Assignment-1

Short Questions
1.What are catalytic converters?
Ans: Catalytic converters are devices installed in the exhaust systems of internal combustion
engines.
2.Define Automobile engineering.
Ans: Automobile engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on the design, development,
manufacturing, and maintenance of automobiles.
3.Classify engine.
Ans:  Based on Fuel Type:
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): Burns fuel inside the engine (e.g., gasoline, diesel).
External Combustion Engine: Burns fuel outside the engine (e.g., steam engine).
 Based on Cycle:
Two-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle in two strokes of the piston.
Four-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle in four strokes of the piston.

4.Engine emissions.
Ans: Engine emissions refer to the pollutants released into the atmosphere from internal
combustion engines during operation
5.Write the key design considerations of clutches.
Ans: Torque Capacity: The clutch must handle the maximum torque from the engine without
slipping.
Material Selection: Appropriate materials for the friction disc and pressure plate are crucial
for durability and heat resistance.
Heat Management: Effective heat dissipation is necessary to prevent overheating during
engagement and disengagement.
Engagement Feel: The design should provide smooth engagement for driver comfort and
control.
Size and Weight: A compact and lightweight design improves overall vehicle performance
and efficiency.
6.What is the purpose of the gearbox?
Ans: The purpose of the gearbox is to manage the power output from the engine by adjusting the
torque and speed delivered to the wheels.
7.What are the Drawbacks of Conventional Ignition Systems?
Ans:  Maintenance Requirements: They require regular maintenance, such as replacing ignition
points and condensers, which can be time-consuming and costly.
 Less Efficient Ignition: Conventional systems may lead to incomplete combustion, resulting in
reduced fuel efficiency and higher emissions compared to modern electronic ignition systems.

8.Compression ratio.
Ans: The compression ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum volume of the combustion
chamber when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke (BDC) to the minimum volume when the
piston is at the top of its stroke (TDC)

9.Describe different sub-system of automobiles.

Ans:  Engine System: Converts fuel into mechanical energy, providing power for vehicle
movement. It includes components like cylinders, pistons, and fuel injectors.
 Transmission System: Transfers power from the engine to the wheels, allowing for speed and
torque adjustments. It encompasses gearboxes, clutches, and drive shafts.
 Suspension System: Supports the vehicle’s weight, absorbs shocks from the road, and ensures tire
contact. It consists of springs, shock absorbers, and control arms.
 Brake System: Provides safe stopping by converting kinetic energy into heat. This includes disc
brakes, drum brakes, and anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
 Electrical System: Powers electrical components such as lighting, ignition, and infotainment. It
includes the battery, alternator, and wiring harnesses.
10.What is the Effect of Spark Timing on Emission and Ignition Timing Controls
Ans: Emissions: Proper spark timing ensures complete combustion.
Ignition Timing Controls: Modern engines use electronic controls to optimize spark timing based on
conditions like load and temperature.

Long Questions

1. Describe CrankCase Emission Control System.

Ans: The Crankcase Emission Control System (CECS) is an essential component of modern
internal combustion engines, aimed at reducing harmful emissions. Here are the main points
to cover:

1. Function: The CECS captures and recycles blow-by gases—unburned fuel and
combustion gases that escape past the piston rings—preventing them from being
released into the atmosphere.
2. Key Components:
o Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) Valve: Regulates the flow of
crankcase gases into the intake manifold.
o Breather Filter: Allows fresh air into the crankcase while filtering
contaminants.
o Hoses and Connectors: Facilitate the movement of gases between the
crankcase and the intake system.
3. Operation: The PCV valve opens to allow blow-by gases to flow into the intake
manifold during engine operation, where they can be burned during combustion. This
reduces crankcase pressure and enhances efficiency.
4. Benefits: The system improves engine performance, fuel efficiency, and longevity by
maintaining optimal pressure in the crankcase. It also reduces environmental pollution
by minimizing hydrocarbon emissions.
5. Regulatory Compliance: CECS is crucial for meeting emissions regulations in many
countries, helping manufacturers design engines that comply with environmental
standards.

