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 6. The overarching belief system of a culture that deals with the culture’s beliefs about the nature of the
universe is termed:
a. cosmology. c. values.
b. religion. d. astrology.
ANS: A PTS: 1

7. During the Middle Ages:

a. religions and church-sanctioned secular nursing orders afforded the only legitimate avenue
for women wishing to become nurses.
b. there was an upsurge in the respect afforded to nursing and midwifery, and nurses began
to practice autonomously.
c. healing arts in Denmark and Greece were performed in sacred ceremonies by priests,
priestesses, or shamans.
d. most nurses were women of high social status.
ANS: A PTS: 1

8. The “Dark Period of Nursing” when convalescent patients, prostitutes, prisoners, and drunkards
provided hospital nursing care occurred during the:
a. Reformation. c. Middle Ages.
b. Crusades. d. early Christian era.
ANS: A PTS: 1

9. The concept of social need is important to the ethical foundations of the nursing professional because:
a. nurses must determine the health needs of society.
b. nursing finds its origin, purpose, and meaning within the context of perceived social need.
c. theories of sociology are utilized by nursing scholars, many of whom view them as
conceptual frameworks for nursing practice.
d. social need determines the boundaries of the ethical principles of distributive justice,
beneficence, and nonmaleficence.
ANS: B PTS: 1

10. The social status of women affects the status of the nursing profession because:
a. nursing has traditionally been a profession of women.
b. throughout history, nurses have been afforded higher social status.
c. women of higher social status rarely become nurses.
d. women are more skilled than men at nurturing others.
ANS: A PTS: 1
Another random document with
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the existing areas, the proposition would become an important one
as far as quantity is concerned. The difficulty lies in economical
working. The present method, although profitable, is unsatisfactory,
at any rate from an engineering point of view; my experience of the
last three months has proved that sluicing in a small way can only
proceed between seasons—in the dry season only hand-work can be
done, and at the height of the rains the sluices cannot be fixed low
enough to receive the sluicing water. It is essentially an elevating
proposition, but without power, fuel, or water, we are helpless. I
therefore recommend you, should an opportunity occur, to give
careful consideration to any amalgamation scheme which our
neighbours on the N’Gell River might think desirable after they
become familiar with their property, especially if they decide to work
on a large scale.
Should no opportunity of the kind occur, I advise you to take the
best out of the three streams and their alluvial banks by our present
cheap sluicing methods and handwork during the next six years or
so. A good engineer and an assistant would be required to
supervise, but the former would only be required at certain seasons
and not permanently on the property. I am preparing a list of plant
required to work economically on these lines on the three streams.
Export.—The tin won was all first grade, assaying 72 per cent. to
73 per cent. 644 bags, weighing net 19 tons 9 cwts. 3 qrs. 7 lbs.,
were despatched in November, and 350 bags, weighing net 10 tons
10 cwts. 1 qr. 24 lbs., were despatched this month, making a total of
30 tons 0 cwts. 1 qr. 3 lbs.
General.—The plant has been properly laid up and protected from
the weather for the dry season, and a watchman has been placed in
charge.
I am, &c.,
(Signed) H. W. LAWS.
Since the preparation of the foregoing particulars a report has
been received from the company’s manager giving the first detailed
particulars of the prospecting as follows:—
“Prospecting.—With regard to this important subject I expect to
have a little more to say when I have a general map ready to
forward to you. The shaft in Section 26 which you asked about in
your letter of 26th July was not got down to bedrock on account of
water, and there were no results to report. In prospecting the
streams of the central and northern part of the 40-mile area, we
found tin in many places in various quantities, and irregularly
distributed. Apparently the best stream is that one which runs
through Section 28; while prospecting there we calabashed out five
tons very easily from the bed of the stream, which tin we have in
stock and shall report it to the Government as soon as the mining
lease is applied for. The prospecting by numerous pits shows that
the ground is too irregular in values outside the bed of the stream to
make satisfactory estimates until some sluicing is done, which will be
a relatively easy matter when we have the mining lease. There is
another stream about three miles further north which I think will
warrant taking up, but perhaps not quite so good as that in Section
28.
“In prospecting other streams of the northern part of the 40-mile
area we generally found from a trace of tin to say a pound or so per
yard with limited yardage, and none of them offer much
encouragement to the company for mining purposes.
“A part of the N’Gell River, in Sections 49 to 50, I think is suitable
for taking up as a mining lease. The tin, however, appears to be
mostly confined to the river bed, and therefore it is more suitable for
calabashing than for sluicing purposes. Also the parts of streams
Nos. 1 and 2, which are in the prospecting area, should be included
in the areas applied for.”
The manager further states, in regard to the drilling operations
which are being carried out on the more remote and westerly
portion of the property, that the results hitherto obtained have not
been very encouraging, but that it is too early to arrive at a definite
conclusion in regard to final results.
 Cable advice has been received of the recovery of ten tons of tin
during the month of October. The manager adds that the water is
falling rapidly; this should permit of calabashing on an extended
scale. The value of the tin already won by intermittent working
should realise nearly £4,000, a sum in excess of the outlay in respect
of the surveying and prospecting on which the small staff has been
principally occupied.

TIN AREAS OF NIGERIA, Ltd.

Capital.—£60,000 in 240,000 shares of 5s. each.

Directors.—Assheton Leaver (Chairman), Cyril D’Arcy
Leaver, James Ramsay Parsons, Franklin Stokes Saunders,
Lewis Norman Way.
Secretary.—Henry Thomas Miller.
Offices.—St. Bartholomew House, 58 West Smithfield, E.C.

