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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface - Pawlet Brookes
Somewhere at the Beginning - Germaine Acogny
Dance…Black Development in England 1950 – 2000 - Bob
Ramdhanie
Creative Ageing, Centre Stage - Namron
Danza del Caribe - Barbara Ramos Caballero
Castration, severance, annihilation: destroying ancestral
memories in Caribbean contemporary dance - L'Antoinette
Stines
Still, We Dance - Jeanguy Saintus
Glossary
Biographies
Ancestral Voices: Dance Dialogues
Published by Serendipity
Serendipity, 21 Bowling Green Street, Leicester, LE1 6AS
Serendipity, Room CL00.14, Clephan Building,
De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH
+44 (0) 116 482 1394
[email protected] www.serendipity-uk.com
Serendipity Artists Movement Limited
Company registration number in England and Wales 07248813
Charity registration number in England and Wales 1160035
Copyright © Serendipity Artists Movement Limited 2018
Cover Image © LaShawn Prescott, Photographer Sancho Francisco
Design © theunloved.co.uk
Text © Germaine Acogny, Pawlet Brookes, Barbara Ramos Caballero,
Bob Ramdhanie, Jeanguy Saintus, L’Antoinette Stines, Namron
Yarrum.
Editor © Pawlet Brookes
Additional Research © Courtney Beadle, Amy Grain, Sam Warren
ISBN: 978-1-9163965-8-6
Special thanks from Serendipity to:
Keisha Myers, National Library of Jamaica; Tim Tubbs, UK
Foundation for Dance
Whilst every effort has been made to provide accurate information,
Serendipity cannot accept responsibility for any inaccuracies
contained within this publication. The views expressed in this book
are those of the contributors alone, and do not necessarily reflect
those of the publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced except for purposes of research,
criticism and reviews, without prior permission from the contributors
and publishers.
Preface
Pawlet Brookes
We are ‘in, but not of, Europe’
C L R. James (in Hall and Back, 2009)
Ancestral Voices: Dance Dialogues is the seventh in a series of
publications with their foundations in the conferences and symposia
that Serendipity has hosted each year as part of Let’s Dance
International Frontiers. The series to date has seen the
documentation of technique and practices, alongside celebrating the
vanguard of dance from the African and African Caribbean diaspora.
The context behind this publication is one of providing a narrative, a
milieu of stories either not present or under-represented in current
dance literature and discourse. The voices are those at the forefront
of dance practice giving a voice to hidden movement, techniques
and narratives in dance that have not been told, or given the same
recognition, as their white counterparts. The language/terminology
used to describe the art form is one that has a sense of pride and
identity that is not folkloric but respected as a key consideration of
the core cultural foundations of the African and African Caribbean
diaspora – language and religion/spirituality. This issue of hidden
histories and voices in the creative and cultural sector is the
cornerstone of these publications, which we are introducing into
contemporary dialogue and literature so that we are not:
Written out of the story – forgotten, disavowed, misrecognized –
[these] were the prolonged historical entanglement between the
Caribbean and Britain. Britons needed to be reminded of this
inconvenient fact.
Stuart Hall (2017, p.12)
This publication is a dialogue between past, present and future, both
within the contributors’ own personal narratives and as the
custodians and developers of dance techniques. There is an
exploration of the foundations and retentions in dance from across
the African and African Caribbean diaspora, and also each
contributor’s own journey, of culture and history, of preserving a
legacy which innovates new contemporary aesthetics.
These essays give the opportunity to reflect and amalgamate this
knowledge and wisdom, whilst assessing the current position of
dance of the African and African Caribbean on stages, in training and
in academic curricula. Each contributor provides an insight into his or
her own hopes for the continuation of their choreographic practice
and the next generation of dancers and choreographers.
The need for roots and the attendant quest for identity are said to
be natural to people everywhere. The phenomenon may be said to
inhere in a people’s desire to collate and codify their past collective
experience as well as to lay foundations for the realisation of future
aspiration.
Rex Nettleford (1965, p. 1)

There is also a journey between Africa, the Caribbean and Europe, a

transatlantic triangle moving from Senegal to Cuba, Haiti to Jamaica,
and to the UK. Ancestral Voices sets a context to acknowledge a
shared history and global presence of people from the African and
African Caribbean diaspora, the etymology of movement vocabulary
that connect practices from across the ocean. These ancestral voices
have survived through centuries of change - through migration,
hybridisation, transculturation and creolisation, whilst springing forth
techniques and practice that are distinct and unique. It is important
to appreciate this holistic picture whilst respecting that each
technique deserves celebrating in its own right, each comes with a
unique story.
There can, therefore, be no simple ‘return’ or ‘recovery’ of the
ancestral past which is not re-experienced through the categories of
the present: no base for creative enunciation in a simple
reproduction of traditional forms which are not transformed by the
technologies and the identities of the present.
Stuart Hall (1988, p. 7)

Ancestral Voices opens with a reflection from Germaine Acogny, in

which she credits her own ancestors, in particular her grandmother,
for empowering her to become a pioneer in her own right. As
Germaine says in her paper; “Even though I never met her, I feel
that [my grandmother] has handed down her power to me and the
proof is the inspiration of my dance technique.” On considering the
influence Germaine herself has played in choreographic development
and training opportunities in France, in Senegal and internationally, it
is a great honour to be able to include her paper as the opening
contribution to this publication. Germaine’s influence with the
development of the Acogny technique has enabled the preservation
of ancestral memories, whilst not being afraid to question itself. As a
result, Germaine discusses how this has enabled other practitioners
to use these choreographic tools for their own work and practice
and, in so doing, allow for a natural evolution of Acgony technique
and dance from the African diaspora. Germaine explains, “African
dances are an ongoing dialogue with the cosmos.”
Bob Ramdhanie reminds us to consider who is telling the story when
documenting dance from the African and African Caribbean diaspora,
in particular taking the opportunity to acknowledge the impact of
over fifty years of Black dance in Britain. Although this might be
considered recent history, the need to capture and preserve this
legacy is ever necessary in paving the way for the future.
Namron offers a personal insight into his own dance history. As an
older dancer, there should be no barriers to prevent you from taking
centre
stage, especially when you still have a story to tell. As Namron
explains, “I wanted to be the first to tell my own story before
anyone else starts telling it for me. The best way I know how to
do this is through dance”. This opens up the opportunity fo
intergenerational dialogue between what it is to be a dancer and
performer, at any age.
Dance in Cuba, Barbara Ramos Caballero explains, is uniquely
shaped by how the cultures have come together. As Barbara
describes “in Cuba, as in other regions of America, instead of the
disappearance of the weakest, it has occurred that all cultures
merged and converged in a phenomenon that the wise
anthropologist and ethnologist Fernando Ortiz has called
Transculturation.” Understanding how African retentions are present
within contemporary dance forms enables their preservation.
L’Antoinette Stines warns of the risks of how ancestral memories can
be deleted and the issues of appropriation her paper points out the
need to recognise the contribution and role of the Caribbean in
shaping and reflecting the history and techniques that are grounded
in the African diaspora and Europe.
Jeanguy Saintus, when considering the wealth of influences in
Haitian dance, asks us to consider the need to embrace as much as
possible to build a holistic picture and enable true dialogue. As
Jeanguy explains “I know that I could never learn everything about
a culture or continent’s history or social life by just seeing a show,
listening to one piece of music, viewing an exhibit, or visiting the
country for two days.”
The papers open up the opportunity to explore dance of the African
and Caribbean diaspora with a focus on work coming out the
Caribbean.
They illustrate both the similarities and differences across the
countries whilst respecting the African retentions in the work. The
work is all highly based on technique, grounded in cultural identity
and steeped in history. What the choreographers
and artists have done is create a language and approach that makes
the work relevant, accessible and exciting. It is more than folkloric
and traditional but classical, structured and underpinned with years
of training to reach a level of professional excellence. Ancestral
Voices is a great starting point for those that are interested in
classical dance from Africa and the Caribbean. It is about
repositioning thinking, attitudes and perspectives to acknowledge
that dance of the African diaspora sits on the same page as
treasured Western dance forms.
REFERENCES
Hall. S. (1988) ‘New Ethnicities’ in Mercer, K., (eds.) ICA Document
7: Black Film, British Cinema.
Hall, S. and Back, L., (2009) ‘At Home and Not At Home: Stuart Hall
In Conversation With Les Back’, Culture Studies, Vol 23, p. 658-687
Hall, S. (2017) Familiar Stranger: A Life Between Two Islands.
Penguin Random House.
Nettleford, R., (1965) ‘National Identity and Attitudes to Race in
Jamaica.’ Trade Union Education Institute, Department of Extra-
Mural Studies, University of the West Indies.
Somewhere at the Beginning
Germaine Acogny

Who am I?
I was born in Benin and grew up in Senegal, I suppose you could
say that I have the Beninese instinct and the Senegalese gestural. I
am the reincarnation of my grandmother Aloopho, a Yoruba
priestess. When I was born, people shouted Ya Toundé, Ya Toundé,
the mother has come back”. It was Pentecostal Sunday, and my
grandmother’s totem, a dove, landed on the windowsill. The power
came from my father’s side of the family, but power can only be
transmitted from woman to woman.
So, I am Aloopho’s heiress.
Even though I never met her, I feel that she has handed down her
power to me and the proof is the inspiration of my dance technique.
I moved from Benin to Senegal at the age of seven. I went to
primary school in Goree. During games when I was the little girl in
the middle of the circle, I changed the rules of the game saying that
we had to dance like a tree! “YI GarabbouyFecc? Doffbi!” They called
me crazy (doffbi), but they loved watching the “crazy” one dance
and trying to copy her.
My Training
In 1962 I joined the Simon Siegel School, a PE teacher training
school in Paris. In this school, I discovered classical and harmonious
dance.
Thanks to the confrontation with these forms of dance, I really
began to understand that my body reacted differently to the
European body. The dance teacher remarked that I had a large
bottom and flat feet. I had to work on my feet by rolling them on
bottles to have a slight arch so as to fit into my ballet slippers. But
ballet classes did help me to have good positioning and the premises
of a dance technique.
I have integrated some classical dance positions into my African
dance technique, classic pliés have become Acogny pliés with
difficult spinal cord undulations while maintaining balance. I was
much more comfortable with the harmonious dance technique which
inspired me in the structuring of my technique.
As a physical education and sports teacher, pedagogy has been an
essential point in my teaching discipline. After three years of study in
Paris, I returned to Senegal. In 1966, I was appointed gym teacher
at Ziguinchor secondary school. I used this as an opportunity to
learn the Diola, Balanta and Socé dances with the local women. I
was then appointed to Kennedy High School in Dakar, where in
addition to physical education and sports classes, I also taught
rhythmic dance classes. My PE classes have always been my dance
research “test laboratory”. In 1968 I became a dance teacher for the
dance department of the National Institute of the Arts and I opened
my first dance school in the courtyard of my villa at Raffenel Street.

The Birth of the Acogny Technique

Consequently, it was at the National Institute of the Arts and in my
private dance school, that I started to better structure my technique
with the appropriate rhythm. Each movement has its own rhythm
and it can be recalled by hearing the rhythm of the movement. I
learned the sabar dances with NDeye Khady Niang, a sabar virtuoso.
Sabar is a Senegalese tradition of social dance and drumming and I
learned these ancestral dances, not to use them as such, but to
extract their essence. Thanks to my sabar training, I was able to
invent the renowned high school Kennedy cheerleaders’ hip
movement to the rhythms of in classical dance, my technique has
both sitting and standing exercises at the bar, to teach dance
students control of their bodies.
The fundamentals of the Acogny Technique
African dances are an ongoing dialogue with the cosmos
For me, the body is a mini-cosmos;
the chest is the sun the pubis, the stars
the buttocks, the moon
and the whole body must be in perpetual motion like the cosmos.
The SC (spinal column) is the snake of life and the tree of life.
All movements are initiated by the SC.

The work of the spine (SC)

Oscillation
Undulation
Ripple
Contraction
Rotation
Torsion
Vibration
Tremulation

Walking
Walking is an essential part of my technique.
My technique is not just a technique but also a philosophy, because
during class and the execution of movements, I teach the
importance of being proud of who you are and your dance culture.

The circle
Nature or things of everyday life, and improvisations to traditional
dance rhythms, inspired me. I often found the movement before
conducting the physiological analysis between symbolism and
meaning, nature, life as inspiration.
My vocabulary
Piller (grind)
Écraser (stamp)
La passagère (the passenger) - all the elegance of the Senegalese
woman in her bou- bou, be proud of yourself and what you are.
Le cocher (the carriage driver) - The driver of the carriage, which
serves as taxi for the elegant Senegalese women.
Le fromager (the biggest tree in Senegal) - a symbol of my
technique. The Fromager is the biggest tree in Senegal. It is deeply
rooted in the ground though its branch- es take in other influences,
it always stays itself.
Le nénuphar (the water lily) - the head represents the flower, the
arms the leaves, and the body the roots.
Le palmier (the palm tree)
Le baobab (the baobab)
Le tourbillon (the whirlwind)
L’escargot (the snail)
L’étoile de mer (the starfish)
La pintade
(the guinea fowl)

These are just a few of the symbolic images I use to represent the
movements in Acogny technique. Altogether, I can count 64 different
movements. Each movement has its specific rhythm that guides the
student. The rhythm helps recall the movement and better interpret
it.

Step, figures, movement!

As President Senghor wrote in the preface to my book African Dance
(1980)
“I would like to draw attention to Ms. Acogny’s vocabulary. In the
classical ballet, they call the figures formed by a set of movements
required by the dance performance the “step”. By using the word
“step” the Europeans make dance a game of abstraction to remove
the person from the earth and elevate them to the sky. By preferring
the word “movement” Ms. Acogny highlights the symbolic value of
the dance figure and the rooting to the ground of the dancer. To
mother earth that gives them its soul”.

An evolving technique
My technique is not a fixed technique it has evolved with me since
the publication of my book, African Dance, and my teaching at
Mudra Africa.
I have listed over 60 movements, which I recently demonstrated
myself and documented on film.
This resource will soon be available. I have invented other
movements and tweaked those already existing. I have also
transmitted my technique to 17 students of the L’Ecole des Sables
from several African, European and American nationalities.
These students now teach the technique according to their own
experience, their culture of origin, and enrich it while preserving the
fundamentals that remain unchangeable.
As Patrick Acogny explains, among these 17 people, several trends
have emerged:
The conservatives who stick to the form as it exists and want to
preserve a certain “authenticity”
The innovators who are creative and focus primarily on the “spirit” of
the technique crossed with several styles according to their training,
their taste or their attraction: classical, traditional dance, urban
dance, etc. The flexi-modernists, who are able to teach the
“authentic” form but also very innovative in the manner of teaching.
Another random document with
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the tender, juicy, yellow flesh; good; stone medium in size, oval,
clinging; early.
Big Rose. Domestica. 1. U. S. D. A. Div. Pom. Bul. 10:21. 1901.
A variety of English origin introduced into Oregon about 1900.
Bilona. Triflora ×?
Bilona, as yet unintroduced, originated with H. A. Biles, Roanoke,
Texas, and is thought by F. T. Ramsey of Austin, Texas, to be a
seedling of Chabot probably crossed with some native variety. Tree
resembles Chabot; fruit red, coloring long before ripe; quality said to
be very good.
Bingham. Domestica. 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 27. 1828. 2. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:101. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1845.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 87. 1854. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422.
1889.
Bingham’s Pflaume 5.
Originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit large, oval, yellow, occasionally
with carmine dots on the sunny exposure; suture distinct; cavity
narrow and deep; flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant; good; clingstone;
early; at one time highly esteemed.
Biondeck. Domestica. 1. Koch Deut. Obst. 572. 1876. 2. Lauche
Deut. Pom. 10, Pl. IV. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422.
1889.
Biondeck’s Frühzwetsche 1, 2, 3. Biondeck’s rothe Frühzwetsche 2.
Biondeck’s Rote Früh Zwetsche 3. Précoce Biondeck 3. Quetsche
Précoce de Biondeck 3.
Liegel produced this variety from a seed of Early Yellow and
named it after his friend Biondeck, of Baden, near Vienna. Tree
large, productive; fruit oval, medium, light red; flesh yellowish,
sweet, highly flavored; freestone; early; considered valuable for
drying.
Birchland. Americana. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:49. 1900.
 A variety from Minnesota reported as unsatisfactory in British
Columbia.
Bittern. Domestica. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 289. 1889. 2. U. S. D.
A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 1894. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:182. 1897.
Biltern 3.
A seedling grown by Francis Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England.
Tree productive; fruit above medium or large, oval, purple, with a
heavy bloom; dots few, inconspicuous; skin thick, acid; flesh
greenish-yellow, firm, juicy, brisk subacid; good; stone long, of
medium size, oval, clinging; early.
Bixby. Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 436. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
46:262. 1892. 3. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:29. 1897.
Found on the homestead of Rev. N. W. Bixby, Clayton County,
Iowa, in 1847; introduced by C. H. True, Edgewood, Iowa, in 1880.
Tree spreading, vigorous; fruit large, roundish-oval; cavity narrow,
shallow; suture a line; apex rounded; yellow more or less covered
with bright red; dots numerous, small, yellow; skin thick, tender;
flesh yellow, sweet but not rich in flavor; good; stone large,
flattened, clinging; mid-season.
Black Arabka. Domestica. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1887. 2. Ia.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 86. 1890.
Tchernaya Arabskaya 1. Mixed Arab 2. Black Arab 2. Black Prune
2.
One of the foreign varieties tested by the Iowa Agricultural
College.
Black Ball. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144.
1831.
Black Damask. Domestica. 1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1754. 2. Am. Gard.
Cal. 587. 1806. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 374. 1857.
Small Damas 1. Little Black Damask 1. Small Black Damask 2.
 Black Damask has been confused by the old writers with the
common Damson. This plum is a Domestica with a sweet, pleasantly
flavored flesh suitable for dessert purposes and ripens much earlier
than the Damson.
Black Damask Hasting. Insititia. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 68.
1699.
Mentioned by Quintinye as having a “sharp and sourish taste.”
Black Hawk. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 4:95. 1889. 2. Wis. Sta.
Bul. 63:29. 1897. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1899. 4. Waugh
Plum Cult. 143. 1901.
A wild variety found in Black Hawk County, Iowa. Tree hardy,
vigorous, and productive; fruit large, flattened, more convex on the
ventral side; suture distinct; deep red; skin thick, tough; flesh
yellow, tender, rich; good; stone free, mid-season; listed in the fruit
catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1899.
Black Hill. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
Cultivated in the Gardens of the London Horticultural Society.
Black Pear. Domestica. 1. Rea Flora 208. 1676. 2. Langley Pomona
96. 1729.
A variety of early European origin now obsolete. Fruit pear-
shaped; skin dark red or black; juicy when fully ripe.
Black Perdrigon. Domestica. 1. Abercrombie Gard. Ass’t 13. 1786.
2. Willich Dom. Enc. 4:194. 1803.
Probably a strain of Blue Perdrigon.
Black Prune. Domestica. 1. Ia. Agr. Col. Bul. 51. 1886. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1887. 3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 86. 1890. 4.
Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:349. 1895.
Arab No. 1 (Budd unpublished). Black Prune No. 1 3. Black Prune
No. 1 4. Black Vengerka 2. Tchernaya vengerskaya 1, 2.
 Black Prune was imported by J. L. Budd of the Iowa Experiment
Station from Dr. Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1881-2, under the
name “Tchernaya vengerskaya.” It was received at this Station for
trial under the name “Arab No. 1.” It is a small prune of fair quality
when eaten out of hand, but becomes sour in cooking.
Black Prunella. Domestica. 1. Rea Flora 207. 1676. 2. Ray Hist.
Plant. 1529. 1688.
An old European plum. Fruit small, black and very sour; once
valued in England for preserves.
Blaisdon. Domestica. 1. Watkins Cat. 1892?
Blaisdon’s Red 1.
Fruit medium in size, red; mid-season.
Blaue Reine Claude. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
423. 1889.
Liegel’s Blaue Reine Claude. Reine-Claude Bleue. Reine-Claude
Violette. Schwarze Reine-Claude.
Blaugh. Americana. 1. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 6:46. 1899.
A vigorous variety which originated in the Allegheny Mountains.
Fruit above medium in size, light purple; bloom heavy; flesh yellow,
juicy; good; stone clinging; late; promising.
Bleeker Large Red. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 1:306. 1844.
Mrs. Bleeker’s Large Red 1.
Grown by a Mrs. Bleeker of New York from stones received from
Germany. Fruit large, bluish-red, melting and rich; mid-season.
Downing gave Bleecker’s Scarlet as a synonym of the Lombard, but
he could not have had this plum in mind.
Bleue de Perse. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423.
1889.
Blood Plum. Triflora. 1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 54. 1892. 2. Ibid. 96.
1895.
 Beni-Smono No. 3 ?1. Blood Plum No. 3 2.
Tree open, straggling, early blooming; fruit small; flesh deep red,
juicy, sweet; middle of July.
Blubenthal. Insititia? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 401. 1898.
Blubenthal Damson 1.
According to the preceding reference the largest of the Damsons.
Fruit heart-shaped, deep purple; bloom heavy; flesh green, juicy,
sprightly; mid-season.
Blue Apricot. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:49.
1900.
Fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture
well defined; skin bluish-purple; dots few; flesh greenish-yellow,
juicy, sweet; stone small, roundish, free; early.
Blue Egg. Domestica. 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 2:421. 1879. 2.
Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 406. 1881. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
422. 1889.
Bamberger Eier Pflaume 3. Blaue Eierpflaume 2, 3. Blaue Kaiser
Pflaume 3. Dame-Aubert Rouge 3. Eier Pflaume 3. Grosse Blaue Eier
Pflaume 3. Violette Kaiser Pflaume 3 incor.
A European variety similar to the German Prune. Tree large; fruit
large, obovate to oval; skin reddish-blue; flesh yellow, aromatically
sweet; freestone; mid-season.
Blue Eye. Domestica. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894.
Mentioned as of German origin by J. W. Kerr, who obtained the
variety from Charles Luedloff, Carver, Minnesota.
Blue Matchless. Domestica. Mentioned in Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees
21. 1803.
Bluemont. Angustifolia watsoni. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 126. 1889.
2. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 222. 1898.
 Introduced by E. Gale of Manhattan, Kansas, about 1860. Fruit of
medium size, round, flattened, dull red with heavy bloom; flesh
yellow, coarse; flavor fair; clingstone; early.
Blue Moldavka. Domestica. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. 1:17, 74. 1894.
2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:347. 1895. 3. Kan. Sta. Bul. 101:119, 120
fig. 1901. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:306. 1903. 5.
Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:38. 1903.
Moldavka 1, 3. Voronesh Blue 5.
Blue Moldavka was received from Russia by J. L. Budd of the Iowa
Experiment Station about 1882 in a lot of sprouts labeled Moldavka.
Tree hardy and productive; fruit large, oblong; suture a line; cavity
of medium size; stem short; dark purple; bloom thick; dots
numerous, russet; flesh greenish-yellow, firm, dry; flavor not high;
quality fair; stone semi-clinging; mid-season.
Blue Plum. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 7:404. 1852. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 900. 1869.
Fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; suture obscure; skin dark
blue with light bloom; flesh yellowish-green, juicy, sweet and
refreshing; clingstone; early.
Blue Primordian. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 575. 1629. 2.
Rea Flora 206. 1676.
An old variety of the same shape as the Red Primordian but
smaller and of a violet-blue color; of good taste; ripens early,
productive.
Blue Prolific. Domestica. 1. Flor. and Pom. 89. 1876. 2. Hogg Fruit
Man. 722. 1884. 3. Guide Prat. 156, 356. 1895.
Blue Prolific 3. Fertile Bleue 3. Rivers’ Blue Prolific 2. Rivers No. 4
1.
Tree hardy, productive; fruit below medium in size, oval, slightly
narrowed at the stem end; cavity and suture shallow; dark purple,
with thin bloom; flesh dull greenish-yellow, juicy; flavor brisk and
agreeable; a cooking plum; stone clinging; ripens early.
Blue Prune. Domestica. 1. Hoffy Orch. Comp. 2. 1842.
Hoffy published a colored engraving of this variety, but did not
describe it. Fruit long-oval; suture deep; dark blue.
Blue Rock. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 423. 1903.
A seedling from Thomas Rivers, England. Tree upright, productive;
fruit of medium size, round; cavity small; suture distinct; dark
purple; dots small, gray; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; clingstone;
early.
Blue Tweens. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 25:204. 1870. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1871.
A seedling, raised by G. P. Peffer of Pewaukee, Wisconsin, about
1855. Tree hardy, slow in growth; fruit in pairs, giving rise to the
name; flesh yellowish-green, adhering to the stone on one side;
flavor sprightly subacid; late.
Blue Violet. Domestica. Mentioned in Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1528.
1688.
Blum. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 3d Ser. 8:280 fig. 1860. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 900. 1869.
A seedling from North Carolina resembling Nelson’s Victory in color
and shape. Size above medium, oval, dull orange with numerous
small brown dots; flesh yellowish-brown, juicy; good; early.
Bohemian Prune. Domestica. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894.
Introduced by J. W. Kerr, who secured plants from Charles
Luedloff, Carver, Minnesota. Tree upright, vigorous, productive; fruit
large, roundish-oval, dark purple; good.
Bomberger. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul.
87:12. 1901.
 A variety grown by H. A. Terry of Crescent, Iowa, from seed of
Harrison; first fruited in 1897. Tree upright, vigorous, productive;
fruit large, roundish; suture faint; yellow overlaid with red; flesh
tender, sweet, rich; good; stone round, smooth, abruptly pointed;
mid-season.
Bongoume. Triflora. 1. Normand Cat. 1891.
Sold by J. L. Normand, Marksville, Louisiana, as a Japanese plum
resembling an apricot.
Bonne Bouche. Domestica. 1. Thompson Gard, Ass’t 4:156. 1901.
Of French origin. Fruit medium, greenish-yellow; flesh golden-
yellow, tender, juicy; flavor delicious; mid-season; valuable for
dessert.
Bonne de Bry. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:50.
1900. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 480. 1904. 3. Soc. Nat. Hort.
France Pom. 526 fig. 1904.
Originated in the valley of the Marne near Bry-sur-Marne, France.
Tree vigorous; fruit below medium, globular; suture shallow; skin
dark purple; heavy bloom; flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, tender; good
for canning; stone very small; very early.
Bonnemain de la Digue. Domestica? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423.
1889.
Found in the reference given above and in Journal de la Societe
Nationale et Centrale d’Horticulture de France 562. 1875.
Bonne Rouge. Domestica. Listed in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144.
1831.
Bonnet d’Eveque. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 353. 1866. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 900. 1869. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422.
1889. 4. Guide Prat. 163, 352. 1895.
Bischofsmütze 3. Bonnet d’Eveque 3. Die Bischofsmütze 4.
Tree vigorous, upright; fruit medium, obovate, dark purple; flesh
rich; freestone; good; late.
Bossland. Hortulana mineri × (Domestica? × Hortulana). 1. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 46:263. 1900.
A cross between Miner and a seedling of Quackenboss and
Wayland, originating with Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, in
1893. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit medium, dark red; flesh coarse,
dry; stone semi-clinging; mid-season.
Boulouf. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 901. 1869. 2. Hogg
Fruit Man. 688. 1884. 3. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt. 15:291. 1896.
Bouloff 3.
Large, roundish-oval; suture a line; stem short and thick; red
covered with thick bloom; dots brownish; flesh yellow, juicy and
sweet; good.
Bouncer. Americana. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:29. 1903.
A seedling of Yosemite Purple grown at the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, about 1900. Fruit large, roundish; suture a line;
uniform deep purplish-red; dots numerous, yellow, distinct;
moderate bloom; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sweet and rich; good;
clingstone; mid-season.
Bower. Domestica. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 122. 1860. 2. Gard. Mon.
3:314. 1861.
Bower’s Gage 1, 2.
A seedling raised by a Mr. Bower of Philadelphia about 1850. Tree
lacking in vigor; fruit oblong, yellow, like Lawrence; probably of
Reine Claude parentage; good.
Bowle. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Rea Flora
207. 1676.
Bole 2.
Described by Rea as of “middle size, black, flat on one side and
well tasted.”
Brackett. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
 One of H. A. Terry’s varieties coming from a seed of Harrison. Tree
strong, upright and productive; fruit large, pale yellow overspread
with dark red; flesh yellow, firm; good; stone semi-clinging.
Brahy. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 353. 1866. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 901. 1869. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 445. 1889.
Brahy’s Green Gage 1, 2. Brahy’s Green Gage 3. Reine-Claude de
Brahy 1, 2, 3. Reine-Claude von Brahy 3.
Supposed to have been raised by M. Brahay Eckenholm, at
Herstal, near Liege, Belgium. Fruit very large, round; suture distinct;
skin yellowish-green, with fine bloom; flesh rich yellow, tender, juicy,
very rich flavor; mid-season; a trifle later than Reine Claude, which it
otherwise resembles.
Brainerd. Americana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:36. 1892. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 144. 1901.
Brainerd’s Best 2.
A wild variety found in Ramsay County, Minnesota, prior to 1884.
Fruit small; poor; worthless.
Brandon Ruby. Nigra. Mentioned in Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:39.
1903.
Brandy Gage. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 371. 1866. 2. Fell
Cat. 1893. 3. Guide Prat. 163, 352. 1895. 4. Garden 62:433.
1902.
Impériale de Mann 3. Mann’s Imperial 1, 3. Mann’s Brandy Gage 1,
3.
A variety of European origin resembling a small Golden Drop. Fruit
small, yellow, with heavy bloom; flesh melting and sweet; good;
early.
Brant of Naples. Domestica. 1. Can. Hort. Soc. An. Rpt. 19:253.
1896.
Mentioned as hardy. This variety may be the same as Beauty of
Naples.
Brauman. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 547. 1901.
An unproductive German variety. Fruit medium in size, globular;
stem short; suture a line; skin greenish-yellow; flesh green, coarse,
dry, sweet, pleasant; stone clinging; early.
Braunauer Damascenenartige Pflaume. Species? Mentioned in
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889.
Breck. Triflora ×? 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:7. 1898. 2. Waugh Plum Cult.
204. 1901.
First offered for sale in 1899 by F. T. Ramsey of Austin, Texas.
Fruit oblong or slightly conical, medium in size; stem short; suture
lacking; bright red, indistinctly striped; dots many, small, white,
inconspicuous; bloom light; flesh red, fibrous; clingstone; much like
Wild Goose, but somewhat firmer.
Brevoort Purple. Domestica. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 203. 1835. 2.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 222, 244. 1858. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
901. 1869. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 448. 1889.
Brevoorfs Purple 4. Brevoort’s Purple Bolmar 1. Brevoort’s Purple
Washington 1, 3, 4. Brevorts 2. Brevort’s Purple 3. Brevort’s Purple
4. Brevorts’ Purple Bolmar 4. Brevorts Purple Bolmar 3. New York
Purple 3, 4. Rote Washington 4. Rouge de Brevoort 4. Washington 4.
Washington Purple 3, 4.
A seedling grown by Henry Brevoort of New York from a stone of
Washington planted in 1819. Fruit large, oval; suture distinct at the
base; skin reddish-purple; flesh yellow, soft, juicy, vinous;
clingstone; mid-season; rejected by the American Pomological
Society.
Briancon. Domestica? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 2. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:105. 1832. 3. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1. 1846.
De Briançon 1, 3. Prune de Briancon 3. Prune de Brigantiaca 2, 3.
A variety indigenous to the Alps in southeastern France. Trees
grow to the height of eight or ten feet; fruit small, nearly round,
smooth, yellow, with reddish tinge; flesh yellow; freestone. The
stone contains a bitter kernel, from which is extracted a valuable oil.
Prince considered the tree a hybrid between the plum and the
apricot.
Brignole. Domestica. 1. Miller Gard. Dict. 3. 1754. 2. Knoop
Fructologie 2:55. 1771. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 151. 1831. 4.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:67. 1832. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch.
Gard. 295, 383. 1846.
Prune de Brignole 1. Brignole Plum 1. Brignole Jaune 2. Perdrigon
de Brignole Gros 3. Perdrigon de Brignole ?4. Brignole Jaune 5.
Prune de Brignole 5.
The Brignole plum is named from Brignoles, a town in France
where it is used with the White Perdrigon for the famous Brignoles
Prunes. Duhamel and several others have confused the two varieties
but they seem to be distinct. The Brignole is larger, its skin less
tough, flesh more yellow and the season later than White Perdrigon.
Brignole Violette. Domestica. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:55. 1771. 2.
Quintinye Com. Gard. 68, 69. 1699. 3. Cal. State Bd. Hort.
Rpt. 107. 1891.
Brugnole 2. Brignole 2. Brignole 3.
This seems to be a purple strain of the Brignole which has found
its way into California. Fruit oval, medium in size, violet; dots light
yellow, yellow spots on the sunny side; flesh greenish-yellow, tender,
juicy, sweet; freestone; best adapted to a warm climate.
Brill. Cerasifera. 1. Gard. Mon. 17:305. 1875. 2. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt.
13:368. 1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 230. 1901. 4. Ga. Sta.
Bul. 67:272. 1904.
This plum is thought to have originated in Mississippi and was
introduced by J. T. Whitaker, Tyler, Texas. Tree vigorous, with an
upright-spreading habit; fruit small, round; cavity broad, shallow;
stem long, slender; suture a line; bright red with yellow dots; bloom
thin; skin thin; flesh yellow, soft, juicy; quality fair; stone small,
clinging; early; listed in the American Pomological Society catalog of
fruits for 1875 but removed in 1883.
Bristol. Domestica. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 212. 1904.
Bristol, as tested in Illinois, is very similar to, if not identical with
the Lombard.
Briton Seedling. Domestica. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 92, 1885.
An unproductive seedling of Canadian origin. Fruit of medium size,
very dark blue; bloom heavy; flesh greenish, firm, juicy, sweet and
pleasant; late.
Brittlewood. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:30. 1897. 2. U. S. D.
A. Yearbook 477, 478, Pl. LXII. 1902.
Brittlewood No. 1 2.
Theodore Williams of Benson, Nebraska, grew this variety from
seed of Quaker pollinated by Harrison. Tree large, vigorous,
spreading; fruit large, nearly round, symmetrical; cavity small,
shallow; stem medium; suture shallow; dark red when fully ripe;
dots numerous, small; bloom thick; skin thick, tenacious; flesh
yellowish, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, rich; good; stone oval, large,
clinging; mid-season.
Brittlewood No. 3. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 5. 1898.
From the same source as Brittlewood but from the reciprocal
cross. The two varieties are similar in all respects except that
Brittlewood No. 3 is about a week earlier.
Britzer Egg. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 548. 1901.
Originated in Germany. Tree productive; fruit below medium size,
egg-shaped; stem short; suture wide, shallow; yellow; bloom thin;
flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant; stone large, semi-clinging; mid-
season.
Brock. Species? 1. Can. Hort. 18:350. 1895.
General Brock 1.
 A seedling grown by J. K. Gordon of Whitby, Ontario. Said to be
early and attractive.
Brodie. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:33. 1903.
A seedling tree known in the family of R. Brodie, Montreal,
Quebec, for three generations. Fruit below medium, almost round,
dark purple; dots obscure; suture a line; flesh greenish-yellow,
sweet, rich; good; mid-season.
Brompton. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
An old variety formerly much used as a stock.
Brooklyn. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
A seedling of Harrison grown by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa. Tree
vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit large, oblong, dark red over a
yellow ground; flesh firm, yellow; good; stone semi-clinging.
Brunner Zwetsche. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Undescribed by Mathieu who took the name from Wiener Garten-
Zeitung 286. 1884.
Brunswick. Munsoniana. 1. Lovett Cat. 44. 1893. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 294. 1903. 3. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:245, 254,
255. 1905.
According to the Lovett Nursery Company, this plum originated in
Missouri and was introduced by them. Fruit above medium,
roundish-oval; stem of medium length, slender; bright red on a
yellowish ground; flesh yellow, meaty, sweet; good; early.
Brussels. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
Bryan. Americana. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 144. 1901.
W. J. Bryan 1. Colonel Bryan 1.
One of H. A. Terry’s numerous seedlings which fruited first in
1896. Fruit large, oblong, rich, dark red; flesh firm; good.
Buchanan. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144.
1831.
Buchner Konigspflaume. Domestica. Listed in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
424. 1889. Braunauer Königs Pflaume. Braunauer Violetter
Perdrigon. Royale de Braunau.
Budd. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
Prof. Budd 1.
Originated with H. A. Terry of Iowa and first fruited in 1897. Tree
upright, productive; fruit large, bright red, with numerous white
dots; flesh firm; good; mid-season.
Buel. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1845. 2. Ann. Pom.
Belge 8:59, Pl. 1860. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Buel’s Favorite 1. Buel’s Liebling’s Zwetsche 3. Buel’s Favorite 3.
Favorite de Buel 3. Prune Buel’s Favorite 2.
Raised about 1840 by Isaac Denniston of Albany and named after
the distinguished agriculturist, Judge Buel. Fruit large, ovate,
broadest toward the stem; stalk long and thick; pale green, thickly
sprinkled with lighter dots and speckled red near the stalk; flesh
greenish-yellow, firm, juicy and rich; good; stone nearly free; mid-
season.
Buffalo Bill. Species? 1. Letter from F. T. Ramsey.
Selected from the wild plums of Texas.
Buhl-Eltershofen. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
424. 1889.
Buhl-Eltershofen Zwetsche.
Buhler. Domestica. 1. Lucas Vollst. Hand. Obst. 473. 1894.
Buhler’s Early Prune 1.
Fruit of medium size, egg-shaped, beautiful blue; table and
market plum; early.
Bulah No. 4. Hortulana mineri. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:263. 1900.
A seedling from a Miner tree pollinated by wild plums, from J. F.
Wagner, Bennett, Cedar County, Iowa, in 1894. Fruit medium to
large, dark red; late.
Bullman. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 464. 1900.
A vigorous variety from Germany. Fruit above medium, oval;
suture deep; sides unequal; yellow with red dots; flesh greenish-
yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant; freestone; early.
Bulgaria. Domestica? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Mathieu refers this variety to Pomologische Monatshetfe 323.
1887.
Bulgarian. Domestica. 1. Cal. Sta. Bd. Hort. 292. 1885-6. 2. Ibid.
107 fig. 1891. 3. Wickson Cal. Fruits 357. 1891. 4. N. Mex.
Sta. Bul. 27:126. 1898.
Belgarian Prune 1.
A variety grown chiefly in the vicinity of Haywards, Alameda
County, California, for drying. Tree vigorous, bears early and
regularly, productive; fruit above medium, roundish-obovate, having
a short neck; suture shallow; apex slightly compressed; stem
slender, one inch long; cavity narrow and shallow; dark purple; flesh
greenish-yellow, sweet and rich with a pleasant flavor; good; stone
semi-clinging; season early.
Bullock. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 69. 1699.
Bullock’s Heart 1.
Described as an “extream large plum.”
Bull Plum. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 68. 1699.
Mentioned by Quintinye as a “dry plum.”
Bunker Hill. Domestica. 1. Bailey Ann. Hort. 196. 1891. 2. Me. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12: 64. 1896. 3. Vt. Sta. Bul. 134:41. 1902.
 Plattman’s Bunker Hill 1.
Originated at the Yates County Nurseries near Seneca Lake, New
York, by J. H. Plattman, from a seed of a plum which grew near a
Washington and a Reine Claude. Tree upright, vigorous and
productive; fruit medium to large, blue; good; mid-season.
Bunte Fruh Pflaume. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
424. 1889.
Bunter Perdrigon. Domestica. 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 2:419.
1879. 2. Lauche Deut. Pom. 18, Pl. 4. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 424. 1889.
Der Bunter Perdrigon 2. Perdrigon Bariole 3.
A European variety called Bunter because of its variegated colored
fruit. Tree large; fruit medium, violet-blue on the sunny side, red and
green on the shaded side; flesh greenish, juicy, sprightly; quality
fair; freestone; recommended for table and drying purposes in
Germany.
Burbank First. Triflora. 1. Rural N. Y. 65:730. 1906.
Burbank’s First 1.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, red and yellow; early;
inferior.
Burbank No. 1. Triflora. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:22. 1894.
One of Burbank’s seedlings said to resemble Berckmans.
Burbank No. 7. Triflora × Domestica. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 118:52.
1895. 2. Ibid. 169:249. 1899.
Tree vigorous, round-topped, branches upright; fruit roundish-
ovate; cavity narrow, deep, suture broad, shallow; greenish-yellow;
flesh pale yellow, sweet, juicy, sprightly, highly flavored; stone
turgid, roundish-oval, semi-clinging; mid-season.
Burbank No. 11. Triflora × Domestica? 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 129:32,
34. 1896.
 Both tree and fruit give indications of an admixture of Domestica.
Tree not productive; fruit large; flavor good.
Burbank × Redick. Triflora × Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
228. 1909.
A hybrid from Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, published in
the preceding reference under the name of its parents. It resembles
the Burbank very closely and is said to be somewhat more hardy
than that variety but inferior in quality.
Burchardt Gelbe Fruh Zwetsche. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 424. 1889.
Listed by Mathieu from Wiener Garten-Zeitung 286. 1884.
Burettes. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 374. 1857. 2. Ann.
Pom. Belge 5:47, Pl. 1857. 3. Mas Le Verger 6:115. 1866-73.
Burrettes 1. Des Burettes 3. Prune Des Burettes 2.
Originated by M. Gregoire of Burrettes, Belgium, and first reported
in 1849. Tree vigorous, hardy; fruit large, irregularly oval; suture
faint; dull greenish-yellow with rose-purple on the sunny exposure;
flesh green, fine, melting; juice abundant, sweet, agreeably
aromatic; good; freestone.
Burford. Triflora × Munsoniana. 1. Munson Cat. 1906-7.
A seedling of Burbank crossed with Clifford from T. V. Munson,
Denison, Texas. Tree weeping; branches more slender than those of
Burbank; fruit large, round, light, bright red; stone small.
Burgundy Prune. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 374. 1857.
2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889. 3. Wickson Cal. Fruits 357.
1891.
Burgunder Zwetsche 2. Prune de Bourgoyne 1, 2. Burgundy Prune
2. Susina Torla d’ Nova di Borgogna 2 incor.
Fruit medium, egg-shaped with a neck; suture indistinct; reddish-
black; dots minute, numerous; flesh juicy, sugary, pleasant;
freestone; mid-season.
Burlington Gage. Domestica. 1. Goodrich N. Fr. Cult. 83. 1849. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 902. 1869.
Raised from seed of some unknown “Blue Gage,” brought from
Connecticut about 1800, and planted by Mrs. Ozias Buel of
Burlington, Vermont. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit medium
in size, roundish-oval, dark purplish-blue, with abundant bloom;
flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, rich; freestone; early; formerly
considered valuable.
Burnet. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 2. Mag.
Hort. 9:163. 1843.
Fruit small, roundish, purple; freestone; mid-season; similar to
Wine Sour.
Bursoto. Triflora × Americana. 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 10:106. 1897. 2.
Waugh Plum Cult. 144. 1901.
A hybrid of Burbank with De Soto, grown and named by Theodore
Williams of Benson, Nebraska, about 1890. Tree of the Americana
type; fruit large, oblique, oval; cavity lacking; stem short, thick; light
red and yellow; dots small, white; skin thick; flesh yellow, juicy;
good; stone semi-clinging; early.
Byefield. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1845.
Fruit small, round; suture a line; light yellow, with red spots
around the stem; flesh yellow; clingstone; good; early; rejected by
the American Pomological Society in 1888.
Caddo Chief. Angustifolia varians. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 162.
1881. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:60, 86. 1892. 3. Tex. Sta. Bul.
32:479. 1894. 4. N. Mex. Sta. Bul. 27:124. 1898. 5. Waugh
Plum Cult. 193. 1901.
Found wild in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, and introduced by G. W.
Stones, Shreveport, Louisiana. It is favorably reported from the
South but not generally recommended, although the American
Pomological Society included it in their catalog of fruits in 1897. Tree
low-branching, hardy and productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-
oblong; suture shallow; cavity medium deep; skin thick, tough;
bright red; flesh reddish-yellow, firm, sweet and juicy; poor; stone
large, round, clinging; season early.
Caldwell Golden Drop. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 902.
1869.
Caldwell’s Golden Drop 1.
Possibly an American strain of the Golden Drop. Fruit large, oval,
sides often unequal; suture distinct; yellow marbled with crimson in
the sun, with thin bloom; stem slender; cavity small; flesh yellow,
juicy, sugary, rich; good; clingstone; early.
Caldwell White Gage. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 903.
1869.
Caldwell’s White Gage 1.
A productive variety of American origin. Fruit of medium size, oval,
narrowing slightly at the apex; suture shallow; apex pointed;
greenish-yellow, dotted with purple in the sun; bloom thick; stem
long; flesh greenish-yellow, coarse, juicy, sugary; good; clingstone;
mid-season.
California. Americana, 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 145.
1901.
California Seedling 2. Cal. Seedling 1.
Fruit of medium size, slightly oblate; cavity medium deep, flaring;
stem long; suture a line; bright red; dots many, minute; skin thick,
tough; flesh yellow; good; stone roundish, flattened, clinging; mid-
season.
Cambell. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 903. 1869.
Cambell’s Seedling 1. McCauley’s Seedling 1.
Fruit large, oval; suture shallow; pale yellow, splashed with green,
dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun; bloom light; cavity
small; flesh pale yellow, coarse, juicy, sweet; good; semi-clinging;
mid-season.
Campbell. Species? 1. Gard. Mon. 25:49, 83. 1883.
A seedling found growing on a Mr. Campbell’s farm near Abingdon,
Virginia. Very late and a long keeper.
Canada Blue. Domestica. 1. Lutts Cat. 1890?
Mentioned as a “small, round, early, blue plum, very productive
and excellent for preserving.”
Canada Orleans. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App.
180. 1881. 2. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 466. 1883. 3. Cornell Sta.
Bul. 131:183. 1897.
Canada Egg ?1. Canada Egg 2.
Probably originated in the vicinity of Hamilton, Ontario, where it is
chiefly grown. Fruit medium to large, reddish-purple, with heavy
bloom; flesh yellow, juicy, melting, sweet, rich; early.
Canadian Apricot. Nigra.
The common wild plum of Canada.
Candelaria. Domestica. 1. Clarke Prune Industry 41. 1893.
Candelaria Prune 1.
About 1881 W. B. Simpson discovered that a supposed Golden
Drop tree on the farm of S. A. Clarke, Salem, Oregon, was not true
to name. It seemed of value and was named Candelaria from the
name of the farm. Fruit large, yellow; flesh solid, subacid; very
good; has not been extensively propagated.
Caper. Triflora × Cerasifera? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:221. 1899.
Grown between 1890 and 1895 by J. S. Breece, of North Carolina.
Waugh states that the fruit and foliage suggest the species
mentioned above. Fruit of medium size, oval; cavity shallow; dark
red; dots many, minute; skin thick, tough; flesh firm, red, sprightly,
subacid; fair in quality; stone large, turgid, clinging.
Capitaine Kirchhof. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424, 434.
1889. 2. Guide Prat. 161, 353. 1895.
 Capitaine Kirckhof 1. Capitaine Kirckkof 2. Hauptmann Kirchhof’s
Pflaume 1, 2. Kirchhof’s Pflaume 1, 2. Prune de Kirchhof 1.
Found by M. Oberdieck of Schaferhof on the estate of a Captain
Kirchhof near Nienburg (Hanover). Tree productive; fruit of medium
size, round, purplish-brown; bloom thick; flesh yellow, fine, juicy;
sweet, aromatic; good; late.
Captain. Hortulana? 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:283.
1898.
Columbia 1. Columbia 2.
Introduced about 1892 by A. M. Ramsey and Son of Austin, Texas,
under the name Columbia but changed by Waugh in 1898 to Captain
to avoid confusion with an older Columbia. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit medium in size, spherical, bright golden-yellow;
dots many, conspicuous, whitish; suture a line; skin thin, tough;
flesh firm, yellow; good; stone small, clinging; late.
Capt. Bacon. Americana. 1. Meneray Cat.
A seedling of Weaver grown by H. A. Terry. Tree vigorous; fruit
large, red over yellow; flesh yellow, coarse, rich; freestone; a
culinary variety.
Capt. Watrous. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
A seedling of Harrison grown by H. A. Terry who plucked the first
fruit in 1897. Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, roundish,
yellow overspread with bright red; good.
Caro. Americana mollis. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:29, 38. 1903.
A seedling of Wolf which originated at the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada, in 1895. Fruit large, roundish; suture
distinct; bright red, showing yellow in patches; dots numerous,
yellow, distinct; bloom light; skin thick; flesh deep yellow, juicy,
sweet, rich; good; mid-season.
Caroline. Americana? 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 412. 1899. 2. S. Dak.
Sta. Bul. 93:11. 1905.
 A seedling grown by C. W. H. Heideman, New Ulm, Minnesota.
Fruit of medium size, yellowish-red; good; season of Forest Garden;
subject to plum-pocket and unproductive.
Carpenter. Species? 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:11. 1905.
A seedling from Vermilion, South Dakota.
Carson. Domestica.
According to a letter from G. B. Brackett of the United States
Department of Agriculture, Carson is a strain of Lombard.
Carstesen. Nigra. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:29. 1903.
A seedling grown by H. P. Carstesen, Billings Bridge, Ontario. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish; cavity narrow;
suture obscure; apex rounded; yellow, nearly covered with deep red;
dots obscure; bloomless; skin thin, tender; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet;
good; stone flat, roundish, nearly free; early.
Carver. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1896-1900. 2. Waugh Plum Cult.
145. 1901.
Introduced by Charles Luedloff, Cologne, Minnesota. Fruit small,
roundish-oval; cavity shallow; stem slender; suture a line; red,
sometimes mottled; dots many, small; skin tough; flesh yellow;
quality fair; clingstone; late; unpromising.
Catalano. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Susino Catalano 1. Prunus Catalanica 1. Catalana-Susina 1.
Catelane 1.
This Italian variety is much larger than the Early Yellow, known
also as the Catalonia. They may be related, however, for Gallesio
says that there are many varieties from Catalonia which are similar
in shape and taste. Fruit large, oblong, slightly necked; skin greenish
and greasy; pulp green, soft, tender, juicy and pleasant.
Catalana Propria. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Catalana Toscana 1.
 A good strain of Catalano grown in Italy.
Catelano Giallo. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Buon-Boccone 1. Buon-Bocconi 1.
This variety is figured under the name Buon-Boccone and
described under Catelano Giallo. As early as 1839 it was well known
in parts of Italy and was then ranked next to the Reine Claude in
quality. Fruit large, oval, dull yellow, tinged with red; pulp yellow,
tender, sweet and highly flavored.
Catelano Violaceo. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Catelana Morella? 1. Susina Vecchietti 1. Susino Vecchietti 1.
Gallesio described this plum as a strain of the Catelano and adds
that it is grown in abundance at Florence. Tree medium in size; fruit
large, oval; suture distinct; violet; pulp yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet
and highly flavored.
Catherine. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:50. 1900.
Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit above medium size, egg-
shaped; suture a line; cavity small; reddish-purple; bloom thin; flesh
greenish-yellow, firm, juicy, sweet; pleasant; good; stone large,
clinging; mid-season.
Cel. Cerasifera × (Triflora × Simonii). 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:8. 1898.
Originated and named by Luther Burbank, who states that it is a
cross between Myrobalan and Wickson. Fruit of medium size, egg-
shaped; cavity rounded; suture indistinct; apex pointed; bright,
transparent yellow; flavor resembling the Americanas; good; stone
of medium size, clinging.
Centennial. Species? 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 308. 1884.
Originated in 1877 by George U. Oberholtzer, Sioux City, Iowa.
Fruit of medium size; skin firm; good; ten days later than Miner.
Centralia. Domestica. 1. Wild Bros. Cat. 1892? 2. Can. Exp. Farm
Bul. 2d Ser. 3:50. 1900.
 A vigorous variety from J. B. Webster of Centralia, Illinois.
Cerney Perdrigon. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 69. 1699.
2. Langley Pomona 93, 97. 1729.
Cernay Perdrigon 2.
A variety long since obsolete. Fruit roundish, slightly flattened,
red; good.
Ceur de Beuf. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 69. 1699.
Mentioned by Quintinye in 1699 as a violet-red plum. Its
relationship to Coeur de Boeuf is unknown.
Chabot Blood. Triflora × Simonii. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:49.
1896.
Fruit of medium size, dull red or cinnabar; flesh firm, brick red,
very juicy, sweet, aromatic; late.
Champion. Americana. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891. 2. Terry Cat.
1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 145 fig. 1901.
A seedling of Hawkeye grown by H. A. Terry; first fruited in 1891.
Fruit large, roundish; suture a line; red over yellow; dots many,
conspicuous; skin firm; flesh yellow, firm; flavor not high; quality
fair; stone large, oval, flattened, clinging; late.
Chancellor Gage. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147. 1831.
Fruit of medium size, round, yellow; quality fair; a table plum.
Chapin. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 903. 1869.
Grown by Aaron Chapin, Hartford, Connecticut. Tree vigorous; fruit
of medium size, oval; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity
deep; light reddish-purple; flesh yellow, juicy, vinous; good; semi-
clinging; late.
Chariot. Species? 1. Harrison Cat. 1897.
Probably misnamed.
Charity Clark. Munsoniana × Prunus persica. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul.