2. Write a short note on Evaporative Emission Control System.

Ans: The Evaporative Emission Control System (EVAP) is designed to capture and contain
fuel vapors that can escape from the fuel system of an internal combustion engine, preventing
them from entering the atmosphere. Here are the key points:

1. Purpose: The primary function of the EVAP system is to reduce volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions from gasoline, which contribute to air pollution and
smog formation.
2. Components:
 o Charcoal Canister: Stores fuel vapors from the fuel tank, preventing them
from escaping.
o Fuel Tank: The main storage for gasoline, designed to minimize vapor
leakage.
o Purge Valve: Controls the flow of stored vapors from the canister back into
the intake manifold during engine operation for combustion.
3. Operation: When the engine is off, fuel vapors are directed to the charcoal canister,
where they are absorbed by activated charcoal. When the engine runs, the purge valve
opens, allowing the stored vapors to be drawn into the engine, where they are burned.
4. Benefits: The EVAP system helps enhance air quality by reducing harmful emissions.
It also promotes fuel efficiency by ensuring that vaporized fuel is utilized during
combustion rather than wasted.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Many countries have strict emissions regulations, making
the EVAP system essential for compliance. It plays a crucial role in meeting
environmental standards set for automotive manufacturers.

3. Describe Exhaust Emission Control System: Air Injection, EGR, Catalytic

Converters, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology

Ans: The Exhaust Emission Control System (EECS) is critical for reducing harmful
emissions from internal combustion engines. It includes several technologies designed to
minimize pollutants in exhaust gases. Here’s a brief overview of key components:

1. Air Injection System: This system introduces additional air into the exhaust stream,
typically during cold starts. The extra oxygen helps burn unburned hydrocarbons
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaust, improving combustion efficiency and
reducing emissions.
2. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR): EGR works by recirculating a portion of the
exhaust gases back into the engine’s intake system. This lowers combustion
temperatures, reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. By diluting the intake air
with exhaust gases, EGR helps control peak temperatures during combustion.
3. Catalytic Converters: These devices use a catalyst (usually platinum, palladium, and
rhodium) to facilitate chemical reactions that convert harmful pollutants into less
harmful substances. The three-way catalytic converter reduces HC and CO to carbon
dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O), and converts NOx back to nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen
(O₂), effectively cleaning the exhaust gases.
4. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR): SCR technology is primarily used in diesel
engines to reduce NOx emissions. It involves injecting a urea-based solution (often
called diesel exhaust fluid, or DEF) into the exhaust stream. The urea reacts with NOx
in the presence of a catalyst, converting it into nitrogen and water vapor, significantly
lowering NOx emissions.

4. Write a short note on EURO/Bharat Stage Norms: I, II, III, IV, V And VI, Road Map
for Implementation of Bharat Stage Norms In India.

Ans: EURO Norms:

 1. EURO I to VI: These norms, established by the European Union, progressively
tighten emission limits for pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon
monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM).
o EURO I (1992): Introduced basic limits.
o EURO II (1996): Stricter limits for CO and NOx.
o EURO III (2000): Further reductions in NOx and PM.
o EURO IV (2005): Introduced more stringent PM limits.
o EURO V (2009): Focused on reducing PM and NOx.
o EURO VI (2014): Significant reductions in NOx and PM, especially for diesel
vehicles.

Bharat Stage Norms:

1. BS I to VI: Similar to EURO norms, these standards are implemented in India to

control vehicular emissions.
o BS I (2000): Initial limits introduced.
o BS II (2005): Stricter limits for CO and HC.
o BS III (2010): Further reductions in NOx and PM.
o BS IV (2017): Implemented nationwide, significantly tightening limits.
o BS V (2020): Introduced in select cities, focused on NOx and PM.
o BS VI (2020): Currently in effect, aligning closely with EURO VI standards;
it drastically reduces NOx and particulate matter limits.

Road Map for Implementation of Bharat Stage Norms:

 Gradual Rollout: The implementation of BS norms has been phased to allow

manufacturers to adapt and develop compliant technologies.
 Timeline: The transition from BS IV to BS VI was expedited, moving directly from
BS IV to BS VI by 2020, skipping BS V entirely.
 Compliance and Enforcement: Stringent measures and penalties for non-compliance
have been established, ensuring manufacturers adhere to the standards.
 Technological Advancements: The norms encourage research and development in
cleaner technologies, including electric and hybrid vehicles.

5. Describe briefly the Electronic Ignition Systems (TCI And CDI).

Ans: 1. Transistorized Controlled Ignition (TCI):

 Operation: TCI uses a transistor to control the ignition timing. It receives input from
various sensors (like crankshaft position) and sends signals to the ignition coil.
 Components: Key components include an ignition coil, a transistor switch, a pickup
coil, and an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) that determines the timing.
 Advantages: TCI systems provide precise control over the ignition timing, leading to
better fuel efficiency, smoother engine operation, and lower emissions. They are
generally more reliable than traditional mechanical ignition systems.

