HISTORY OF COMPUTER

1. 3000 BC: Abacus - The earliest known computing device, the abacus, is invented in
ancient Mesopotamia. It consists of beads on rods used for arithmetic calculations.

2. 1642 AD: Pascal's Calculator Blaise Pascal - a French mathematician, invents the
mechanical calculator, also known as the Pascaline, capable of addition and subtraction

3. 1801: Jacquard Loom Joseph Marie Jacquard - creates a programmable loom that uses
punched cards to control patterns. This is an early example of a machine that can be
instructed by data.

4. 1822: Difference Engine Charles Babbage - designs the concept of a mechanical

computer, the Difference Engine, capable of automatically computing polynomial
functions

5. 1837: Analytical Engine Ada Lovelace - is credited with writing the first computer
program for the Analytical Engine

6. Late 1800s: Tabulating Machines Herman Hollerith - develops the punched card
tabulating machines, used to process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. This work lays the
foundation for data processing machines.

7. 1936: Turing Machine Alan Turing - introduces the concept of a theoretical computing
device called the Turing Machine, which can simulate any algorithmic process.

8. 1937: First Electronic Digital Computer Claude Shannon - designs the first fully
electronic digital computer at MIT using switches and relays.

9. 1941: Konrad Zuse's Z3 - German engineer Konrad Zuse builds the Z3, considered the
first programmable digital computer, using electromechanical relays.

10. 1943-1945: Colossus and ENIAC - During World War II, the British build Colossus, the
first programmable digital electronic computer to crack codes. Meanwhile, the U.S.
develops ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), a general-purpose
computer

11. 1947: Transistors - The invention of the transistor by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and
William Shockley revolutionizes computing technology, making computers smaller, more
reliable, and faster

12. 1951: UNIVAC I - The first commercially available computer, the UNIVAC I (Universal
Automatic Computer), is delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau.
13. 1953: IBM 701 - IBM introduces its first commercially successful general-purpose
computer, the IBM 701.

14. 1954: FORTRAN - John Backus and his team at IBM develop the FORTRAN (Formula
Translation) programming language, the first high-level programming language.

15. 1958: Integrated Circuits - Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invent the
integrated circuit (IC), leading to the miniaturization of computers.

16. 1964: IBM System/360 - IBM releases the System/360, a family of compatible mainframe
computers that revolutionizes the computer industry by establishing compatibility
standards.

17. 1969: ARPANET - The precursor to the modern internet, ARPANET is developed by the
U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).

18. 1971: Microprocessor - Intel introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, leading
to the birth of personal computers

19. 1973: Ethernet - Ethernet networking technology is developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox
PARC, becoming the foundation of local area networks (LANs).

20. 1981: IBM PC IBM - Personal Computer (PC), which becomes the first widely successful
mass-produced personal computer.

21. 1983: TCP/IP - The Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are
standardized, forming the basis of the modern internet.

22. 1991: World Wide Web - Tim Berners-Lee introduces the World Wide Web,
revolutionizing the internet and enabling easy access to information and communication.

23. 1993: Mosaic Browser - The Mosaic web browser is released, popularizing web browsing
and paving the way for modern web browsers.

24. Late 1990s: Dot-com Bubble - The internet experiences a period of rapid growth and
speculative investment, resulting in the "dot-com bubble" burst in the early 2000s.

25. 2007: Smartphones - Apple releases the first iPhone, kickstarting the era of smartphones,
combining computing, communication, and multimedia capabilities.

26. 2010s: Cloud Computing - Cloud computing becomes widely adopted, allowing users to
access and store data and applications remotely over the internet.
 27. Present Day: Advancements in AI, Quantum Computing, and Beyond - Computers
continue to evolve, with advancements in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and
other cutting-edge technologies shaping the future of computing.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The World Wide Web, often referred to as the Web, is an information space where documents
and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and can be accessed
via the Internet.

1. Early Concept (1980s): In the late 1980s, Tim Berners-Lee worked at CERN (European
Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland, where he was frustrated with the
inefficiency of sharing information among scientists.

2. Proposal (1989): In March1989, Berners-Lee submitted a proposal titled "Information

Management: A Proposal" to his superiors at CERN, outlining the concept of a "hypertext
project" that would eventually become the World Wide Web.

3. Invention of HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee, along with his colleague Robert Cailliau,
developed the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for communication between servers
and clients and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for creating web pages. In 1990,
they also created the first web browser called "WorldWideWeb" (later renamed Nexus).

4. First Web Server and Website (1991): In August 1991, Berners-Lee set up the first-ever
web server, running on his NeXT computer. He also created the first website, which
provided information about the World Wide Web and how to use it.

5. Public Release (1993): In April 1993, CERN released the World Wide Web technology
to the public domain, allowing anyone to use and develop it freely. This crucial decision
spurred rapid growth and widespread adoption of the Web.

6. Mosaic Web Browser (1993): The release of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 by the
National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) significantly increased the
Web's popularity. Mosaic was user-friendly and supported graphics, making it accessible
to non-technical users.

