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    Class 8 Grammar

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    akpatro
    Grammer

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    Class 8 Grammar

    Uploaded by

    akpatro
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    Grammer

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    class 8 grammar

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    Grammer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views5 pages

    Class 8 Grammar

    Uploaded by

    akpatro
    Grammer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    RELATIVE CLAUSES

    Relative clauses are clauses that describe or give more information about a noun. They usually
    begin with a relative pronoun such as who, which, that, or whom. There are two types of relative
    clauses: restrictive and non-restrictive.

    1.Restrictive (Defining) Relative Clauses:

    A restrictive relative clause gives essential information about the noun it modifies. Without this
    clause, the meaning of the sentence would change or become incomplete. These clauses do not
    have commas.

    Example: The man who lives next door is a doctor. Who lives next door is a restrictive clause because
    it specifies which man we are talking about. Without it, we wouldn’t know which man is being
    referred to.

    The book that I borrowed was fascinating. That I borrowed defines which book is being talked about.
    Without it, the sentence wouldn't make sense

    2. Non-restrictive (Non-defining) Relative Clauses:

    A non-restrictive relative clause adds extra, non-essential information. If you remove this clause, the
    meaning of the sentence remains clear. These clauses are set off by commas.

    Example: My brother, who lives in New York, is coming to visit. Who lives in New York is non-
    restrictive because it gives additional information, but we already know we are talking about the
    speaker’s brother. The sentence would still make sense without it: My brother is coming to visit.

    The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, is a popular tourist destination. Which is in Paris provides extra
    information that isn't essential to understanding the sentence.

    Key Differences :Restrictive clauses do not use commas and provide essential information.

    Non-restrictive clauses use commas and add extra, non-essential information.

    What is a Conditional Sentence?


    A conditional sentence is based on the word ‘if’. There are always two parts
    to a conditional sentence – one part beginning with ‘if’ to describe a
    possible situation, and the second part which describes the consequence.
    For example:

    If it rains, we’ll get wet.


    We can also invert the two parts of a conditional sentence so that the ‘if’
    part comes second, and this is especially common in questions. For
    example:
    What will you do if you miss the train?
    How can you finish the project if you don’t have a computer?
    What happens if the students don’t pass an exam?
    There are four types of conditional sentences:

    0 – The zero conditional

    1 – The first conditional

    2 – The second conditional

    3 – The third conditional

    It is also possible to mix the second and third conditional. Let’s look at each
    conditional to see how we use them.

    The Zero Conditional


    We use the zero conditional to talk about permanent truths, such as
    scientific facts, and general habits. The structure is simple:

    Here are some examples:

    If you heat water to 100°, it boils.


    If you eat a lot, you put on weight.
    If it doesn’t rain for a long time, the earth gets very dry.
    If we go out with friends, we normally go to a restaurant.
    If I’m tired, I go to bed early.
    The First Conditional
    We use the first conditional to talk about a realistic situation in the present
    or future. The structure of the first conditional is as follows:
    Here are some examples:

    If you’re free later, we can go for a walk.


    If they’re hungry, I’ll make some sandwiches.
    If you’re not back by 5pm, give me a ring.
    If he studies hard, he’ll do well in the exam.
    If we arrive late, we must get a taxi.
    He’ll call if he needs help.
    Take a break if you’re tired.
    Another way to make first conditional sentences is to use ‘unless’ which
    means ‘only if’ or ‘except’. As with ‘if’, the word ‘unless’ can never be
    followed by ‘will’ but only by the present simple. For example:

    Unless you hurry up, you won’t catch the bus.


    I’ll carry on doing this work, unless my boss tells me to do something else.
    We’ll stay at home unless the weather improves.
    The Second Conditional
    We use the second conditional to talk about improbable or impossible
    situations in the present or future. Here is the structure:

    For example:

    If I had more time, I’d exercise more. (But I don’t have more time so I
    don’t.)
    If I were rich, I’d spend all my time travelling. (But I’m not rich so I can’t.)
    If she saw a snake, she’d be terrified.
    If he didn’t have to work late, he could go out with his girlfriend.
    What would you do if you were offered a job in Canada?
    You wouldn’t have to walk everywhere if you bought a bike.
    A common expression used to give advice has the second conditional
    structure. The expression is ‘If I were you, I’d..’, meaning ‘in your situation,
    this is what I would do’. For example:
    A: I’ve got a headache.
    B: If I were you, I’d take an aspirin.
    A: I don’t understand this.
    B: If I were you, I’d ask your teacher for help.
    A: This order won’t be delivered on time.
    B: If I were you, I’d phone the customer to let them know.
    The Third Conditional
    We use the third conditional to talk about impossible situations, as in the
    second conditional, in the past. We often use the third conditional to
    describe regrets. The structure is:

    Here are some examples:

    If we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time.


    If you hadn’t forgotten her birthday, she wouldn’t have been upset.
    If they had booked earlier, they could have found better seats.
    If I hadn’t learnt English, I wouldn’t have got this job.
    What would you have studied if you hadn’t done engineering?
    They wouldn’t have hired you if you hadn’t had some experience abroad.
    You could have helped me if you’d stayed later.
    Mixed Conditionals
    It’s possible to combine the second and third conditional in one sentence
    when we want to make a hypothesis about the past that has a
    consequence in the present. In this case, the structure is:
    Here are some examples:

    If you’d studied harder, you’d be at a higher level now.


    We’d be lying on a beach now if we hadn’t missed the plane.
    They’d have much more confidence if they hadn’t lost so many matches.
    What would you be doing now if you hadn’t decided to study?
    Now you’ve seen all the English conditionals, start practicing by using them
    whenever you can. Make some of your own examples following the
    structure patterns written. If you practice, using conditionals will become
    easy!

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