2. Capacitor Discharge Ignition (CDI):

  Operation: CDI systems store energy in a capacitor and discharge it through the
ignition coil to create a high-voltage spark. This discharge happens very quickly,
allowing for a strong spark.
 Components: Essential components include a capacitor, a charging circuit, a
discharge circuit, and an ignition coil. The capacitor charges up and then releases the
stored energy to the ignition coil.
 Advantages: CDI systems are known for producing a high-energy spark, which is
particularly effective for starting engines and improving combustion efficiency. They
are commonly used in motorcycles and small engines.

6. Describe briefly the Engine Cylinder Numbering Scheme and Firing Order of Multi
Cylinder Engines.

Ans: Engine Cylinder Numbering Scheme:

1. Numbering Convention: The cylinder numbering scheme typically starts from the
front of the engine (the timing belt or pulley end) and progresses toward the rear.
o Inline Engines: In a straight or inline engine, the cylinders are numbered
sequentially from 1 to N (e.g., 1, 2, 3, ...).
o V Engines: For V-type engines, the left bank may be numbered 1, 3, 5, etc.,
and the right bank 2, 4, 6, etc., or vice versa, depending on manufacturer
specifications.
o Flat Engines: In flat or boxer engines, the cylinders on one side are numbered
1, 2, while the opposite side is numbered 3, 4.

Firing Order:

1. Definition: The firing order is the sequence in which the cylinders in an engine fire. It
is essential for balancing engine performance, reducing vibrations, and optimizing
power delivery.
2. Common Firing Orders:
o Inline 4-Cylinder: Typically 1-3-4-2.
o V6 Engines: Commonly use 1-2-3-4-5-6 or variations depending on the
design.
o V8 Engines: Often use firing orders like 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2, which help maintain
engine balance and reduce vibrations.

7. Write a short note of Battery Ignition and Magneto Ignition System with diagram.

Ans: Battery Ignition System

Overview: The Battery Ignition System (BIS) is commonly used in automotive applications.
It relies on a battery to provide the electrical energy needed for ignition.

Components:

1. Battery: Supplies voltage to the ignition system.

2. Ignition Coil: Steps up the battery voltage to create a high-voltage spark.
3. Distributor: Directs the high-voltage current to the correct cylinder at the right time.
 4. Spark Plug: Creates the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture.

Magneto Ignition System

Overview: The Magneto Ignition System is often used in small engines, such as those in
motorcycles and lawnmowers, where a battery is not practical.

Components:

1. Magneto: Generates electricity through electromagnetic induction as the engine

rotates.
2. Ignition Coil: Similar to that in the battery system, it steps up voltage.
3. Spark Plug: Produces the ignition spark.

Operation: The magneto contains a rotating magnet that induces an electrical current in the
coil as the engine turns. This current generates a high-voltage spark at the spark plug without
needing a battery, allowing for reliable ignition even in small engines.

8. Describe briefly each component with a diagram of Power Transmission in

Automobiles which includes: Front Wheel Drive, Rear Wheel Drive, Four-Wheel
Drive, All-Wheel Drive.

Ans: Power Transmission in Automobiles

Power transmission systems are critical for transferring engine power to the wheels,
influencing vehicle handling, traction, and performance. Below is a brief description of each
system with a simple diagram.

1. Front Wheel Drive (FWD)

Overview: In a front-wheel-drive system, the engine's power is transmitted to the front

wheels.

Components:

 Engine: Mounted transversely.

 Transmission: Sends power to the front wheels.
 Driveshaft: Transfers power from the transmission to the front wheels.
 CV Joints: Allow for movement while transmitting power.

2. Rear Wheel Drive (RWD)

Overview: In a rear-wheel-drive system, power is sent to the rear wheels.

Components:

 Engine: Mounted longitudinally.

 Transmission: Connected to the driveshaft.
 Driveshaft: Transfers power from the transmission to the rear axle.
  Differential: Allows wheels to rotate at different speeds while turning.

3. Four-Wheel Drive (4WD)

Overview: Four-wheel drive systems can send power to all four wheels, improving traction
off-road or in slippery conditions.

Components:

 Transfer Case: Distributes power to the front and rear axles.

 Front and Rear Differentials: Allow for different wheel speeds.
 Driveshafts: Transfer power from the transmission to both front and rear axles.

4. All-Wheel Drive (AWD)

Overview: All-wheel drive systems provide power to all wheels automatically, adjusting
power distribution as needed for improved traction.

Components:

 Center Differential: Allows for different wheel speeds between front and rear.
 Front and Rear Differentials: Similar to 4WD.
 Driveshafts: Distribute power to the front and rear axles.

