
31. The instantaneous velocity at t = 1 equals the limit as h → 0 of the average velocity during the interval between
t = 1 and t = 1 + h.
Exercise Set 2.2

1. f 0 (1) = 2.5, f 0 (3) = 0, f 0 (5) = −2.5, f 0 (6) = −1.
2. f 0 (4) < f 0 (0) < f 0 (2) < 0 < f 0 (−3).
3. (a) f 0 (a) is the slope of the tangent line. (b) f 0 (2) = m = 3 (c) The same, f 0 (2) = 3.
2 − (−1) 3
4. f 0 (1) = =
1 − (−1) 2
-1
5.
48 Chapter 2
6.
7. y − (−1) = 5(x − 3), y = 5x − 16
8. y − 3 = −4(x + 2), y = −4x − 5
f (x + h) − f (x) 2(x + h)2 − 2x2 4xh + 2h2

9. f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim = 4x; f 0 (1) = 4 so the tangent line is given
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
by y − 2 = 4(x − 1), y = 4x − 2.
f (x + h) − f (x) 1/(x + h)2 − 1/x2 x2 − (x + h)2 −2xh − h2 −2x − h

10. f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim 2 2
= lim = lim 2 =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 hx (x + h) h→0 hx2 (x + h)2 h→0 x (x + h)2
2
− ; f 0 (−1) = 2 so the tangent line is given by y − 1 = 2(x + 1), y = 2x + 3.
x3
f (x + h) − f (x) (x + h)3 − x3
11. f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim (3x2 + 3xh + h2 ) = 3x2 ; f 0 (0) = 0 so the tangent line is
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
given by y − 0 = 0(x − 0), y = 0.
f (x + h) − f (x) [2(x + h)3 + 1] − [2x3 + 1]

12. f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim (6x2 + 6xh + 2h2 ) = 6x2 ; f (−1) = 2(−1)3 +
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
1 = −1 and f 0 (−1) = 6 so the tangent line is given by y + 1 = 6(x + 1), y = 6x + 5.
√ √ √ √ √ √
0 f (x + h) − f (x) x+1+h− x+1 x+1+h− x+1 x+1+h+ x+1
13. f (x) = lim = lim = lim √ √ =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h x+1+h+ x+1
h 1 √ 1
lim √ √ = √ ; f (8) = 8 + 1 = 3 and f 0 (8) = so the tangent line is given by
h→0 h( x + 1 + h + x + 1) 2 x+1 6
1 1 5
y − 3 = (x − 8), y = x + .
6 6 3
√ √ √ √
0 f (x + h) − f (x) 2x + 2h + 1 − 2x + 1 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
14. f (x) = lim = lim √ √ =
h→0 h h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2h 2 1 √ √
= lim √ √ = lim √ √ = √ ; f (4) = 2 · 4 + 1 = 9 = 3 and
h→0 h( 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1) h→0 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1 2x + 1
0 1 1 5
f (4) = 1/3 so the tangent line is given by y − 3 = (x − 4), y = x + .
3 3 3
1 1 x − (x + ∆x)
− −∆x 1 1
x(x + ∆x)
15. f 0 (x) = lim x + ∆x x = lim = lim = lim − = − 2.
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 x∆x(x + ∆x) ∆x→0 x(x + ∆x) x
1 1 (x + 1) − (x + ∆x + 1)
−
(x + ∆x) + 1 x + 1 (x + 1)(x + ∆x + 1) x + 1 − x − ∆x − 1
16. f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim =
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x(x + 1)(x + ∆x + 1)
−∆x −1 1
= lim∆x→0 ∆x(x+1)(x+∆x+1) = lim =− .
∆x→0 (x + 1)(x + ∆x + 1) (x + 1)2
(x + ∆x)2 − (x + ∆x) − (x2 − x) 2x∆x + (∆x)2 − ∆x

17. f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim (2x − 1 + ∆x) = 2x − 1.
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0
Exercise Set 2.2 49
(x + ∆x)4 − x4 4x3 ∆x + 6x2 (∆x)2 + 4x(∆x)3 + (∆x)4

18. f 0 (x) = lim = lim =
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x
= lim (4x3 + 6x2 ∆x + 4x(∆x)2 + (∆x)3 ) = 4x3 .
∆x→0
1 1
√ −√ √ √
x + ∆x x x − x + ∆x x − (x + ∆x)
19. f 0 (x) = lim = lim √ √ = lim √ √ √ √ =
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x x x + ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x x x + ∆x( x + x + ∆x)
−1 1
= lim √ √ √ √ = − 3/2 .
∆x→0 x x + ∆x( x + x + ∆x) 2x
1 1
√ −√ √ √ √ √
0 x + ∆x − 1 x −1 x − 1 − x + ∆x − 1 x − 1 + x + ∆x − 1
20. f (x) = lim = lim √ √ √ √ =
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x x − 1 x + ∆x − 1 x − 1 + x + ∆x − 1
−∆x −1
= lim √ √ √ √ = lim √ √ √ √ =
∆x→0 ∆x x − 1 x + ∆x − 1( x − 1 + x + ∆x − 1) ∆x→0 x − 1 x + ∆x − 1( x − 1 + x + ∆x − 1)
1
− .
2(x − 1)3/2
f (t + h) − f (t) [4(t + h)2 + (t + h)] − [4t2 + t] 4t2 + 8th + 4h2 + t + h − 4t2 − t

21. f 0 (t) = lim = lim = lim =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
2
8th + 4h + h
lim = lim (8t + 4h + 1) = 8t + 1.
h→0 h h→0
4 4 4
dV π(r + h)3 − πr3 π(r3 + 3r2 h + 3rh2 + h3 − r3 ) 4
22. = lim 3 3 = lim 3 = lim π(3r2 + 3rh + h2 ) = 4πr2 .
dr h→0 h h→0 h h→0 3
23. (a) D (b) F (c) B (d) C (e) A (f ) E

√ √ √
24. f 0 ( 2/2) is the slope of the tangent line to the unit circle at ( 2/2, 2/2). This line is perpendicular to the line
y = x, so its slope is -1.
y
m = –1
x
1
y y
x
x x
1 2
–1
25. (a) (b) (c)
y y y
x x x
26. (a) (b) (c)

50 Chapter 2
27. False. If the tangent line is horizontal then f 0 (a) = 0.
28. True. f 0 (−2) equals the slope of the tangent line.
29. False. E.g. |x| is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0.
30. True. See Theorem 2.2.3.

√
31. (a) f (x) = x and a = 1 (b) f (x) = x2 and a = 3
32. (a) f (x) = cos x and a = π (b) f (x) = x7 and a = 1
dy (1 − (x + h)2 ) − (1 − x2 ) −2xh − h2 dy
33. = lim = lim = lim (−2x − h) = −2x, and = −2.
dx h→0 h h→0 h h→0 dx x=1
x+2+h x+2
−
34.
dy
= lim x+h x = lim x(x + 2 + h) − (x + 2)(x + h) = lim −2 −2
= 2 , and
dy 1
=− .
dx h→0 h h→0 hx(x + h) h→0 x(x + h) x dx x=−2 2
–2 2
35. y = −2x + 1 –3
1.5
0 2.5
36. 0
37. (b) w 1.5 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001

f (w) − f (1)
1.6569 1.4355 1.3911 1.3868 1.3863 1.3863
w−1
w 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 0.99999

f (w) − f (1)
1.1716 1.3393 1.3815 1.3858 1.3863 1.3863
w−1
38. (b) π π π π π π
w + 0.5 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + 0.0001 + 0.00001
4 4 4 4 4 4
f (w) − f (π/4)
0.50489 0.67060 0.70356 0.70675 0.70707 0.70710
w − π/4
π π π π π π
w − 0.5 − 0.1 − 0.01 − 0.001 − 0.0001 − 0.00001
4 4 4 4 4 4
f (w) − f (π/4)
0.85114 0.74126 0.71063 0.70746 0.70714 0.70711
w − π/4
Exercise Set 2.2 51
f (3) − f (1) 2.2 − 2.12 f (2) − f (1) 2.34 − 2.12 f (2) − f (0) 2.34 − 0.58
39. (a) = = 0.04; = = 0.22; = = 0.88.
3−1 2 2−1 1 2−0 2
f (2) − f (0)
(b) The tangent line at x = 1 appears to have slope about 0.8, so gives the best approximation and
2−0
f (3) − f (1)
gives the worst.
3−1
f (1) − f (0) 2.12 − 0.58

40. (a) f 0 (0.5) ≈ = = 1.54.
1−0 1
f (3) − f (2) 2.2 − 2.34

(b) f 0 (2.5) ≈ = = −0.14.
3−2 1
41. (a) dollars/ft
(b) f 0 (x) is roughly the price per additional foot.
(c) If each additional foot costs extra money (this is to be expected) then f 0 (x) remains positive.
f (301) − f (300)
(d) From the approximation 1000 = f 0 (300) ≈ we see that f (301) ≈ f (300) + 1000, so the extra
301 − 300
foot will cost around $1000.
gallons
42. (a) = gallons2 /dollar
dollars/gallon
(b) The increase in the amount of paint that would be sold for one extra dollar per gallon.
(c) It should be negative since an increase in the price of paint would decrease the amount of paint sold.
f (11) − f (10)
(d) From −100 = f 0 (10) ≈ we see that f (11) ≈ f (10) − 100, so an increase of one dollar per gallon
11 − 10
would decrease the amount of paint sold by around 100 gallons.
43. (a) F ≈ 200 lb, dF/dθ ≈ 50 (b) µ = (dF/dθ)/F ≈ 50/200 = 0.25
44. The derivative at time t = 100 of the velocity with respect to time is equal to the slope of the tangent line, which
12500 − 0 T 7680982 lb
is approximately m ≈ = 125 ft/s2 . Thus the mass is approximately M (100) ≈ = 2 ≈
140 − 40 dv/dt 125 ft/s
61000 slugs.
45. (a) T ≈ 115◦ F, dT /dt ≈ −3.35◦ F/min (b) k = (dT /dt)/(T − T0 ) ≈ (−3.35)/(115 − 75) = −0.084
√
√ f (0 + h) − f (0) 3
h−0
46. (a) lim f (x) = lim x = 0 = f (0), so f is continuous at x = 0. lim
3
= lim =
x→0 x→0 h→0 h h→0 h
1 0
lim = +∞, so f (0) does not exist.
h→0 h2/3
y
2
x
–2 2
52 Chapter 2
f (2 + h) − f (2) h2/3 − 0
(b) lim f (x) = lim (x − 2)2/3 = 0 = f (2) so f is continuous at x = 2. lim = lim =
x→2 x→2 h→0 h h→0 h
1 0
lim which does not exist so f (2) does not exist.
h→0 h1/3
y
5
x
2
f (1 + h) − f (1) [(1 + h)2 + 1] − 2

47. lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1), so f is continuous at x = 1. lim = lim =
x→1− x→1+ h→0− h h→0− h
f (1 + h) − f (1) 2(1 + h) − 2
lim (2 + h) = 2; lim = lim = lim 2 = 2, so f 0 (1) = 2.
h→0− h→0+ h h→0+ h h→0+
y
x
–3 3
f (1 + h) − f (1) [(1 + h)2 + 2] − 3

48. lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1) so f is continuous at x = 1. lim = lim =
x→1− x→1+ h→0− h h→0− h
f (1 + h) − f (1) [(1 + h) + 2] − 3
lim (2 + h) = 2; lim = lim = lim 1 = 1, so f 0 (1) does not exist.
h→0 − h→0 + h h→0 + h h→0+
y
x
–3 3
49. Since −|x| ≤ x sin(1/x) ≤ |x| it follows by the Squeezing Theorem (Theorem 1.6.4) that lim x sin(1/x) = 0. The
x→0
f (x) − f (0)
derivative cannot exist: consider = sin(1/x). This function oscillates between −1 and +1 and does
x
not tend to any number as x tends to zero.
y
50. For continuity, compare with ±x2 to establish that the limit is zero. The difference quotient is x sin(1/x) and (see
Exercise 49) this has a limit of zero at the origin.
Exercise Set 2.3 53
f (x) − f (x0 )
51. Let = |f 0 (x0 )/2|. Then there exists δ > 0 such that if 0 < |x − x0 | < δ, then − f 0 (x0 ) < . Since
x − x0
f (x) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) > 0 and = f 0 (x0 )/2 it follows that > > 0. If x = x1 < x0 then f (x1 ) < f (x0 ) and if
x − x0
x = x2 > x0 then f (x2 ) > f (x0 ).
g(x1 + h) − g(x1 ) f (m(x1 + h) + b) − f (mx1 + b) f (x0 + mh) − f (x0 )

52. g 0 (x1 ) = lim = lim = m lim = mf 0 (x0 ).
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 mh
53. (a) Let = |m|/2. Since m 6= 0, > 0. Since f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0 we know there exists δ > 0 such that
f (0 + h) − f (0)
< whenever 0 < |h| < δ. It follows that |f (h)| < 21 |hm| for 0 < |h| < δ. Replace h with x to
h
get the result.
(b) For 0 < |x| < δ, |f (x)| < 12 |mx|. Moreover |mx| = |mx − f (x) + f (x)| ≤ |f (x) − mx| + |f (x)|, which yields
|f (x) − mx| ≥ |mx| − |f (x)| > 12 |mx| > |f (x)|, i.e. |f (x) − mx| > |f (x)|.
(c) If any straight line y = mx + b is to approximate the curve y = f (x) for small values of x, then b = 0 since
f (0) = 0. The inequality |f (x) − mx| > |f (x)| can also be interpreted as |f (x) − mx| > |f (x) − 0|, i.e. the line
y = 0 is a better approximation than is y = mx.
54. Let g(x) = f (x) − [f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 )] and h(x) = f (x) − [f (x0 ) + m(x − x0 )]; note that h(x) − g(x) = (f 0 (x0 ) −
f (x) − f (x0 )
m)(x − x0 ). If m 6= f 0 (x0 ) then there exists δ > 0 such that if 0 < |x − x0 | < δ then − f 0 (x0 ) <
x − x0
1 0 1
|f (x0 ) − m|. Multiplying by |x − x0 | gives |g(x)| < |h(x) − g(x)|. Hence 2|g(x)| < |h(x) + (−g(x))| ≤
2 2
|h(x)| + |g(x)|, so |g(x)| < |h(x)|. In words, f (x) is closer to f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) than it is to f (x0 ) + m(x − x0 ).
So the tangent line gives a better approximation to f (x) than any other line through (x0 , f (x0 )). Clearly any line
not passing through that point gives an even worse approximation for x near x0 , so the tangent line gives the best
linear approximation.
55. See discussion around Definition 2.2.2.
56. See Theorem 2.2.3.
Exercise Set 2.3

1. 28x6 , by Theorems 2.3.2 and 2.3.4.
2. −36x11 , by Theorems 2.3.2 and 2.3.4.
3. 24x7 + 2, by Theorems 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
4. 2x3 , by Theorems 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.