This company owns two alluvial tin properties of about one square
mile each, and when the company was formed they had a further
option for an area of about 1,920 acres, which option has since been
exercised, and the property referred to in it floated as a subsidiary
company called the Jos Tin Area (Nigeria) Limited.
For the purpose of identification the two properties owned by the
company were described as Jos No. 2 and the Fusa property.
Mr. Malcolm has been appointed manager of the properties, and
on behalf of the company has applied for and secured permission to
take up a further area on the Fefan River.
Mr. S. W. Carpenter, who was in the employ of the Niger Company
for five years, has been appointed engineer. Mr. A. Higgins, who has
also joined this company, was formerly in the Public Works
Department of Nigeria, and has been in the country for the past ten
years. He will make his headquarters at Lokoja, in which place the
company has contracted to acquire a site and buildings to be used
for trading, with a steam launch and two barges on the river. In
connection with this trading and transport work, the company have
acquired properties in Nigeria belonging to the firm of Messrs.
Siegler & Co., and their place in Lokoja occupies the best river site
there.
This company promoted its first subsidiary company in May 1910,
and was called the Jos Tin Area (Nigeria) Limited. The property was
a producing one.

ANGLO-CONTINENTAL MINES CO., Ltd.

Capital.—£200,000 in 400,000 10s. shares, of which

300,000 are issued and fully paid.
Directors.—Messrs. W. F. Turner (Chairman), Edmund
Davis, J. Schaar, and H. White.
Secretary.—Mr. A. W. Berry.
Offices.—22 Austin Friars, E.C.

This company, in addition to having interests in various West

African and South African concerns, is interested in the Nigerian Tin
Fields, and in addition to holding share interest in various
companies, they have a prospecting right over an area of 50 square
miles in the Bauchi district to the west of the Naraguta area, and to
the north and adjoining the area of the Northern Nigeria (Bauchi)
Tin Mines, Limited.

JOS TIN AREA (NIGERIA), Ltd.

Capital.—£110,000 in 440,000 shares of 5s. each.

Directors.—Assheton Leaver (Chairman), C. D’Arcy Leaver,
H. T. Miller, J. R. Parsons, F. S. Saunders, A. T. Schmidt, L. N.
 Way.
Offices.—58 West Smithfield, E.C.

The company acquired from the Tin Areas of Nigeria Limited, an

area of 1,920 acres which were originally held by the Niger
Company. Mr. Charles Scott has been engaged as mine manager, and
is now on the property, from which about 20 tons of black tin were
won during May, June, and July.
At the statutory meeting held on 22nd August, the chairman said:
“I may say that I have had the pleasure on two or three occasions
of meeting Mr. H. W. Laws, who was the chief mining engineer of the
Niger Company in Northern Nigeria, and is now their consulting
engineer here. He had for some time the direction of the work on
this particular mine. In the course of friendly conversations with him,
he told me that he was of opinion that our company should get back
its capital, together with interest commensurate with the risk run in
all mining enterprises. He also told me that he considered the mine
could go on producing indefinitely anything up to 200 tons of tin per
annum, without any capital expenditure, but he added that he
thought that would be a very wrong policy to pursue, and that the
right thing to do was to have, as we intend having, a thorough
survey made of the property, and then come to a conclusion as to
the best method of working it. I think that it is very satisfactory to
hear this from Mr. Laws, because it points to the fact that we have
really got a sound property, and one which, if properly managed, will
prove to be a sound speculative investment. It is a property which
must be regarded as a low-grade proposition. Although, of course, it
is more fascinating to have a property which may be called a very
rich one, yet a large low-grade property is really far more
satisfactory from the shareholders’ point of view than a property
which is simply rich in patches, because with a large low-grade
proposition it is a case of “cut and come again” and as often as you
like. There is always something to go away with. Mr. Lush, in a
report which he gave us at the time of the flotation of this mine,
estimated that we could reckon upon having 500 acres containing 2
lbs. of tin per cubic yard, and if that estimate is realised—and I have
no reason to anticipate that it will not be realised—and the profits
are made that he foreshadowed might be made, you have a very
handsome property, and one containing apparently something over
half a million sterling worth of tin.”

BISICHI TIN COMPANY (NIGERIA), Ltd.

Capital.—£200,000 in £1 shares.
Directors.—The Earl of Wharncliffe, Sir William Wallace,
K.C.M.G., William Scott Coutts, Samuel Watkin Carlton, James
Gardiner.
Secretary.—Stanley Aldous.
Offices.—51 and 52 Fenchurch Street, E.C.