9. Write construction and working principle of single plate friction clutch.

Ans: Construction of Single Plate Friction Clutch

A single plate friction clutch is a simple device used to connect and disconnect the engine
power to the transmission in vehicles. Its construction includes the following components:

1. Clutch Plate: A circular disc made of friction material, which engages and
disengages to transmit torque from the engine to the transmission.
2. Flywheel: Mounted on the engine crankshaft, it provides a surface for the clutch plate
to press against. It helps store rotational energy.
3. Pressure Plate: A spring-loaded plate that applies pressure on the clutch plate,
holding it against the flywheel to transmit power.
4. Release Mechanism: This includes a release bearing and a lever system that allows
the driver to disengage the clutch when the clutch pedal is pressed.
5. Springs: Coil springs or diaphragm springs are used to provide the necessary
clamping force on the clutch plate against the flywheel.

Working Principle

1. Engagement: When the clutch pedal is not pressed, the springs exert pressure on the
pressure plate, which in turn presses the clutch plate against the flywheel. This
engagement allows the engine to transmit power to the transmission, enabling the
vehicle to move.
 2. Disengagement: When the driver presses the clutch pedal, the release mechanism
pushes the release bearing against the pressure plate, moving it away from the clutch
plate. This action reduces the pressure on the clutch plate, allowing it to slip and
disconnect the engine from the transmission. This is essential for changing gears
without damaging the transmission.
3. Friction: The torque is transmitted through the friction between the clutch plate and
the flywheel. The friction material on the clutch plate ensures a strong grip while
preventing slippage under normal driving conditions.

10. Describe briefly the construction and working principle of the Sliding Mesh gear box.

Ans: Construction of the Sliding Mesh Gearbox

The sliding mesh gearbox is a type of manual transmission commonly used in vehicles. Its
construction includes the following key components:

1. Input Shaft: Connects to the engine and transmits power to the gearbox.
2. Gear Wheels: Each gear pair consists of two gears—one on the input shaft and one
on the output shaft. These gears can be of different sizes to provide various gear
ratios.
3. Output Shaft: Receives power from the selected gear and transmits it to the
driveshaft.
4. Shifting Mechanism: A system of forks and rods that enable the selection of different
gears by sliding the gears along the shafts.
5. Bearings: Support the shafts and ensure smooth rotation.

Working Principle

1. Engagement of Gears: The sliding mesh gearbox operates by sliding the gears along
the shafts. The driver moves the gear lever, which activates the shifting mechanism to
slide a selected gear into mesh with another gear on the output shaft.
2. Power Transmission: When the driver selects a gear, the input shaft spins the
corresponding gear on the input side. The sliding gear engages with its mate on the
output side, allowing power to flow through the engaged gear pair.
3. Change of Ratios: By selecting different gears, the driver can change the gear ratio,
affecting the torque and speed delivered to the wheels. Lower gears provide higher
torque for acceleration, while higher gears allow for greater speed at lower engine
RPM.
4. Disengagement: To change gears, the driver must disengage the current gear. This is
typically done by moving the gear lever, which slides the gear away from its mesh
with the output shaft, allowing for a smooth transition to the next gear.

11. Describe briefly the construction and working principle of the Constant Mesh gear
box.

Ans: Construction of the Constant Mesh Gearbox

The constant mesh gearbox is a type of manual transmission designed to allow for smoother
gear changes without the need for sliding gears. Its construction includes the following key
components:
 1. Input Shaft: Connects to the engine and transmits power to the gearbox.
2. Gear Wheels: All gear pairs are constantly engaged. Each gear is mounted on the
input or output shafts and remains in mesh with its counterpart.
3. Output Shaft: Receives power from the selected gear and transmits it to the
driveshaft.
4. Synchronizers: Devices that help match the speeds of the gears and shafts before
engagement, facilitating smoother gear shifts.
5. Shifting Mechanism: A system of forks and rods that allows the driver to select
different gears by moving a sliding collar that locks the desired gear onto the output
shaft.
6. Bearings: Support the shafts and ensure smooth operation.

Working Principle

1. Engagement of Gears: In a constant mesh gearbox, the gears are always engaged,
which means they are continuously in contact with each other. The driver uses the
gear lever to move a synchronizer sleeve that engages the desired gear with the output
shaft.
2. Power Transmission: When the driver selects a gear, the input shaft spins the
selected gear. Since the gears are always in mesh, power flows directly through the
engaged gear pair to the output shaft.
3. Synchronizer Function: When changing gears, the synchronizer matches the speed
of the selected gear with the speed of the output shaft. This reduces the likelihood of
grinding or clashing during gear shifts.
4. Change of Ratios: By selecting different gears, the driver can change the gear ratio,
affecting the torque and speed delivered to the wheels. Lower gears provide higher
torque for acceleration, while higher gears allow for greater speed at lower engine
RPM.
5. Disengagement: The constant mesh design eliminates the need to slide gears in and
out of mesh, allowing for quicker and smoother gear changes.