54 Chapter 2
5. 0, by Theorem 2.3.1.
√
6. 2, by Theorems 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
1
7. − (7x6 + 2), by Theorems 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
3
2
8. x, by Theorems 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
5
9. −3x−4 − 7x−8 , by Theorems 2.3.3 and 2.3.5.
1 1
10. √ − , by Theorems 2.3.3 and 2.3.5.
2 x x2
√
11. 24x−9 + 1/ x, by Theorems 2.3.3, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
5
12. −42x−7 − √ , by Theorems 2.3.3, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
2 x
√ √
13. f 0 (x) = exe−1 − 10 x−1− 10
, by Theorems 2.3.3 and 2.3.5.
2
14. f 0 (x) = − x−4/3 , by Theorems 2.3.3 and 2.3.4.
3
15. (3x2 + 1)2 = 9x4 + 6x2 + 1, so f 0 (x) = 36x3 + 12x, by Theorems 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
16. 3ax2 + 2bx + c, by Theorems 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
17. y 0 = 10x − 3, y 0 (1) = 7.
1 2
18. y 0 = √ − 2 , y 0 (1) = −3/2.
2 x x
19. 2t − 1, by Theorems 2.3.2 and 2.3.5.
1 1
20. − , by Theorems 2.3.3, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
3 3t2
21. dy/dx = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + 5x4 , dy/dx|x=1 = 15.
dy −3 2 1 dy
22. = 4 − 3 − 2 + 1 + 2x + 3x2 , = 0.
dx x x x dx x=1
dy
23. y = (1 − x2 )(1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) = (1 − x4 )(1 + x4 ) = 1 − x8 , = −8x7 , dy/dx|x=1 = −8.
dx
24. dy/dx = 24x23 + 24x11 + 24x7 + 24x5 , dy/dx|x=1 = 96.
f (1.01) − f (1) −0.999699 − (−1)

25. f 0 (1) ≈ = = 0.0301, and by differentiation, f 0 (1) = 3(1)2 − 3 = 0.
0.01 0.01
f (1.01) − f (1) 0.980296 − 1

26. f 0 (1) ≈ ≈ ≈ −1.9704, and by differentiation, f 0 (1) = −2/13 = −2.
0.01 0.01
1
27. The estimate will depend on your graphing utility and on how far you zoom in. Since f 0 (x) = 1 − , the exact
x2
value is f 0 (1) = 0.
Exercise Set 2.3 55
1
28. The estimate will depend on your graphing utility and on how far you zoom in. Since f 0 (x) = √ + 2, the exact
2 x
value is f 0 (1) = 5/2.
29. 32t, by Theorems 2.3.2 and 2.3.4.
30. 2π, by Theorems 2.3.2 and 2.3.4.
31. 3πr2 , by Theorems 2.3.2 and 2.3.4.
32. −2α−2 + 1, by Theorems 2.3.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.5.
d
33. True. By Theorems 2.3.4 and 2.3.5, [f (x) − 8g(x)] = f 0 (x) − 8g 0 (x); substitute x = 2 to get the result.
dx
d
34. True. [ax3 + bx2 + cx + d] = 3ax2 + 2bx + c.
dx
d
35. False. [4f (x) + x3 ] = (4f 0 (x) + 3x2 ) x=2
= 4f 0 (2) + 3 · 22 = 32
dx x=2
36. False. f (x) = x6 − x3 so f 0 (x) = 6x5 − 3x2 and f 00 (x) = 30x4 − 6x, which is not equal to 2x(4x3 − 1) = 8x4 − 2x.
dV dV
37. (a) = 4πr2 (b) = 4π(5)2 = 100π
dr dr r=5
d λλ0 + λ6 λ0 + 6λ5

1 d 1
38. = (λλ0 + λ6 ) = (λ0 + 6λ5 ) = .
dλ 2 − λ0 2 − λ0 dλ 2 − λ0 2 − λ0
39. y − 2 = 5(x + 3), y = 5x + 17.
40. y + 2 = −(x − 2), y = −x.
41. (a) dy/dx = 21x2 − 10x + 1, d2 y/dx2 = 42x − 10 (b) dy/dx = 24x − 2, d2 y/dx2 = 24
(c) dy/dx = −1/x2 , d2 y/dx2 = 2/x3 (d) dy/dx = 175x4 − 48x2 − 3, d2 y/dx2 = 700x3 − 96x
42. (a) y 0 = 28x6 − 15x2 + 2, y 00 = 168x5 − 30x (b) y 0 = 3, y 00 = 0
2 4
(c) y 0 = 2
, y 00 = − 3 (d) y 0 = 8x3 + 9x2 − 10, y 00 = 24x2 + 18x
5x 5x
43. (a) y 0 = −5x−6 + 5x4 , y 00 = 30x−7 + 20x3 , y 000 = −210x−8 + 60x2
(b) y = x−1 , y 0 = −x−2 , y 00 = 2x−3 , y 000 = −6x−4
(c) y 0 = 3ax2 + b, y 00 = 6ax, y 000 = 6a
44. (a) dy/dx = 10x − 4, d2 y/dx2 = 10, d3 y/dx3 = 0
(b) dy/dx = −6x−3 − 4x−2 + 1, d2 y/dx2 = 18x−4 + 8x−3 , d3 y/dx3 = −72x−5 − 24x−4
(c) dy/dx = 4ax3 + 2bx, d2 y/dx2 = 12ax2 + 2b, d3 y/dx3 = 24ax
45. (a) f 0 (x) = 6x, f 00 (x) = 6, f 000 (x) = 0, f 000 (2) = 0

56 Chapter 2
dy d2 y d2 y
(b) = 30x4 − 8x, 2
= 120x3 − 8, = 112
dx dx dx2 x=1
d −3 d2 −3 d3 −3 d4 −3 d4 −3
(c) x = −3x−4 , x = 12x −5
, x = −60x −6
, x = 360x −7
, x = 360
dx dx2 dx3 dx4 dx4 x=1
46. (a) y 0 = 16x3 + 6x2 , y 00 = 48x2 + 12x, y 000 = 96x + 12, y 000 (0) = 12
dy d2 y d3 y d4 y d4 y
(b) y = 6x−4 , = −24x−5 , 2
= 120x−6 , 3
= −720x−7 , 4
= 5040x−8 , = 5040
dx dx dx dx dx4 x=1
47. y 0 = 3x2 + 3, y 00 = 6x, and y 000 = 6 so y 000 + xy 00 − 2y 0 = 6 + x(6x) − 2(3x2 + 3) = 6 + 6x2 − 6x2 − 6 = 0.
48. y = x−1 , y 0 = −x−2 , y 00 = 2x−3 so x3 y 00 + x2 y 0 − xy = x3 (2x−3 ) + x2 (−x−2 ) − x(x−1 ) = 2 − 1 − 1 = 0.
dy dy
49. The graph has a horizontal tangent at points where = 0, but = x2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2) = 0 if x = 1, 2.
dx dx
The corresponding values of y are 5/6 and 2/3 so the tangent line is horizontal at (1, 5/6) and (2, 2/3).
1.5
0 3
0
50. Find where f 0 (x) = 0 : f 0 (x) = 1−9/x2 = 0, x2 = 9, x = ±3. The tangent line is horizontal at (3, 6) and (−3, −6).
14
–7 7
–14
51. The y-intercept is −2 so the point (0, −2) is on the graph; −2 = a(0)2 + b(0) + c, c = −2. The x-intercept is 1 so
the point (1,0) is on the graph; 0 = a + b − 2. The slope is dy/dx = 2ax + b; at x = 0 the slope is b so b = −1,
thus a = 3. The function is y = 3x2 − x − 2.
dy
52. Let P (x0 , y0 ) be the point where y = x2 + k is tangent to y = 2x. The slope of the curve is = 2x and the slope
dx
of the line is 2 thus at P , 2x0 = 2 so x0 = 1. But P is on the line, so y0 = 2x0 = 2. Because P is also on the curve
we get y0 = x20 + k so k = y0 − x20 = 2 − (1)2 = 1.
53. The points (−1, 1) and (2, 4) are on the secant line so its slope is (4 − 1)/(2 + 1) = 1. The slope of the tangent
line to y = x2 is y 0 = 2x so 2x = 1, x = 1/2.
√
54. The points√ (1, 1) and√(4, 2) are on√the secant line so its slope is 1/3. The slope of the tangent line to y = x is
y 0 = 1/(2 x) so 1/(2 x) = 1/3, 2 x = 3, x = 9/4.
55. y 0 = −2x, so at any point (x0 , y0 ) on y = 1 − x2 the tangent line is y − y0 = −2x0 (x − x0 ), or y = −2x0 x + x20 + 1.
The point√(2, 0) is to be on the line, so 0 = −4x0 + x20 + 1, x20 − 4x0 + 1 = 0. Use the quadratic formula to get
4 ± 16 − 4 √ √ √ √ √
x0 = = 2 ± 3. The points are (2 + 3, −6 − 4 3) and (2 − 3, −6 + 4 3).
2
Exercise Set 2.3 57
56. Let P1 (x1 , ax21 ) and P2 (x2 , ax22 ) be the points of tangency. y 0 = 2ax so the tangent lines at P1 and P2 are
y − ax21 = 2ax1 (x − x1 ) and y − ax22 = 2ax2 (x − x2 ). Solve for x to get x = 12 (x1 + x2 ) which is the x-coordinate
of a point on the vertical line halfway between P1 and P2 .
57. y 0 = 3ax2 + b; the tangent line at x = x0 is y − y0 = (3ax20 + b)(x − x0 ) where y0 = ax30 + bx0 . Solve with
y = ax3 + bx to get
(ax3 + bx) − (ax30 + bx0 ) = (3ax20 + b)(x − x0 )

ax3 + bx − ax30 − bx0 = 3ax20 x − 3ax30 + bx − bx0
x3 − 3x20 x + 2x30 = 0
(x − x0 )(x2 + xx0 − 2x20 ) = 0
(x − x0 )2 (x + 2x0 ) = 0, so x = −2x0 .
58. Let (x0 , y0 ) be the point of tangency. Note that y0 = 1/x0 . Since y 0 = −1/x2 , the tangent line has the equation

1 1 1 1 2 2
y − y0 = (−1/x20 )(x − x0 ), or y − = − 2x+ or y = − 2 x + , with intercepts at 0, = (0, 2y0 ) and
x0 x0 x0 x0 x0 p x0
(2x0 , 0). The distance from the y-intercept to theppoint of tangency is (x0 − 0)2 + (y0 − 2y0 )2 , and the distance
from the p x-intercept to the point of tangency is (x0 − 2x0 )2 + (y0 − 0)2 so that they are equal (and equal the
distance x20 + y02 from the point of tangency to the origin).
1 1 x 2
59. y 0 = − 2
; the tangent line at x = x0 is y − y0 = − 2 (x − x0 ), or y = − 2 + . The tangent line crosses the
x x0 x0 x0
1
x-axis at 2x0 , the y-axis at 2/x0 , so that the area of the triangle is (2/x0 )(2x0 ) = 2.
2
60. f 0 (x) = 3ax2 +2bx+c; 0 2