This company was formed to acquire and work mining rights over
a property known as the Bisichi Valley Tin Area, comprising an area
of three square miles in extent, situated in the Bauchi Tin Fields. It is
located about 12 miles south-east of Jos, at the head-waters of the
river Gongola, on the main transport route from Keffi to Naraguta.
Mr. Laws, the general mining manager of the Niger Company, in
his report, says:
“One of the most pleasing features of this property is its constant
supply of water for sluicing and power purposes, and the ample
head of water given by the three falls for hydraulicing.”
In the Bisichi Valley there is a large alluvial deposit of light sandy
material which is quite free from clay, and is extremely friable, and
consequently capable of cheap and rapid concentration.
Black oxide of tin occurs abundantly in the river beds and adjacent
alluvial flats, and is of very good quality, there being practically no
iron or other impurity associated with it. The tin-bearing alluvial is all
on the surface, and varies in depth from a few inches to some 20
feet in the vicinity of the river.
Systematic tests of the alluvial by trial pits were commenced this
year, and up to the present the great proportion of the alluvial of the
river Bisichi has been tested.
The tested ground averages 4 yards in depth, and contains
approximately 2,120,000 cubic yards of payable alluvial wash. The
latter varies in value from traces to 129 lbs. of black tin per cubic
yard, the average value being 7.27 lbs. of black tin per cubic yard.
The total contents of the tested portion therefore amounts to 6,800
tons, exclusive of the river bed deposits, which the Niger Company’s
engineers estimate to contain about 1,000 tons.
The nature of the river-bed wash does not lend itself to accurate
sampling, but Mr. Laws, judging by actual returns from similar
deposits on this field, considers this estimate of 1,000 tons a
moderate one, and states that it may be taken that some 7,800 tons
of black tin (containing over 70 per cent. of pure metal) have been
developed to date. Taking the costs as estimated by Mr. Laws at £45
per ton, the above tonnage contained in the area already proved,
shows an available profit of over £350,000.
Payable tin-bearing alluvial exists on other portions of the Bisichi
Valley area, but as it has not yet been measured or tested, no exact
estimate can be made of quantities and values. The ground already
tested represents about one-tenth of the total area; but the very
high values and quantities so far disclosed cannot be taken to apply
to the whole area, as it is natural that the course of the main stream
should carry better values and deeper ground than the remainder of
the land where the alluvial would be more patchy and shallower. It
will be seen, however, that the estimated working costs per ton have
been placed by Mr. Laws at a figure which will permit of lower grade
ground being worked than that already referred to.
Mr. Laws advises the immediate erection of an hydraulicing plant
capable of dealing efficiently with wash dirt sufficient to produce 800
tons of black tin annually, an ample head of water being available for
this purpose throughout the year.
He also states that it would be quite possible to commence work
on the property immediately by ground sluicing; but he is strongly of
opinion that this policy would be unwise, as the disturbance of the
ground might tend to interfere with the economical working on a
large scale such as is proposed.
Provided no unforeseen difficulties arise, Mr. Laws is of opinion
that the whole of the plant would be in operation within nine
months.
If Mr. Laws’ advice is taken, he estimates that working cost would
amount to about £10 per ton on ore of the value already found, but,
as stated above, to allow for working a larger quantity of lower
grade ground, working costs should be placed at £15 per ton of ore.
The price of the ore in the market at Liverpool may be taken at £90
per ton, which, after deducting £15 for working costs, and £30 per
ton for transport and contingencies, would leave a margin of profit
of £45 per ton of ore. Although it is proposed in the earlier stages of
development to equip the mine with plant capable of producing 800
tons annually, any increase on this rate of working will depend on
surveys determining the head of water available.

WEST AFRICAN MINES, Ltd.

Capital.—£100,200 in £1 shares, of which 100,000 are

ordinary shares and 200 founders’ shares; all are issued and
fully paid.
Directors.—Rt. Hon. Lord Harris (Chairman), Edmund Davis,
Friedrich Eckstein, H. Strakosah, R. G. Fricker (Managing
Director).
Secretaries.—The Consolidated Goldfields of South Africa,
Limited.
 Offices.—8 Old Jewry, E.C.

This company, which is managed by the Consolidated Goldfields of

South Africa, Limited, has secured an interest in a tin business in
Nigeria. The company have sent out Mr. Balfour, who has had
experience in tin dredging in the Straits Settlements. The tin
property which is here referred to was floated in conjunction with
the Anglo-Continental Mines, Limited, and was called the Northern
Nigerian (Bauchi) Tin Mines, Limited.

BENUE (NORTHERN NIGERIA) TIN MINES, Ltd.

Capital.—£10,000 in £1 shares; 8,500 are issued and fully

paid, the balance are under option at par till 31st March,
1911.
Directors.—Charles E. Pearson (Chairman), C. L. W.
Wallace, H. Kemble, G. F. Jones.
Secretary.—J. H. Dormer.
Offices.—21 Great Winchester Street, E.C.

The company originally held a prospecting mining licence over an

area of ten square miles, situated in the Benue River district,
Northern Nigeria.
Mr. Harry Kemble, accompanied by an experienced engineer, left
for Nigeria early this year. The following circular was issued to the
shareholders on 29th August 1910:
“I beg to inform you that Mr. Kemble, writing from Naraguta, on
21st July, reports as follows:—
“‘Please inform my brother-directors I have acquired four square
miles of very rich tin area, as stated in my cable of the 19th inst. It
is mainly in the streams, and will be almost entirely recovered by
calabash washing (i.e. natives washing the alluvial in calabashes).’”
 In a cable from Mr. Kemble, dated 8th August, he states that he
has acquired a further six square miles, also rich, and on 21st
August he cabled that he has acquired “another square mile
extremely rich.”
With regard to the exact locality of these areas, Mr. Kemble says:
“Mr. Knight will have plans, report, &c., ready for sending home as
soon as possible.”
The following was issued to shareholders on 15th September
1910:
“Referring to my circular of 29th August, in which I informed you
that Mr. H. Kemble reported having secured in all eleven square
miles of very rich tin area, in a letter just received from Mr. Kemble,
dated 3rd August, he states that as a test they have washed 3,000
lbs. of tin in five days’ work. With reference to seven square miles
which Mr. Kemble has secured for the company, he says:
“‘(1) Property on which camp is built lies nearly half-way between
Bauchi Town and Naraguta. It is two miles long by half-mile wide,
taking in the Ademi River in its length. There are other smaller
streams on the property running into the Ademi, and also containing
tin. One square mile. (2) Property on the river known locally as the
Kogin Zungur, one day’s march due south of Bauchi Town, and
commencing quarter-mile south-west of the town of Zungur, is six
miles long and one wide. Mr. Knight reports it rich in tin. Six square
miles. It is impossible for Mr. Knight to make detailed plans yet, as
all his time must be devoted to getting hold of further concessions.’”

GEL TIN LODE AND ALLUVIAL COMPANY, Ltd.

Capital.—£100,000 in 400,000 shares of 5s. each; present

issue 240,000 shares.
Directors.—Mr. P. G. Hamilton-Carvill, J.P. (Director of the
Van Ryn Gold Mining Estates, Ltd.), Mr. T. F. Dalglish (Director
of the Taquah and Abosso Gold Mining Cos.), Mr. James A.
 Duncan (Director of New African Co., Ltd.), Mr. Leama R.
Davis (Director of Millar’s Karri and Jarrah Co., Ltd.), and Mr.
George Ochs (Director of Abosso Gold Mining Co.).
Secretary.—Mr. H. J. Smith.
Offices.—34 Clement’s Lane, E.C.

