Mississippi S Natural Heritage Photographs of Flora and Fauna Wesley L. Shoop All Chapter Instant Download
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MISSISSIPPI’S
NATURAL HERITAGE
MISSISSIPPI’S
NATURAL HERITAGE
Photographs of Flora and Fauna WESLEY L. SHOOP
University Press of Mississippi / Jackson
Publication of this book was supported in part by funds
from the Mississippi Natural Heritage Publishing Initiative.
www.upress.state.ms.us
Acknowledgments 229
References 231
INTRODUCTION
F or many people, the most significant part of Mississippi’s
natural heritage consists of the thousands of species, both
living and fossil, found there. The various species have
unique life stories, and naturalists and photographers find joy in
seeing and understanding those species. This volume presents pho-
tographs of diverse species spanning four kingdoms that naturalists
may encounter throughout the state and provides a head start for
those beginning their journey of discovering nature.
Although the species shown range widely across Mississippi, the
photographs presented here were taken in one representative area, a
method that has instructive advantages. First, it illustrates the beauty
and diversity of life that can be found even in a small area—almost
any small area—of Mississippi. Although travelling hours to distant
regions to see the flora and fauna has its advantages, the point here
is that hundreds of species may be encountered in local ravines and
parks and even in one’s backyard. Second, because every organism
comes from a single area, each is related to every other in an intri-
cately balanced web of life, meaning that an invisible but intrinsic
natural structure connects them all. Plants, herbivores, predators,
and decomposers all have roles relative to the others.
Third, this approach provides a deeper historical and geolog-
ical context of the area in which these organisms are found—for
3
example, it allows the consideration of ancient and now extinct species that lived mil-
lions of years ago but are known today only by their fossils. These organisms existed
before humans evolved, offering a reminder that the flora, fauna, and environment we
see today has not always been as it is now. Every species in this book has its story, and
all those that remain living unfold in a continuous, life-and-death play presented in an
ever-changing ecological theater. It reminds us that we too are now part of that play—
always as actors and often as directors.
The Pearl River is the backbone of a bottomland hardwood forest corridor more
than 240 miles long from mid-central Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. As such, this
corridor represents important habitat and a natural cross-section of the biota within the
state. The Pearl River itself has a meander length of nearly 450 miles and has wandered
for thousands of years within its bottomlands. The bodies of water often called lakes
and sloughs adjacent to the river are actually old oxbows—vestiges of ancient river
channels that were amputated unceremoniously when the river discovered more direct
routes to the Gulf. Together, the river, oxbows, and floodplain comprise a narrow and
nearly unbroken chain of bottomland in both Mississippi and Louisiana that is pro-
tected from development by threat of flood. This flood-protected corridor is a refugium
for hundreds of species of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, plants,
and fungi.
LeFleur’s Bluff State Park is a 305-acre section of the Pearl River corridor. It is
located on the west bank of the Pearl River in Jackson, the capital of Mississippi.
Despite its size and proximity to the state’s largest urban center, this sanctuary is home
to a significant percentage of Mississippi’s known plants and animals. More than a
thousand species of flora and fauna have been identified on its bluff and floodplain
and if cataloged would fill several volumes equal to this one. None of those species, of
course, is confined to the boundaries of the park, and all are distributed widely across
Mississippi. The Pearl River corridor is a natural cross-section of the biota within the
state, and LeFleur’s Bluff State Park is a natural cross-section of that corridor. The
park, in essence, is a microcosm of the state.
How LeFleur’s Bluff State Park came to be is a confluence of political, geological,
and hydrological axes. Originally, the land that now comprises the park was part
of the Choctaw Nation. The park itself was named after Louis LeFleur, an Ameri-
can of French heritage. He married the niece of a Choctaw chief, Pushmataha, and
4 Introduction
sited a trading post on the bluffs on the western side of the Pearl River in the late
1700s. Neither LeFleur nor the Choctaws could have known that 70 million years
ago, much of Mississippi was covered by a 200-foot-deep sea and that a volcano
erupted underwater exactly where the Choctaw camp and LeFleur’s trading post
lay then and Jackson and the park lie today. The volcanic uplift produced a roughly
180-square-mile island called Jackson Island in the middle of what was then the
Mississippi Embayment. The volcano’s height can never be known with certainty,
but distorted strata associated with the igneous center were thrust upward as much
as 10,000 feet. The volcanic cone height likely would have been some fraction of this,
but it undoubtedly was a substantial geological event in Mississippi ancient history.