√ there is a horizontal tangent where f (x) = 0. Use the quadratic formula on 3ax +2bx+c = 0
to get x = (−b ± b − 3ac)/(3a) which gives two real solutions, one real solution, or none if
2
(a) b2 − 3ac > 0 (b) b2 − 3ac = 0 (c) b2 − 3ac < 0
dF 2GmM
61. F = GmM r−2 , = −2GmM r−3 = −
dr r3
62. dR/dT = 0.04124 − 3.558 × 10−5 T which decreases as T increases from 0 to 700. When T = 0, dR/dT =
0.04124 Ω/◦ C; when T = 700, dR/dT = 0.01633 Ω/◦ C. The resistance is most sensitive to temperature changes at
T = 0◦ C, least sensitive at T = 700◦ C.
√
63. Since dT /dx = (1/2)0.453x−1/2 = 0.2265/ x, we have dT /dx|x=9 = 0.2265/3 = 0.0755 s/m.
√ √
64. Since dr/dt = (2/3)1.93t−1/3 = 3.86/3 3 t, we have dr/dt|t=0.602 = 3.86/3 3 0.602 ≈ 1.52 (105 km/day).
–6 6
65. f 0 (x) = 1 + 1/x2 > 0 for all x 6= 0 –6

58 Chapter 2
y
(–1, 2) 2
x
–2 –1 1 2
–2 (1, –2)
66. f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 3 = 0 when x = ±1; f 0 (x) > 0 for −∞ < x < −1 and 1 < x < +∞
67. f is continuous at 1 because lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1); also lim f 0 (x) = lim (2x + 1) = 3 and lim f 0 (x) =
x→1− x→1+ x→1− x→1− x→1+
lim+ 3 = 3 so f is differentiable at 1, and the derivative equals 3.
x→1
x
-1 1
68. f is not continuous at x = 9 because lim− f (x) = −63 and lim+ f (x) = 3. f cannot be differentiable at x = 9,
x→9 x→9
for if it were, then f would also be continuous, which it is not.
f (x) − f (1)
69. f is continuous at 1 because lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1). Also, lim equals the derivative of x2 at
x→1− x→1+ x−>1−x−1
f (x) − f (1) √ 1 1
x = 1, namely 2x|x=1 = 2, while lim + equals the derivative of x at x = 1, namely √ = .
x−>1 x−1 2 x x=1 2
Since these are not equal, f is not differentiable at x = 1.
70. f is continuous at 1/2 because lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1/2); also lim f 0 (x) = lim 3x2 = 3/4 and
x→1/2− x→1/2+ x→1/2− x→1/2−
lim f 0 (x) = lim 3x/2 = 3/4 so f 0 (1/2) = 3/4, and f is differentiable at x = 1/2.
x→1/2+ x→1/2+
71. (a) f (x) = 3x − 2 if x ≥ 2/3, f (x) = −3x + 2 if x < 2/3 so f is differentiable everywhere except perhaps at
2/3. f is continuous at 2/3, also lim − f 0 (x) = lim − (−3) = −3 and lim + f 0 (x) = lim + (3) = 3 so f is not
x→2/3 x→2/3 x→2/3 x→2/3
differentiable at x = 2/3.
(b) f (x) = x2 − 4 if |x| ≥ 2, f (x) = −x2 + 4 if |x| < 2 so f is differentiable everywhere except perhaps at ±2.
f is continuous at −2 and 2, also lim f 0 (x) = lim (−2x) = −4 and lim f 0 (x) = lim (2x) = 4 so f is not
x→2− x→2− x→2+ x→2+
differentiable at x = 2. Similarly, f is not differentiable at x = −2.
n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · 1
72. (a) f 0 (x) = −(1)x−2 , f 00 (x) = (2 · 1)x−3 , f 000 (x) = −(3 · 2 · 1)x−4 ; f (n) (x) = (−1)n
xn+1
(n + 1)(n)(n − 1) · · · 2
(b) f 0 (x) = −2x−3 , f 00 (x) = (3 · 2)x−4 , f 000 (x) = −(4 · 3 · 2)x−5 ; f (n) (x) = (−1)n
xn+2
73. (a)
d2 d2

d d d d d d
2
[cf (x)] = [cf (x)] = c [f (x)] = c [f (x)] = c 2 [f (x)]
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
d2 d2 d2

d d d d d
[f (x) + g(x)] = [f (x) + g(x)] = [f (x)] + [g(x)] = [f (x)] + [g(x)]
dx2 dx dx dx dx dx dx2 dx2
Exercise Set 2.4 59
(b) Yes, by repeated application of the procedure illustrated in part (a).
f 0 (w) − f 0 (2)
74. lim = f 00 (2); f 0 (x) = 8x7 − 2, f 00 (x) = 56x6 , so f 00 (2) = 56(26 ) = 3584.
w→2 w−2
75. (a) f 0 (x) = nxn−1 , f 00 (x) = n(n − 1)xn−2 , f 000 (x) = n(n − 1)(n − 2)xn−3 , . . ., f (n) (x) = n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · 1
(b) From part (a), f (k) (x) = k(k − 1)(k − 2) · · · 1 so f (k+1) (x) = 0 thus f (n) (x) = 0 if n > k.
(c) From parts (a) and (b), f (n) (x) = an n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · 1.
76. (a) If a function is differentiable at a point then it is continuous at that point, thus f 0 is continuous on (a, b) and
consequently so is f .
(b) f and all its derivatives up to f (n−1) (x) are continuous on (a, b).
77. Let g(x) = xn , f (x) = (mx + b)n . Use Exercise 52 in Section 2.2, but with f and g permuted. If x0 = mx1 + b
then Exercise 52 says that f is differentiable at x1 and f 0 (x1 ) = mg 0 (x0 ). Since g 0 (x0 ) = nxn−1
0 , the result follows.
78. f (x) = 4x2 + 12x + 9 so f 0 (x) = 8x + 12 = 2 · 2(2x + 3), as predicted by Exercise 75.
79. f (x) = 27x3 − 27x2 + 9x − 1 so f 0 (x) = 81x2 − 54x + 9 = 3 · 3(3x − 1)2 , as predicted by Exercise 75.
80. f (x) = (x − 1)−1 so f 0 (x) = (−1) · 1(x − 1)−2 = −1/(x − 1)2 .
81. f (x) = 3(2x + 1)−2 so f 0 (x) = 3(−2)2(2x + 1)−3 = −12/(2x + 1)3 .
x+1−1
82. f (x) = = 1 − (x + 1)−1 , and f 0 (x) = −(−1)(x + 1)−2 = 1/(x + 1)2 .
x+1
2x2 + 4x + 2 + 1
83. f (x) = = 2 + (x + 1)−2 , so f 0 (x) = −2(x + 1)−3 = −2/(x + 1)3 .
(x + 1)2
84. (a) If n = 0 then f (x) = x0 = 1 so f 0 (x) = 0 by Theorem 2.3.1. This equals 0x0−1 , so the Extended Power Rule
holds in this case.
f (x + h) − f (x) 1/(x + h)m − 1/xm xm − (x + h)m

(b) f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 hxm (x + h)m
(x + h)m − xm

1 d 1 1
= lim · lim − m = (x m
) · − = mx m−1
· − = −mx−m−1 = nxn−1 .
h→0 h h→0 x (x + h)m dx x2m x2m
Exercise Set 2.4

1. (a) f (x) = 2x2 + x − 1, f 0 (x) = 4x + 1 (b) f 0 (x) = (x + 1) · (2) + (2x − 1) · (1) = 4x + 1
2. (a) f (x) = 3x4 + 5x2 − 2, f 0 (x) = 12x3 + 10x (b) f 0 (x) = (3x2 − 1) · (2x) + (x2 + 2) · (6x) = 12x3 + 10x
3. (a) f (x) = x4 − 1, f 0 (x) = 4x3 (b) f 0 (x) = (x2 + 1) · (2x) + (x2 − 1) · (2x) = 4x3
4. (a) f (x) = x3 + 1, f 0 (x) = 3x2 (b) f 0 (x) = (x + 1)(2x − 1) + (x2 − x + 1) · (1) = 3x2

0 2 d 1 1 d 2 2 1 3
5. f (x) = (3x + 6) 2x − + 2x − (3x + 6) = (3x + 6)(2) + 2x − (6x) = 18x2 − x + 12
dx 4 4 dx 4 2
60 Chapter 2
d d
6. f 0 (x) = (2 − x − 3x3 ) (7 + x5 ) + (7 + x5 ) (2 − x − 3x3 ) = (2 − x − 3x3 )(5x4 ) + (7 + x5 )(−1 − 9x2 ) =
dx dx
−24x7 − 6x5 + 10x4 − 63x2 − 7
d d
7. f 0 (x) = (x3 + 7x2 − 8)(2x−3 + x−4 ) + (2x−3 + x−4 ) (x3 + 7x2 − 8) = (x3 + 7x2 − 8)(−6x−4 − 4x−5 )+
dx dx
+(2x−3 + x−4 )(3x2 + 14x) = −15x−2 − 14x−3 + 48x−4 + 32x−5
d d
8. f 0 (x) = (x−1 + x−2 )(3x3 + 27) + (3x3 + 27) (x−1 + x−2 ) = (x−1 + x−2 )(9x2 ) + (3x3 + 27)(−x−2 − 2x−3 ) =
dx dx
3 + 6x − 27x−2 − 54x−3
9. f 0 (x) = 1 · (x2 + 2x + 4) + (x − 2) · (2x + 2) = 3x2
10. f 0 (x) = (2x + 1)(x2 − x) + (x2 + x)(2x − 1) = 4x3 − 2x
d d
(x2 + 1) dx (3x + 4) − (3x + 4) dx (x2 + 1) (x2 + 1) · 3 − (3x + 4) · 2x −3x2 − 8x + 3
11. f 0 (x) = = =
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
d d
(x4 + x + 1) dx (x − 2) − (x − 2) dx (x4 + x + 1) (x4 + x + 1) · 1 − (x − 2) · (4x3 + 1) −3x4 + 8x3 + 3
12. f 0 (x) = = =
(x4 + x + 1)2 (x4 + x + 1)2 (x4 + x + 1)2
d d
(3x − 4) dx (x2 ) − x2 dx (3x − 4) (3x − 4) · 2x − x2 · 3 3x2 − 8x
13. f 0 (x) = = =
(3x − 4) 2 (3x − 4) 2 (3x − 4)2
d d
(3x − 4) dx (2x2 + 5) − (2x2 + 5) dx (3x − 4) (3x − 4) · 4x − (2x2 + 5) · 3 6x2 − 16x − 15
14. f 0 (x) = = =
(3x − 4)2 (3x − 4)2 (3x − 4)2
2x3/2 + x − 2x1/2 − 1
15. f (x) = , so
x+3
d d
(x + 3) dx (2x3/2 + x − 2x1/2 − 1) − (2x3/2 + x − 2x1/2 − 1) dx (x + 3)
f 0 (x) = 2
=
(x + 3)
(x + 3) · (3x1/2 + 1 − x−1/2 ) − (2x3/2 + x − 2x1/2 − 1) · 1 x3/2 + 10x1/2 + 4 − 3x−1/2
= =
(x + 3)2 (x + 3)2
−2x3/2 − x + 4x1/2 + 2
16. f (x) = , so
x2 + 3x
d d
(x2 + 3x) dx (−2x3/2 − x + 4x1/2 + 2) − (−2x3/2 − x + 4x1/2 + 2) dx (x2 + 3x)
f 0 (x) = 2 2
=
(x + 3x)
(x2 + 3x) · (−3x1/2 − 1 + 2x−1/2 ) − (−2x3/2 − x + 4x1/2 + 2) · (2x + 3)
= =
(x2 + 3x)2
x5/2 + x2 − 9x3/2 − 4x − 6x1/2 − 6
=
(x2 + 3x)2
17. This could be computed by two applications of the product rule, but it’s simpler to expand f (x): f (x) = 14x +
21 + 7x−1 + 2x−2 + 3x−3 + x−4 , so f 0 (x) = 14 − 7x−2 − 4x−3 − 9x−4 − 4x−5 .
18. This could be computed by two applications of the product rule, but it’s simpler to expand f (x): f (x) = −6x7 −
4x6 + 16x5 − 3x−2 − 2x−3 + 8x−4 , so f 0 (x) = −42x6 − 24x5 + 80x4 + 6x−3 + 6x−4 − 32x−5 .
d d d d
g(x)2 = 2g(x)g 0 (x) and g(x)3 = g(x)2 g(x) = g(x)2 g 0 (x) + g(x) g(x)2 = g(x)2 g 0 (x) +

19. In general,
dx dx dx dx
g(x) · 2g(x)g 0 (x) = 3g(x)2 g 0 (x).
Exercise Set 2.4 61
Letting g(x) = x7 + 2x − 3, we have f 0 (x) = 3(x7 + 2x − 3)2 (7x6 + 2).
d d d h 2 i d
g(x)2 = 2g(x)g 0 (x), so g(x)4 = g(x)2 = 2g(x)2 · g(x)2 = 2g(x)2 · 2g(x)g 0 (x) =

20. In general,
dx dx dx dx
4g(x)3 g 0 (x)
Letting g(x) = x2 + 1, we have f 0 (x) = 4(x2 + 1)3 · 2x = 8x(x2 + 1)3 .
dy (x + 3) · 2 − (2x − 1) · 1 7 dy 7
21. = = , so = .
dx (x + 3)2 (x + 3)2 dx x=1 16
dy (x2 − 5) · 4 − (4x + 1) · (2x) −4x2 − 2x − 20 dy 26 13