This company has secured an area of 5¼ miles next to Naraguta,

the alluvial area comprising about 785 acres. Mr. H. W. Laws
reporting on these 785 acres, says:
“The bed of the stream is extremely rich in tin, in fact it is one of
the richest in the country.”
Mr. Laws also says that fifty natives with calabashes can earn 10
tons of tin per month at a cost of less than £10 per ton, and that the
extra expense for transport, &c., to England, would not come to
more than £30. This would mean that fifty tributers, with the most
primitive methods, could earn 100 tons per annum, since it is stated
that there is plenty of water for sluicing purposes during eight
months of the year. During the remaining four dry months of the
year there is ample water left in the pools. In addition to the alluvial
properties, the Gel Company has a half share in a lode firm on a
property covering 640 acres. Upon this lode the Niger Company have
already spent £10,000 in prospecting shafts with satisfactory results.
The lode formation is 20 feet wide on an average, and an analysis of
prospects gave 20 per cent. of tin.

AKERRI (NIGERIA) TIN COMPANY, Ltd.

Capital.—£125,000 in £1 shares, issued as fully paid in part

payment of purchase money; 25,000 were offered at par, and
are 2s. paid, and the remaining 35,500 are held in reserve for
future issue.
Directors.—Mr. Charles Vivian Thomas (Chairman of Tronoh
Mines), Mr. Arthur Oliphant Burton, Mr. Louis A. Neel.
 Secretary.—Mr. C. M. Champness, C.A.
Offices.—103 Cannon Street, E.C.

This company acquired their property through Mr. W. H.

Champion, who has also reported on the property. Most of the other
companies which have been formed up to this date, are working in
the Bauchi Province, and as the Akerri Company is proposing to work
in a new district near Zungeru, the present capital of the Colony, a
copy of Mr. Champion’s report is given in full:
“Having been appointed by you to prospect and report on your tin
properties in Northern Nigeria, to which place I proceeded in March,
I have now much pleasure in submitting to you the following
particulars:
“Situation.—Your property is situate one day’s journey in a south-
westerly direction from Zungeru, the present capital of the Colony,
and one and a half day’s journey north-east of Jebba, which is an
important railway centre.
“There is one important point as regards its position, which places
it far ahead of any property of any company at present working in
this Colony. That is, you have as boundaries, on the north the Lagos
Railway (Northern Extension), on the west the Kara River, and on the
east the Kaduna River.
“It is a granite country, and although in the Naraguta district reefs
have been proved to exist, large alluvial deposits, which yield
cassiterite (tin oxide), are of chief importance.
“Mining.—For a couple of years the natives have been working in
the rivers adjoining, and also on your property, treating the ore in
their usual primitive way by means of ‘washing’ with wooden pans or
calabashes.
“Under my supervision a large number of bore-holes were put
down, varying in depth from 10 feet to 35 feet. I can form no idea
as to the depths of the tin-bearing soil, as on the western boundary
I have reached 35 feet in depth without getting to the end, on the
eastern boundary about 30 feet in depth. You have over the whole
of your area alluvial deposits existing on a very large scale. These
deposits yield cassiterite (tin oxide) containing on an average 62 per
cent. metallic tin, which proves the alluvial to be as rich or even
richer than you find in any other part of the world.
“I estimate the yield at 7 lbs. per cubic yard—equal to, say, 5 s.
per cubic yard, with tin oxide at £85 per ton. The cost of production
would be approximately 6d. per cubic yard.
“The extent of the property is great, the natural facilities for
mining are favourable, and the output of tin will be simply
proportionate to the number of men employed. Assuming that a
minimum of only 250 natives be employed, they should produce 500
tons of metallic tin per annum. Taking the price of tin oxide at £85
per ton, there would be a profit of some £36,000 per annum.
“The mining rights are over 3,200 acres, or five square miles,
granted by the Northern Nigerian Government, and are subject to an
annual rent of 5s. per acre.
“There is also a 10 per cent. royalty on the net profits derived
from production, but I can assure you that there is every prospect of
a reduction taking place in the near future.
“Labour.—This is undoubtedly one of the most important questions
with which mining companies will have to deal at a very near date.
This I foresaw, and am now pleased to say that arrangements have
been made with the Zereki, or Chief of the Village, close by, to
provide you with not less than 300 natives at any time or date, the
same are required.
“Transport.—This is another important question.
“At the present moment the railway has not been completed, but I
assure you that it will be before the end of the present year. They
are now laying it at the rate of one mile per day, and are only some
forty miles from your property when I left on 14th May.
 “In this matter you have a very great advantage over those
companies who are exploiting the Bauchi district, for, to quote the
words of their expert, the cost of carriage from their tin fields to
Liverpool is some £27 per ton. The cost to you will not exceed £12
per ton, so you will have on every ton arriving in Liverpool a clear
profit of £15 more than they get. This is a large margin, and when
worked out on the small production of 500 tons per annum (which I
have previously mentioned), means a sum of £7,500 over and above
what they can get on the same quantity.
“Water.—There is no need for me to dwell on this point, as the
very large rivers you have as boundaries will be more than ample
supply for all or any companies who will be operating here in the
near future.
“Climate.—Northern Nigeria is far different to any part of West
Africa. You are at an elevation of some 500 feet. The nights are
quite cool, and any man who takes ordinary care of himself and lives
well ought to have good health. It is, in my opinion, by far and away
the healthiest part of West Africa, and I say this after sixteen years
spent in different parts of it.
“In conclusion, the results obtained prove conclusively that there
is immense alluvial wealth which can be cheaply won, and I believe
in this property you have one which will prove an astonishing
success.
“I should recommend you to at once commence operations on a
large scale.
“A large working capital is unnecessary; and I consider that
£25,000 will be more than ample for all requirements.”

