Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 34(2): 2024, Page: 435-444

ISSN
Abid et(print):
al., 1018-7081; ISSN (online): 2309-8694 J. Anim. Plant Sci., 34 (2) 2024
https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2024.2.0729

DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN TWO DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF

PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

K. Abid1, N. Rana1, W. Majeed1*, N.J. Alotaibi2, H.A. Khan1, S. Manzoor3, S. Maalik4, R. Kiran1 and M.Z.E. Arif1

1
Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
4
Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The diversity of insects is considered a key element in the ecosystem. Climatic conditions affect the distributional
patterns of insects such as change in weather influence population dynamics and insect abundance. The present study
was designed to ascertain the faunal diversity and abundance in two districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Insects were collected
monthly for one year using light traps. Data were collected measuring the environmental variables, viz. temperature,
humidity, and wind speed. Samples were then brought to the laboratory and shifted to vials. After that, the specimens
were identified using taxonomic keys and literature. The maximum population recorded from the Hafizabad was 75.66%
(N=14509), and the lowest population from the Faisalabad was 24.34% (N=4667). Insects belonging to 11 orders, 68
families, 123 genera, and 140 species were recorded from Hafizabad, while ten orders, 77 families, 145 genera, and 177
species were recorded from Faisalabad. Tanytarsus sp. was the most abundant taxon from both localities. The Shannon
diversity (Hʹ) index was recorded as 3.60 and 2.747 from Faisalabad and Hafizabad, respectively. Evenness was recorded
highest from Faisalabad (0.6955), and dominance was maximum from Hafizabad (0.4440). The diversity of species was
determined to be significantly different from both areas, while abundance from Faisalabad was less due to environmental
variable influence. Since insect biomass reduction is critical in the contemporary world and, in-depth studies on insect
diversity patterns are helpful for insect conservation plans.
Keywords: Diversity indices; Environment; Effects; Insects; Habitats.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Published first online January 29, 2024 Published final March 31, 2024

INTRODUCTION Insects are one of the most important creatures

because of their diversity, distributional patterns, and
Biodiversity is the variability of living creatures, ecological roles ecosystems (Finlay-Doney and Walter,
including entire fauna and flora, which exist at 2012). Worldwide, 60 % of invertebrates are nocturnal
morphological, genetic, anatomical, and structural levels and considered vital elements of the ecosystem, where
(Majeed et al., 2019; Ramzan et al., 2021). It has great their diversity decline will trigger ecological imbalances
significance regarding ecosystem sustainability and plays (Futahashi et al., 2015). Nocturnal insects respond to
a vital role in regulating environment at local and environmental fluctuations, as do all species.
regional levels (Johnson et al., 2013; Stork, 2018; Basset Temperature significantly affects insect biodiversity, as
et al., 2020). Research on biodiversity is highly do fluctuations in humidity; nocturnal insects are
applicable as it provides knowledge of ecosystem influenced by all these changes (Saunders, 2012;
processes, especially in areas of high agricultural Filazzola et al., 2021; Jägerbrand and Bouroussis, 2021;
productivity. Insects are considered important Outhwaite et al., 2022). Species diversity, abundance, and
environmental indicators and comprise the bulk of distribution fluctuate around aquatic habitats, where
macrofauna (Carvalho et al., 2020; Krahner et al., 2021). structural characteristics affect their distributional
They modify the environment directly and indirectly and patterns. These insects have a variety of adaptations that
make resources available for other species and improving allow them to survive in wet areas (Macadam et al.,
ecosystem by providing pollination, decomposition, soil 2021; Skendžić et al., 2021). They are good indicators of
engineering, and removal of harmful and deleterious environmental fluctuations and are robust and rapid
pests by predators (Culliney, 2013; Abid and Rana, adaptive with high fecundity rates and short life cycles
2019). (Schowalter, 2016; Parikh et al., 2021).

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Environmental conditions have significantly month), and three sub-sites were marked in each area
impacted insect species' growth, development, and from January to December 2018. The Transect method
reproduction (Sharkey et al., 2017). Biotic and abiotic was used to attach lights to poles and tubs kept in the
factors play essential roles in the existence of species. transect area. The same trap type was used at three sub-
With any changes in these factors, insect species will face sites (3-Twenty gallons of plastic washing tubs (1 ft
behavioral, anatomical, and physiological changes that height, 2ft diameter, 1 ft filled depth) were placed under
affect their diversity in all ecosystems, including the light containing a 30:70 formalin: water solution.
terrestrial, forest, and mixed environments (Régnière et Tubs were adjusted at equal distances in a 5-hectare area.
al., 2012). Previous research has shown that increasing Lights were operated from sunset to morning and the
agricultural field management intensity is one of the insects were collected the following day. A strainer was
primary reasons for the loss in local species richness used to remove insects from the tubs. The ground insects
(Stein-Bachinger et al., 2021). Light plays a significant were collected using forceps and handpicking. The three
role in spatiotemporal distribution, including their collecting sites from each location were considered a
attraction toward light or disorientation from artificial sample and repeated for one year (12 months). The
illumination (Gaston et al., 2013; Gaston and Holt, 2018). sampling date, time, and number of samples along with
For many years, ecologists have been aware of the global average temperature and humidity (environmental factors
decline in biodiversity that many terrestrial and aquatic data taken from the meteorology cells of both districts),
species have suffered (Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys, were mentioned on the sample jar. After transporting
2019). There is a scientific agreement that insects and samples to the Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of
other arthropods declining is a major problem that Zoology, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of
humanity must address (Pina and Hochkirch, 2017; Agriculture, Faisalabad, specimens were separated based
Basset and Lamarre, 2019; Harvey et al., 2020). on their morphology and placed in different vials
A wide variety of insects, with their intricate containing a 10% formalin along with a few drops of
interactions, provide us with food and help to remove glycerin solution (Triplehorn et al., 2005).
waste. Human existence would be impossible without
Identification of Specimens: All specimens were
these services. Even a low estimate of the economic value
identified using a magnifying glass, the naked eye, simple
of a small subset of the ecosystem services provided by
and stereomicroscopes, taxonomic materials (Triplehorn
these insects would prioritize their conservation
et al., 2005), the fauna of British India and online
(Govorushko and Nowicki, 2019; Harvey et al., 2020).
websites (Bugnet.com, AntWiki, Antweb, etc.).
These organisms are essential in ecosystem, comprising
the food chain and ecological services. Thus, Statistical analyses: Identified specimens were tabulated
understanding their value they are considered extremely to taxonomic levels, including order, family, genus, and
important. It is assumed that the diversity pattern and species. Shannon diversity index (Diversity (H'),
flow of species richness vary depending on the evenness, richness, and dominance) was used to
environmental variables. Keeping in view the importance determination of various aspects of diversity (Magurran,
of insect’s richness and diversity in the ecosystem 1988). ANOVA was used to compare the significance of
functioning, this study's main objective was to ascertain the month-wise flow of species and analyze levels of
the diversity and abundance of the nocturnal insect fauna variation within the species. A rarefaction curve was
and the influence of environmental variables in two drawn to check the species richness from both Faisalabad
different areas of Punjab, Pakistan. and Hafizabad. Correlation was used to study the impact
of climatic factors on insect diversity under different
MATERIALS AND METHODS ecological conditions. All data were analyzed at the
significance of α = 0.05. