Western Australian Certificate of Education

Examination, 2012

Question/Answer Booklet

CHEMISTRY
Please place your student identification label in this box
Stage 2

Student Number: In figures

In words

Time allowed for this paper

Reading time before commencing work: ten minutes
Working time for paper: three hours

Materials required/recommended for this paper

To be provided by the supervisor
This Question/Answer Booklet Number of additional
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet answer booklets used
(if applicable):
Chemistry Data Sheet

To be provided by the candidate

Standard items: pens (blue/black preferred), pencils (including coloured), sharpener,
correction tape/fluid, eraser, ruler, highlighters
Special items: non-programmable calculators approved for use in the WACE examinations

Important note to candidates

No other items may be taken into the examination room. It is your responsibility to ensure that
you do not have any unauthorised notes or other items of a non-personal nature in the
examination room. If you have any unauthorised material with you, hand it to the supervisor
before reading any further.

Copyright © School Curriculum and Standards Authority 2012 Ref: 12-023

CHEMISTRY 2 STAGE 2

Structure of this paper

Number of Number of Suggested

Marks Percentage
Section questions questions to working time
available of total exam
available be answered (minutes)
Section One:
Multiple-choice 25 25 45 25 25

Section Two:
Short answer 12 12 70 105 40

Section Three:
Extended answer 4 4 65 50 35

Total 100

Instructions to candidates
1. The rules for the conduct of Western Australian external examinations are detailed in the
Year 12 Information Handbook 2012. Sitting this examination implies that you agree to
abide by these rules.
2. Answer the questions according to the following instructions.

Section One: Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer Sheet
provided. For each question shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or
black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square
then shade your new answer. Do not erase or use correction fluid/tape. Marks will not
be deducted for incorrect answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is
completed for any question.
Sections Two and Three: Write your answers in this Question/Answer Booklet.

3. When calculating numerical answers, show your working or reasoning clearly. Express
numerical answers to three significant figures and include appropriate units where
applicable.

4. You must be careful to confine your responses to the specific questions asked and to
follow any instructions that are specific to a particular question.

5.Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
● Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top
of the page.
● Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer,
indicate in the original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the
page number. Fill in the number of the question(s) that you are continuing to
answer at the top of the page.

6. The Chemistry Data Sheet is not handed in with your Question/Answer Booklet.

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STAGE 2 3 CHEMISTRY

Section One: Multiple-choice 25% (25 Marks)

This section has 25 questions. Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer
Sheet provided. For each question shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or
black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square then
shade your new answer. Do not erase or use correction fluid/tape. Marks will not be deducted for
incorrect answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.

Suggested working time: 45 minutes.

1. Approximately how many electrons would be required to have the same total mass as
one proton?

(a) 0.5
(b) 1
(c) 200
(d) 2000

2. A covalent bond would be expected to form between atoms which have the electron
configurations

(a) 2,7 and 2,6.

(b) 2,8,8 and 2.
(c) 2,8,1 and 2,8,7.
(d) 2,8,5 and 2,8,8,1.

3. What is the conjugate acid of HCO3 – ?

(a) H2CO3
(b) CO32–
(c) H3O+
(d) H2O

4. What would be the chemical formula of the compound formed between magnesium
and nitrogen?

(a) Mg2N3
(b) Mg3N2
(c) Mg2N
(d) MgN

5. Which of the following chemicals are least likely to be found in a typical Western
Australian household?

(a) bicarbonate of soda (NaHCO3) and methane (CH4)

(b) ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and copper (Cu)
(c) chloroform (CHCl3) and sodium (Na)
(d) sodium chloride (NaCl) and acetic acid (CH3COOH)

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CHEMISTRY 4 STAGE 2

6. Which one of the following descriptions relates correctly to an ionic solid?

(a) an ordered lattice arrangement of cations and free valence electrons

(b) a crystalline form that is hard and has lustre
(c) a high melting point due to strong intermolecular bonding
(d) valence electrons are free to conduct charge

7. Which one of the following 0.100 mol L-1 aqueous solution combinations will form at least
one precipitate?

(a) sodium chloride, barium nitrate, potassium hydroxide

(b) tin(II) nitrate, caesium nitrate, sodium sulfate
(c) copper(II) sulfate, sodium ethanoate, hydrochloric acid
(d) barium hydroxide, sodium chloride, iron(II) sulfate

8. Which of the following substances would be the best to add to a household swimming
pool to raise its pH?

(a) sodium carbonate

(b) ammonia
(c) ammonium nitrate
(d) hydrochloric acid

–
9. The oxidation numbers of nitrogen in the series, N2, N2O, NO3 and NH3 respectively
are

(a) 0, 0, +5, –3.

(b) 0, –1, –1, +3.
(c) 0, +1, +5, –3.
(d) +2, +2, +1, +1.

10. In a 2.00 mol L–1 H3PO4 solution, which species, excluding H2O, would have the greatest
concentration?

(a) H+
(b) PO43–
(c) H3PO4
(d) H2PO4–

11. Which of the following lists contain only strong electrolytes?

(i) BaSO4, AgCl, HCl

(ii) glucose, ethanol, tartaric acid
(iii) HCl, CH3COOH, HNO3
(iv) NH3, NaCl, KNO3
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (iv) only
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STAGE 2 5 CHEMISTRY

12. Which one of the following reactions is not a redox reaction?

(a) K(s) + O2(g) K2O(s)

(b) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(c) Li2O(s) + H2O(l) 2 LiOH(aq)
(d) 2 Na(s) + H2(l) 2 NaH(s)

13. A normal adult has about 5.5 litres of blood which has a pH of 7.4. When a patient is
injected with a drug, care must be taken to ensure that the drug does not change the pH
of the blood. A small amount of a drug of pH 3 is injected into a patient.

Which one of the following is the resulting pH of this patient’s blood?

(a) more than 7.4

(b) a little less than 7.4
(c) approximately 5.2
(d) approximately 3.0

14. Which combination of anode, cathode and electrolyte could be used to silver-plate a
nickel knife?

Anode Cathode Electrolyte

(a) knife Ag(s) AgNO3(aq)
(b) knife Ag(s) Ni(NO3)2(aq)
(c) Ag(s) knife AgNO3 (aq)
(d) Ag(s) knife Ni(NO3)2(aq)

15. The combustion of natural gas (mainly methane) can be represented by:

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g) ∆H = –890 kJ mol–1

Which one of the following would decrease the rate of the reaction?

(a) increasing the volume at constant temperature

(b) increasing the temperature at constant volume
(c) passing the gases over the surface of a catalyst
(d) increasing the concentration of reactants at constant temperature

16. What change(s) occur(s) while a liquid is boiling?

(i) The average kinetic energy of the particles increases.

(ii) The attractive forces between the particles become stronger.
(iii) The spacing between the particles increases.

(a) (i) only

(b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (iii) only
(d) (i) and (iii) only

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CHEMISTRY 6 STAGE 2

17. Which one of the following obeys the IUPAC system of naming organic compounds?

(a) 1-methylpropane
(b) 2,2-diethylbutane
(c) cis-1,1-dichloroethane
(d) cis-2,3-dibromobut-2-ene

18. Two identical flasks are both at 25°C and 100 kPa pressure. One flask contains carbon
dioxide gas and the other flask contains nitrogen gas. Which one of the following
statements about the gases in the two flasks is true?

(a) The same number of atoms is contained in each flask.

(b) The average velocity of the particles in the two flasks is the same.
(c) The flasks contain the same mass of gas.
(d) The average kinetic energy of the particles in the two flasks is the same.

19. Which one of the following number of moles is equivalent to the greatest mass of
substance?

(a) 0.50 mol of chloride ions

(b) 0.20 mol of mercury atoms
(c) 0.25 mol of oxygen molecules
(d) 2.00 mol of water molecules

20. When 4.59 g of zinc acetate, Zn(CH3COO)2, is dissolved in enough water to make
1.00 L of solution, the concentrations of zinc and acetate ions are, respectively,

(a) 0.0250 mol L–1 and 0.0250 mol L–1.

(b) 0.0250 mol L–1 and 0.0500 mol L–1.
(c) 0.0369 mol L–1 and 0.0738 mol L–1.
(d) 0.0250 mol L–1 and 0.0125 mol L–1.

21. Which equation below best represents the H2PO4– ion acting as a Brønsted-Lowry acid?

(a) H2PO4–(aq) 2 H+(aq) + PO43–(aq)

(b) H2PO4–(aq) + OH–(aq) H3PO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) H2PO4 (aq) + H2O(l)
–
H3PO4(aq) + OH–(aq)
(d) H2PO4–(aq) + H2O(l) HPO42–(aq) + H3O+(aq)

22. Which one of the following compounds contains only ionic bonds?

(a) CH3OH
(b) HCl
(c) NaH
(d) NaNO3

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STAGE 2 7 CHEMISTRY

23. Which one of the following statements best describes a covalent bond?

(a) The atoms have a noble gas configuration.

(b) The atoms have formed an infinite network.
(c) One of the atoms involved in the bond is a metal and the other is a non-metal.
(d) There is simultaneous attraction of both nuclei to a shared electron pair.

24. Which one of the following characteristics does not apply to solutions?

(a) They are homogeneous mixtures.

(b) They contain two or more substances.
(c) They have uniform composition.
(d) They always contain a solid that has dissolved in a liquid.

25. The diagram below illustrates the kinetic energy distribution curves for a gas system at
two different temperatures, T1 and T2, where T2 is greater than T1.

Given that all other conditions are the same for the gas system at the two temperatures,
consider the following statements.

(i) The molecules at T1 have a higher average velocity than the molecules
at T2.
(ii) At T2 more molecules have a higher kinetic energy than T1.
(iii) Those molecules with higher kinetic energy collide more frequently.
(iv) Fewer molecules at T1 will have the required activation energy (Ea) for
a chemical change than at T2.

The correct statements are:

(a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only.

(b) (i), (ii) and (iii) only.
(c) (ii) and (iii) only.
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).

End of Section One

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CHEMISTRY 8 STAGE 2

Section Two: Short answer 40% (105 Marks)

This section has 12 questions. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the space
provided.

When calculating numerical answers, show your working or reasoning clearly. Express numerical
answers to three significant figures and include appropriate units where applicable.

Do not use abbreviations, such as ‘nr’ for ‘no reaction’, without first defining them.

Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
● Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the page.
● Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in the
original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the
number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.

Suggested working time: 70 minutes.

Question 26 (8 marks)

(a) Chemists use letters and numbers to provide information about chemical species. Even
their positions provide information. In each case below, state what information is indicated
by the figure within the circle. (3 marks)

40
19 K+
40
19 K+
40
19 K+
40
(b) Complete the table below for the ion 19 K+ . (4 marks)

Number of Number of Number of Electron

protons neutrons electrons configuration

40
(c) Name the element whose atomic form has the same electron configuration as 19 K+ .
(1 mark)

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STAGE 2 9 CHEMISTRY

Question 27 (6 marks)

(a) Complete the table below by writing the formula of each of the compounds listed.
(3 marks)

Name of compound Formula of compound

ammonia

sodium oxide

tin(II) phosphate

(b) Complete the table below by writing the name of each of the compounds listed. (3 marks)

Formula of compound Name of compound

Fe2(SO4)3

P2S5

C 2H 4

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CHEMISTRY 10 STAGE 2

Question 28 (4 marks)

For the species listed in the table below, draw electron dot diagrams.

All valence shell electron pairs should be represented either as : or as —

•• •• —
( for example, water H O H or H — O — H or H — —
O — H ).

••
••
•• ••

Species Electron dot diagram

CaCl2

PCl3

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STAGE 2 11 CHEMISTRY

Question 29 (12 marks)

(a) When solid potassium carbonate is dropped into a container of dilute sulfuric acid, it
reacts and bubbles of a colourless gas are given off.

Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Show only those species that take
part in the reaction and use the appropriate state symbols. (3 marks)

(b) When 4.22 g of solid zinc metal is mixed with excess hydrochloric acid, a gas is produced
according to the following equation.

Zn(s) + 2 H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)

(i) How many moles of hydrogen gas will be produced? (3 marks)

(ii) What volume will this hydrogen gas occupy at S.T.P.? (2 marks)

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CHEMISTRY 12 STAGE 2

Question 29 (continued)

(c)
If the same mass of magnesium instead of zinc was reacted with the hydrochloric acid,
would more, less or the same amount of gas be produced under the same conditions?
(4 marks)

Circle your answer. more less the same

Explain by reason or calculation why this is so.

Question 30 (9 marks)

Pure anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is white. When water molecules form part of the ionic lattice,
the blue coloured hydrous copper(II) sulfate is produced. In simple terms, ‘hydrous’ or ‘hydrated’
means ‘with water’ while ‘anhydrous’ means ‘without water’. Water can be removed from a
substance by heating it. This is called dehydrating the substance.

A 29.95 g sample of the hydrated copper(II) sulfate was heated in a crucible over a Bunsen
burner to drive off the water from its crystal lattice. The sample was subjected to repeated
heating and weighing until there was no further change in mass as indicated by the table below.

Initial 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

sample weighing weighing weighing weighing weighing weighing
29.95 g 24.33 g 22.46 g 19.72 g 19.15 g 19.15 g 19.15 g

(a) What was the mass of water driven off from the hydrated form of copper(II) sulfate?
(1 mark)

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STAGE 2 13 CHEMISTRY

(b) Calculate the percentage by mass of copper(II) sulfate in hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
(2 marks)

Hydrates are inorganic salts that contain a specific number of water molecules loosely attached.
Examples include magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (Epsom salts) and sodium carbonate
decahydrate (washing soda). The formulas for these substances are MgSO4.7H2O and
Na2CO3.10H2O.

(c) Using your answers from Parts (a) and (b), show that the formula of hydrated copper(II)
sulfate is CuSO4. 5H2O. (5 marks)

(d) Why is the sample re-heated and re-weighed several times? (1 mark)

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CHEMISTRY 14 STAGE 2

Question 31 (11 marks)

The energy profile diagram for a particular chemical reaction is given below. Use it to answer the
following questions. Use the appropriate units if relevant.

(a)
Complete the table with the symbol, value and unit for the chemical reaction’s heat of
reaction and activation energy. (4 marks)

Symbol Value Unit

Activation energy Ea kJ mol–1

Heat of reaction

(b) On the energy profile diagram above, sketch what the graph would look like if a
catalyst was used. (2 marks)

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STAGE 2 15 CHEMISTRY

(c) By circling the correct answer below, indicate whether the reaction represented in the
energy profile diagram is exothermic, endothermic or neither. (1 mark)

exothermic endothermic neither

(d)
By circling the correct answer below, indicate the change in temperature that would be
observed if a thermometer was placed into the reacting vessel during the reaction.
(1 mark)

increase decrease no change

(e) By circling the correct answer below, indicate whether the energy stored in the bonds of
the reactants of an exothermic reaction has a higher, lower or equivalent value than that
of the energy stored in the bonds of the products. (1 mark)

higher lower equivalent

(f) It is not possible to observe a chemical reaction on an atomic level but macroscopic
changes can be observed and measured. In general terms, what change could be
measured to determine if a substance added to a reaction actually increased the rate of
the chemical reaction? (2 marks)

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CHEMISTRY 16 STAGE 2

Question 32 (9 marks)

(a) For each of these two substances, state the type of bonding, a use and the property of
each substance that allows it to be used as suggested. (6 marks)

Substance Type of bonding Use Property

graphite

copper

(b) Describe how the theory of bonding in copper can explain the property stated in Part (a).
(3 marks)

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STAGE 2 17 CHEMISTRY

Question 33 (11 marks)

(a) Carbon can form many different compounds. State two aspects of carbon’s bonding
capacity that explain this phenomenon. (2 marks)

One:

Two:

(b) Draw three structural isomers of pentane, C5H12. (3 marks)

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CHEMISTRY 18 STAGE 2

Question 33 (continued)

(c) State the IUPAC name for each of the following organic compounds. (4 marks)

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH = CH2

CH3 – CH2 – CHI – CH2 – CH3

Br Br

CH3

CH2

CH3 – CHCl – CH2 – CH – CH3

(d) Write the balanced equation for the combustion of benzene in excess oxygen gas.
(2 marks)

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STAGE 2 19 CHEMISTRY

Question 34 (10 marks)

(a) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction, if any, that occurs when the
following substances are mixed as described. Only include those species that take part
in the reaction. If no reaction occurs write, ‘no reaction’. (4 marks)

Iron(III) sulfate solution is mixed with sodium carbonate solution.

Ammonia gas is bubbled through a dilute solution of nitric acid.

(b) Describe the predicted observations for the reactions, if any, when each of the
following substances is mixed as described. If no reaction occurs write, ‘no observable
change’. (6 marks)

Bromine water, Br2(aq), is added to potassium iodide solution, KI(aq).

Silver nitrate solution, AgNO3(aq), is added to sodium sulfide solution, Na2S(aq).

Magnesium ribbon, Mg(s), is ignited and placed in a gas jar full of oxygen gas, O2(g).

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CHEMISTRY 20 STAGE 2

Question 35 (3 marks)

Given a 0.0111 mol L–1 Mg(NO3)2 solution, calculate the concentration in g L–1 for each ion
present.

Question 36 (12 marks)

(a) Write the structural formula for any products when propane (CH3 – CH2 – CH3) is mixed
with iodine (I2) in the presence of UV light and a catalyst. (2 marks)

(b) Write the structural formula for any products when propene (CH2 = CH – CH3) is mixed
with iodine (I2). (2 marks)

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STAGE 2 21 CHEMISTRY

(c) Write the structural formula for any products when cyclopentene is mixed with iodine (I2).
(2 marks)

(d) Write the structural formula for any products when benzene is mixed with iodine (I2) in the
presence of UV light and a catalyst. (2 marks)

(e) Draw and name the geometric isomers of but–2–ene.

(4 marks)

Name:

Name:

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CHEMISTRY 22 STAGE 2

Question 37 (10 marks)

In a chemical laboratory, the labels have fallen off four identical reagent bottles. Each bottle
contained white crystals.

The labels read: zinc carbonate, aluminium sulfate, aluminium nitrate and zinc chloride.

By completing the table below, describe briefly a sequence of tests that can be used to identify
which label belongs with which bottle. Any reagent may be used in your tests. No equations are
required.

At each step describe the test used, describe the identifying observations and write the name or
correct formula of the substance identified by that test.

Name of the
Test description Observations
identified substance

End of Section Two

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STAGE 2 23 CHEMISTRY

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CHEMISTRY 24 STAGE 2

Section Three: Extended answer 35% (50 Marks)

This section contains four (4) questions. You must answer all questions. Write your answers in
the spaces provided.

When calculating numerical answers, show your working or reasoning clearly. Express numerical
answers to three significant figures and include appropriate units where applicable.

Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
● Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the page.
● Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in the
original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the
number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.

Suggested working time: 65 minutes.

Question 38 (11 marks)

Vinegar is a common household substance that for years has been used in a variety of ways in
and around the home.

(a) List three distinctly different uses for vinegar in and around the home. (3 marks)

One:

Two:

Three:

There is a wide range of different types of vinegar, including white, malt, red wine, balsamic
and rice vinegar. The common ingredients of vinegar are water and acetic acid, CH3COOH(aq).
Most household vinegars do not normally exceed 5% in concentration. Solutions of above 10%
require careful handling.

(b) Why might solutions above 10% require careful handling? (2 marks)

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STAGE 2 25 CHEMISTRY

Vinegar is effectively a dilute solution of a weak acid.

(c) Vinegar is characterised as a dilute solution. What does ‘dilute’ mean in this case?
(3 marks)

(d) Acetic acid is characterised as a weak acid. What does ‘weak’ mean in this case?
(3 marks)

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CHEMISTRY 26 STAGE 2

Question 39 (12 marks)

An interesting thing you can do with household vinegar is to soften the shell of a boiled egg by
leaving it to soak in vinegar overnight.

(a) The ingredient in eggshells that makes them hard is calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s).
Write the equation for the reaction that occurs when vinegar, CH3COOH(aq), and
eggshells come in contact with each other. (2 marks)

(b) If each eggshell contains on average 4.00 g of calcium carbonate, what is the maximum
number of eggs that can be softened by having all their calcium carbonate dissolved if
they are immersed in one 2.00 L bottle of vinegar containing 5.00% acetic acid? Assume
that 2.00 L of vinegar has a mass of 2.00 kg. (5 marks)

(c) The label on a 1.25 L bottle of vinegar states that it contains 25.0 g of acetic acid,
CH3COOH(aq).

(i) Calculate the number of moles of acetic acid present in the full bottle of vinegar.
(2 marks)

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STAGE 2 27 CHEMISTRY

(ii) Determine the concentration of acetic acid in mol L-1. (1 mark)

(iii) Determine the concentration of acetic acid in g L-1. (1 mark)

(iv) 2.0 L of this vinegar will soften fewer eggs than the vinegar in Part (b). Explain
why. (1 mark)

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CHEMISTRY 28 STAGE 2

Question 40 (15 marks)

Although we are witnessing technological advances in motor vehicle engineering, most cars
today are still powered by the internal combustion engine. This is an engine in which a fuel such
as petrol is mixed with oxygen in the air and burns. Heat and gases are generated.

fuel + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + heat energy

When the gases produced in the reaction expand they apply a force to parts of the engine. This
force moves the car’s components over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful
mechanical energy and driving its axle and wheels, moving the car.

(a) Use the kinetic theory of matter to explain what happens to the volume of the gases
produced as the temperature of the combustion chamber increases. Include at least
one diagram. (3 marks)

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STAGE 2 29 CHEMISTRY

Only about 10mg of fuel is needed during each combustion cycle. To mix the fuel and air in a
small engine, a device called a carburettor may be used. The correct mixture of fuel and air is
needed to ensure that the engine runs properly. The carburettor is designed to get the mixture
just right by spraying a small amount of fuel into the combustion chamber of the engine.

(b) By referring to the collision theory, explain why the fuel-air mixture is sprayed as a fine
mist rather than poured into the combustion chamber for burning. (3 marks)

(c) Other than by experimentation, how could a chemist predict the best fuel to oxygen ratio?
(1 mark)

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CHEMISTRY 30 STAGE 2

Question 40 (continued)

The following questions involve determining the identity of a particular fuel. The fuel is a
hydrocarbon.

(d) To avoid any changing density problems, masses rather than volumes were used in the
first part of the investigation. 1.00 kg of this fuel was burned in excess oxygen. The gases
were collected and examined. It was found that 3.10 kg of carbon dioxide and 1.26 kg of
water were produced.

Calculate the empirical formula of the fuel that was used. Show all your workings.
(5 marks)
Working

Answer: Empirical formula

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STAGE 2 31 CHEMISTRY

(e)
Further investigation occurred and it was found that at 0°C and 100 kPa, 50.0 g of this
fuel produced 11.5 L of gas. What is the molecular formula of the fuel that was used?
(3 marks)

Working

Answer: Molecular formula

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CHEMISTRY 32 STAGE 2

Question 41 (12 marks)

A traditional technique for cleaning the tarnish, Ag2S(s), off silverware without using an abrasive
cleaner (which wears away the precious metal) involves setting up a simple electrolytic cell.

The piece of silver to be cleaned can be placed on the bottom of a glass or enamel pan and
covered with aluminum foil. A solution of baking soda, NaHCO3(aq) and table salt, NaCl(aq),
can be added and brought to the boil to the pan. The piece of silver must be in contact with the
aluminium foil. The process takes some time but at the end the silverware is sparkling clean.

This process works because tarnish on silver, Ag2S(s), is caused by sulfide ions. The salt and
baking soda solution make an ion-carrying solution that transfers the sulfide ions from the silver
to the aluminum foil.

(a) Write the half-equation where the silver sulfide, Ag2S(s), is converted to pure silver, Ag(s).
(2 marks)

(b) Write the half-equation where aluminium forms aluminium ions. (2 marks)

(c) Combine the two reaction half-equations to produce a balanced overall redox equation for
the process. (2 marks)

(d) Explain the purpose of the salt and baking soda solution. (1 mark)

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STAGE 2 33 CHEMISTRY

(e) Circle the substance that is acting as the cathode. (1 mark)

the tarnished silver or the aluminium foil

(f) Circle the substance at which reduction is occurring. (1 mark)

the tarnished silver or the aluminium foil

(g) Circle the arrow showing the correct direction in which electrons will flow during this
process. (1 mark)

the tarnished silver the aluminium foil

(h) State the oxidation number of silver: (2 marks)

in the Ag2S tarnish.

when it has been converted to the silver metal.

End of questions

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CHEMISTRY 34 STAGE 2

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STAGE 2 35 CHEMISTRY

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CHEMISTRY 36 STAGE 2

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STAGE 2 37 CHEMISTRY

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CHEMISTRY 38 STAGE 2

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STAGE 2 39 CHEMISTRY

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Section Three

Question 38(a) A bottle of white vinegar [Image] by courtesy of the examining panel.

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