NEW AFRICAN COMPANY, Ltd.

This company, which has been dealing for some time in South
African business, has recently acquired an interest in a Nigerian tin
property comprising an area of 640 acres, containing a lode which is
claimed to be the mother lode of the district. Arrangements are now
being made to prove the lode at depth. In addition this company
have also acquired an alluvial property adjoining, which runs along
the bed of a stream for a distance of about 5¼ miles, and extends
to a width of 200 yards on each bank. The property has as its
northern neighbour the Naraguta Company, with the Jos Tin
Company on the east, and the Bauchi Tin Syndicate on the west.
This company appears to be working in conjunction with the Gel Tin
Lode and Alluvial Company, which company is probably a subsidiary
company issued by it.

THE SOUTH BUKERU (NIGERIA) TIN

COMPANY, Ltd.

Capital.—£50,000, divided into 50,000 ordinary shares of

£1 each, of which 20,000 are for working capital.
Directors.—Segar R. Bastard (Chairman, Champion Gold
Reefs of West Africa, Ltd., and Director of Juga (Nigeria) Tin
and Power Co., Ltd.), Wm. F. Jackson (1-2 Great Winchester
Street, E.C., and Stock Exchange, E.C.), John Waddington, J.P.
(Director, Naraguta (Nigeria) Tin Mines, Ltd.).
Consulting Engineer.—Charles G. Lush, M.E.
Secretary.—H. Tuffrey.
Offices.—Blomfield House, 85 London Wall, E.C.

This company has been formed to acquire the exclusive rights to

prospect for minerals, mineral oils, and precious stones over an area
of 3 square miles, situated about 4 miles south of Bukeru, in the
well-known Bauchi Tin Fields of Northern Nigeria.
The property is situated on the top of the Bukeru Watershed, a
basin heavily watered with small streams running through the whole
area, which is stated to be alluvial, and all the ground is tin-bearing
from the top to the bottom of the pits, which have been sunk to a
depth of about 15 feet. Mr. Lush, the consulting engineer to the
principal Nigerian tin mining companies, who thinks well of the
property, has consented to act as consulting engineer for this
company.
A party, consisting of four engineers with boring plant and stores,
has already sailed for Nigeria to take possession of and work this
property, as well as two other properties belonging to the Gongola
Syndicate, Limited, and arrangements have been made for giving to
this company the benefit of this organisation, on payment of a
proportion of the charges incurred and to be incurred in connection
therewith. There will be set aside £20,000 of the capital for working
capital, of which 10,000 shares will be subscribed for immediately.
The purchase consideration is 30,000 fully-paid shares to be
allotted to the Wadu Syndicate or its nominees, and the right to
subscribe at par for the unissued capital of the company.
It may be mentioned that it is estimated that a profit of at least
£45 per ton of ore will be obtained, taking the actual price at £90
per ton and deducting £15 for the cost of working and £30 for
transport, &c., which latter item will shortly be considerably reduced.

RIBON VALLEY (NIGERIA) TIN FIELDS, Ltd.

Capital.—£200,000 in 200,000 shares of £1 each, of which

50,000 are set aside for working capital.
Directors.—Mr. Edward Hooper (Chairman), Mr. Sidney J.
Messenger, Mr. Herbert Moir, Mr. James Wickett (Director of
the Malay Tin Mines), and Mr. H. W. Pelham Clinton.
Secretary.—Mr. George Kerr, A.C.I.S.
Offices.—Capel House, New Broad Street, E.C.
 This company has acquired a most extensive property—nine miles
in extent—and holds it under an exclusive prospecting licence from
the Northern Nigerian Government. So far the prospectus has only
been privately issued. The licence carries with it the right to select
areas for mining purposes for periods of twenty-one years, at an
annual rental of 5s. per acre, and a royalty on the mineral output.
The property is situated on the head-waters of the river Gongola,
the river flowing through the area being locally known as the Ribon.
It is about 20 miles south-east of Naraguta, and within easy reach of
the main transport route. There is a constant and unlimited supply of
water, and a large quantity of timber suitable for fuel. The labour is
plentiful, cheap, and suitable for alluvial mining. The costs are put
approximately at £20 per ton of black tin, of a minimum of 70 per
cent. Mr. H. W. Laws, M.I.M.M., the chief mining engineer of the
Niger Company, says: “I consider the area has excellent prospects of
proving very large and profitable, and that in selecting land for
mining purposes it will probably be necessary to acquire two, and
perhaps three, separate leases, owing to its unusually large extent.”
An engineer of wide experience and an assistant has left London for
the property, and Mr. Walter Wethered, who is paying his third visit
to the Nigerian tin field, is to attend to the Company’s interests on
the spot. The intention is that the Ribon Company shall become one
of the parent kind, because it is quite impossible that, unaided, it
can develop so large a sett.

THE REIN RIVER (NIGERIA) TIN MINING CO.,

Ltd.

Capital.—£76,000, divided into 270,000 ordinary shares of

5s. each, and 170 deferred shares of 1s. each.
Directors.—S. R. Bastard, Chairman of Champion Gold
Reefs of West Africa, Ltd., Lucky Chance Mines, Ltd., Tin
Fields of Northern Nigeria, Ltd., South Bukeru (Nigeria) Tin
 Co., Ltd., Director of Juga (Nigeria) Tin and Power Co., Ltd.
(Chairman).
C. G. Lush, M.E., Director of Tin Fields of Northern Nigeria,
Ltd., and Goss Moor, Ltd., Consulting Engineer to South
Bukeru (Nigeria) Tin Co., Ltd., and Naraguta (Nigeria) Tin
Mines, Ltd.
Julius L. F. Vogel, M.I.E.E., M.I.M.M.
John Waddington, J.P., Director of Naraguta (Nigeria) Tin
Mines, Ltd., Champion Gold Reefs of West Africa, Ltd., South
Bukeru (Nigeria) Tin Co., Ltd., and Great Boulder Proprietary
Gold Mines, Ltd.
Offices.—Friars House, New Broad Street, E.C.

This company has acquired an exclusive prospecting licence over

about 1,440 acres of alluvial tin-bearing ground, situated at Forum
on the Rein River, in the Province of Bauchi, which is at present the
richest known tin district in Northern Nigeria. From this district alone
over one thousand tons of tin have already been won. The property
extends for a distance of about three miles along the river. Hand-
washing by calabashes and simple sluice-boxes, using a stream of
water, have been employed, and this method will be adopted by this
company for the present.

ESTIMATES

By comparison with the results obtained in the district it is

estimated that, when the property is opened out, an output of 50
tons a month or 600 tons a year of “Black Tin” should be obtained,
and the following results may be anticipated on the basis of the
report:—

Sale of 600 tons of “Black Tin” at £90 per ton (the

present price being over £100 per ton) £54,000
Cost of production (maximum estimate) at £15
per ton £9,000
Freight under present conditions at £29 10s. per
ton 17,700
Administration, rent, royalties, &c., about 4,300
31,000
Estimated nett annual profit £23,000

By about March the new freight conditions should be in force,

which would increase the estimated nett profit to about £29,000 per
annum.
Life and Tonnage.—Assuming Mr. Wethered’s figures that more
than two-thirds of the area carries 3 to 5 lbs. per cubic yard for a
depth of from 1 to 4 yards, the following is an estimate of the
tonnage of tin and the life of the property:—

1,000 acres 2 yards deep at 3 lbs. per cubic yard should

yield about 13,000 tons of Black Tin over about 20 years,
which at £90 per ton represents a profit (taking into account
reduced freight) in excess of £500,000.

Management.—An arrangement has been made with the Lucky

Chance Mines Limited, for the superintendence of the company’s
interests, and for organising the work under a suitable manager.
The following report by Mr. Walter Wethered, one of the pioneers
of the Northern Nigeria Tin Fields, was made on the original
concession, which comprised an area of six miles along the river, of
which this company have acquired one half.
“This property is situated on the south-eastern side of the Bauchi
tin fields, between the pagan towns of Forum and Rein.
“The area encloses about six miles of a stream flowing in a
northerly direction from Rein to Forum, where it junctions with the
system of rivers on which the Ribon, Bisichi, Doss, and other
properties are situated.
“The area is three-quarters of a mile wide by six miles long, an
extent of four and a half square miles, practically the whole of which
is tin-bearing alluvial. The alluvium is composed of a sandy material
of an extremely free nature, and the bottom is the usual coarse grey
granite. The latter outcrops in very few places, and carries from
about a yard to four yards of alluvial ground. Although the bottom
could be reached in only a few places in the stream bed, good
prospects of black tin were obtained in nearly all samples panned,
and from the alluvial flats, as exposed by the banks of the stream,
the results ran from about 3 to 5 lbs. of tin per cubic yard. The
panning concentrates contained 10 to 15 per cent. of titaniferous
iron sand (which was allowed for), but this mineral presents no
difficulty, and can be easily eliminated by the ordinary dressing
operations.
“The width of the property (three-quarters of a mile) does not
include the whole of the large alluvial flats that occur on either side
of the river, but having secured the river and so much of the
adjacent ground, these flats are protected, and, if necessary, may be
taken up when the land for mining purposes is selected.
“Of the area staked, certainly more than two-thirds carries alluvial
ground of the thickness given above. Except in the bed of the
stream, I would not expect rich patches, but a fairly uniform value
throughout.
Water.—There is a continuous flow of water for sluicing purposes
all the year round.
Grades.—Cannot be determined without survey, but at the lower
(Forum) end of the property there is sufficient fall to allow the
tailings to be inexpensively dealt with.
Costs.—Will compare favourably with other mines in the district,
i.e. with ground of moderate value the costs would amount to
between £10 and £15 per ton of black tin, and present transport
charges £27 10s. per ton inclusive.
“Final tests of the flats are capable of being cheaply and quickly
carried out by means of trial pits; boring is unnecessary. The
probability is that the workable ground will prove to be of too large
an area to be included in one mining lease, and that it will be
necessary to split the present area into two or more properties.”
 New Mining Regulations for
Northern Nigeria
[Note.—The Proclamation as enacted in the Protectorate differs
from this copy in the addition of a clause suspending—as regards
licences to mine issued under the previous Proclamation—the
operation of Section 26 and Regulation 23 (relating to royalties) until
1st January 1911, to which date the provisions of the “Minerals
Proclamation, 1902,” with regard to duty on profits, are kept in
force.]