7. Commercialization and Expansion: As the Web gained momentum, various companies

and organizations started developing websites and online services. Commercial interests
grew, and the dot-com boom of the late 1990s led to massive investments in internet-based
businesses.
 8. Web Standards and Governance: To ensure the Web's continued growth and stability,
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee
himself. The W3C develops and maintains web standards to ensure compatibility and
interoperability across different browsers and devices.

9. Web 2.0 (2000s): The concept of "Web 2.0" emerged, emphasizing user-generated content,
social networking, and interactive web experiences. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and
YouTube gained prominence during this era.

10. Mobile Revolution: With the proliferation of smartphones and mobile devices, mobile
internet usage surged. Websites and applications adapted to be mobile-friendly, and mobile
apps became an integral part of the online experience

11. Today and Beyond: The World Wide Web continues to evolve rapidly. Innovations in
artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT)
are shaping the future of the Web.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS
1. Personal Computers (PCs)
2. Desktop Computers: Traditional computers designed to be placed on a desk.
3. Laptop Computers: Portable computers with built-in screens and keyboards.
4. Workstations: High-performance computers are used for complex tasks like graphic design,
video editing, and scientific simulations.
5. Servers: Computers are designed to provide services, resources, or data to other computers
(clients) over a network.
6. Mainframes: Large and powerful computers used for data processing and handling heavy
workloads.
7. Supercomputers: Extremely powerful computers designed for performing complex
calculations at unparalleled speeds.
8. Embedded Systems: Computers integrated into other devices or systems for specific
functions
9. Tablets: Touchscreen devices with computing capabilities, larger than smartphones but
smaller than laptops.
10. Smartphones: Mobile devices with advanced computing capabilities, including
communication, apps, and internet access.
11. Gaming Consoles: Computers designed specifically for gaming.
12. Wearable Computers: Small computing devices worn on the body, often used for tracking
health and fitness data.
13. Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: Computers are used in retail environments for processing
sales and managing inventory
14. ATMs (Automated Teller Machines): Computers are used for financial transactions and
account management.
15. Kiosks: Computers are used for interactive information and service provision in public
spaces.
16. Network Routers: Devices that manage network traffic and facilitate communication
between devices.
17. Industrial Computers: Computers designed for use in industrial environments, often
ruggedized for durability.

PARTS OF COMPUTER

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the "brain" of the computer and performs most
of the calculations and data processing. It interprets and executes instructions from computer
programs.

2. Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all the components
of the computer. It provides the pathways for data to travel between different components,
including the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and more.

3. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the computer's temporary memory where data is
stored while the computer is running. It allows for faster data access compared to permanent
storage devices like hard drives or solid-state drives.

4. Storage Devices: These devices are used to store data permanently. The main types of
storage devices are Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid-State Drives (SSDs). HDDs use
spinning disks to store data, while SSDs use flash memory, offering faster access speeds.

5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU provides electrical power to the various components of
the computer. It converts electricity from the wall outlet into a form that the computer can
use.

6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Also known as a graphics card, the GPU is responsible
for rendering images, videos, and animations. It's essential for gaming and graphic-intensive
tasks.

7. Cooling System: Computers generate heat during operation, especially the CPU and GPU.
Cooling systems, which include fans, heat sinks, and sometimes liquid cooling systems, help
dissipate this heat to prevent overheating.

8. Computer Case: The case holds and protects all the components of the computer. It also
provides slots and ports for connecting peripherals like USB devices, monitors, and more.
9. Optical Drive: While becoming less common due to digital distribution, optical drives like
DVD or Blu-ray drives allow you to read and write optical discs.

10. Network Interface Card (NIC): This component enables the computer to connect to
networks, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi, allowing it to communicate with other devices and
access the internet.

11. Sound Card: Although many motherboards have integrated audio capabilities, dedicated
sound cards can provide higher-quality audio for tasks like gaming or audio production.

12. Input and Output Ports: These ports allow you to connect external devices like keyboards,
mice, monitors, printers, and more. Common types of ports include USB, HDMI,
DisplayPort, audio jacks, and Ethernet ports.

13. Peripherals: While not part of the core computer components, peripherals like keyboards,
mic, monitors, and printers are essential for interacting with the computer and performing
tasks

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software refers to a collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer
how to perform various tasks.
1. System Software: This type of software is responsible for managing and controlling the
hardware components of a computer system.
a. Operating Systems (OS): An operating system is the core software that provides
a user interface, manages hardware resources, and allows other software
applications to run on a computer.
b. Device Drivers: These are software components that facilitate communication
between the operating system and hardware devices.
c. Utilities: Utility software consists of tools that help manage and optimize the
computer system.
2. Application Software: This software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions
for the user. It's software that users interact with directly to accomplish their goals.
a. Productivity Software: This includes software for creating documents,
spreadsheets, presentations, and other office-related tasks.
b. Graphic Design and Multimedia Software: Software used for creating and
editing images, videos, animations, and audio content.
c. Entertainment Software: This category includes video games, music players,
movie viewers, and other software designed for leisure and entertainment.
d. Communication Software: Software that enables communication between users,
such as email clients, instant messaging applications, and video conferencing
tools.
e. Web Browsers: Software that allows users to access and navigate websites on the
internet.
f. Database Software: Applications used to create, manage, and query databases
g. Programming Software: Tools used by software developers to create, debug,
and test software applications.