22. = = , so =− =− .
dx (x − 5)
2 2 (x2 − 5)2 dx x=1 16 8
x(3) − (3x + 2)(1)

dy 3x + 2 d d 3x + 2 3x + 2
x−5 + 1 + x−5 + 1 −5x−6 + x−5 + 1

23. = = =
dx
x dx dx x x x2
3x + 2 2 dy
−5x−6 + x−5 + 1 − 2 ; so

= 5(−5) + 2(−2) = −29.
x x dx x=1
x−1 x−1 d (x + 1)(1) − (x − 1)(1)

dy 7 2 d 7 2 7 2
24. = (2x − x ) + (2x − x ) = (2x − x ) +
dx dx x + 1 x + 1 dx (x + 1)2
x−1 x−1

2 dy 2 1
+ (14x6 − 2x) = (2x7 − x2 ) · + (14x6 − 2x); so = (2 − 1) + 0(14 − 2) = .
x+1 (x + 1)2 x+1 dx x=1 4 2
(x2 + 1) · 1 − x · 2x 1 − x2
25. f 0 (x) = 2 2
= 2 , so f 0 (1) = 0.
(x + 1) (x + 1)2
(x2 + 1) · 2x − (x2 − 1) · 2x 4x
26. f 0 (x) = = 2 , so f 0 (1) = 1.
(x2 + 1)2 (x + 1)2
√ 1 1
27. (a) g 0 (x) = xf 0 (x) + √ f (x), g 0 (4) = (2)(−5) + (3) = −37/4.
2 x 4
xf 0 (x) − f (x) 0 (4)(−5) − 3

(b) g 0 (x) = , g (4) = = −23/16.
x2 16
28. (a) g 0 (x) = 6x − 5f 0 (x), g 0 (3) = 6(3) − 5(4) = −2.
2f (x) − (2x + 1)f 0 (x) 0 2(−2) − 7(4)

(b) g 0 (x) = , g (3) = = −8.
f 2 (x) (−2)2
29. (a) F 0 (x) = 5f 0 (x) + 2g 0 (x), F 0 (2) = 5(4) + 2(−5) = 10.
(b) F 0 (x) = f 0 (x) − 3g 0 (x), F 0 (2) = 4 − 3(−5) = 19.
(c) F 0 (x) = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x), F 0 (2) = (−1)(−5) + (1)(4) = 9.
(d) F 0 (x) = [g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x)]/g 2 (x), F 0 (2) = [(1)(4) − (−1)(−5)]/(1)2 = −1.
30. (a) F 0 (x) = 6f 0 (x) − 5g 0 (x), F 0 (π) = 6(−1) − 5(2) = −16.
(b) F 0 (x) = f (x) + g(x) + x(f 0 (x) + g 0 (x)), F 0 (π) = 10 − 3 + π(−1 + 2) = 7 + π.
(c) F 0 (x) = 2f (x)g 0 (x) + 2f 0 (x)g(x) = 2(20) + 2(3) = 46.

62 Chapter 2
(4 + g(x))f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x) (4 − 3)(−1) − 10(2)

(d) F 0 (x) = 2
= = −21.
(4 + g(x)) (4 − 3)2
√
dy 2x(x + 2) − (x2 − 1) dy −4 ± 16 − 4 √
2
31. = , = 0 if x + 4x + 1 = 0. By the quadratic formula, x = = −2 ± 3.
dx (x + 2)2 dx √ 2
The tangent line is horizontal at x = −2 ± 3.
dy 2x(x − 1) − (x2 + 1) x2 − 2x − 1
32. = = . The tangent line is horizontal when it has slope 0, i.e. x2 − 2x − 1 = 0
dx (x − 1) 2 (x − 1)2 √
2± 4+4 √
which, by the quadratic formula, has solutions x = = 1 ± 2, the tangent line is horizontal when
√ 2
x = 1 ± 2.
dy 2x(x + 1) − (x2 + 1) x2 + 2x − 1
33. The tangent line is parallel to the line y = x when it has slope 1. = = =1
dx (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
if x2 + 2x − 1 = (x + 1)2 , which reduces to −1 = +1, impossible. Thus the tangent line is never parallel to the
line y = x.
x+2+1 1
34. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line y = x when the tangent line has slope −1. y = = 1+ ,
x+2 x+2
dy 1
hence =− = −1 when (x + 2)2 = 1, x2 + 4x + 3 = 0, (x + 1)(x + 3) = 0, x = −1, −3. Thus the tangent
dx (x + 2)2
line is perpendicular to the line y = x at the points (−1, 2), (−3, 0).
1 dy
35. Fix x0 . The slope of the tangent line to the curve y = at the point (x0 , 1/(x0 + 4)) is given by =
x+4 dx
−1 −1 −(x − x0 )
= . The tangent line to the curve at (x0 , y0 ) thus has the equation y − y0 = ,
(x + 4)2 x=x0 (x0 + 4)2 (x0 + 4)2
−1 1 −x0
and this line passes through the origin if its constant term y0 − x0 2
is zero. Then = , so
(x0 + 4) x0 + 4 (x0 + 4)2
x0 + 4 = −x0 , x0 = −2.
2x + 5 2x + 4 + 1 1 dy −1
36. y = = = 2+ , and hence = , thus the tangent line at the point (x0 , y0 )
x+2 x+2 x+2 dx (x + 2)2
−1 1
is given by y − y0 = (x − x0 ) , where y0 = 2 + . If this line is to pass through (0, 2), then
(x0 + 2)2 x0 + 2
−1 −1 x0
2 − y0 = 2
(−x0 ), = , −x0 − 2 = x0 , so x0 = −1.
(x0 + 2) x0 + 2 (x0 + 2)2
37. (a) Their tangent lines at the intersection point must be perpendicular.
1 1 1
(b) They intersect when = , x = 2 − x, x = 1, y = 1. The first curve has derivative y = − 2 , so the
x 2−x x
1
slope when x = 1 is −1. Second curve has derivative y = so the slope when x = 1 is 1. Since the two
(2 − x)2
slopes are negative reciprocals of each other, the tangent lines are perpendicular at the point (1, 1).
38. The curves intersect when a/(x − 1) = x2 − 2x + 1, or (x − 1)3 = a, x = 1 + a1/3 . They are perpendicular when
−a
their slopes are negative reciprocals of each other, i.e. (2x − 2) = −1, which has the solution x = 2a + 1.
(x − 1)2
Solve x = 1 + a1/3 = 2a + 1, 2a2/3 = 1, a = 2−3/2 . Thus the curves intersect and are perpendicular at the point
(2a + 1, 1/2) provided a = 2−3/2 .
39. F 0 (x) = xf 0 (x) + f (x), F 00 (x) = xf 00 (x) + f 0 (x) + f 0 (x) = xf 00 (x) + 2f 0 (x).
40. (a) F 000 (x) = xf 000 (x) + 3f 00 (x).

Exercise Set 2.5 63
(b) Assume that F (n) (x) = xf (n) (x) + nf (n−1) (x) for some n (for instance n = 3, as in part (a)). Then
F (n+1) (x) = xf (n+1) (x) + (1 + n)f (n) (x) = xf (n+1) (x) + (n + 1)f (n) (x), which is an inductive proof.
41. R0 (p) = p · f 0 (p) + f (p) · 1 = f (p) + pf 0 (p), so R0 (120) = 9000 + 120 · (−60) = 1800. Increasing the price by a small
amount ∆p dollars would increase the revenue by about 1800∆p dollars.
42. R0 (p) = p · f 0 (p) + f (p) · 1 = f (p) + pf 0 (p), so R0 (120) = 9000 + 120 · (−80) = −600. Increasing the price by a
small amount ∆p dollars would decrease the revenue by about 600∆p dollars.
1 0 xn · (0) − 1 · (nxn−1) n
43. f (x) = so f (x) = = − n+1 = −nx−n−1 .
xn x2n x
Exercise Set 2.5

1. f 0 (x) = −4 sin x + 2 cos x
−10
2. f 0 (x) = + cos x
x3
3. f 0 (x) = 4x2 sin x − 8x cos x
4. f 0 (x) = 4 sin x cos x
sin x(5 + sin x) − cos x(5 − cos x) 1 + 5(sin x − cos x)

5. f 0 (x) = =
(5 + sin x)2 (5 + sin x)2
(x2 + sin x) cos x − sin x(2x + cos x) x2 cos x − 2x sin x

6. f 0 (x) = =
(x2 + sin x)2 (x2 + sin x)2
√
7. f 0 (x) = sec x tan x − 2 sec2 x
8. f 0 (x) = (x2 + 1) sec x tan x + (sec x)(2x) = (x2 + 1) sec x tan x + 2x sec x
9. f 0 (x) = −4 csc x cot x + csc2 x
10. f 0 (x) = − sin x − csc x + x csc x cot x
11. f 0 (x) = sec x(sec2 x) + (tan x)(sec x tan x) = sec3 x + sec x tan2 x
12. f 0 (x) = (csc x)(− csc2 x) + (cot x)(− csc x cot x) = − csc3 x − csc x cot2 x
(1 + csc x)(− csc2 x) − cot x(0 − csc x cot x) csc x(− csc x − csc2 x + cot2 x)
13. f 0 (x) = 2
= , but 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x
(1 + csc x) (1 + csc x)2
csc x(− csc x − 1) csc x
(identity), thus cot2 x − csc2 x = −1, so f 0 (x) = =− .
(1 + csc x)2 1 + csc x
(1 + tan x)(sec x tan x) − (sec x)(sec2 x) sec x tan x + sec x tan2 x − sec3 x
14. f 0 (x) = = =
(1 + tan x)2 (1 + tan x)2
sec x(tan x + tan2 x − sec2 x) sec x(tan x − 1)
= 2
=
(1 + tan x) (1 + tan x)2
15. f (x) = sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (identity), so f 0 (x) = 0.
2 sin x sin x
16. f 0 (x) = 2 sec x tan x sec x − 2 tan x sec2 x = 3
− 2 3 = 0; also, f (x) = sec2 x − tan2 x = 1 (identity), so
cos x cos x
f 0 (x) = 0.
64 Chapter 2
tan x
17. f (x) = (because sin x sec x = (sin x)(1/ cos x) = tan x), so
1 + x tan x
(1 + x tan x)(sec2 x) − tan x[x(sec2 x) + (tan x)(1)] sec2 x − tan2 x 1
f 0 (x) = 2
= 2
= (because sec2 x −
(1 + x tan x) (1 + x tan x) (1 + x tan x)2
tan2 x = 1).
(x2 + 1) cot x
18. f (x) = (because cos x csc x = (cos x)(1/ sin x) = cot x), so
3 − cot x
(3 − cot x)[2x cot x − (x2 + 1) csc2 x] − (x2 + 1) cot x csc2 x 6x cot x − 2x cot2 x − 3(x2 + 1) csc2 x
f 0 (x) = = .
(3 − cot x)2 (3 − cot x)2
19. dy/dx = −x sin x + cos x, d2 y/dx2 = −x cos x − sin x − sin x = −x cos x − 2 sin x
20. dy/dx = − csc x cot x, d2 y/dx2 = −[(csc x)(− csc2 x) + (cot x)(− csc x cot x)] = csc3 x + csc x cot2 x
21. dy/dx = x(cos x) + (sin x)(1) − 3(− sin x) = x cos x + 4 sin x,

d2 y/dx2 = x(− sin x) + (cos x)(1) + 4 cos x = −x sin x + 5 cos x
22. dy/dx = x2 (− sin x) + (cos x)(2x) + 4 cos x = −x2 sin x + 2x cos x + 4 cos x,
d2 y/dx2 = −[x2 (cos x) + (sin x)(2x)] + 2[x(− sin x) + cos x] − 4 sin x = (2 − x2 ) cos x − 4(x + 1) sin x
23. dy/dx = (sin x)(− sin x) + (cos x)(cos x) = cos2 x − sin2 x,

d2 y/dx2 = (cos x)(− sin x) + (cos x)(− sin x) − [(sin x)(cos x) + (sin x)(cos x)] = −4 sin x cos x
24. dy/dx = sec2 x, d2 y/dx2 = 2 sec2 x tan x
25. Let f (x) = tan x, then f 0 (x) = sec2 x.
(a) f (0) = 0 and f 0 (0) = 1, so y − 0 = (1)(x − 0), y = x.

π π π π
(b) f = 1 and f 0 = 2, so y − 1 = 2 x − , y = 2x − + 1.
4 4 4 2
π π π π
(c) f − = −1 and f 0 − = 2, so y + 1 = 2 x + , y = 2x + − 1.
4 4 4 2
26. Let f (x) = sin x, then f 0 (x) = cos x.
(a) f (0) = 0 and f 0 (0) = 1, so y − 0 = (1)(x − 0), y = x.
(b) f (π) = 0 and f 0 (π) = −1, so y − 0 = (−1)(x − π), y = −x + π.