THE MINERALS PROCLAMATION, 1910

A Proclamation regulating the right to search for minerals and also
to dig for, mine, and work minerals, and for other purposes relating
thereto.
Be it enacted by the Governor of Northern Nigeria as follows:—
1. This Proclamation may be cited as “The Short Title.
Minerals Proclamation, 1910.”
2. In this Proclamation, unless the context Interpretation.
otherwise requires:—
“Person” includes a corporation. Person.
“Holder” of a prospecting right or exclusive Holder.
licence to prospect means the person to whom
such right or licence was granted in the first instance, but in the
case of an exclusive licence to prospect includes a person in whom
such licence or a part of the rights thereunder has become vested by
transfer, assignment, or otherwise.
 “Lessee” of a mining lease includes all persons Lessee.
having any right or interest in or under a mining
lease, whether by transfer, assignment, or otherwise.
“Treasurer” includes any officer appointed by the Treasurer.
Governor to perform any act or duty or to exercise
any authority which by this Proclamation may be done by, or is
imposed upon, the Treasurer.
“Government Inspector of Mines” includes any Government
officer appointed by the Governor to perform any Inspector of
act or duty or to exercise any act or authority Mines.
which by this Proclamation may be done by, or is imposed upon, or
may be exercised by, the Government Inspector of Mines.
Court.
“Court” means the Supreme Court or any Provincial Court.
“Minerals” means and includes the following as Minerals.
classed hereunder (a), (b), (c), and (d):—
(a) Metalliferous minerals, including antimony, Metalliferous
arsenic, bismuth, copper, cobalt, chromium, Minerals.
cadmium, gold, iron, iridium, lead, manganese,
mercury, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, tin, tungsten,
uranium, zinc, and all others of a similar nature to any of them, and
all ores or combinations of any of them with each other or with any
other substance, excepting only those that occur in the form of
precious stones.
(b) Carbonaceous minerals, including anthracite, Carbonaceous
asphalt, brown coal, bitumen and its compounds, Minerals.
coal, graphite, lignite, and all substances of a like
nature to any of them, or combinations of any of them with each
other or with any other substance.
(c) Earthy minerals, including asbestos, barytes, Earthy Minerals.
clays, gypsum, infusorial earth, sandstone, marble,
mica, phosphates, potash, rock salt, soda, sulphur, steatite, slate,
talc, and all other substances of a like nature to any of them.
(d) Precious stones, including amber, amethyst, Precious Stones.
beryl, cat’s eye, chrysolite, diamond, emerald,
garnet, opal, ruby, sapphire, turquoise, and all substances of a
similar nature to any of them.
3. Nothing in this Proclamation shall prevent any Saving as to
person from quarrying stone for building purposes, quarrying, &c.
or any native of the Protectorate from mining for
iron, salt, soda, or potash, except in any area over which a mining
lease has been granted.
4.—(1) It shall not be lawful for any person to No person to
prospect for minerals without having first obtained prospect without
a prospecting
a prospecting right or an exclusive licence to
right, or exclusive
prospect in the prescribed form. licence.
(2) An exclusive licence to prospect shall not be
granted to any applicant who has not, either by himself or his duly
authorised agents, examined the area over which an exclusive
licence to prospect is applied for.
(3) It shall be in the discretion of the Governor for good cause to
refuse an application for a prospecting right or an exclusive licence
to prospect.
5. A prospecting right shall entitle the holder to Prospecting right.
prospect for any minerals in those parts of the
Protectorate which are not included in any exclusive licence to
prospect, and which the Governor has not by Government Notice in
the Gazette declared to be closed to prospectors.
In the case of a company or corporation Prospectors
employing prospecting engineers or prospectors, employed by
corporations.
each prospecting engineer or prospector shall be
required to take out an individual prospecting right.
 6. An exclusive licence to prospect shall entitle Exclusive licence
the holder thereof, and his duly authorised agents, to prospect.
to the sole right of prospecting for minerals within
an area not less than one square mile and not more than sixteen
square miles in extent, and for a period of one year from the date
thereof, subject to renewal in accordance with the prescribed
regulations for further terms of one year each, but so as not to
exceed a period of three years in the whole.
7. A prospecting right and an exclusive licence to Right to enter
prospect shall, subject to the terms thereof and to upon land to
the prescribed regulations, entitle the holder prospect.
thereof to enter upon any land and prospect for minerals, and any
person interfering with or obstructing such holder in the exercise of
any rights hereby conferred upon him shall be guilty of an offence
and shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding £25 or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.
8. All disputes between holders of exclusive Settlement of
licences to prospect in respect of the exercise of disputes.
the rights granted by such licences shall be
submitted through the Government Inspector of Mines to the
Governor for his decision, which shall be final and conclusive
between the parties: Provided always that the Governor may in his
discretion refer any particular matter in dispute to a court for its
decision.
9. Any person prospecting without a prospecting Penalty for
right or licence to prospect shall be guilty of an prospecting
without a right or
offence and shall on conviction before a court be licence.
liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months.
10. A prospecting right shall not be transferable, Transfer of rights
but an exclusive licence to prospect or any portion and licences.
of the rights granted under such licence may be
transferred with the consent in writing of the Governor, signified by
endorsement thereon.
 11. In case of any breach by the holder of a Revocation of
prospecting right or exclusive licence to prospect or licences.
by any attorney, agent, or employee of such holder,
of any of the provisions of this Proclamation or of any rule or
regulation made thereunder, the Governor may summarily revoke
the said right or licence and thereupon all privileges and rights
conferred thereby or enjoyed thereunder shall as from the date of
such revocation cease: Provided always that the fact of such
revocation shall not in any way affect the liability of such holder,
attorney, agent, or employee, in respect of the breach of any
provision of this Proclamation or of any such rule or regulation
committed by him before such revocation.
12. An exclusive licence to prospect or any Surrender of
portion of the rights granted under such licence licence.
may be surrendered at any time after three
months’ notice in writing has been given of the intention to
surrender: Provided that such surrender shall not affect any liability
incurred by the holder before such surrender shall have taken effect.
13.—(1) It shall not be lawful for the Governor to No grant except
grant a mining lease to any person other than the to holder of
holder of a prospecting right or an exclusive licence prospecting
or exclusive
right

to prospect, nor to any person who cannot show to licence.

