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Mapping South
American Latina/o
Literature in the
United States
Interviews with
Contemporary Writers

JUANITA HEREDIA
Literatures of the Americas

Series Editor
Norma E. Cantú
Trinity University
San Antonio, TX, USA
This series seeks to bring forth contemporary critical interventions within
a hemispheric perspective, with an emphasis on perspectives from Latin
America. Books in the series highlight work that explores concerns in lit-
erature in different cultural contexts across historical and geographical
boundaries and also include work on the specific Latina/o realities in the
United States. Designed to explore key questions confronting contempo-
rary issues of literary and cultural import, Literatures of the Americas is
rooted in traditional approaches to literary criticism but seeks to include
cutting-edge scholarship using theories from postcolonial, critical race,
and ecofeminist approaches.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14819
 Juanita Heredia

Mapping South
American Latina/o
Literature in the
United States
Interviews with Contemporary Writers
Juanita Heredia
Flagstaff, AZ, USA

Literatures of the Americas

ISBN 978-3-319-72391-4    ISBN 978-3-319-72392-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72392-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018934858

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
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microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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Printed on acid-free paper

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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgments

This edited book of interviews has been a labor of love and much patience.
I am truly grateful to many individuals. This project began with brain-
storming ideas on South America, diaspora, and literature which trans-
formed dramatically into a full-fledged book.
First, I would like to begin with the writers interviewed, Daniel Alarcón,
Marie Arana, Kathleen De Azevedo, Carolina De Robertis, Patricia Engel,
Carmen Giménez Smith, Daisy Hernández, Jaime Manrique, Farid Matuk,
Julie Sophia Paegle, Mariana Romo-Carmona and Sergio Waisman.
Without your pioneer works and precious words, this project could never
have been born. Thank you from the bottom of my heart!
My colleagues across the U.S. have been especially supportive on this
journey. I thank Frances Aparicio for giving me the opportunity to write
on South American Latino/a writers in the U.S. in the groundbreaking
The Routledge Companion to Latino/a Literature which set me off in all
kinds of directions in research and reading literature by this expanding
group of authors. I am wholeheartedly indebted to Héctor Calderón who
believed in this scholarship from the start and has been generous with
intellectual conversations and unwavering encouragement in the process.
For all the knowledge and experience that she brings to the table, I am
beyond gratitude of all Suzanne Oboler has written on South American
diasporas, U.S. Latinas/os in general, and continues to do so. Norma
Cantú, Barbara Curiel, María Herrera-Sobek, Lisbeth Gant-Britton, and
Sandra Ruíz have also been instrumental in support of this project.
At Northern Arizona University, I acknowledge the support from a
Scholarly Summer Grant and an NEH Summer Stipend nomination for

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

this project. I extend a warm thank you to individuals at my home institute

who were helpful in so many ways during the undertaking of this edited
book, including the Chair of the Department of Global Languages and
Cultures, Patricia Frederick, and my colleagues Edward Hood, Nicole
Price, and Benning Tieke as well as those in other departments, Elizabeth
(Irene) Matthews and Anne Scott. I thank Robert Neustadt and Latin
American Studies for bringing Kathleen De Azevedo to give a wonderful
presentation to the public at NAU. When I taught a graduate course on
South American Latina/o authors at NAU, I was especially pleased by the
excitement and reception from my students who turned in wonderful aca-
demic projects on the works by these authors. Of the graduate students, I
am especially thankful to Angela Dixon and her family who showed me
Bogotá on a brief stay and Ivonne Chipatecua who knew her way around
this grand metropolis. Thank you, Sofía Wolhein, for inviting me to see
the 2014 World Cup Soccer final game between Argentina and Germany
with your Brazilian students and sharing your love of tango!
I have benefitted from conferences and encuentros where I have pre-
sented components of this book project. I thank José Antonio Mazzotti
for organizing the Primer Encuentro de Escritores Peruanos de los Estados
Unidos in collaboration with the Peruvian Consulate in Washington D.C.
and inviting me to participate. Roberto Fernández Retamar extended a
warm invitation to present my work on transnationalism at the III
Coloquio Internacional de los Latinos en los Estados Unidos/Más allá de
los bordes y las fronteras at Casa de las Américas in Havana, Cuba. I am
also grateful to Sergio Waisman for pointing out LASA/Cono Sur in
Montevideo where we formed a panel with Laura Cesarco and Carolina
De Robertis who showed me the roots and routes of Montevideo. Other
conferences include BRASA in Rio de Janeiro, the XI Chicano Literature
and Latino Studies conference in Salamanca, the Second Biennial Latina/o
Literary Theory and Criticism conference in New York City and the
American Studies Association in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
I extend my gratitude to Springer/Palgrave Macmillan for allowing me
to republish “The Task of the Translator: An Interview with Daniel
Alarcón” which appeared originally in Latino Studies 10.3 (Autumn
2012): 395–409.
As with every publication of this kind, I take this moment to show my
appreciation to Tomás Rene, Vicky Bates and other editors at Palgrave
Macmillan who have guided me every step of the way in this process. I am
especially grateful to scholar, author, and editor Norma Cantú, for
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
   vii

e­ncouragement, support, and accepting this project as part of the

Literatures of the Americas Series. It is a perfect fit!
Finally, I pay homage to my family and friends who have not only sup-
ported this project but have encouraged me in every endeavor I have
undertaken over the years. While I traveled to complete parts of this book,
I was fortunate to stay with my longtime high school friend Sally Hui in
New York City where she took me all over NYC to try various interna-
tional cuisines. Reminiscent of the “old days” in San Francisco. I also
treasure my friends in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and beyond, including
Bonnie Lai, William Chang and family, Dexter Porter, Stacey and Alex
Quintanilla, and my brother Zevedeo who has made trips to Lima to bring
me books and other mementos to help my research. This project could
not have happened without my parents, the first South Americans in the
U.S. I knew who traveled from Lima to San Francisco via Hartford and
New York City in the early 1960s. Dad, you are with me in spirit, espe-
cially when I listen to a Peruvian waltz, an Argentine tango, a Colombian
bolero, and more. Mom, your example in perseverance, faith, community
building, and generosity to humankind are incomparable. I love you,
both!
 Contents

I ntroduction: Mapping South American Latinidad

in the United States   1

The Task of the Translator: Daniel Alarcón  13

Bridges Across Lima and Washington D.C.: Marie Arana  31

Dreaming in Brazilian: Kathleen De Azevedo  49

I t Takes Two to Tango Across Montevideo and California:

Carolina De Robertis  67

 raveling the Caribbean, Colombia, and the U.S.: Patricia

T
Engel  85

 y Poetic Feminism Between Peru and the U.S.: Carmen

M
Giménez Smith  99

 ender and Spirituality in Colombia, Cuba and New Jersey:

G
Daisy Hernández 117

ix
x CONTENTS

The Colombiano of Greenwich Village: Jaime Manrique 135

 Meditation on Parenting from Syria to Peru to the U.S.:

A
Farid Matuk 153

 rom Dirty Wars in Argentina and Latvia to Listening

F
to Music: Julie Sophia Paegle 173

 riting the Chilena NuYorker Experience: Mariana

W
Romo-­Carmona 191

 eturning to the Fervor of Buenos Aires from the U.S.: Sergio

R
Waisman 211

Bibliography 229
 Introduction: Mapping South American
Latinidad in the United States

Mapping South American Latina/o Literature in the United States:

Interviews with Contemporary Writers is the first edited book of inter-
views with U.S. authors of South American origins that demonstrates
how they have contributed pioneer work to trans-American literature and
culture in the twenty-first century. Conversing with the authors in this
volume, they have much to say about literature in global contexts, their
experiences as writers in at least two cultures, two languages, and two
nations, and their specific roles as transnational cultural ambassadors
between South America and the United States as I have argued in my
previous work, Transnational Latina Narratives (2009). Through their
transnational experiences the authors have developed communities
throughout different regions and cities across the United States. However,
the texts by the authors in this collection also exemplify a return to their
heritage in South America through memory and travels, often showing
that they maintain strong cultural and literary ties across national bor-
ders, and thus, have created a new chapter in trans-American letters as
critics like Bieger, Saldívar, and Voelz have also observed in rethinking
the national parameters of the American literary canon in The Imaginary
and its World (2013).
While scholars of multi-ethnic American literature have been concerned
with expanding the literary canon to include a plurality of voices from dif-
ferent cultures in the United States, few critics of U.S. Latina/o literature

© The Author(s) 2018 1

J. Heredia, Mapping South American Latina/o Literature
in the United States, Literatures of the Americas,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72392-1_1
2 J. HEREDIA

have examined how migrations from South America to the United States
have affected the representation of Latinas/os in literature and cultural
studies in a transnational context in the twenty-first century. By South
America, I refer to the geographical region south of Panama/Central
America, particularly Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and
Uruguay, nations that are heritages or homelands to the writers in this
collection. At a moment in time when Latinas/os have become the largest
growing cultural ethnic group in the United States, it is necessary to look
at the diversity within this population, because each group brings its own
history, cultural practices, and literary contributions which make the
Latina/o community very dynamic and versatile in the United States.
Mapping South American Latina/o Literature consists of interviews
with twelve authors who trace their descent from South American coun-
tries mentioned above. They discuss their education, literary influences,
intellectual formation, and journeys between South America and the
United States to demonstrate the historical events that have affected their
lives. This original scholarship points to a new direction in trans-American
literary studies within a broader context of world literature in the twenty-­
first century because it examines the global dimensions of authors who
move between nations in the contemporary period, not just a one-sided
terminal migration from South America to the United States. As these
interviews show, the writers answer questions to probe a multi-faceted
identity affected by gender, class, languages, race, migrations, urbaniza-
tion, and social justice.
For this edited collection, I conducted interviews with these twelve
authors as a methodology that allowed me to produce new knowledge
with respect to a trans-American literary movement. This kind of study can
serve as a foundation for critical articles and monographs in research as
well as a useful resource for students in undergraduate and graduate
courses on U.S. Latina/o literature and culture. I interviewed most of the
authors in person in 2013–2015 close to their homes in Los Angeles,
Miami, New York City, the San Francisco Bay Area, and Washington
D.C. I also had the privilege of meeting a few of them in their heritage
cities such as Lima and Montevideo which also helped me better compre-
hend the author in his/her South American environs. Each segment con-
sists of a brief biography and the interview, offering further understanding
of the historical context of South American–U.S. relations. Each interview
also emphasizes a different period of migration from the twentieth century
to the contemporary period that has affected each author.
 INTRODUCTION: MAPPING SOUTH AMERICAN LATINIDAD… 3

The significance of this volume is quite timely because in the post-2000

period, these authors are publishing literary works within a global context
that departs from the nationalist approach of the past and thereby, broad-
ening the trans-American literary canon but also conversing with a Latin
American literary tradition. The geographical parameters of their stories,
for example, are not limited solely to spaces within the U.S., but instead
cover a broad range in South America and at times, Europe. Almost all the
authors in this project are first generation Latinos in the United States
whose families are direct products of South American migrations and, at
times, their families in South America are products of other migrations
from Africa, Europe, or the Middle East as a consequence of slavery, the
Holocaust, and refugee immigration. Furthermore, these writers form
part of a diaspora in the U.S. that has been affected by political and/or
economic displacement from the 1960s to the 1990s period such as civil
wars (i.e. Peru’s Shining Path, Colombia’s drug war) and dictatorships
(i.e. Argentina’s Dirty War, Chilean Pinochet’s military government) forc-
ing many to leave as emigrants or exiles to countries such as the U.S. Much
of this historical context can also be found in books in the Duke Latin
American Readers Series I include in the bibliography.
Historically, people of South American background have arrived in the
United States since the late seventeenth century, some of whom were try-
ing to escape the wars of independence that their South American home-
lands were fighting against Spain. Some of the first Chilean and Peruvian
immigrants came to work as miners in San Francisco in 1849 during the
Gold Rush period. During the Second World War South Americans from
privileged backgrounds had opportunities to travel to study at universities
in the U.S. according to Oboler in “South Americans” (2005). In another
important period in the 1980s the largest waves of South Americans
migrated and settled in different regions of the United States as a conse-
quence of economic and/or political displacement from their home
countries. In spite of these historical events, South American descent
authors are the least known of the Latina/o groups in the United States
because they are a small group compared to the more established Latina/o
ones like Chicanos/Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans in the U.S., and
Cuban Americans whose governments have also had a longer and compli-
cated history with the United States (i.e. Treaty of Guadalupe of 1848,
Spanish American War of 1898, and the Cuban Revolution of 1959)
according to Bost and Aparicio. Furthermore, it is important to under-
score how South America has been at the center of global history before
4 J. HEREDIA

its ties to the U.S. Before these nations became independent politically in
the nineteenth century, they were colonies of Spain and Portugal and,
thus, began the process of modernization in the colonial period of the
fifteenth century. Cities in South America like Bogotá, Buenos Aires,
Lima, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, and Santiago have become cultural
centers of globalization and urbanization due to the transnational migration
of their people discussed in collections such as The Lima Reader and The
Rio de Janeiro Reader. Each nation in South America has not only experi-
enced internal migrations with people moving from the provinces to cities
for work and education but these nations have also endured colonial lega-
cies such as African slavery, European, Middle Eastern and Asian immigra-
tions to construct exploding multi-ethnic metropolitan centers. The
authors interviewed are aware of these historical disruptions that have
affected their lives, their families and ancestors and through the writers’
words, they hold onto the memory of these powerful stories.
Many writers in this collection constitute fairly new voices within
Latina/o literary studies, some have gained prominence in both, Latina/o
literary circles and in venues such as The New York Times and The
Washington Post. However, scholars in academia have paid minimal critical
attention to the importance of their literary texts in the trans-American
literary canon. Ironically, some authors in this collection have received
much attention from wider world literature because they address global
issues in their texts that reach a readership beyond U.S. borders.
In many respects, this original scholarship advances the critical dialogue
initiated by José Luis Falconi and José Antonio Mazzotti’s edited The
“Other” Latinos: Central and South Americans in the United States (2008),
a special issue dedicated to South American Latinos in the U.S. in Latino
Studies (2005) edited by Suzanne Oboler, and scholarship by Marilyn
Espitia concerning South American migrations to the United States
(2004). These aforementioned works began the critical conversation
within the context of historical and migration patterns. On the other
hand, Mapping South American Latina/o Literature represents an impor-
tant contribution to the literary and cultural contexts by positioning South
American descent authors as creators of new epistemologies between the
U.S./Global North and South America/Global South. These Latina/o
authors do so by discussing the personal context of migrations to and from
their South American nation under specific historical circumstances, be it
in the narrative form, poetry, essay, or journalism, an endeavor that has
never been done before. Their words serve as testimonies to a kind of oral
 INTRODUCTION: MAPPING SOUTH AMERICAN LATINIDAD… 5

history that will record how descendants of South American immigrants

have made their cultural and literary marks in the U.S. which are as impor-
tant as previous generations of U.S. Latina/o authors (Kevane and Heredia
1–18).
Before presenting the chapters which include the interviews with the
specific authors, it is important to note some common themes that derived
from my conversations with these writers despite the differences in genera-
tion, gender, and historical migrations. Unlike the more established
Latina/o groups like Chicanas/os concentrated primarily in the South­
west, Latino Caribbeans living in the East Coast, and Cuban Americans
settled in Florida, many South American communities are dispersed all
over the U.S. forming archipelagos or enclaves in metropolitan U.S. cities
in places like Los Angeles, New York, and Miami, where one finds neigh-
borhoods named Little Colombia, Little Peru, and Little Brazil according
to Guarnizo, Margolis, and Paerregaard. Even though the authors in this
collection may not necessarily come from these communities, they main-
tain their South American cultural practices through their family ties. It is
no surprise, then, that the authors welcomed questions regarding their
families and genealogies to show how these histories affected their mixed
hybrid identities as transnational writers of today. In many respects, the
authors served as translators for family members linguistically and cultur-
ally traversing national lines. One also discovers a rich treasure of stories
about resilience, hard work, and the dual elements of success and sacrifice
as Latinas/os living in the United States. The authors share certain cul-
tural practices related to musical tastes, culinary foods, sports, spiritual
practices, and more to maintain their South American cultures alive in the
U.S. Past, present and future meet.
Along with family histories, the authors in this collection discussed
their education revealing the circumstances that led them to become
authors and educators. Although their areas of specialization in college
varied from Comparative Literature, English, French, Journalism, Russian,
Spanish, and Theatre to Anthropology, Biology, and Environmental
Sciences, all ended up as writers. Their professions range from profes-
sors of literature, creative writing, and journalism to an editor in pub-
lishing. Some, such as Daniel Alarcón, Carolina De Robertis, Farid
Matuk, Mariana Romo-Carmona, and Sergio Waisman, are literary trans-
lators working with various languages, and many are professors at insti-
tutions of higher learning in the U.S. Even though many authors in this
collection may publish primarily in English, they do not forget the value
6 J. HEREDIA

of Spanish or Portuguese and reaching a wider reading audience, be it in

the original language or through translations. This attitude shows that the
authors are concerned with their respective South American heritage and
conscientious of including some of these elements in their writing. By
incorporating the references to South American cultural or historical ele-
ments in their writings, these authors are changing the literary landscape
of trans-­American literature and in particular, U.S. Latina/o literature.
By representing iconic figures from history, politics, and popular cul-
ture in South America, the U.S. Latina/o authors interviewed are provid-
ing a unique vision by broadening the trans-American literary canon in a
transnational context. It should come as no surprise that some authors are
concerned with exploring historical figures who fought in the indepen-
dence movements in the nineteenth century such as Venezuelan Simón
Bolívar, Argentine José de San Martín, and Ecuadorian Manuela Sáenz.
One also finds a revindication of icons in politics and popular culture such
as the legendary Brazilian/Portuguese entertainer Carmen Miranda,
Argentine female politician Eva Perón, and Argentine tango singer Carlos
Gardel. Yet, it is important to remember that these South American
descent authors in the U.S. are writing from the Global North to the
Global South and, thus, opening a new literary dialogue with South
Americans by publishing in English. Essentially, these authors are bringing
a new vision of the way they view South American cultures, histories and
literatures because they have been formed and affected by North American
influences for most of their lives.
As for intellectual formation, many authors shared the significance of
reading across global borders. Since many were primarily educated in the
U.S. they noted the value of English and American novelists from Maxine
Hong Kingston, Toni Morrison, and Virginia Woolf to poets/essayists
John Ashbery, James Baldwin, and Camille Paglia. At the same time, many
expressed the literary influences from Irish, Polish, Russian, and
Francophone literary traditions due to common experiences of exile or
writing from the margins. But one group many of the interviewed authors
returned to was a South American literary tradition, especially the
renowned authors of the Latin American literary boom who emerged in the
1960s such as Argentine Julio Cortázar, Nobel Prize winners Colombian
Gabriel García Márquez, and Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa, and their precur-
sors Argentine Jorge Luis Borges and Uruguayan Juan Carlos Onetti, and
vanguard Latin American poets such as Chilean Pablo Neruda and Gabriela
Mistral, Peruvian César Vallejo, and Uruguayan Juana de Ibarbourou.
 INTRODUCTION: MAPPING SOUTH AMERICAN LATINIDAD… 7

Some of the authors interviewed (i.e. Daniel Alarcón, Marie Arana, Patricia
Engel, Jaime Manrique) have also formed personal relationships, friend-
ships, and professional alliances with South American authors because they
have been invited to book festivals at international venues over the years, for
example the annual HAY Festival in Cartagena, Colombia, an event that I
had the pleasure of attending in 2016. These collaborations between South
American and South American descent authors in the U.S. also exemplify a
new chapter in U.S. Latina/o literary studies that wishes to build literary
and cultural bridges across transnational lines. Moreover, it is significant to
underline that these South American descent authors are in general working
with authors of various nationalities in projects such as edited collections or
translations. In fact, the authors interviewed have had their own works of
fiction translated into numerous languages across the globe. One can easily
visit the authors’ websites and learn of the languages into which their works
have been translated or won international awards. This endeavor and effort
by publishers has made their works more accessible to a wider world reader-
ship that is further expanding U.S. Latina/o literature.
The authors interviewed also shared a strong concern with social jus-
tice, especially with respect to gender and racial equality, immigration, and
resistance against political or sexual violence, in their texts and in their
realities. Some have been social activists who defended the rights of
LGBTQ communities of color in the U.S.; others had experience in social
work or nonprofit organizations that also influenced their lives or creative
productivity in one way or another. For example, Daisy Hernández, Jaime
Manrique, Carolina De Robertis, and Mariana Romo-Carmona com-
mented on how revindicating the voices of marginalized communities in
history and society was significant in their works. All the authors in this
collection recognized the social injustices in their respective South
American nations as much as in the U.S. Kathleen De Azevedo, Carmen
Giménez Smith and Julie Sophia Paegle pay particular attention to the
mythology of female figures in history and popular culture. Over time the
authors interviewed have developed the ability to see behind institutional
racism and classism that affects a multitude of people across the Americas.
Perhaps the U.S. experience of diversity and inclusion enables them to
perceive these social injustices across global contexts and makes them
aware as transnational cultural ambassadors.
The interviews with the authors in this collection are listed alpha-
betically. I selected titles that reflected critical elements of where the
author was from, had lived or traveled, to inform something about their
8 J. HEREDIA

identities and places that mattered to them, be they neighborhoods,

cities, or states in the U.S. and South America. As a group, these authors
represent different generations, but all hold a strong affinity with South
America where they maintain strong connections to family members and/
or cultural institutes. Many of these South American descent authors are
not only of mixed heritages, but they are also multilingual, which opens
many possibilities beyond the U.S. and the English-speaking world. These
experiences also form part of this critical paradigm in mapping a South
American Latina/o literature in the U.S. that is increasingly changing the
literary and cultural landscape of the U.S. Some are known in the areas of
U.S. Latina/o studies, others in the areas of American and Latin American
studies. I also included a sample of their literary awards and honors to
show the importance of these authors in contemporary times and their
impact in the U.S. and abroad.
In “The Task of the Translator,” Daniel Alarcón tracks his experiences
from Peru to Birmingham, Alabama, New York City, Iowa City, and the
Bay Area in California. He was born in Lima and raised in the United
States since the age of three. As an author, editor, journalist, podcast pro-
ducer and translator, he has received critical acclaim and international
awards for his fiction, journalism, and podcast Radio Ambulante. He is
not only an active contributor to literary magazines in the United States
but he has also played a significant role in Peruvian/Latin American liter-
ary circles. He discusses how his experiences as much in Peru as in the
United States have made him the writer he is today as a translator of cul-
tures, languages, and worlds that would not reach an English-speaking
audience otherwise.
In “Bridges Across Lima and Washington D.C.,” author, editor and
journalist Marie Arana traces her journey from her childhood in Peru to
her formidable career in book publishing in New York City, journalism at
The Washington Post, and authoring award-winning books in the U.S. She
was born in Lima and raised in the United States since the age of nine. She
discusses how learning various languages, living and traveling in different
parts of the world have affected her vision of domestic and global cultures.
She also notes the importance of recovering history in her works which
has taken her research to libraries and archives in South America as well as
in the United States. As an advocate of writers and artists, she also orga-
nizes events at the National Books Festival in Washington D.C.
In “Dreaming in Brazilian,” Kathleen De Azevedo shares insightful
experiences of what it means to reconnect with Portuguese and her
 INTRODUCTION: MAPPING SOUTH AMERICAN LATINIDAD… 9

Brazilian roots after returning to visit relatives in Brazil as an adult. She

discovered much about Brazilian culture, history, and politics. Born in Rio
de Janeiro to a Brazilian mother and Jewish American father, she came of
age during a time when few Latina/o representations existed in film and
popular culture in the United States. This motivated her to explore the
iconic figure of Carmen Miranda and incorporate the Jewish side of her
heritage in the first novel written in English about the Brazilian diasporic
experience in the United States. As an educator, essayist, and novelist, De
Azevedo contributes much to the representation of Brazil and its diaspora
through her writings.
In “It Takes Two to Tango Across Montevideo and California,”
Carolina De Robertis discusses how she immersed herself in literature at a
young age by reading in English while also having a familiarity with other
languages. Born to Uruguayan parents and raised in England and
Switzerland, she spent her formative years in Los Angeles, California, since
she was ten. She explains the importance of returning to her cultural roots
in Montevideo, Uruguay, through memory, talking to people on return
journeys, and acknowledging the human rights of victims who survived
the dictatorship, all of which have made their marks in her critically
acclaimed and award-winning novels. As an author, editor, educator, and
translator, De Robertis is conscientious of doing justice to the representa-
tion of gender, race, and immigration in her literary works and in her
social advocacy.
In “Traveling the Caribbean, Colombia, and the U.S.,” Patricia Engel
discusses how she developed an interest in writing and the arts when she
was a youngster. She was born to Colombian parents and raised in New
Jersey to become a fiction writer and essayist. Having lived and studied in
New York City, Miami, and Paris, she also informs how her trips to
Colombia at various stages of her life have been crucial in her formation as
a writer. Her much praised and award-winning short fiction and novels
represent the displacement of immigrants and their children in many
global contexts, including Colombia, Cuba, France, and the United States.
Her narratives not only capture the effects of a civil war and migration but
they are also invested in understanding the intimacy in relationships that
result from crossing cultural and national boundaries.
In “My Poetic Feminism between Peru and the U.S.,” Carmen
Giménez Smith reveals the significance of developing her feminist
­consciousness in her poetry and essays by paying tribute to Second-wave
feminism and her mother. Born and raised in New York City until the age of
10 J. HEREDIA

ten to a Peruvian mother and Argentine father, she spent her formative
years in San José, California. Although she was educated and trained as a
poet in the U.S., she explains the importance of returning to Lima, as an
adult and becoming immersed in contemporary Peruvian culture and lit-
erature. In addition to earning awards and honors for her poetry and
memoir, Giménez Smith comments on the current status of poetry in the
United States, Latina/o poets in particular, international poets and her
engagement with popular culture.
In “Gender and Spirituality in Colombia, Cuba, and New Jersey,”
Daisy Hernández discusses her evolution from her time at The New York
Times and Ms. magazine to her experiences at Colorlines in the San
Francisco Bay Area. During this time, she developed her vision of social
justice regarding race, immigration, LGBTQ communities and global
health issues. Hernández was born and raised in Union City, New Jersey,
to a Colombian mother and a Cuban father. Attentive to the multiple heri-
tages and languages in her formation as a journalist and author, she also
became aware of the role of media in disseminating local and global news,
realizing that reportage on violence against queer youth of color was rarely
told. This affected the stories she selected for her critically acclaimed
memoir for which she has earned national and international honors and
awards.
In “The Colombiano of Greenwich Village,” we meet author, critic,
and journalist Jaime Manrique who has lived most of his life in New York
City. He was born and raised in Baranquilla and Bogotá, Colombia, until
he was a teenager. While he is a worldwide traveler, having visited coun-
tries as diverse as Algeria, Peru, and Spain for his research, he maintains
close cultural and literary ties with Colombia. He discusses his literary
evolution and transition from Spanish to English since he began publish-
ing his works in the 1970s. He has earned numerous awards and honors
in the U.S. and abroad for his works that range from poetry, essays, novels,
and autobiography to literary and film criticism. Manrique considers the
importance of rethinking canonical authors and recovering marginal fig-
ures in Spanish, Latin American, and U.S. Latina/o literary traditions.
In “A Meditation on Parenting from Syria to Peru to the U.S.,” Farid
Matuk reflects on how his multiple heritages, languages, and travels to
South America have influenced him in becoming a poet, essayist, and
translator. Born in Lima, Peru, Farid Matuk left with his Syrian descent
family in Peru for the U.S. at the age of six and spent his formative years
in Anaheim, California. Having earned honors and awards for his poetry,
Another random document with
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 claims to have prevented war, 451;
his opinion of Jefferson’s second administration, 454;
his remarks on Jefferson, v. 78;
on Erskine’s arrangement, 79;
on Madison’s message, 177;
his attempt to reduce expenditures in 1810, 199–207;
on the incapacity of government, 209;
on the contract with Napoleon, 344, 345;
his quarrel with Eppes, 352;
denounces the previous question, 353;
his remarks on President and Cabinet, February, 1811, 360,
361;
supports the Bank Charter, 362;
his opinion of “the cabal,” 363, 364;
his quarrel with Monroe, 367;
his report on slavery in Indiana, vi. 76;
replies to Grundy on war, 142, 145;
ridicules army bill, 153;
declares war impossible, 202;
his comments on Eustis and Hamilton, 206;
his remarks on war, 211;
criticises Gallatin, 446;
defeated for Congress, in 1813, vii. 51;
quoted by Pickering, viii. 5;
his letter to Lloyd on the Hartford Convention, 230, 306;
elected to the Fourteenth Congress, 230; ix. 93;
suggests inquiry of Monroe’s opinions in 1800, viii. 265;
in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107;
leads minority, 109–111;
opposes manufacturers, 112, 113, 115;
hostile to State banks, 116, 117;
supports Compensation Bill, 121;
not a friend of Monroe, 124;
on the popular action against the Compensation Act, 136;
his oratory, 217.
Randolph, T. J., Jefferson’s letter to, iv. 138, 139.
Randolph, Thomas Mann, member of Congress from Virginia, ii.
95, 124; iii. 183, 356.
Rank-and-file, mode of stating strength of armies, vii. 150.
Ratford, Jenkin, a deserter from the “Halifax,” iv. 2;
taken from the “Chesapeake,” 19;
hanged, 25.
“Rattlesnake,” American 16-gun sloop-of-war, vii. 312;
captured, 313; viii. 193.
“Rattlesnake,” privateer, in British waters, vii. 333.
Rawle, William, i. 127; ii. 259.
Reading in Massachusetts, town of, votes to pay no more taxes,
viii. 299.
Red Clubs, hostile Creeks, vii. 227;
their flight to Florida, 257;
their number, 258;
assisted by British, 320, 330; viii. 311, 319, 320;
pursued by Jackson, 319, 330.
Reeve, Judge Tapping, ii. 168.
Regiments (see Infantry).
Regnier, Grand Judge, announces the enforcement of the Berlin
Decree, iv. 169.
Reid, Samuel C., captain of privateer “General Armstrong,” his
battle at Fayal, viii. 202–207.
“Reindeer,” British 18-gun sloop-of-war, captured by the “Wasp,”
viii. 186–188; ix. 230.
“Reindeer,” privateer, built in thirty-five days, viii. 194.
Remusat, Mme. de, v. 235.
Representation, ratio of Congressional, fixed, i. 301.
Republicans (see Party).
Retaliation acts, ii. 397 et seq.
“Revenge,” the, sails with instructions to Monroe respecting the
“Leopard” outrage, iv. 39;
returns, 133, 166.
Revenue (see Finances).
Rhea, James, captain in the First United States Infantry, vii. 73.
Rhea, John, member of Congress from Tennessee, on the
annexation of West Florida to Louisiana, v. 324;
asserts contract with Napoleon, 343.
Rhine, passed by the allied armies, vii. 373.
Rhode Island, roads in, i. 64;
appoints delegates to the Hartford Convention, viii. 227;
elects federalist congressmen in November, 1814, 228;
cotton manufactures of, depressed by the peace, ix. 96;
federalist in 1816, 133.
Riall, P., British major-general, his force, viii. 38;
takes position behind the Chippawa River, 40;
advances in order of battle, 41;
his report of his defeat, 43, 44;
his loss, 45;
retires toward Burlington, 45;
advances to Lundy’s Lane, 47, 49;
orders retreat, 51;
wounded and captured, 52.
Rice, value of export of, in 1815, ix. 94;
in 1816, 126.
Richardson, ——, lieutenant of Canadian militia, his account of
the capture of Detroit, ii. 332;
his description of Kentucky militia, vii. 96, 97.
Rifles, efficiency of, vii. 95; ix. 231;
First Regiment of, viii. 69;
at Fort Erie, 71, 83;
Fourth Regiment of, at Fort Erie, 83;
in the sortie, 87–89.
Rigaud, i. 384, 386.
Ripley, Eleazar Wheelock, colonel of Twenty-first U. S. Infantry,
at the battle of Chrystler’s Farm, vii. 188;
promoted to brigadier and sent to Niagara, 409;
his previous history, viii. 35;
his brigade, 36;
crosses the Niagara, 39;
arrives at Chippawa, 40;
 not in battle of Chippawa, 43;
advises advance on Burlington Heights, 47;
strength of his brigade, 47;
arrives on the battle-field at Lundy’s Lane, 53;
captures the British position, 54–56;
holds the hill-top, 58;
ordered to retreat, 59;
his losses, 64;
ordered to regain the field of battle, 64, 65;
marches out and returns, 65;
retreats to Fort Erie, 66, 70;
his quarrel with Brown, 66, 67, 81, 85;
fortifies Fort Erie, 67;
strength of his brigade, 69;
repulses assault, 71, 72, 74;
discourages sortie, 85;
desperately wounded in sortie, 88, 89;
retained on peace establishment, ix. 88.
Ritchie, John, captain of artillery in Hindman’s battalion, viii. 37;
at Lundy’s Lane, 53;
killed, 58.
Roads, in 1800, i. 2, 5, 11 et seq., 14, 63, 64;
over the Alleghanies in 1800, 2;
Jefferson’s proposed fund for, iii. 2, 345;
through the Creek and Cherokee country, 14;
Jefferson’s anxiety to begin, 19;
Cumberland, 181;
proposed by Gallatin, iv. 364, 365;
and canals, national, recommended by Madison, ix. 105;
encouraged by Virginia in 1816, 163–165;
popular demand for, 168, 169.
Robbins, Jonathan, case of, ii. 333.
Roberts, Jonathan, elected senator, vii. 401.
Robertson, Thomas Bolling, member of Congress from
Louisiana, favors protection to sugar, ix. 114.
Robinson, W. H., British commissary-general, his report on the
failure of supplies for Upper Canada, viii. 92.
Robinson, ——, major-general in British army, commands light
brigade at Plattsburg, viii. 101;
moves on the works, 110, 111.
Rochambeau, General, succeeds Leclerc at St. Domingo, ii. 15;
iii. 87.
Rockingham, in New Hampshire, county meeting of, vi. 403,
409.
Rockville, or Montgomery Court House, sixteen miles from
Washington, viii. 142;
Winder arrives at, 154, 156.
Rodgers, John, captain in the United States navy, at Tripoli, ii.
429;
president of Barron’s court-martial, iv. 21;
ordered to sea in the “President,” May 6, 1811, vi. 25;
chases the “Little Belt,” 26, 27;
mistakes the “Little Belt” for the “Guerriere,” 29, 30;
his action with the “Little Belt,” 28–36;
his orders in June, 1812, 363, 365, 367, 368;
chases the “Belvidera,” 366;
arrives with his squadron at Boston, 375;
sails again with squadron, 378, 381;
returns, Dec. 31, 1812, 381;
goes to sea April 30, 1813, vii. 285, 287;
erects batteries on the Potomac, viii. 164.
Rodney, Cæsar A., elected to Congress in place of James A.
Bayard, ii. 76, 95;
a Republican leader, 100;
defends the Louisiana treaty, 102;
reports Jefferson’s bill for administering Louisiana, 119;
shares in the trial of Judge Chase, 219, 228, 234;
attorney-general, undertakes the prosecution of Burr, iii. 444;
points out the consequences to the Administration of
convicting Wilkinson, 455;
his opinion concerning Judge Johnson’s mandamus, iv. 264;
 his report on slavery in Indiana, vi. 76;
resigns attorney-generalship, 429.
Rose, George, vice-president of the board of trade, ii. 419;
his view of the Orders in Council, iv. 100, 102;
on the Orders in Council, vi. 276, 277, 281, 283;
yields to an inquiry, 283.
Rose, George Henry, sent as envoy for the adjustment of the
“Chesapeake” affair, iv. 104; v. 112;
his ignorance of the Orders in Council, iv. 133;
arrives at Norfolk on the “Statira,” 178;
his instructions, 178–182;
his character and qualities, 182;
his description of Congress, 184;
explains to Madison that Jefferson’s proclamation is a
stumbling-block, 187;
his letter to Canning, 188;
suggests withdrawal of the proclamation, 190;
explains the new proposals of Jefferson to Canning, 192;
difficulties in the way of following his instructions, 192;
reveals the further disavowals expected, 193;
breaks off negotiation, 196;
makes his parting visits, and has free conversation with
Gallatin and Smith, 197;
writes to Canning under Pickering’s influence, 232;
intended as minister to the United States to succeed Erskine,
v. 95.
Rosily, Admiral, iv. 298.
Ross, Robert, major-general of the British army, commands
expedition to America, viii. 124;
arrives in the Potomac, 127;
lands in the Patuxent, August 19, 1814, 128;
camps at Nottingham, August 21, 129;
camps at Marlboro, August 22, 130;
camps at Old Fields, August 23, 131;
his report of losses at Bladensburg, 144;
enters Washington, 145; ix. 21;
 reported by Serurier as setting fire to furniture in the White
House, viii. 146;
retires from Washington, 147, 148;
takes part in incendiarism, 164;
lands his army before Baltimore, 168;
killed, 170; ix. 42;
intended for command of New Orleans expedition, viii. 311–
313;
his capture of Washington highly approved by the Prince
Regent, 314, 315;
his movements synchronous with Jackson’s, 318.
“Rossie,” Baltimore privateer, vii. 316, 335.
“Rota,” British 38-gun frigate, viii. 205, 206.
Rottenburg (see De Rottenburg).
Roumanzoff, Count Nicholas, chancellor of the Russian empire,
his language about Austria, v. 134;
declines to interfere in Danish spoliations, 409, 410, 411;
declines to release vessels at Archangel, 415;
protests against ukase, 418;
offers the Czar’s mediation, vii. 27, 29;
left at St. Petersburg, 344, 345;
receives Castlereagh’s refusal of mediation in May, 345, 346;
favors renewing offer, June 20, 347;
authorized by the Czar, July 20, to renew offer, 348;
his conduct perplexes the American commissioners, 349;
his motives, 350;
renews offer of mediation in note of August 28, 351, 353;
mortified by the Czar’s treatment, 353, 354;
assures Gallatin that mediation was the Czar’s idea, 353;
resigns and retires, 354, 355.
Roume, Citizen, French agent in St. Domingo, i. 384, 387.
Round Head, Indian chief, at the River Raisin, vii. 94;
captures Winchester, 96.
Rouse’s Point, difficulty in fortifying, viii. 97, 98.
Rovigo, Duc de (see Savary).
Rule of the war of 1756, that trade illegal in peace should not
be permitted in times of war, ii. 322, 323, 329;
affirmed by Lord Mulgrave, iii. 48;
assumed by James Stephen, 51, 53;
applied by the Whigs, 419;
insufficient to protect British trade, iv. 100, 319;
Erskine reports Gallatin ready to concede, 389;
Canning’s demand for express recognition of, v. 53, 55, 72,
104.
“Running ships,” vii. 315.
Rush, Richard, comptroller of the Treasury, vi. 229;
on the loss of the “Chesapeake,” vii. 303;
offered the Treasury, 397;
appointed attorney-general, 398, 399;
attends the President to Bladensburg, viii. 137, 140;
and in the subsequent flight, 149, 150;
returns to Washington, 157.
Russell, Jonathan, charged with legation at Paris, v. 260, 380;
his reports on the revocation of the decrees, 381–395;
blamed by Monroe for questioning the revocation of the
French decrees, vi. 42;
blamed by Serurier for his tone, 53;
sent as chargé to the legation at London, 252, 282;
asks proofs that the French decrees are repealed, 252;
his reports from London, 283;
his interview with Castlereagh, Aug. 24, 1812, vii. 2, 3;
nominated minister to Sweden, 59;
nomination not confirmed by the Senate, 62, 63, 71;
confirmed, 64, 371;
at Ghent, ix. 14, 16, 46.
Russia, wishes to exchange ministers with the United States, iv.
465;
declined by Senate, 466;
mission to, declared inexpedient, v. 11;
minister to, appointed, 86;
her rupture with France in 1811, 385, 398, 399, 412–423;
 annoyed by American war, vii. 1, 26;
loses and recovers Moscow, 9, 26, 27, 30;
drives Napoleon from Poland and Prussia, 11, 30;
offers mediation to the United States, 28, 29, 41.
(See Alexander, Roumanzoff, Nesselrode.)
Rutledge, John, member of Congress from South Carolina, i.
269, 271.
Ryland, Herman W., secretary to Sir James Craig, iv. 243, 460; v.
86.

Sackett’s Harbor, military importance of, vi. 342, 343;

force concentrated at, in March, 1813, vii. 149, 150;
denuded of troops, 156, 163;
attacked, 164, 165;
attack repulsed, 166–170;
garrison at, in 1814, viii. 91;
to be besieged in the spring of 1815, 92, 118, 119.
Sailors (see Seamen).
St. Augustine (see Florida, East).
St. Cyr, Gouvion, French ambassador at Madrid, pledges France
never to alienate Louisiana, i. 400; ii. 61.
St. Domingo ceded to France, i. 354, 378 et seq.;
destruction of the French army in, 414;
relations of United States to, ii. 326;
independence declared, iii. 87;
armed trade with, 87;
Napoleon’s prohibition of, 89;
trade with, prohibited by act of Congress, 141;
character of the act, 142;
Southern reasons for approving, 142.
“St. Lawrence,” British line-of-battle ship, on Lake Ontario, viii.
93.
St. Lawrence River, strategic importance of, vii. 144–147;
Wilkinson’s expedition down, 178–191;
difficulties of transport on, viii. 92;
both banks to be Canadian, ix. 7, 10, 31.
St. Mary’s, seized by British, ix. 62.
St. Mary’s River, v. 165.
Salaberry (see De Salaberry).
Salaries of cabinet officers, vii. 398;
of public officials, ix. 119–122.
Salt, repeal of duty on, iii. 182, 183; vi. 149, 150;
tax to be re-enacted, 157, 166, 167.
“San Domingo,” British ship-of-the-line, vii. 272.
Sandusky River, base of Harrison’s campaigns, vii. 76, 78, 79,
84, 108, 109.
(See Fort Stephenson.)
Sandwich, opposite Detroit, vi. 302;
occupied by Harrison, vii. 132.
Saratoga, i. 92;
Armstrong’s idea of renewing the scene of, vii. 173; viii. 101.
“Saratoga,” Macdonough’s flagship on Lake Champlain, viii. 104;
her armament, 105;
in the battle of Plattsburg, 107–110;
her losses, 111; ix. 234.
Sargent, Daniel, iv. 413.
Sassafras River, in Maryland, Cockburn’s expedition to, vii. 268;
Sir Peter Parker stationed off, viii. 165.
Sauvé, Pierre, ii. 401, 406; iii. 301.
Savannah, threatened by British, ix. 63.
Savary, Duc de Rovigo, v. 241.
Sawyer, British vice-admiral, vi. 368.
Sawyer, Lemuel, member of Congress from North Carolina, v.
184.
Scheldt, British expedition to, v. 107.
Schooner, the swiftest sailer in the world, vi. 48;
privateer, vii. 315, 316;
a wonderful invention, 319, 320; ix. 228, 236;
the triumph of the war, vii. 322, 323.
Schuylers of New York, the, i. 108.
Scott, ——, British colonel of the Hundred-and-third Regiment,
at Lundy’s Lane, viii. 50;
 leads assault on Fort Erie, 72, 75;
killed, 76, 78.
Scott, Charles, governor of Kentucky, vii. 73.
Scott, Dred, case of, ii. 126, 129.
Scott, Michael, author of “Tom Cringle’s Log,” vii. 321;
his remarks on Yankee sailors and schooners, 321–323.
Scott, Walter, i. 126; ix. 212.
Scott, Sir William, his judgments in admiralty cases, ii. 327;
his judgment in the case of the “Essex,” iii. 44, 45, 47;
news of judgment received in America, 95, 96;
opposes reforms in his court, iv. 96;
his remarks on the right of retaliation, 321;
decides the French decrees to be still in force, vi. 267.
Scott, Winfield, captain of artillery in 1808, vi. 292;
his description of the army, 292;
lieutenant-colonel at Queenston Heights, 351;
surrenders, 352;
colonel of Second U. S. artillery, chief-of-staff to Dearborn, vii.
156, 161;
captures Fort George, 157, 158;
his opinion of Wilkinson, 173;
his opinion of Hampton, 174;
his opinion of Brown, 409;
promoted to brigadier, 409;
drills his brigade at Buffalo, viii. 28, 36;
organization and strength of his brigade, 35;
lands below Fort Erie, 39;
marches on Chippawa, 39, 40;
fights the battle of Chippawa, 41–45;
ordered to march toward Queenston, 50;
attacks British army at Lundy’s Lane, 51–53;
wounded, 58, 66;
his brigade, 236;
retained on peace establishment, ix. 88.
“Scourge,” privateer, in British waters, vii. 333.
Seamen, British, their desertion to American service, ii. 332–
339;
in the American marine, iii. 94;
desertion of, iv. 1;
foreign, in the American service, vi. 455–457;
foreign, to be excluded from American vessels, vii. 47.
Search, right of, ii. 322;
as understood by Napoleon, v. 137, 145.
Seaver, Ebenezer, member of Congress from Massachusetts, vi.
400.
Sebastian, Judge, iii. 274;
resigns, 293.
Sedition Law (see Acts of Congress).
Seminole Indians, vii. 217, 218.
Semonville, Comte de, his official address, v. 382, 388; vi. 8.
Senate (see Congress).
“Serapis,” British 44-gun frigate, vii. 6.
Sergeant, John, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, ix.
107;
opposes bank, 118;
sent to Europe, 131.
Serurier, Jean Matthieu Philibert, succeeds Turreau as French
minister at Washington, v. 345, 346;
his first interview with Robert Smith, 346;
reports the government decided to enforce non-intercourse
against Great Britain, 347;
his estimates of Gallatin and Robert Smith, vi. 46–50;
the crisis of his fortune, 52;
reports Monroe’s anger at Napoleon’s conduct, 51, 53, 54, 67;
remonstrates at Barlow’s delay, 55;
his letter of July 19, 1811, on the repeal of Napoleon’s
decrees, 60;
his report of Monroe’s and Madison’s remarks on Napoleon’s
arrangements, July, 1811, 63, 64;
his report of Madison’s warlike plans in November, 1811, 129,
130;
 his reports on Crillon and John Henry’s papers, 178–181;
his report of Madison’s language on the French spoliations,
187;
his report of Monroe’s language regarding the repeal of the
French decrees, 188, 189, 194, 195;
his report of Monroe’s remarks on the embargo and war, 200;
remonstrates against suspension of the Non-importation Act,
205;
his remarks on the failure of the loan, 208;
his report of angry feeling against France, 217;
his report of Monroe’s complaints in June, 1812, 231;
his report of Monroe’s language about the occupation of East
Florida, 241;
his report of Monroe’s language about negotiation for peace,
415, 416;
his report of Monroe’s military prospects, vii. 35, 36;
his report of fears for the safety of Washington, in July, 1813,
56;
his reports in 1813–1814, 391–395;
his explanation of the abandonment of the restrictive system
by Madison, 393–395;
his report of the burning of Washington, viii. 145, 146.
Shaler, Nathaniel, captain of privateer “Governor Tompkins,” vii.
327;
his escape from a man-of-war, 328.
“Shannon,” British frigate, vi. 368;
chases “Constitution,” 370;
stationed off Boston, vii. 281;
captures the “Chesapeake,” 285–303.
Sheaffe, Sir R. H., major-general of the British army in Canada,
vi. 349, 351;
his force in the district of Montreal, vii. 194, 195;
Brock’s successor in Upper Canada, viii. 48.
Sheffield, Earl of, his devotion to the British navigation laws, ii.
413; iv. 73.
Shelburne, Lord, his negotiation of 1783, ix. 14.
Shelby, Isaac, governor of Kentucky, vii. 74;
commands the Kentucky volunteers in Canada, 128, 139;
remonstrates against Harrison’s resignation, 410, 411;
his letter of April 8, 1814, on the necessity of peace, viii. 13;
sends Kentucky militia to New Orleans, 327.
Sherbrooke, Sir J. C., British governor of Nova Scotia, occupies
Castine and Machias, viii. 95, 96, 174.
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, v. 265.
Sherman, Roger Minot, delegate to the Hartford Convention, viii.
292.
Shipherd, Zebulon R., member of Congress from New York, on
the approaching fall of the national government in 1814,
viii. 277.
Shippers, British, ii. 318, 320.
Shipping, character of, in 1800, i. 6;
American, increase of, ii. 325;
its prosperity in 1809–1810, v. 15, 290;
protection of, 319;
growth of, in Massachusetts, 1800–1816, ix. 159.
Short, William, sent by Jefferson as minister to Russia, iv. 465;
appointment negatived, 466; v. 11.
Sidmouth, Lord (see Addington), Lord Privy Seal, iii. 393; iv. 73;
speech on the Orders in Council, v. 59;
his weariness of the orders, 282, 283;
enters Cabinet, vi. 281.
Silliman, Benjamin, Professor of Chemistry at Yale College, i.
310.
“Siren,” privateer, captures “Landrail,” viii. 195, 196.
Skipwith, Fulwar, U. S. consul at Paris, attacks Livingston, ii.
289; iii. 379.
Slave representation, iv. 458.
Slave-trade, restrictions of, in Louisiana, ii. 122;
Jefferson recommends its abolishment, iii. 347;
debate in Congress on the abolition of, 356.
Slavery, i. 134–136, 150, 154;
in Indiana, vi. 75–77;
 stimulus to, in 1815, ix. 94.
Sloan, James, member of Congress from New Jersey, iii. 160,
174, 183, 357;
moves that the seat of government be moved to Philadelphia,
iv. 208.
Sloops-of-war, in the U. S. navy (see “Wasp,” “Hornet,” “Argus,”
“Syren,” “Nautilus”);
act of Congress for building six, vi. 449;
their cost, vii. 310;
their size and force, 311;
their efficiency compared with frigates, 312;
six new, ordered to be built, 313;
twenty authorized by Act of November 15, 1814, viii. 281;
their record in 1814, 181–193.
Smilie, John, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, iii. 359,
362; iv. 213; v. 204.
“Smith Faction,” the, in Congress, iv. 428.
Smith, Senator Israel, of Vermont, ii. 218.
Smith, John, senator from Ohio, ii. 218; iii. 175;
under the influence of Burr, 220;
sends letter to Burr by Peter Taylor, 275;
Burr’s reply, 276;
refuses to testify, 282;
his complicity in Burr’s schemes investigated, iv. 208.
Smith, John, senator from New York, ii. 153, 218.
Smith, John Cotton, member of Congress from Connecticut, i.
269; iii. 132, 143, 242;
governor of Connecticut, on the report of the Hartford
Convention, viii. 304, 305.
Smith, John Spear, chargé in London, vi. 21, 267.
Smith, Nathaniel, delegate to the Hartford Convention, viii. 294.
Smith, Robert, appointed Secretary of the Navy, i. 220 et seq.;
promises economies, 272;
dissuades Jefferson from proposing constitutional
amendment, ii. 83;
consents to reduction of navy estimates, 136;
homme fort poli, 373, 374;
uncle of Mrs. Jerome Bonaparte, 377–379;
a gentleman and a soldier, 431;
asks to be made attorney-general, January, 1805, appointed
and commissioned as attorney-general, but continues
Secretary of the Navy, iii. 10–12;
his opinion on Monroe’s Spanish negotiation, 68;
his letter to Jefferson on Burr’s conspiracy, 331;
wishes a call of the Senate to consider Monroe’s treaty, 432;
acts as Jefferson’s intermediator with Rose, iv. 188–191;
talks freely with Rose, 197;
dislikes the embargo, 261;
his opinions reported by Erskine, 384;
regarded as extravagant by Gallatin, 425, 428;
offered the Treasury Department, v. 7, 379;
becomes Secretary of State, 8, 10;
his language about war with France, 35;
his letter to Erskine accepting settlement of the “Chesapeake”
affair, 68, 69, 89;
his replies to Canning’s three conditions, 71–73;
his remarks to Turreau on Jefferson’s weakness and
indiscretions, 84;
introduces F. J. Jackson to the President, 120;
his interviews with Jackson, 122–124, 126;
his incompetence, 159;
Madison’s resentment of his conduct on Macon’s bill, 186,
187;
his supposed quarrels in the Cabinet, 188;
opposed to Madison’s course toward France, 296, 297, 366,
374, 375, 378;
notifies Turreau of the President’s intention to revive the non-
intercourse against England, 302, 303;
explains to Turreau the occupation of West Florida, 313;
his first interviews with Serurier, 340, 347;
irritates Madison by questioning Serurier, 350;
his abilities, 363, 376;
 his removal from the State Department, 375–377;
his Address to the People, 378;
his retort against Madison, 379;
Serurier’s estimate of, vi. 46–50;
his remark about American schooners, 48;
his comments on Jefferson, Madison, and Clinton, 48;
his pamphlet reveals secrets annoying to Madison, 54.
Smith, Samuel, member of Congress from Maryland, appointed
temporarily Secretary of the Navy, i. 219, 245;
his character, 267;
moves to purchase Louisiana, 433;
his vote on Chase’s impeachment, ii. 238;
his wish to be minister to Paris, 378;
senator from Maryland, iii. 83, 126;
his Non-importation Resolutions, 146, 150, 151;
his wish for diplomatic office, 152, 153;
his opposition to Armstrong’s appointment defeated, 153,
172;
punished by Jefferson, 168, 170;
his view of the President’s course, 169, 170;
writes to Nicholas respecting Burr’s conspiracy, 335;
annoyed at Jefferson’s ignoring the army in annual message,
348, 349;
his letters to W. C. Nicholas respecting Jefferson’s rejection of
Monroe’s treaty, 431 et seq.;
on the embargo committee, iv. 172;
his hostility to Gallatin, 425, 428;
defeats Gallatin’s appointment as Secretary of State, v. 4–7;
his quarrel with Gallatin, 10, 11;
votes for mission to Russia, 11;
re-elected to the Senate, 159;
his support of Giles, 180;
defeats Macon’s bill, 185, 192, 193;
his motives, 185, 186, 187, 192;
reports bill of his own, 197, 198;
moves censure of Pickering, 322;
 his speech on the Bank Charter, 335, 336;
his abilities, 363;
opposes every financial proposal, vi. 234;
votes against occupying East Florida, 243;
in opposition, vii. 48;
votes against Gallatin’s Russian mission, 59;
opposes seizure of East Florida, 209;
no chance of re-election, 399;
major-general of Maryland militia, refuses to yield command
of Baltimore to Winder, viii. 167, 168;
sends Stricker’s brigade to meet the enemy, 169;
member of the House in 1815–1817, ix. 107;
supports Bank, 116.
Smith, Thomas A., colonel of Rifles, promoted to brigadier-
general, vii. 409.
Smith, William Steuben, surveyor of the Port of New York, in
Miranda’s confidence, iii. 189;
removed from office and indicted, 195, 208;
his trial, 208;
his acquittal, 209;
connected with Burr, 263, 265.
Smith and Ogden, case of, iii. 208, 450.
Smyth, Alexander, inspector-general of United States army, with
rank of brigadier, vi. 353;
arrives at Buffalo with brigade, 346;
his disagreement with Van Rensselaer, 346, 348;
ordered to take command, 353;
his Niagara campaign, 354–358;
dropped from the army-roll, 358.
Snake Hill, western end of the American lines at Fort Erie, viii.
71, 86;
assaulted, 72–75, 79.
Snyder, Simon, chosen governor of Pennsylvania, iv. 286; v. 13;
vetoes bill creating forty-one banks, viii. 16.
Somers, Lieutenant, at Tripoli, ii. 427.
“Sophie,” 18-gun British sloop-of-war, appears off Barataria, viii.
321;
attacks Fort Bowyer, 322–324.
South Carolina in 1800, i. 37;
brilliant prospects of, 39, 149 et seq.;
decides the election of 1800, 150;
contrast in the character of its people, 153 et seq.;
creates a State army, viii. 283.
Spain, relations of, with the United States, i. 337 et seq.;
clumsiness of her colonial system, 419;
declares war with England, ii. 303;
Jefferson’s expectation of bickering with, iii. 8;
Monroe’s negotiation with, 23–36;
effect of Monroe’s negotiation with, on Jefferson and Madison,
54–79;
expected war with, 61, 62, 99, 118, 128, 189;
Gallatin’s opinion of Monroe’s negotiation with, 66;
Robert Smith’s opinion, 68;
negotiation with, not to be converted into a French job, 70,
77;
Cabinet decision to transfer negotiation to Paris, and offer five
millions for West Florida, 78;
Merry’s report on, 96;
Madison’s remarks to Merry, 98;
Talleyrand’s proposed settlement with, 103, 106;
accepted by Jefferson, 106;
notice of unfriendly relations with, in Jefferson’s annual
message of 1805, 112;
Jefferson’s comments on, to Turreau, 125;
Jefferson’s secret message on, Dec. 6, 1805, 130, 177;
Randolph’s remarks on the policy toward, 178;
relations with French finance, 372;
her “perfidy and injustice,” 437;
her condition in 1807, iv. 115, 116;
occupied by French armies, 119, 122, 293, 297;
collapse of government in, 298;
 Joseph Bonaparte crowned king of, 300;
revolution of the Dos de Maio, 300–302, 315;
its effect in America, 339–343;
Napoleon and Moore’s campaigns in, v. 22–28;
Wellesley’s campaigns in, 268.
Spanish America, Napoleon’s policy toward, ii. 54; iv. 300–303,
316; v. 32, 33, 384, 385, 407;
Jefferson’s wishes regarding, iv. 340–342; v. 37, 38;
Madison’s policy toward, 38, 39, 305–315;
Spencer Perceval’s policy toward, 269, 283, 284;
movements for independence in, 305;
Henry Clay’s policy toward, ix. 109.
Spanish claims convention, ii. 249;
defeated in the Senate, 250;
ratified, 278;
conditions on ratification imposed by Spain, 280;
conditions withdrawn by Spain, iii. 26.
Specie in the United States in 1810, v. 330;
large sums of, sent to Canada, vii. 146, 389; viii. 94;
drain of, to New England, 1810–1814, vii. 387–389; viii. 15,
16;
premium on, in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, Feb. 1,
1815, 214;
premium on, in the autumn of 1815, ix. 98;
influx of, in 1816, 127.
Specie payments, suspended in August and September, 1814,
by State banks, except in New England, viii. 213, 214;
suspended by Treasury of the United States, 215;
power to suspend, in Dallas’s scheme for a national bank,
251; ix. 117;
ordered to be resumed by the Treasury, on Feb. 20, 1817, ix.
118, 119, 128;
resisted by State banks, 129;
resumed Feb. 20, 1817, 131, 132.
Spence, Lieutenant, carries letters from Bollman to Burr, iii. 309.
Spence, William, iv. 69;
 his pamphlet “Britain independent of Commerce,” 329.
Spencer, Ambrose, i. 109, 112, 228, 233.
Spencer, P., captain of the British sloop-of-war “Carron,”
reconnoitres Bayou Bienvenu, viii. 338.
Spoliations, British, in 1805, i. 45, 73, 108;
sensation excited, 109, 118, 125;
indemnities asked for, at Ghent, ix. 18;
abandoned, 52.
—— French, on American commerce within Spanish jurisdiction
in 1797–1798, i. 350;
excluded from the treaty of 1800, 361–363;
included in Louisiana treaty, ii. 30, 31, 40–42, 46–50, 51, 60,
61;
of every kind, indemnified by treaty of 1800, 297;
insisted upon by Monroe, iii. 23, 25, 29, 30;
forbidden by France, 32;
Monroe’s proposition regarding, 35;
Madison’s suggestion regarding, 60;
Cabinet decision regarding, 107;
in 1807–1808, iv. 292, 293, 312; v. 30;
in 1809, v. 151, 152, 220, 255;
value of, 242, 243;
Madison’s anger at, 292;
Madison’s demand for indemnity, 295, 296;
their municipal character, 299;
their justification as reprisals, 230, 232, 234, 237, 254, 258,
259, 388, 391, 396;
in Denmark, 409, 411;
not matter of discussion, vi. 54, 125;
Madison’s language regarding, 187;
Monroe’s language regarding, 188, 189;
new, reported in March, 1812, 193, 224, 251;
in June, 231;
probable value of, 247.
—— Spanish, in 1805, iii. 37, 67, 78, 107.
Spotts, Samuel, first lieutenant of artillery, in the night battle at
New Orleans, viii. 345.
Stage-coaches, travel by, i. 11 et seq.
Stanford, Richard, member of Congress from North Carolina, on
armaments in 1808, iv. 214;
votes against Giles’s resolution, v. 182;
his retort on Calhoun, vi. 144;
his speech on war, 146;
votes for legal tender paper, viii. 254;
in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107, 118.
Stanley, Lord, vi. 283.
Stansbury, Tobias E., brigadier-general of Maryland militia
commanding brigade at Bladensburg, viii. 140, 156;
criticises Monroe, 151.
State armies, created by Massachusetts, viii. 221, 225, 272,
282;
one of the causes that led to the Constitution of 1789, 282;
created by New York, 282;
by Pennsylvania and Maryland, 282;
by Virginia, South Carolina, and Kentucky, 283;
demanded by Hartford Convention, 284, 297;
Joseph Hopkinson’s remarks on, 286;
of Massachusetts, suspended for want of money, 303.
State Department (see James Madison, Robert Smith, James
Monroe).
States rights, asserted by Virginia, i. 138–140;
by Kentucky, 140–143;
by Georgia, 304; ii. 215;
affected by Jefferson’s acts, i. 203, 205, 254, 255, 260, 263,
298; ii. 78, 85, 90, 114, 118, 125, 130, 203, 205, 210;
Gallatin’s attitude toward, i. 116; ii. 79, 80;
Bayard on, i. 292;
Randolph on, ii. 97, 98, 104, 120, 209, 211;
Nicholson on, 102, 209;
Rodney on, 103, 119;
Pickering on, 105;
 John Taylor of Caroline on, 105–107;
Breckenridge on, 109, 121;
W. C. Nicholas on, 111–113;
Chief-Justice Taney on, 127;
Justice Campbell on, 127–129;
affected by Jefferson’s acts, iii. 3, 18, 19, 346; iv. 363, 364,
454;
affected by Acts of Congress, iii. 142, 355, 361, 364, 366;
affected by the system of embargo, iv. 251–271, 273, 408–
419, 456–459;
mentioned in Madison’s Inaugural Address, v. 4;
affected by the use of militia in war, vi. 159, 160;
affected by the war, vii. 67;
asserted in Massachusetts in February, 1814, viii. 5–8;
asserted by New England in September, 1814, 220–228;
championed by Randolph in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 110,
111;
affected by decisions of Supreme Court, 188–192;
affected by consistent action of government, 193.
“Statira,” British frigate, viii. 316.
Status ante bellum, the best terms of peace obtainable, ix. 9;
not offered by Madison, 12;
not offered by England at Ghent, in August, 1814, 21;
opposed to uti possidetis, 33, 34;
offered by American commissioners, 37, 49.
Steam-battery, appropriation for, vii. 385.
Steamboat, Fulton’s, i. 69, 71, 182; iii. 20, 216; iv. 135;
experiments of Evans and Stevens, iii. 217;
use of, in 1816, ix. 167, 168, 170–172;
relative character of invention, 236.
Steam-engines in America in 1800, i. 66, 68, 70.
Stephen, James, author of “War in Disguise,” iii. 50–53;
reprints Randolph’s speech, 396;
assists in framing Spencer Perceval’s Orders in Council, iv. 57,
100, 102;
his opinion of Brougham’s speech on the orders, 323;
 his speech of March 6, 1809, v. 60, 65;
his remarks on Erskine’s arrangement, 98;
on the orders, vi. 276;
yields to a parliamentary inquiry, 284.
Stevens, Edward, consul-general at St. Domingo, i. 385 et seq.,
389.
Stevens, John, his character and social position, i. 69, 182;
his experiments with a screw-propeller in 1804, iii. 217;
relative merit of his invention, ix. 236.
Stewart, Charles, at Tripoli, ii. 428;
captain in U. S. navy, vii. 293;
commands “Constitution,” ix. 74;
his action with the “Cyane” and “Levant,” 75, 77;
escapes British squadron, 78.
Stockton, Richard, member of Congress from New Jersey,
threatens rebellion, viii. 277, 278.
Stoddert, Benjamin, i. 192, 219.
Stone, Senator David, of North Carolina, ii. 95, 157; iii. 139;
re-elected senator from North Carolina, vii. 49;
censured and resigns, 399; ix. 107.
Stony Creek, battle of, vii. 159, 160.
Story, Joseph, his description of Fulton’s discouragements, i. 71;
of Marshall, 193, 260;
of Jefferson’s dress, ii. 366;
describes Giles, iv. 205;
opinion on the constitutionality of the embargo, 270;
elected a member of Congress from Massachusetts, 358;
in opposition to Jefferson and the embargo, 358;
letter describing the state of opinion at Washington, 370;
determined to overthrow the embargo, 432, 455, 463;
retires from Congress, v. 76;
obnoxious to Jefferson, 359;
Speaker of Massachusetts legislature, resigns to become
Justice of Supreme Court, viii. 36;
his opinion in the case of Martin against Hunter’s lessee, ix.
190–192.
Stowell, Lord (see Sir William Scott).
Street, John Wood’s colleague, iii. 273.
Street’s Creek (see Chippawa).
Stricker, John, brigadier-general of Maryland militia, sent to
meet Ross’s army, viii. 169;
his battle, 169, 170.
Strong, Caleb, re-elected governor of Massachusetts in April,
1805, iii. 9;
again in April, 1806, 207;
defeated in April, 1807, iv. 146;
again in April, 1808, 242;
re-elected governor of Massachusetts in April, 1812, vi. 204;
his Fast Proclamation, 399;
declines to obey call for militia, 400;
calls out three companies, 400;
re-elected in 1813, vii. 50;
his speech to the legislature Jan. 12, 1814, viii. 2;
places militia under a State major-general, 221;
his address to the State legislature Oct. 5, 1814, 222, 223;
his letter to Pickering on the British demands, 287, 288; ix.
45;
approves report of Hartford Convention, viii. 301;
his message of Jan. 18, 1815, announcing failure of loan,
302, 303;
succeeded by Governor Brooks, ix. 133.
Strother (see Fort Strother).
Stuart, Gilbert, i. 127.
“Subaltern in America” (see Gleig), quoted, viii. 129, 140, 141,
143, 144.
Suffrage in Massachusetts and New York, vii. 50.
Sugar, stimulated production of, and subsequent glut in the
West Indies, ii. 415;
parliamentary report on, in 1807, iv. 67, 68;
price of, in February, 1815, ix. 61.
Sullivan, James, governor of Massachusetts, iv. 146;
receives Pickering’s letter for the State legislature, 237;
 declines to convey it, 240;
his reply, 241;
re-elected, 242;
replies to Jefferson’s demand to stop importing provisions,
254;
his death, 416.
Sullivan, William, iv. 411.
Sumter, Thomas, senator from South Carolina, iii. 139;
appointed minister to Brazil, v. 11.
“Sun,” London newspaper, on Madison, ix. 3.
Supreme Court, the, i. 274;
sessions suspended for a year by Congress, ii. 143.
(See Marshall, Chase, Impeachment.)
Sutcliffe, Robert, i. 34.
Swartwout, John, i. 109, 230;
his duel with De Witt Clinton, 332;
marshal of New York, iii. 189;
removed from office, 208;
Jefferson’s reasons for removing him, 209.
Swartwout, Robert, quartermaster-general under Wilkinson, vii.
177;
commands brigade, 184, 189.
Swartwout, Samuel, one of Burr’s adventurers, iii. 252, 255,
263, 265;
carries despatches to Wilkinson, 295;
pursues General Wilkinson, 309;
arrives at Natchitoches, and delivers Burr’s letter to Wilkinson,
311;
arrested at Fort Adams, 319, 460;
discharged from custody, 340.
Sweden, Bernadotte, Prince of, v. 424;
his rupture with Napoleon, 425, 426;
Napoleon declares war on, vi. 251;
mission to, declared inexpedient by the Senate, vii. 62–64.
Swedish Pomerania, v. 425.
Swift, Joseph Gardner, colonel of engineers, ix. 235.
“Syren,” American 16-gun sloop-of-war, v. 378;
captured July 12, 1814, viii. 193;
at New Orleans, vii. 312.

Talishatchee, Creek village, destroyed by Jackson, vii. 237.

Talladega, Creek village, relieved by Jackson, vii. 238.
Tallapoosa River, home of the Upper Creeks, vii. 217, 220, 240,
242;
Jackson’s first campaign to, 245–248;
Jackson’s second campaign to, 254–257.
Talleyrand, i. 335;
his colonial schemes, 352 et seq.;
becomes French minister of foreign affairs, 353;
his negotiations with the American commissioners, 355;
his instructions for Guillemardet, 355;
his mistakes, 357;
obliged by the X. Y. Z. affair to retire, 358;
restored by Bonaparte, 359, 412;
his letter with regard to Louisiana, 400;
denies the retrocession of Louisiana, 409;
his instructions to Bernadotte, ii. 11;
opposes the cession of Louisiana, 25;
proposes it to Livingston, 27;
explanation of the sale of Louisiana, 55;
assures Cevallos of Napoleon’s opposition to the American
claims, 293;
his instructions to Turreau, 295;
reassures Cevallos, 297;
his attitude toward the United States, 309;
report to the Emperor on Monroe’s note, 310;
answer to Monroe, 313;
forbids discussion of Spanish spoliation claims, iii. 26, 30;
rejects American claim to West Florida, 26, 54;
his share in the Spanish negotiations, 34, 41;
his jobbery, 41;
 writes to Armstrong the Emperor’s demands concerning trade
with St. Domingo, 90;
sends an agent to Armstrong to suggest an arrangement
between the United States and Spain, 103;
informs Armstrong that the King of Spain refuses to alienate
Florida, 377;
prompts Armstrong to renew his request for the Floridas, 380;
rebukes Vandeul for precipitancy in the Florida matter, 384;
created Prince of Benevento, 385;
removed from office, iv. 107;
his letter of Dec. 21, 1804, on the boundaries of Louisiana, v.
321, 322.
Taney, Chief-Justice, opinion of, respecting governmental powers
in the Louisiana case, ii. 126, 128.
Tariff of 1816, ix. 111–116.
“Tartarus,” British 20-gun sloop-of-war, with the “Avon” and
“Castilian,” viii. 189, 190, 192.
Taxes, abolition of, in 1801, i. 240, 270, 272.
Taxes, war, vi. 157, 165, 166;
postponed, 168, 204;
reported June 26, 1812, 235;
postponed by Congress, 235, 444;
bill for, 447;
bills passed in July and August, 1813, vii. 53–55, 67;
receipts of, paid in Treasury notes or the notes of suspended
banks, viii. 244, 245, 256, 257;
doubled in 1814, 248, 255, 261;
arrears of, in October, 1814, 255, 256;
internal, shifted to customs in 1816, ix. 112.
Tayler, John, ii. 177.
Taylor, James, vi. 414.
Taylor, John, member of Congress from South Carolina, author
of Macon’s bill No. 2, v. 194;
his speech, 195, 196;
introduces Bank Charter, 208.
Taylor, John, of Caroline, i. 143, 146, 263, 338; ii. 94;
 his remarks on the Louisiana purchase, 105;
his advice to Monroe, v. 369, 370;
Monroe’s letter to, June 13, 1812, vi. 66;
his remarks on the presidential election of 1812, 414, 417;
his “Inquiry,” ix. 195–197.
Taylor, John W., member of Congress from New York, vii. 398.
Taylor, Josiah, lieutenant of Second Infantry, iii. 303.
Taylor, Peter, evidence of, concerning Blennerhassett’s delusion,
iii. 259;
sent with a warning letter to Burr, 275.
Taylor, Robert, brigadier-general of Virginia militia at Norfolk, vii.
271.
Taylor, Zachary, captain in the Seventh U. S. Infantry, vii. 73.
Tazewell, Littleton Waller, iii. 459, 465; iv. 28; v. 161; ix. 124.
Tea, price of, in February, 1815, ix. 61.
Tecumthe, residence of, in 1805, iii. 15;
his origin, vi. 78;
his plan of Indian confederation, 78, 79;
establishes himself at Tippecanoe, 79;
character of his village, 80;
joined by the Wyandots, 83;
his conference with Harrison, Aug. 12, 1810, 85–88;
seizes salt in June, 1811, 90;
his talk at Vincennes, July 27, 1811, 91;
starts for the Creek country, 92;
his account of the affair at Tippecanoe, 105, 109;
returns from the Creek country, 108;
his reply to British complaints, 109;
his speech of May 16, 1812, 111;
joins the British at Malden, 329, 330;
routs Ohio militia, 315;
at the battle of Maguaga, 326;
at the capture of Detroit, 332;
absent at the River Raisin, vii. 94;
at the siege of Fort Meigs, 104, 106;
stops massacre, 107;
 reported to be moving against Harrison, 110, 111;
protests against evacuation of Malden, 130;
killed at the battle of the Thames, 140–143;
his visit to the Creeks in October, 1811, 220;
his speech to the Creeks, 221;
effect of his visit to the Creeks, 222, 223;
his intentions regarding the southern Indians, 232.
Temperance in United States in 1800, i. 47.
Tenallytown, near Washington, Winder’s halt at, viii. 154.
“Tenedos,” 46-gun British frigate, vii. 285, 286, 293;
captures privateer “Enterprise,” 329;
chases “President,” ix. 64, 67.
Tennessee, population of, in 1800, i. 2;
militia, ordered into service, Dec. 10, 1812, vii. 207;
dismissed, 209, 210;
recalled into service, 235;
claim discharge, 239;
return home, 239, 240;
sixty-day, join Jackson, 245;
routed at Enotachopco Creek, 246–248;
disciplined by Jackson, 252, 253;
losses of, at the Horse-shoe, 256;
the whole quota called out by Jackson, Aug. 27, 1814, viii.
320;
march for Mobile, 328;
ordered to New Orleans, 332, 333;
reach New Orleans, 337;
growth of population, ix. 155.
Terre aux Bœufs, encampment at, v. 171–175.
Terry, Eli, i. 181.
Texas, a part of the Louisiana purchase, ii. 7, 256, 294, 298,
300;
boundary, iii. 33;
Spanish definition of boundary, 34;
included in the Louisiana purchase, 40;
Spanish establishments in, to be dislodged, 69, 80;