Since that time, much sedimentation has occurred in what was the embayment, the
sea has retreated, and erosion has truncated the uplift, but the vulcanism has left an
indelible geological fingerprint known as the Jackson Dome as well as higher terrain
including the bluffs of LeFleur’s Bluff State Park. Jackson has the singular distinction
of being the only US state capital that sits directly on a volcano. The Jackson Volcano
is now considered extinct, and the tip of its igneous core lies 3,000 feet below the
city. However, the deep groundwater in Jackson and the surrounding area is still
warmer than the groundwater outside that zone as a consequence of volcanic heat
remaining in the Earth.
The uplifted bluffs on the western side of the Pearl River in Jackson provided ideal
sites to access the river while protecting early inhabitants from its annual floods. The
trading post LeFleur established on that high ground allowed him to exchange goods
and furs with the native Mississippians and have access to the Gulf of Mexico and
the rest of the world via the Pearl River. He also had access to the developing Natchez
Trace, a wilderness highway between the cities of Natchez on the Mississippi River
and Nashville in the Ohio River Valley. The nascent Mississippi Legislature, then in
Natchez, was searching for a site for a permanent, centrally located state capital, and
homed in on the same characteristics LeFleur found attractive for his trading post.
Depending on exactly where the state’s boundaries were drawn, LeFleur’s Bluff was
about 20 miles away from the true center of the state. No matter where the lines were
drawn, LeFleur’s Bluff was more central than Natchez. As the young capital established
and grew, the colloquial name LeFleur’s Bluff nearly vanished into history, giving way
to the name Jackson, after the hero who saved New Orleans in 1812. Interestingly,
Introduction 5
both LeFleur and Pushmataha served as officers under Jackson in the Battle of New
Orleans, but name and rank clearly had their privileges.
Over the years, the development of roads and railways lessened Jackson’s depen-
dence on the Pearl River for transportation, but the capital has remained inextricably
tied to the river for drinking water. And just as the Pearl River has provided that
life-sustaining water, its seasonal floods have repeatedly menaced Jackson and the
surrounding cities as they encroach ever deeper into its floodplain. As in the rest of
the Pearl River corridor, that seasonal flooding has protected much of the park from
modern development and kept its bottomland hardwood forests wild.
Nearly 600 species of plants and over 200 species of birds have been recorded in
LeFleur’s Bluff State Park, a significant proportion of the total found in greater Missis-
sippi. Among reptiles, the park is home to the apex predator in the state, the American
alligator, as well as venomous snakes and one of the most endangered and beautiful
turtles in the world, the ringed sawback turtle. No attempt has even been made to cat-
alog the park’s insects and other extant invertebrates, which likely comprise the largest
groups of all. In fact, the Pearl River is named for the many species of mussels found
there and the occasional pearls they produce. Le Page du Pratz’s 1758 map refers to the
waterway as the River of Pearls.
LeFleur’s Bluff State Park is not only a living ecosystem comprised of a significant
percentage of extant species found in Mississippi but also a cemetery of sorts of the area’s
ancient past. The park is a type locality for numerous extinct species, many of which
lived here 35 million years ago, when much of Mississippi was underwater. Because of
the volcanic uplift, the bluffs expose fossil-laden strata that create a rare opportunity to
observe remains of organisms that no longer exist. These fossil remains, all of which are
marine, remind us that the area we know as a park—and the entire state—have a greater
and more complex history than most observers would ever guess.
At the end of the nineteenth century, nearly 95 percent of the entire human popu-
lation lived in rural areas and the small remainder was found in urban settings. Today,
those percentages have reversed. During that unplanned societal migration, our for-
merly intimate relationship with the flora and fauna has become estranged. We now
live with fenced yards, manicured lawns, and nonnative plants and can rarely identify
even the backyard birds. At the same time, our impact on wildlife has been magnified
as our excesses have pushed them and their habitats to the margins. The Pearl River
6 Introduction
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Language: French
AU BON SOLEIL
PARIS
G. CHARPENTIER, ÉDITEUR
13, RUE DE GRENELLE-SAINT-GERMAIN, 13
1881
Tous droits réservés.
OUVRAGES DU MÊME AUTEUR
LA GUEUSE PARFUMÉE
LA MORT DE CARMENTRAN.