his satisfaction that he has, either himself or by his
duly authorised agent, carried out bonâ fide prospecting operations
on the area applied for.
(2) The holder of an exclusive licence to prospect Right of exclusive
who has fulfilled all the conditions attached thereto licence holder.
shall be entitled to the grant of a mining lease in
respect of any portion of the area covered by such licence subject to
the conditions relating to the grant of such leases.
14. The Governor may require an applicant for a Applicant must
mining lease to show to his satisfaction that he show sufficient
possesses or commands sufficient working capital working capital.
to ensure the proper development and working of the mine; and
may require any reports on the matter made by competent
engineers to be submitted for his information. In the event of such
applicant failing to satisfy the Governor as aforesaid, the Governor
may refuse the application, but the applicant may renew his
application at any time.
15. Any applicant for a mining lease wilfully or Giving false
recklessly giving false information as to any of the information as to
matters in respect of which information is or may above matters an
offence.
be required to be given under this Proclamation
shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable on conviction to a
fine not exceeding £50 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
six months.
16.—(1) A mining lease may be granted for any Duration of lease.
term not exceeding 21 years.
(2) If at the expiration of the term originally Renewal.
granted the lessee or his assigns shall be carrying
on work in a normal and business-like manner under the lease, and
the lease shall not at that time be liable to be declared void under
any of the provisions of this Proclamation, and the lessee or his
assigns shall have given to the Government six months’ notice in
that behalf, then the lessee or his assigns shall be entitled to obtain
a renewal of the lease for a further term not exceeding 21 years,
upon the conditions which are then generally applicable to new
mining leases.
17. Mining leases shall be of the following kinds, Different kinds of
viz.:— mining leases.

(1) Lode mining leases, the unit of area being one claim of
80,000 square feet, rectangular, and of such dimensions
that the width shall not be less than one-half the length.
No greater area than 30 claims shall be included in one
lease. The rent payable under such lease shall be at the
rate of £4 per claim per annum.
(2) Alluvial mining leases, which shall not exceed 800 acres in
area and shall have a minimum width throughout of 400
yards. The rent payable under such lease shall be at the
rate of five shillings per acre per annum.
(3) Stream mining leases, which shall not be granted in cases
where an alluvial mining lease is applicable, shall be
confined to the bed of a stream and shall not exceed one
mile in length. The rent payable under such lease shall
be at the rate of twenty shillings per annum for each 100
yards or part thereof.
(4) Iron mining leases.
(5) Carbonaceous minerals leases.
(6) Earthy minerals and precious stones leases.
(7) Dredging leases.
Leases of the kind (4), (5), (6), and (7) shall be
granted subject to regulations to be made by the
Governor under section 34 of this Proclamation.
(8) Water power leases, which shall be the subject of special
agreements with the Governor; and such agreements
shall make provision inter alia:
(a) As to the rate to be charged to consumers for the
supply of power, such rate to be specified in each
agreement, and not increased without the consent in
writing of the Governor;
(b) As to the compensation to be paid by the
beneficiaries thereunder in respect of interference with
pre-existing individual rights of any kind whatever;
(c) To ensure, under penalty of revocation, the
adequate development of the available power; and
(d) To ensure the supply of power on equitable terms
to all consumers.
 Provided that (1) no such agreement shall be concluded until
at least three months after reasonable advertisement of
the application for the lease; and (2) the Governor shall
at all times have the power to determine any such
agreement, subject to reasonable notice and to the
payment of adequate compensation in respect of
expenditure incurred.

18. The Governor may in any case where he Governor may

shall deem it necessary, before granting a mining order survey, at
lease, require that the boundaries of the land cost of applicant.
affected shall be surveyed by a surveyor approved by the Governor,
and the cost of such survey shall be paid by the person applying for
the lease.
19. In the event of any areas the subject of Overlapping
mining leases or exclusive licences to prospect areas.
being found to overlap, the ground in dispute shall
be considered as within the area first granted, and no claim,
whether for compensation or otherwise, shall be allowed in respect
thereof to the lessee or licensee of the area subsequently granted.
20. Every mining lease and every instrument by Registration.
or under which the rights or any portion thereof
granted by such lease shall be transferred or assigned shall be
registered as an instrument affecting land under the provisions of
the law for the time being in force with regard to the registration of
such instruments.
21. Any person digging for, mining, or working Penalty for mining
any mineral without a mining lease shall be guilty without a lease.
of an offence, and shall be liable upon conviction
thereof to a penalty not exceeding £500 or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding twelve months.
22. The lessee of a mining lease shall be entitled Use of water.
to the use of all water within the area of his lease,
but he shall not, without the consent in writing of the Government
Inspector of Mines, treat any river or other flowing water or stream
in such a manner as to prevent its return to its natural channel
before it leaves the said area.
Provided that nothing herein contained shall be Proviso as to
construed to affect or prejudice the existing rights existing rights.
of any person to the reasonable use of the water
flowing in a natural bed or channel through, or along the margin of,
land occupied by him, or naturally deposited within such land.
23. Any person diverting any river, flowing water, Penalty for
or stream without consent as aforesaid, or improper use of
diverting water in such a manner as to render it water.
unavailable for use by another person legally entitled to the use
thereof, shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable to a penalty
not exceeding £25, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
three months.
24.—(1) A mining lease shall not of itself confer Provisions as to
any rights in or over the surface of the area surface rights.
included in the lease, but if the lessee shall apply
to the Governor for a right of occupancy over the whole or any
portion of the area included in his lease, and shall show to the
satisfaction of the Governor that the exclusive use and enjoyment of
the said area or portion thereof is necessary to the full and effective
exercise of the rights conferred by the lease, the Governor shall
grant a right of occupancy over such area or portion thereof, subject
to the provisions of the law for the time being in force with regard to
such rights, and to such reservations as he shall think fit to make in
respect of any railway, tramway, public road, building, burial-ground,
or land appropriated to any public purpose, or land in the legal
occupation of any other person.
(2) A right of occupancy granted as aforesaid shall run
concurrently with the mining lease, and shall be renewable on
application with each renewal of the mining lease, and no rent shall
be payable thereunder over and above the rent payable under the