38:77. 1892.
Blackman 1.
For a history of this variety see Blackman.
Charlotte. Domestica. 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 25. 1828. 2. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:59. 1832.
Tomlinson’s Charlotte 1, 2. Charlotte 2.
Prince says this is “a seedling of Yellow Egg raised by Judge
Tomlinson.” Tree very vigorous; fruit shaped like its parent, yellow;
flesh sweet with an agreeable flavor; early.
Charmer. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest
Territory, Canada. Fruit large, red, bitter; early.
Chautauqua. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:38. 1903.
A variety grown on the Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada.
Chauviere. Domestica. 1. Rev. Hort. 535. 1891.
Reine-Claude Chauviere 1. Belle de Doue 1 incor.
Grown by M. Chauviere, a Frenchman, who had purchased it
under the false name of Belle de Doue. Trees variable in
productiveness; fruit roundish-oblate; suture shallow; skin changes
from marbled greenish-yellow to dark red, dotted and stained with
cinnabar-red; flesh yellowish-green, soft, juicy, honey-like, very
agreeable; clingstone.
Cheresoto. Prunus besseyi × Americana. Cir. S. Dak. Exp. Sta.
1910.
Cheresoto originated with N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota
Experiment Station as a result of a cross of Prunus besseyi with De
Soto. After fruiting for one year it was introduced in 1910. Fruit
small, oval; apex pointed; black; bloom heavy; flesh yellowish-green,
sprightly; clingstone.
Cherokee. Americana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:78. 1892. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 145. 1901.
Said to have been found wild in Kansas. Fruit medium in size,
roundish-oblong; skin blotched red, thick; clingstone.
Cherry. Nigra. 1. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 186. 1885. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
46:264. 1900.
Found wild near Chaseburg, Vernon County, Wisconsin, in 1870 by
E. Markle of LaCrosse, Wisconsin; introduced by the discoverer. Tree
hardy, productive, an early bearer; fruit resembles that of De Soto
except that it is larger and about twenty days earlier in ripening.
Chester. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 547. 1901.
An unimportant seedling from the British Columbia Experiment
Station not to be confused with the Chester of Forsyth. Tree
vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium in size, obovate; cavity narrow,
deep; suture shallow; reddish-pink with numerous golden dots; flesh
firm, juicy, sprightly, slightly coarse; stone large, clinging; mid-
season.
Chester. Domestica. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 20. 1803.
Mentioned by Forsyth as very productive; fruit rich; season late.
Chester County Prune. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 903.
1869.
From Chester County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous; branches
slender; fruit of medium size, oval; suture faint; cavity small; stem
long, slender; black with thick bloom; flesh greenish, sweet; good;
freestone; mid-season.
Chestnut. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
Fruit purple, oblong; size and quality medium; clingstone; a table
plum.
Chicrigland. Species? 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:9. 1898. 2. Vt. Sta. An.
Rpt. 14:270. 1901.
 Grown by T. V. Munson, from seed of a plum grown by F. T.
Ramsey, Lampasas County, Texas. Tree vigorous; branches zigzag,
drooping; fruit oval, small; cavity of medium depth, rounded; suture
faint; dull red over yellow; surface a trifle fuzzy; dots many; bloom
heavy; skin thin, tender, not astringent; flesh soft, yellow, mild acid,
aromatic; quality fair; stone clinging.
Chinook. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at the Experimental Farm, Indian Head,
Northwest Territory, Canada. Fruit of medium size, red; early.
Chippewa. Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 85. 1890. 2. Cornell
Sta. Bul. 38:37. 1892. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:346. 1895.
Chippeway 2.
A dwarf variety from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, often bearing
when only two feet in height. Fruit small, deep red; skin medium
thick; flesh firm, sweet; stone free, small, pointed, rough; worthless.
Choptank. Munsoniana. 1. Bailey Ann. Hort. 133. 1893. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 40. 1899. 3. Ohio Sta. Bul. 113:154. 1899. 4.
Waugh Plum Cult. 184. 1901.
A seedling of Wild Goose grown by J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland;
introduced in 1893; listed in the American Pomological Society
catalog of fruits in 1899. Tree vigorous, prolific and hardy; foliage
large, ornamental; fruit above medium to large, variable in shape,
roundish-oblong to oval; cavity shallow; stem long; suture distinct;
skin thin, tough; bright red; dots numerous, light colored; bloom
thin; flesh yellow, firm, rather acid but of good quality; stone
medium in size, oval, flattened, clinging; medium early.
Christian. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Rea Flora
209. 1676.
Nutmeg 1, 2.
Shrubby in growth; fruit small, dark red; late; obsolete.
Christie. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:264. 1900. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 145. 1901.
Taken from the woods by W. Christie, Villisca, Iowa, in 1887. Fruit
round, truncate, medium in size; apex flattened; cavity wide; suture
lacking; yellow, covered with red; bloom light; skin thick; flesh
yellow, melting, flavor sweet, luscious; very good; stone circular,
thick, semi-clinging.
Churchill. Domestica. 1. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:611. 1893.
A seedling found by G. W. Churchill on the shores of Lake Cayuga.
Fruit large, blue; quality poor; not valuable.
Chypre. Domestica. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:82. 1768. 2. Kraft
Pom. Aust. 2:37, Tab. 187 fig. 2. 1796. 3. Prince Pom. Man.
2:96. 1832. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 690. 1884.
Cyprian 3. Die Pflaume aus Cypern 2. De Chypre 3. De Chypre 4.
Prune de Chypre 1. Prune de Chypre 2, 3.
Chypre is an old variety of unknown origin. Fruit of medium size,
round; suture shallow; cavity large; purple; bloom thick; flesh firm,
greenish, sweet when fully ripe; quality fair; stone clinging; early.
Cinnamon. Domestica. 1. Ray Hist. Plant. 2. 1688.
An old and unimportant variety now obsolete.
Cistena. Prunus besseyi × Cerasifera. Cir. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 1910.
Introduced in 1909 by the originator, N. E. Hansen of South
Dakota Experiment Station. It shows the glossy, purple foliage of the
Pissardi plum, one of its parents, and may be of some value as an
ornamental.
City. Americana. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 128. 1890. 2. Wis. Sta.
Bul. 63:32. 1897. 3. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 144. 1901. 4.
Waugh Plum Cult. 146. 1901.
This variety came from the seed of a wild plum growing one-half
mile from Springfield, Minnesota; introduced by H. Knudson in 1890.
Tree upright when young but with a weeping tendency when older,
vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit large, nearly round; cavity of
medium width, deep; suture a distinct line; dark dull red over yellow;
dots numerous, small, yellow, distinct; bloom heavy; skin thick,
tough, slightly astringent; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet; good;
stone of medium size, oval, flattened, semi-clinging; medium to late.
Clara. Munsoniana. 1. Am. Gard. 14:51. 1893. 2. Tex. Sta. Bul.
32:482. 1894.
A large and attractive seedling of Wild Goose grown and
introduced by G. Onderdonk, Texas.
Clarendon. Angustifolia watsoni. 1. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 223.
1898.
One of several seedlings secured from northern Texas by F. T.
Ramsey.
Clark. Species? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:48. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 294. 1903.
A wild seedling found in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Tree
moderately vigorous, not hardy in the North; fruit of medium size,
roundish, bright red; dots numerous; stem short; cavity broad, deep;
skin tough; flesh yellow, firm; inferior.
Cleavinger. Domestica. 1. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 274. 1854. 2. Hoffy
N. Am. Pom. 1860.
Originated about 1845 with a Mr. Fernsler of Philadelphia from the
stone of an unnamed seedling; introduced by Wm. S. Cleavinger of
West Philadelphia. Tree vigorous; fruit large, oval; suture distinct;
dark purple; stem short, thick, surrounded by a fleshy ring; flesh
deep yellow, coarse, juicy, vinous, slightly subacid; good; mid-
season.
Cleveland. Munsoniana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:49. 1897. 2. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:50. 1900. 3. Terry Cat. 1900.
Mrs. Cleveland 1, 3.