12. Describe briefly the construction and working principle of the Synchronizer
Mechanism and Synchromesh GearBoxes.

Ans: Construction of the Synchronizer Mechanism and Synchromesh

Gearboxes

The synchronizer mechanism is a critical component of synchromesh gearboxes, designed to

enable smooth gear shifting. Here are the key components:

1. Synchronizer Ring: A conical ring made of friction material that helps match the
speed of the gears during engagement.
2. Gear Hub: A part of the gearbox that holds the gears and allows the synchronizer
ring to slide over it.
3. Shift Fork: A lever that moves the synchronizer assembly to engage the desired gear.
4. Blocking Ring: Often integrated with the synchronizer ring, it prevents the
engagement of mismatched gears, ensuring proper synchronization.
5. Gears: The input and output gears that remain constantly engaged.
Working Principle

1. Engagement Process: When the driver selects a gear, the shift fork moves the
synchronizer ring towards the desired gear. As the ring approaches the gear, it comes
into contact with the cone-shaped surface of the gear.
2. Speed Matching: The friction between the synchronizer ring and the gear slows
down the gear or speeds up the shaft to match their rotational speeds. This process is
known as synchronization.
3. Gear Engagement: Once the speeds are matched, the synchronizer ring allows the
sliding collar to move and engage the gear onto the output shaft. This engagement
happens smoothly without grinding or clashing.
4. Blocking Mechanism: If the speeds are not matched, the blocking ring prevents the
gear from engaging, ensuring that only synchronized gears can be selected.
5. Power Transmission: After successful engagement, the power from the engine flows
through the selected gear to the output shaft, propelling the vehicle.

13. Write construction and working principle of continuously variable transmission

(CVT) and automated manual transmission (AMT)

Ans: Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)

Construction

1. Variable Pulley System: Comprises two variable-diameter pulleys connected by a

belt or chain. Each pulley can change its diameter, allowing for an infinite number of
gear ratios.
2. Belt or Chain: A flexible belt or chain that connects the two pulleys, transmitting
power from one to the other.
3. Control System: Uses hydraulic or electronic controls to adjust the position of the
pulleys based on engine load and speed.
4. Transmission Housing: Encloses the pulleys and belt, providing protection and
lubrication.

Working Principle

1. Power Input: The engine generates power, which is sent to the CVT.
2. Pulley Adjustment: As the vehicle accelerates, the control system adjusts the
diameter of the pulleys. When the engine speed increases, the drive pulley narrows
while the driven pulley widens, allowing the belt to move up the pulley’s radius,
changing the gear ratio.
3. Smooth Transition: This allows for a seamless transition between gear ratios without
the discrete steps found in traditional gearboxes, optimizing engine performance and
fuel efficiency.
4. Engine Speed Management: The system maintains the engine at an optimal RPM,
enhancing acceleration and reducing fuel consumption.

Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)

Construction

1. Manual Transmission: Utilizes a traditional manual gearbox structure, including

gears, shafts, and synchronizers.
2. Actuators: Includes hydraulic or electric actuators to control the clutch and gear
selection without direct driver input.
3. Control Unit: An electronic control unit (ECU) that processes inputs from the
accelerator pedal and other sensors to determine when to shift gears.
4. Clutch Mechanism: A mechanism to engage and disengage the clutch automatically.

Working Principle

1. Power Input: The engine sends power to the manual transmission as it would in a
conventional system.
2. Clutch Operation: The ECU controls the actuators, which engage or disengage the
clutch based on acceleration demands.
3. Gear Selection: When a shift is required, the ECU signals the actuators to change
gears. The actuators move the gear lever, engaging the selected gear while
simultaneously managing the clutch.
4. Driver Experience: While the AMT operates similarly to a manual transmission, it
provides an automatic experience for the driver, as they do not need to operate the
clutch or gear lever manually.

Short Notes
1. Classification of clutch.
2. Ignition System
3. Catalytic Converters
4. Different engine emissions and its control.
5. Diaphragm Clutch
6. Centrifugal Clutch
7. Cone Clutch
8. Classification of Automobile Gearboxes
9. Planetary Gear Mechanism
10. Construction and working principle of automatic transmission of gear
11. Describe different Sources of Air Pollution from Automobiles and Their Control.