π 1 π 1 1 1 π 1 π 1
(c) f = √ and f 0 = √ , so y − √ = √ x − , y = √ x− √ + √ .
4 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2
27. (a) If y = x sin x then y 0 = sin x + x cos x and y 00 = 2 cos x − x sin x so y 00 + y = 2 cos x.
(b) Differentiate the result of part (a) twice more to get y (4) + y 00 = −2 cos x.
28. (a) If y = cos x then y 0 = − sin x and y 00 = − cos x, so y 00 + y = (− cos x) + (cos x) = 0; if y = sin x then y 0 = cos x
and y 00 = − sin x so y 00 + y = (− sin x) + (sin x) = 0.
(b) y 0 = A cos x − B sin x, y 00 = −A sin x − B cos x, so y 00 + y = (−A sin x − B cos x) + (A sin x + B cos x) = 0.
Exercise Set 2.5 65
29. (a) f 0 (x) = cos x = 0 at x = ±π/2, ±3π/2.
(b) f 0 (x) = 1 − sin x = 0 at x = −3π/2, π/2.
(c) f 0 (x) = sec2 x ≥ 1 always, so no horizontal tangent line.
(d) f 0 (x) = sec x tan x = 0 when sin x = 0, x = ±2π, ±π, 0.
0.5
0 2c
30. (a) -0.5
(b) y = sin x cos x = (1/2) sin 2x and y 0 = cos 2x. So y 0 = 0 when 2x = (2n + 1)π/2 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3 or
x = π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4, 7π/4.
31. x = 10 sin θ, dx/dθ = 10 cos θ; if θ = 60◦ , then dx/dθ = 10(1/2) = 5 ft/rad = π/36 ft/deg ≈ 0.087 ft/deg.
√ √ √
32. s = 3800 csc θ, ds/dθ = −3800 csc θ cot θ; if θ = 30◦ , then ds/dθ = −3800(2)( 3) = −7600 3 ft/rad = −380 3π/9
ft/deg ≈ −230 ft/deg.
√
33. D = 50 tan θ, dD/dθ = 50 sec2 θ; if θ = 45◦ , then dD/dθ = 50( 2)2 = 100 m/rad = 5π/9 m/deg ≈ 1.75 m/deg.
34. (a) From the right triangle shown, sin θ = r/(r + h) so r + h = r csc θ, h = r(csc θ − 1).
√
(b) dh/dθ = −r csc θ cot θ; if θ = 30◦ , then dh/dθ = −6378(2)( 3) ≈ −22, 094 km/rad ≈ −386 km/deg.
35. False. g 0 (x) = f (x) cos x + f 0 (x) sin x
g(h) − g(0) f (h) sin h sin h

36. True, if f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then g 0 (0) = lim = lim = lim f (h) · lim =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h→0 h
f (0) · 1 = f (0).
sin x
37. True. f (x) = = tan x, so f 0 (x) = sec2 x.
cos x
d
38. False. g 0 (x) = f (x) · (sec x) + f 0 (x) sec x = f (x) sec x tan x + f 0 (x) sec x, so g 0 (0) = f (0) sec 0 tan 0 + f 0 (0) sec 0 =
dx
f (h) sec h − f (0)
8 · 1 · 0 + (−2) · 1 = −2. The second equality given in the problem is wrong: lim = −2 but
h→0 h
8(sec h − 1)
lim = 0.
h→0 h
d4 d4k d87 d3 d4·21 d3

39. sin x = sin x, so sin x = sin x; sin x = sin x = sin x = − cos x.
dx4 dx4k dx87 dx3 dx4·21 dx3
d100 d4k
40. 100
cos x = 4k cos x = cos x.
dx dx
41. f 0 (x) = − sin x, f 00 (x) = − cos x, f 000 (x) = sin x, and f (4) (x) = cos x with higher order derivatives repeating this
pattern, so f (n) (x) = sin x for n = 3, 7, 11, . . .
66 Chapter 2
42. f (x) = sin x, f 0 (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = − sin x, f 000 (x) = − cos x, f (4) (x) = sin x, and the right-hand sides continue
with a period of 4, so that f (n) (x) = sin x when n = 4k for some k.
43. (a) all x (b) all x (c) x 6= π/2 + nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
(d) x 6= nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (e) x 6= π/2 + nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (f ) x 6= nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
(g) x 6= (2n + 1)π, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (h) x 6= nπ/2, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (i) all x
d cos(x + h) − cos x cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x

44. (a) [cos x] = lim = lim =
dx h→0 h h→0 h
cos h − 1

sin h
= lim cos x − sin x = (cos x)(0) − (sin x)(1) = − sin x.
h→0 h h
d d h cos x i sin x(− sin x) − cos x(cos x) − sin2 x − cos2 x −1

(b) [cot x] = = 2 = 2 = = − csc2 x.
dx dx sin x sin x sin x sin2 x
0 · cos x − (1)(− sin x)

d d 1 sin x
(c) [sec x] = = 2
= = sec x tan x.
dx dx cos x cos x cos2 x
(sin x)(0) − (1)(cos x)

d d 1 cos x
(d) [csc x] = = = − 2 = − csc x cot x.
dx dx sin x sin2 x sin x
d sin w − sin x 2 sin w−x w+x

2 cos 2 sin w−x w+x
45. sin x = lim = lim = lim w−x2 cos = 1 · cos x = cos x.
dx w→x w−x w→x w−x w→x
2
2
cos w − cos x −2 sin( w−x w+x

2 ) sin( 2 ) sin( w−x
2 )

d w+x
46. [cos x] = lim = lim = − lim sin lim w−x = − sin x.
dx w→x w−x w→x w−x w→x 2 w→x
2

sin h sin h
tan h cos h h 1
47. (a) lim = lim = lim = = 1.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 cos h 1
tan x + tan h
d tan(x + h) − tan x − tan x tan x + tan h − tan x + tan2 x tan h
(b) [tan x] = lim = lim − tan x tan h
1 = lim =
dx h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h(1 − tan x tan h)
tan h tan h
tan h(1 + tan2 x) tan h sec2 x lim
lim = lim 2
= sec x lim h 2
= sec x h→0 h = sec2 x.
h→0 h(1 − tan x tan h) h→0 h(1 − tan x tan h) h→0 1 − tan x tan h lim (1 − tan x tan h)
h→0
tan(x + y) − tan y tan(y + h) − tan y d

48. lim = lim = (tan y) = sec2 y.
x→0 x h→0 h dy
sin h π cos h − 1
49. By Exercises 49 and 50 of Section 1.6, we have lim = and lim = 0. Therefore:
h→0 h 180 h→0 h
d sin(x + h) − sin x cos h − 1 sin h

(a) [sin x] = lim = sin x lim + cos x lim = (sin x)(0) + (cos x)(π/180) =
dx h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
π
cos x.
180
d cos(x + h) − cos x cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x cos h − 1 sin h

(b) [cos x] = lim = lim = cos x lim −sin x lim =
dx h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
π π
0 · cos x − · sin x = − sin x.
180 180
Exercise Set 2.6 67
f (x + p + h) − f (x + p)
50. If f is periodic, then so is f 0 . Proof: Suppose f (x+p) = f (x) for all x. Then f 0 (x+p) = lim =
h→0 h
f (x + h) − f (x)
lim = f 0 (x). However, f 0 may be periodic even if f is not. For example, f (x) = x + sin x is not
h→0 h
periodic, but f 0 (x) = 1 + cos x has period 2π.
Exercise Set 2.6

1. (f ◦ g)0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x), so (f ◦ g)0 (0) = f 0 (g(0))g 0 (0) = f 0 (0)(3) = (2)(3) = 6.
2. (f ◦ g)0 (2) = f 0 (g(2))g 0 (2) = 5(−3) = −15.
3. (a) (f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) = (2x − 3)5 and (f ◦ g)0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) = 5(2x − 3)4 (2) = 10(2x − 3)4 .
(b) (g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = 2x5 − 3 and (g ◦ f )0 (x) = g 0 (f (x))f 0 (x) = 2(5x4 ) = 10x4 .
√ 5
4. (a) (f ◦ g)(x) = 5 4 + cos x and (f ◦ g)0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) = √ (− sin x).
2 4 + cos x
√ √ 5
(b) (g ◦ f )(x) = 4 + cos(5 x) and (g ◦ f )0 (x) = g 0 (f (x))f 0 (x) = − sin(5 x) √ .
2 x
5. (a) F 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x), F 0 (3) = f 0 (g(3))g 0 (3) = −1(7) = −7.
(b) G0 (x) = g 0 (f (x))f 0 (x), G0 (3) = g 0 (f (3))f 0 (3) = 4(−2) = −8.
6. (a) F 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x), F 0 (−1) = f 0 (g(−1))g 0 (−1) = f 0 (2)(−3) = (4)(−3) = −12.
(b) G0 (x) = g 0 (f (x))f 0 (x), G0 (−1) = g 0 (f (−1))f 0 (−1) = −5(3) = −15.
d 3
7. f 0 (x) = 37(x3 + 2x)36 (x + 2x) = 37(x3 + 2x)36 (3x2 + 2).
dx
d
8. f 0 (x) = 6(3x2 + 2x − 1)5 (3x2 + 2x − 1) = 6(3x2 + 2x − 1)5 (6x + 2) = 12(3x2 + 2x − 1)5 (3x + 1).
dx
−3 −3
7 d 7 7 7
9. f 0 (x) = −2 x3 − x3 − = −2 x3 − 3x2 + 2 .
x dx x x x
d 5 −9(5x4 − 1)
10. f (x) = (x5 − x + 1)−9 , f 0 (x) = −9(x5 − x + 1)−10 (x − x + 1) = −9(x5 − x + 1)−10 (5x4 − 1) = 5 .
dx (x − x + 1)10
d
11. f (x) = 4(3x2 − 2x + 1)−3 , f 0 (x) = −12(3x2 − 2x + 1)−4 (3x2 − 2x + 1) = −12(3x2 − 2x + 1)−4 (6x − 2) =
dx
24(1 − 3x)
.
(3x2 − 2x + 1)4
1 d 3 3x2 − 2
12. f 0 (x) = √ (x − 2x + 5) = √ .
2 x − 2x + 5 dx
3 2 x3 − 2x + 5
√
0 1d √ 3
13. f (x) = p √ (4 + 3x) = √ p √ .
2 4 + 3x dx 4 x 4 + 3x
1 √ −2/3 1 1 1
14. f 0 (x) = 12 + x · √ = √ √ .
3 2 x 6(12 + x)2/3 x
68 Chapter 2
d 2
15. f 0 (x) = cos(1/x2 ) (1/x2 ) = − 3 cos(1/x2 ).
dx x
√ d √ √ 1
16. f 0 (x) = sec2 x x = sec2 x √ .
dx 2 x
d
17. f 0 (x) = 20 cos4 x (cos x) = 20 cos4 x(− sin x) = −20 cos4 x sin x.
dx
d
18. f 0 (x) = 4 + 20(sin3 x) (sin x) = 4 + 20 sin3 x cos x.
dx
√ √
0
√d √ √ √ d √ 3 cos(3 x) sin(3 x)
19. f (x) = 2 cos(3 x) [cos(3 x)] = −2 cos(3 x) sin(3 x) (3 x) = − √ .
dx dx x
d d
20. f 0 (x) = 4 tan3 (x3 ) [tan(x3 )] = 4 tan3 (x3 ) sec2 (x3 ) (x3 ) = 12x2 tan3 (x3 ) sec2 (x3 ).
dx dx
d d
21. f 0 (x) = 4 sec(x7 ) [sec(x7 )] = 4 sec(x7 ) sec(x7 ) tan(x7 ) (x7 ) = 28x6 sec2 (x7 ) tan(x7 ).
dx dx
(x + 1)(1) − x(1)

0 2 x d x 2 x x
22. f (x) = 3 cos cos = 3 cos − sin =
x + 1 dx x+1 x+1 x+1 (x + 1)2

3 x x
=− 2
cos2 sin .
(x + 1) x+1 x+1
1 d 5 sin(5x)
23. f 0 (x) = p [cos(5x)] = − p .
2 cos(5x) dx 2 cos(5x)
1 d 3 − 8 sin(4x) cos(4x)
24. f 0 (x) = q [3x − sin2 (4x)] = q .
2 3x − sin2 (4x) dx 2 3x − sin2 (4x)
−4 d
25. f 0 (x) = −3 x + csc(x3 + 3) x + csc(x3 + 3) =

dx

3
−4 d
1 − csc(x3 + 3) cot(x3 + 3) (x3 + 3) =

= −3 x + csc(x + 3)
dx
−4
= −3 x + csc(x3 + 3) 1 − 3x2 csc(x3 + 3) cot(x3 + 3) .

−5 d 4
26. f 0 (x) = −4 x4 − sec(4x2 − 2) x − sec(4x2 − 2) =

dx

4 2
−5 3 2 2 d 2
= −4 x − sec(4x − 2) 4x − sec(4x − 2) tan(4x − 2) (4x − 2) =
dx
−5
= −16x x − sec(4x2 − 2)
4
x2 − 2 sec(4x2 − 2) tan(4x2 − 2) .

dy d
27. = x3 (2 sin 5x) (sin 5x) + 3x2 sin2 5x = 10x3 sin 5x cos 5x + 3x2 sin2 5x.
dx dx
√ √ √ √ √ √ √

dy 1 1 3 1
28. = x 3 tan2 ( x) sec2 ( x) √ + √ tan3 ( x) = tan2 ( x) sec2 ( x) + √ tan3 ( x).
dx 2 x 2 x 2 2 x

dy 5 1 1 d 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 4 1
29. = x sec tan + sec (5x ) = x sec tan − 2 + 5x sec =
dx x x dx x x x x x x

1 1 1
= −x3 sec tan + 5x4 sec .
x x x
Exercise Set 2.6 69
dy sec(3x + 1) cos x − 3 sin x sec(3x + 1) tan(3x + 1)

30. = = cos x cos(3x + 1) − 3 sin x sin(3x + 1).
dx sec2 (3x + 1)
dy d
31. = − sin(cos x) (cos x) = − sin(cos x)(− sin x) = sin(cos x) sin x.
dx dx
dy d
32. = cos(tan 3x) (tan 3x) = 3 sec2 3x cos(tan 3x).
dx dx
dy d d
33. = 3 cos2 (sin 2x) [cos(sin 2x)] = 3 cos2 (sin 2x)[− sin(sin 2x)] (sin 2x) = −6 cos2 (sin 2x) sin(sin 2x) cos 2x.
dx dx dx
dy (1 − cot x2 )(−2x csc x2 cot x2 ) − (1 + csc x2 )(2x csc2 x2 ) 1 + cot x2 + csc x2

34. = = −2x csc x2 , since csc2 x2 =
dx (1 − cot x )
2 2 (1 − cot x2 )2
1 + cot2 x2 .
dy d √ √ d √ −1 √
35. = (5x + 8)7 (1 − x)6 + (1 − x)6 (5x + 8)7 = 6(5x + 8)7 (1 − x)5 √ + 7 · 5(1 − x)6 (5x + 8)6 =
dx dx dx 2 x
−3 √ √
√ (5x + 8)7 (1 − x)5 + 35(1 − x)6 (5x + 8)6 .
x
dy d d
36. = (x2 + x)5 sin8 x + (sin8 x) (x2 + x)5 = 8(x2 + x)5 sin7 x cos x + 5(sin8 x)(x2 + x)4 (2x + 1).
dx dx dx
2 2
x−5 d x−5 x−5 33(x − 5)2

dy 11
37. =3 =3 · 2
= .
dx 2x + 1 dx 2x + 1 2x + 1 (2x + 1) (2x + 1)4
16 16 16
1 + x2 d 1 + x2 1 + x2 (1 − x2 )(2x) − (1 + x2 )(−2x) 1 + x2

dy 4x
38. = 17 = 17 = 17 =
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2 1 − x2 (1 − x2 )2 1 − x2 (1 − x2 )2
68x(1 + x2 )16
.
(1 − x2 )18
dy (4x2 − 1)8 (3)(2x + 3)2 (2) − (2x + 3)3 (8)(4x2 − 1)7 (8x) 2(2x + 3)2 (4x2 − 1)7 [3(4x2 − 1) − 32x(2x + 3)]
39. = = =
dx (4x2 − 1)16 (4x2 − 1)16
2(2x + 3)2 (52x2 + 96x + 3)
− .
(4x2 − 1)9
dy d d
40. = 12[1 + sin3 (x5 )]11 [1 + sin3 (x5 )] = 12[1 + sin3 (x5 )]11 3 sin2 (x5 ) sin(x5 ) =
dx dx dx
= 180x4 [1 + sin3 (x5 )]11 sin2 (x5 ) cos(x5 ).
dy 4 d
= 5 x sin 2x + tan4 (x7 ) x sin 2x tan4 (x7 ) =

41.
dx dx
4 7
4 d 3 7 d 7
= 5 x sin 2x + tan (x ) x cos 2x (2x) + sin 2x + 4 tan (x ) tan(x ) =
dx dx
4
= 5 x sin 2x + tan4 (x7 ) 2x cos 2x + sin 2x + 28x6 tan3 (x7 ) sec2 (x7 ) .

√ ! √ !
dy 3 (7 − x) 3x2 + 5 2 (7 − x) 3x2 + 5
42. = 4 tan 2 + sec 2 +
dx x3 + sin x x3 + sin x
√ √ !
3x2 + 5 (7 − x)x (7 − x) 3x2 + 5 (3x2 + cos x)
× − 3 + 3√ −
x + sin x 3x2 + 5 (x3 + sin x) (x3 + sin x)2
dy dy
43. = cos 3x−3x sin 3x; if x = π then = −1 and y = −π, so the equation of the tangent line is y +π = −(x−π),
dx dx
or y = −x.
70 Chapter 2
dy dy
44. = 3x2 cos(1 + x3 ); if x = −3 then y = − sin 26, = 27 cos 26, so the equation of the tangent line is
dx dx
y + sin 26 = 27(cos 26)(x + 3), or y = 27(cos 26)x + 81 cos 26 − sin 26.
dy dy
45. = −3 sec3 (π/2 − x) tan(π/2 − x); if x = −π/2 then = 0, y = −1, so the equation of the tangent line is
dx dx
y + 1 = 0, or y = −1
2
dy 1 1 27 dy 95 135
46. = 3 x− 1 + 2 ; if x = 2 then y = , = 3 = , so the equation of the tangent line is
dx x x 8 dx 44 16
135 27
y − 27/8 = (135/16)(x − 2), or y = x− .
16 2
dy d dy √ √ √
47. = sec2 (4x2 ) (4x2 ) = 8x sec2 (4x2 ), 2
√ = 8 π sec (4π) = 8 π. When x = π, y = tan(4π) = 0, so
dx dx √dx x= π
√ √
the equation of the tangent line is y = 8 π(x − π) = 8 πx − 8π.
dy d dy
48. = 12 cot3 x cot x = −12 cot3 x csc2 x, = −24. When x = π/4, y = 3, so the equation of the
dx dx dx x=π/4
tangent line is y − 3 = −24(x − π/4), or y = −24x + 3 + 6π.
dy p x2 dy
49. = 2x 5 − x2 + √ (−2x), = 4 − 1/2 = 7/2. When x = 1, y = 2, so the equation of the tangent
dx 2 5−x 2 dx x=1
7 3
line is y − 2 = (7/2)(x − 1), or y = x − .
2 2
dy 1 x dy
50. =√ − (1 − x2 )3/2 (−2x), = 1. When x = 0, y = 0, so the equation of the tangent line is y = x.
dx 1 − x2 2 dx x=0
dy d d
51. = x(− sin(5x)) (5x) + cos(5x) − 2 sin x (sin x) = −5x sin(5x) + cos(5x) − 2 sin x cos x =
dx dx dx
= −5x sin(5x) + cos(5x) − sin(2x),
d2 y d d d
2
= −5x cos(5x) (5x) − 5 sin(5x) − sin(5x) (5x) − cos(2x) (2x) = −25x cos(5x) − 10 sin(5x) − 2 cos(2x).
dx dx dx dx
dy d d2 y d
52. = cos(3x2 ) (3x2 ) = 6x cos(3x2 ), 2
= 6x(− sin(3x2 )) (3x2 ) + 6 cos(3x2 ) = −36x2 sin(3x2 ) + 6 cos(3x2 ).
dx dx dx dx
dy (1 − x) + (1 + x) 2 −2 d2 y
53. = = = 2(1 − x) and = −2(2)(−1)(1 − x)−3 = 4(1 − x)−3 .
dx (1 − x)2 (1 − x)2 dx2

dy 1 d 1 1 1 1 1
54. = x sec2 + tan = − sec2 + tan ,
dx x dx x x x x x
d2 y

2 1 d 1 1 2 1 2 1 d 1 2 2 1 1
2
= − sec sec + 2 sec + sec = 3 sec tan .
dx x x dx x x x x dx x x x x
55. y = cot3 (π − θ) = − cot3 θ so dy/dx = 3 cot2 θ csc2 θ.

5
ad − bc

au + b
56. 6 .
cu + d (cu + d)2
d
57. [a cos2 πω + b sin2 πω] = −2πa cos πω sin πω + 2πb sin πω cos πω = π(b − a)(2 sin πω cos πω) = π(b − a) sin 2πω.
dω
58. 2 csc2 (π/3 − y) cot(π/3 − y).

Exercise Set 2.6 71
–2 2
59. (a) –2
–2 2
−x p 4 − 2x2
(c) f 0 (x) = x √ + 4 − x2 = √ . –6
4 − x2 4 − x2
√ 2 √ 2
(d) f (1) = 3 and f 0 (1) = √ so the tangent line has the equation y − 3 = √ (x − 1).
3 3
0 2
0
0.5
^ 6
60. (a) 0
1.2
^ 6
(c) f 0 (x) = 2x cos(x2 ) cos x − sin x sin(x2 ). –1.2
(d) f (1) = sin 1 cos 1 and f 0 (1) = 2 cos2 1 − sin2 1, so the tangent line has the equation
y − sin 1 cos 1 = (2 cos2 1 − sin2 1)(x − 1).
72 Chapter 2
0.8
^ 6
0
d √ 1 dy f 0 (x)
61. False. [ y] = √ = p .
dx 2 y dx 2 f (x)
62. False. dy/dx = f 0 (u)g 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x)) g 0 (x).
63. False. dy/dx = − sin[g(x)] g 0 (x).
dy dy dv du
64. True. Let u = 3x3 and v = sin u, so y = v 3 . Then = = 3v 2 ·(cos u)·9x2 = 3 sin2 (3x3 )·cos(3x3 )·9x2 =
dx dv du dx
27x2 sin2 (3x3 ) cos(3x3 ).
65. (a) dy/dt = −Aω sin ωt, d2 y/dt2 = −Aω 2 cos ωt = −ω 2 y
(b) One complete oscillation occurs when ωt increases over an interval of length 2π, or if t increases over an
interval of length 2π/ω.
(c) f = 1/T
(d) Amplitude = 0.6 cm, T = 2π/15 s/oscillation, f = 15/(2π) oscillations/s.
66. dy/dt = 3A cos 3t, d2 y/dt2 = −9A sin 3t, so −9A sin 3t + 2A sin 3t = 4 sin 3t, −7A sin 3t = 4 sin 3t, −7A = 4, and
A = −4/7
d hp i 1 + f 0 (x) 4 11
67. By the chain rule, x + f (x) = p . From the graph, f (x) = x + 5 for x < 0, so f (−1) = ,
dx 2 x + f (x) 3 3
√
4 d hp i 7/3 7 6
f 0 (−1) = , and x + f (x) = p = .
3 dx x=−1 2 8/3 24
68. 2 sin(π/6) = 1, so we can assume f (x) = − 25 x + 5. Thus for sufficiently small values of |x − π/6| we have
√
d 0 d 5 5 3 5√
[f (2 sin x)] = f (2 sin x) 2 sin x = − 2 cos x =− 2 =− 3.
dx x=π/6 dx x=π/6 2 x=π/6 2 2 2
dp dp dh
69. (a) p ≈ 10 lb/in2 , dp/dh ≈ −2 lb/in2 /mi. (b) = ≈ (−2)(0.3) = −0.6 lb/in2 /s.
dt dh dt
45 dF 45(− sin θ + 0.3 cos θ)

70. (a) F = , =− ; if θ = 30◦ , then dF/dθ ≈ 10.5 lb/rad ≈ 0.18 lb/deg.
cos θ + 0.3 sin θ dθ (cos θ + 0.3 sin θ)2
dF dF dθ
(b) = ≈ (0.18)(−0.5) = −0.09 lb/s.
dt dθ dt

d d d du d cos x, u>0 cos x, sin x > 0
71. With u = sin x, (| sin x|) = (|u|) = (|u|) = (|u|) cos x = =
dx dx du dx du − cos x, u<0 − cos x, sin x < 0

cos x, 0<x<π
=
− cos x, −π < x < 0
Exercise Set 2.6 73
d d
72. (cos x) = [sin(π/2 − x)] = − cos(π/2 − x) = − sin x.
dx dx
73. (a) For x 6= 0, |f (x)| ≤ |x|, and lim |x| = 0, so by the Squeezing Theorem, lim f (x) = 0.
x→0 x→0
f (x) − f (0)
(b) If f 0 (0) were to exist, then the limit (as x approaches 0) = sin(1/x) would have to exist, but it
x−0
doesn’t.

1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) For x 6= 0, f 0 (x) = x cos − 2 + sin = − cos + sin .
x x x x x x
1
(d) If x = for an integer n 6= 0, then f 0 (x) = −2πn cos(2πn) + sin(2πn) = −2πn. This approaches +∞ as
2πn
n → −∞, so there are points x arbitrarily close to 0 where f 0 (x) becomes arbitrarily large. Hence lim f 0 (x) does
x→0
not exist.
74. (a) −x2 ≤ x2 sin(1/x) ≤ x2 , so by the Squeezing Theorem lim f (x) = 0.

x→0
f (x) − f (0)
(b) f 0 (0) = lim = lim x sin(1/x) = 0 by Exercise 73, part (a).
x→0 x−0 x→0
(c) For x 6= 0, f 0 (x) = 2x sin(1/x) + x2 cos(1/x)(−1/x2 ) = 2x sin(1/x) − cos(1/x).
(d) If f 0 (x) were continuous at x = 0 then so would cos(1/x) = 2x sin(1/x) − f 0 (x) be, since 2x sin(1/x) is
continuous there. But cos(1/x) oscillates at x = 0.
75. (a) g 0 (x) = 3[f (x)]2 f 0 (x), g 0 (2) = 3[f (2)]2 f 0 (2) = 3(1)2 (7) = 21.
(b) h0 (x) = f 0 (x3 )(3x2 ), h0 (2) = f 0 (8)(12) = (−3)(12) = −36.

p √
76. F 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) = 3(x2 − 1) + 4 · 2x = 2x 3x2 + 1.
√
√ 3 3x − 1 3 1
77. F 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) = f 0 ( 3x − 1) √ = √ = .
2 3x − 1 (3x − 1) + 1 2 3x − 1 2x
d
78. [f (x2 )] = f 0 (x2 )(2x), thus f 0 (x2 )(2x) = x2 so f 0 (x2 ) = x/2 if x 6= 0.
dx
d d 2 d 2
79. [f (3x)] = f 0 (3x) (3x) = 3f 0 (3x) = 6x, so f 0 (3x) = 2x. Let u = 3x to get f 0 (u) = u; [f (x)] = f 0 (x) = x.
dx dx 3 dx 3
d d
80. (a) If f (−x) = f (x), then [f (−x)] = [f (x)], f 0 (−x)(−1) = f 0 (x), f 0 (−x) = −f 0 (x) so f 0 is odd.
dx dx
d d
(b) If f (−x) = −f (x), then [f (−x)] = − [f (x)], f 0 (−x)(−1) = −f 0 (x), f 0 (−x) = f 0 (x) so f 0 is even.
dx dx
81. For an even function, the graph is symmetric about the y-axis; the slope of the tangent line at (a, f (a)) is the
negative of the slope of the tangent line at (−a, f (−a)). For an odd function, the graph is symmetric about the
origin; the slope of the tangent line at (a, f (a)) is the same as the slope of the tangent line at (−a, f (−a)).
74 Chapter 2
y
f(x) y
f(x)
f '(x)
x
x
f '(x)
dy dy du dv dw
82. = .
dx du dv dw dx
d d d du du
83. [f (g(h(x)))] = [f (g(u))], u = h(x), [f (g(u))] = f 0 (g(u))g 0 (u) = f 0 (g(h(x)))g 0 (h(x))h0 (x).
dx dx du dx dx
π d π π
84. g 0 (x) = f 0 −x · − x = −f 0 − x , so g 0 is the negative of the co-function of f 0 .
2 dx 2 2
The derivatives of sin x, tan x, and sec x are cos x, sec2 x, and sec x tan x, respectively. The negatives of the
co-functions of these are − sin x, − csc2 x, and − csc x cot x, which are the derivatives of cos x, cot x, and csc x,
respectively.
Chapter 2 Review Exercises

f (4) − f (3) (4)2 /2 − (3)2 /2 7
2. (a) msec = = =
4−3 1 2
f (w) − f (3) w2 /2 − 9/2 w2 − 9 (w + 3)(w − 3) w+3

(b) mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = 3.
w→3 w−3 w→3 w−3 w→3 2(w − 3) w→3 2(w − 3) w→3 2
f (w) − f (x) w2 /2 − x2 /2 w 2 − x2 w+x

(c) mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim = x.
w→x w−x w→x w−x w→x 2(w − x) w→x 2
y
10
Tangent
Secant
x
(d) 5
f (w) − f (x) (w2 + 1) − (x2 + 1) w 2 − x2

3. (a) mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim (w + x) = 2x.
w→x w−x w→x w−x w→x w − x w→x
(b) mtan = 2(2) = 4.
4. To average 60 mi/h one would have to complete the trip in two hours. At 50 mi/h, 100 miles are completed after
two hours. Thus time is up, and the speed for the remaining 20 miles would have to be infinite.
3(h + 1)2.5 + 580h − 3 1 d 2.5 1

5. vinst = lim = 58 + 3x = 58 + (2.5)(3)(1)1.5 = 58.75 ft/s.
h→0 10h 10 dx x=1 10
Chapter 2 Review Exercises 75
2500
1 20
6. 164 ft/s 0
[3(3)2 + 3] − [3(1)2 + 1]
7. (a) vave = = 13 mi/h.
3−1
(3t21 + t1 ) − 4 (3t1 + 4)(t1 − 1)

(b) vinst = lim = lim = lim (3t1 + 4) = 7 mi/h.
t1 →1 t1 − 1 t1 →1 t1 − 1 t1 →1
p √
dy 9 − 4(x + h) − 9 − 4x
9 − 4(x + h) − (9 − 4x)
9. (a) = lim p = lim
√ =
dx h→0 h h( 9 − 4(x + h) + 9 − 4x)
h→0
−4h −4 −2
= lim p √ = √ =√ .
h→0 h( 9 − 4(x + h) + 9 − 4x) 2 9 − 4x 9 − 4x
x+h x
−
(b)
dy
= lim x + h + 1 x + 1 = lim (x + h)(x + 1) − x(x + h + 1) = lim h
=
1
.
dx h→0 h h→0 h(x + h + 1)(x + 1) h→0 h(x + h + 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)2
10. f (x) is continuous and differentiable at any x 6= 1, so we consider x = 1.
(a) lim (x2 − 1) = lim+ k(x − 1) = 0 = f (1), so any value of k gives continuity at x = 1.
x→1− x→1
(b) lim f 0 (x) = lim− 2x = 2, and lim+ f 0 (x) = lim+ k = k, so only if k = 2 is f (x) differentiable at x = 1.
x→1− x→1 x→1 x→1
11. (a) x = −2, −1, 1, 3 (b) (−∞, −2), (−1, 1), (3, +∞) (c) (−2, −1), (1, 3)
(d) g 00 (x) = f 00 (x) sin x + 2f 0 (x) cos x − f (x) sin x; g 00 (0) = 2f 0 (0) cos 0 = 2(2)(1) = 4
y
1
x
12.
10 − 2.2
13. (a) The slope of the tangent line ≈ = 0.078 billion, so in 2000 the world population was increasing
2050 − 1950
at the rate of about 78 million per year.
dN/dt 0.078
(b) ≈ = 0.013 = 1.3 %/year
N 6
14. When x4 − x − 1 > 0, f (x) = x4 − 2x − 1; when x4 − x − 1 < 0, f (x) = −x4 + 1, and f is differentiable in both cases.
The roots of x4 − x − 1 = 0 are x1 ≈ −0.724492, x2 ≈ 1.220744. So x4 − x − 1 > 0 on (−∞, x1 ) and (x2 , +∞),
and x4 − x − 1 < 0 on (x1 , x2 ). Then lim− f 0 (x) = lim− (4x3 − 2) = 4x31 − 2 and lim+ f 0 (x) = lim+ −4x3 = −4x31
x→x1 x→x1 x→x1 x→x1
which is not equal to 4x31 − 2, so f is not differentiable at x = x1 ; similarly f is not differentiable at x = x2 .
76 Chapter 2
1.5
–1.5 2
–1.5
15. (a) f 0 (x) = 2x sin x + x2 cos x (c) f 00 (x) = 4x cos x + (2 − x2 ) sin x

√
0 1 − 2 x sin 2x −1 − 8x3/2 cos 2x
16. (a) f (x) = √ (c) f 00 (x) =
2 x 4x3/2
6x2 + 8x − 17 118
17. (a) f 0 (x) = (c) f 00 (x) =
(3x + 2)2 (3x + 2)3
(1 + x2 ) sec2 x − 2x tan x
18. (a) f 0 (x) =
(1 + x2 )2
(2 + 4x2 + 2x4 ) sec2 x tan x − (4x + 4x3 ) sec2 x + (−2 + 6x2 ) tan x
(c) f 00 (x) =
(1 + x2 )3
dW dW
19. (a) = 200(t − 15); at t = 5, = −2000; the water is running out at the rate of 2000 gal/min.
dt dt
W (5) − W (0) 10000 − 22500

(b) = = −2500; the average rate of flow out is 2500 gal/min.
5−0 5
43 − 23 56
20. (a) = = 28 (b) (dV /d`)|`=5 = 3`2 = 3(5)2 = 75
4−2 2 `=5
21. (a) f 0 (x) = 2x, f 0 (1.8) = 3.6 (b) f 0 (x) = (x2 − 4x)/(x − 2)2 , f 0 (3.5) = −7/9 ≈ −0.777778
22. (a) f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 2x, f 0 (2.3) = 11.27 (b) f 0 (x) = (1 − x2 )/(x2 + 1)2 , f 0 (−0.5) = 0.48
23. f is continuous at x = 1 because it is differentiable there, thus lim f (1 + h) = f (1) and so f (1) = 0 because
h→0
f (1 + h) f (1 + h) − f (1) f (1 + h)
lim exists; f 0 (1) = lim = lim = 5.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
24. Multiply the given equation by lim (x − 2) = 0 to get 0 = lim (x3 f (x) − 24). Since f is continuous at x = 2, this
x→2 x→2
g(x) − g(2) x3 f (x) − 23 f (2)
equals 2 f (2) − 24, so f (2) = 3. Now let g(x) = x f (x). Then g 0 (2) = lim
3 3
= lim =
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2
x3 f (x) − 24
lim = 28. But g 0 (x) = x3 f 0 (x) + 3x2 f (x), so 28 = g 0 (2) = 23 f 0 (2) + 3 · 22 f (2) = 8f 0 (2) + 36, and
x→2 x−2
f 0 (2) = −1.
25. The equation of such a line has the form y = mx. The points (x0 , y0 ) which lie on both the line and the parabola
and for which the slopes of both curves are equal satisfy y0 = mx0 = x30 −9x20 −16x0 , so that m = x20 −9x0 −16. By
differentiating, the slope is also given by m = 3x20 − 18x0 − 16. Equating, we have x20 − 9x0 − 16 = 3x20 − 18x0 − 16,
or 2x20 − 9x0 = 0. The root x0 = 0 corresponds to m = −16, y0 = 0 and the root x0 = 9/2 corresponds to
m = −145/4, y0 = −1305/8. So the line y = −16x is tangent to the curve at the point (0, 0), and the line
y = −145x/4 is tangent to the curve at the point (9/2, −1305/8).
Chapter 2 Review Exercises 77
d
26. The slope of the line x+4y = 10 is m1 = −1/4, so we set the negative reciprocal 4 = m2 = (2x3 −x2 ) = 6x2 −2x
√ dx
1 ± 1 + 24
and obtain 6x2 − 2x − 4 = 0 with roots x = = 1, −2/3.
6
a2 − b2
27. The slope of the tangent line is the derivative y 0 = 2x = a + b. The slope of the secant is = a + b,
x= 21 (a+b) a−b
so they are equal.
y
(b, b 2)
(a, a 2)
x
a a+b b
2
g(1)f 0 (1) − f (1)g 0 (1) −2(3) − 1(−1) 5

28. (a) f 0 (1)g(1) + f (1)g 0 (1) = 3(−2) + 1(−1) = −7 (b) 2
= 2
=−
g(1) (−2) 4
1 1 3
(c) p f 0 (1) = √ (3) = (d) 0 (because f (1)g 0 (1) is constant)
2 f (1) 2 1 2
3
29. (a) 8x7 − √ − 15x−4 (b) 2 · 101(2x + 1)100 (5x2 − 7) + 10x(2x + 1)101 = (2x + 1)100 (1030x2 + 10x − 1414)
2 x
30. (a) cos x − 6 cos2 x sin x (b) (1 + sec x)(2x − sec2 x) + (x2 − tan x) sec x tan x
√ 3 (x − 1)(15x + 1)
31. (a) 2(x − 1) 3x + 1 + √ (x − 1)2 = √
2 3x + 1 2 3x + 1
2
x2 (3) − (3x + 1)(2x) 3(3x + 1)2 (3x + 2)

3x + 1
(b) 3 = −
x2 x4 x7
−2(x3 + 5) csc 2x cot 2x − 3x2 csc 2x 2 + 3 sin2 x cos x

2 csc 2x
32. (a) − csc (b) −
x3 + 5 (x3 + 5)2 (2x + sin3 x)2
33. Set f 0 (x) = 0: f 0 (x) = 6(2)(2x + 7)5 (x − 2)5 + 5(2x + 7)6 (x − 2)4 = 0, so 2x + 7 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 or, factoring out
(2x + 7)5 (x − 2)4 , 12(x − 2) + 5(2x + 7) = 0. This reduces to x = −7/2, x = 2, or 22x + 11 = 0, so the tangent
line is horizontal at x = −7/2, 2, −1/2.
4(x2 + 2x)(x − 3)3 − (2x + 2)(x − 3)4

34. Set f 0 (x) = 0: f 0 (x) = , and a fraction can equal zero only if its numerator
(x2 + 2x)2
3 2 2
√ − 3) , 4(x + 2x) − (2x + 2)(x − 3) = 0, 2x + 12x + 6 = 0,
equals zero. So either x − 3 = 0 or, after factoring out (x
−6 ± 36 − 4 · 3 √
whose roots are (by the quadratic formula) x = = −3 ± 6. So the tangent line is horizontal at
√ 2
x = 3, −3 ± 6.
35. Suppose the line is tangent to y = x2 + 1 at (x0 , y0 ) and tangent to y = −x2 − 1 at (x1 , y1 ). Since it’s tangent to
y = x2 + 1, its slope is 2x0 ; since it’s tangent to y = −x2 − 1, its slope is −2x1 . Hence x1 = −x0 and y1 = −y0 .
y1 − y0 −2y0 y0 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Since the line passes through both points, its slope is = = = 0 . Thus 2x0 = 0 , so
x1 − x0 −2x0 x0 x0 x0
2x20 = x20 + 1, x20 = 1, and x0 = ±1. So there are two lines which are tangent to both graphs, namely y = 2x and
y = −2x.
78 Chapter 2
36. (a) Suppose y = mx + b is tangent to y = xn + n − 1 at (x0 , y0 ) and to y = −xn − n + 1 at (x1 , y1 ). Then

m = nxn−1
0 = −nxn−1
1 ; since n is even this implies that x1 = −x0 . Again since n is even, y1 = −xn1 − n + 1 =
n n
−x0 − n + 1 = −(x0 + n − 1) = −y0 . Thus the points (x0 , y0 ) and (x1 , y1 ) are symmetric with respect to
the origin and both lie on the tangent line and thus b = 0. The slope m is given by m = nx0n−1 and by
m = y0 /x0 = (xn0 + n − 1)/x0 , hence nxn0 = xn0 + n − 1, (n − 1)xn0 = n − 1, xn0 = 1. Since n is even, x0 = ±1.
One easily checks that y = nx is tangent to y = xn + n − 1 at (1, n) and to y = −xn − n + 1 at (−1, −n), while
y = −nx is tangent to y = xn + n − 1 at (−1, n) and to y = −xn − n + 1 at (1, −n).
(b) Suppose there is such a common tangent line with slope m. The function y = xn + n − 1 is always increasing,
so m ≥ 0. Moreover the function y = −xn − n + 1 is always decreasing, so m ≤ 0. Thus the tangent line has
slope 0, which only occurs on the curves for x = 0. This would require the common tangent line to pass through
(0, n − 1) and (0, −n + 1) and do so with slope m = 0, which is impossible.
d √
37. The line y − x = 2 has slope m1 = 1 so we set m2 = (3x − tan x) = 3 − sec2 x = 1, or sec2 x = 2, sec x = ± 2
dx
so x = nπ ± π/4 where n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
38. Solve 3x2 − cos x = 0 to get x = ±0.535428.

√ √ √
39. 3 = f (π/4) = (M +N ) 2/2 and 1 = f 0 (π/4) = (M −N ) 2/2. Add these two equations to get 4 = 2M, M = 23/2 .
√ √ √ √

3π
Subtract to obtain 2 = 2N, N = 2. Thus f (x) = 2 2 sin x + 2 cos x. f 0 = −3, so the tangent line is
4
3π
y − 1 = −3 x − .
4
√ √
40. f (x) = M tan x + N sec x, f 0 (x)√= M sec2√x + N √
sec x tan x. At x = π/4, √
2M + 2N, 0 = 2M + 2N . Add to get
0
M = −2, √ subtract to get N = 2 + M/ 2 = 2 2, f (x) = −2 tan x + 2 2 sec x. f (0) = −2, so the tangent line
is y − 2 2 = −2x.
41. f 0 (x) = 2xf (x), f (2) = 5

√ √
(a) g(x) = f (sec x), g 0 (x) = f 0 (sec x) sec x tan x = 2 · 2f (2) · 2 · 3 = 40 3.
3
(x − 1)f 0 (x) − f (x) 0 53 f 0 (2) − f (2) 2 · 2f (2) − f (2)

0 f (x)
(b) h (x) = 4 , h (2) = 4 = 4 · 53 = 4 · 53 · 3 · 5 = 7500
x−1 (x − 1)2 1 1 1
Chapter 2 Making Connections

1. (a) By property (ii), f (0) = f (0 + 0) = f (0)f (0), so f (0) = 0 or 1. By property (iii), f (0) 6= 0, so f (0) = 1.
x
x x 2
(b) By property (ii), f (x) = f +
=f ≥ 0. If f (x) = 0, then 1 = f (0) = f (x + (−x)) = f (x)f (−x) =
2 2 2
0 · f (−x) = 0, a contradiction. Hence f (x) > 0.
f (x + h) − f (x) f (x)f (h) − f (x) f (h) − 1 f (h) − f (0)

(c) f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim f (x) = f (x) lim =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
f (x)f 0 (0) = f (x)
d
2. (a) By the chain rule and Exercise 1(c), y 0 = f 0 (2x) · (2x) = f (2x) · 2 = 2y.
dx
d
(b) By the chain rule and Exercise 1(c), y 0 = f 0 (kx) · (kx) = kf 0 (kx) = kf (kx).
dx
(c) By the product rule and Exercise 1(c), y 0 = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x) = f (x)g(x) + g(x)f (x) = 2f (x)g(x) = 2y,
so k = 2.
Chapter 2 Making Connections 79
g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x) g(x)f (x) − f (x)g(x)

(d) By the quotient rule and Exercise 1(c), h0 (x) = 2
= = 0. As we
g(x) g(x)2
will see in Theorem 4.1.2(c), this implies that h(x) is a constant. Since h(0) = f (0)/g(0) = 1/1 = 1 by Exercise
1(a), h(x) = 1 for all x, so f (x) = g(x).
3. (a) For brevity, we omit the “(x)” throughout.

d dh d dg df
(f · g · h)0 = [(f · g) · h] = (f · g) · +h· (f · g) = f · g · h0 + h · f · +g·
dx dx dx dx dx
= f 0 · g · h + f · g 0 · h + f · g · h0
d dk d
(b) (f · g · h · k)0 = [(f · g · h) · k] = (f · g · h) · +k· (f · g · h)
dx dx dx
= f · g · h · k 0 + k · (f 0 · g · h + f · g 0 · h + f · g · h0 ) = f 0 · g · h · k + f · g 0 · h · k + f · g · h0 · k + f · g · h · k 0
(c) Theorem: If n ≥ 1 and f1 , · · · , fn are differentiable functions of x, then

n
X
(f1 · f2 · · · · · fn )0 = f1 · · · · · fi−1 · fi0 · fi+1 · · · · · fn .
i=1
Proof: For n = 1 the statement is obviously true: f10 = f10 . If the statement is true for n − 1, then
d
(f1 · f2 · · · · · fn )0 = [(f1 · f2 · · · · · fn−1 ) · fn ] = (f1 · f2 · · · · · fn−1 ) · fn0 + fn · (f1 · f2 · · · · · fn−1 )0
dx
n−1
X X n
= f1 · f2 · · · · · fn−1 · fn0 + fn · f1 · · · · · fi−1 · fi0 · fi+1 · · · · · fn−1 = f1 · · · · · fi−1 · fi0 · fi+1 · · · · · fn
i=1 i=1
so the statement is true for n. By induction, it’s true for all n.
g·f 0 −f ·g 0 f ·h0
h · (f /g)0 − (f /g) · h0
0
h· g2 − g f 0 · g · h − f · g 0 · h − f · g · h0
4. (a) [(f /g)/h] = = =
h2 h2 g 2 h2
(g · h) · f 0 − f · (g · h)0 f 0 · g · h − f · (g · h0 + h · g 0 )
(b) [(f /g)/h]0 = [f /(g · h)]0 = = =
(g · h)2 g 2 h2
f 0 · g · h − f · g 0 · h − f · g · h0
=
g 2 h2
f 0 ·g 0 0
(g/h) · f 0 − f · (g/h)0
0 h − f · h·g h−g·h
2 f 0 · g · h − f · g 0 · h + f · g · h0
(c) [f /(g/h)] = = =
(g/h)2 (g/h)2 g2
g · (f · h)0 − (f · h) · g 0 g · (f · h0 + h · f 0 ) − f · g 0 · h
(d) [f /(g/h)]0 = [(f · h)/g]0 = 2
= =
g g2
f 0 · g · h − f · g 0 · h + f · g · h0
=
g2
d g 0 (x)
[g(x)]−1 = −[g(x)]−2 g 0 (x) = −

5. (a) By the chain rule, . By the product rule,
dx [g(x)]2
d d f (x)g 0 (x) f 0 (x) g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x)
h0 (x) = f (x). [g(x)]−1 + [g(x)]−1 . [f (x)] = −

2
+ = .
dx dx [g(x)] g(x) [g(x)]2
d
(b) By the product rule, f 0 (x) = [h(x)g(x)] = h(x)g 0 (x) + g(x)h0 (x). So
dx
g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x)

1 1 f (x) 0
h0 (x) = [f 0 (x) − h(x)g 0 (x)] = f 0 (x) − g (x) = .
g(x) g(x) g(x) [g(x)]2
80 Chapter 2

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SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR CALCULUS EARLY

TRANSCENDENTALS 11TH US EDITION BY ANTON

genta yellow black

! Exercise Set 2.2 (Page 000)

f (x1 ) − f (0) 2x21 − 0

f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) 2x21 − 2x20

(d) The tangent line is the x-axis.

f (x1 ) − f (1) x3 − 1 (x1 − 1)(x21 + x1 + 1)

f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) x3 − x30

f (3) − f (2) 1/3 − 1/2 1

f (x1 ) − f (2) 1/x1 − 1/2 2 − x1 −1 1

f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) 1/x1 − 1/x0 x0 − x1 −1 1

f (2) − f (1) 1/4 − 1 3

f (x1 ) − f (1) 1/x21 − 1 1 − x21 −(x1 + 1)

f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) 1/x21 − 1/x20 x2 − x21 −(x1 + x0 ) 2

f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) (x21 − 1) − (x20 − 1) (x21 − x20 )

(b) mtan = 2(−1) = −2

f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) (x21 + 3x1 + 2) − (x20 + 3x0 + 2) (x21 − x20 ) + 3(x1 − x0 )

(b) mtan = 2(2) + 3 = 7

19. True. Let x = 1 + h.

21. False. Velocity represents the rate at which position changes.

25. (a) During the first year after birth.

(b) About 6 cm/year (slope of estimated tangent line at age 5).

f (6) − f (5) 674 − 850

f (5 + h) − f (5) [1250 − 16(5 + h)2 ] − 850 −160h − 16h2

(c) Solve s = 0.3t3 = 1000; t ≈ 14.938 so vave ≈ 1000/14.938 ≈ 66.943 ft/s.

0.3(40 + h)3 − 0.3 · 403 0.3(4800h + 120h2 + h3 )

4.5t21 − 4.5(6)2 4.5(t21 − 36) 4.5(t1 + 6)(t1 − 6)

6t41 − 6(2)4 6(t41 − 16) 6(t21 + 4)(t21 − 4)

30. See the discussion before Definition 2.1.1.

Exercise Set 2.2

2. f 0 (4) < f 0 (0) < f 0 (2) < 0 < f 0 (−3).

7. y − (−1) = 5(x − 3), y = 5x − 16

8. y − 3 = −4(x + 2), y = −4x − 5

f (x + h) − f (x) 2(x + h)2 − 2x2 4xh + 2h2

f (x + h) − f (x) 1/(x + h)2 − 1/x2 x2 − (x + h)2 −2xh − h2 −2x − h

f (x + h) − f (x) [2(x + h)3 + 1] − [2x3 + 1]

(x + ∆x)2 − (x + ∆x) − (x2 − x) 2x∆x + (∆x)2 − ∆x

(x + ∆x)4 − x4 4x3 ∆x + 6x2 (∆x)2 + 4x(∆x)3 + (∆x)4

f (t + h) − f (t) [4(t + h)2 + (t + h)] − [4t2 + t] 4t2 + 8th + 4h2 + t + h − 4t2 − t

23. (a) D (b) F (c) B (d) C (e) A (f ) E

25. (a) (b) (c)

26. (a) (b) (c)

27. False. If the tangent line is horizontal then f 0 (a) = 0.

28. True. f 0 (−2) equals the slope of the tangent line.

29. False. E.g. |x| is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0.

30. True. See Theorem 2.2.3.

32. (a) f (x) = cos x and a = π (b) f (x) = x7 and a = 1

37. (b) w 1.5 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001

w 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 0.99999

f (1) − f (0) 2.12 − 0.58

f (3) − f (2) 2.2 − 2.34

41. (a) dollars/ft

(b) f 0 (x) is roughly the price per additional foot.

43. (a) F ≈ 200 lb, dF/dθ ≈ 50 (b) µ = (dF/dθ)/F ≈ 50/200 = 0.25

f (1 + h) − f (1) [(1 + h)2 + 1] − 2

f (1 + h) − f (1) [(1 + h)2 + 2] − 3

g(x1 + h) − g(x1 ) f (m(x1 + h) + b) − f (mx1 + b) f (x0 + mh) − f (x0 )

55. See discussion around Definition 2.2.2.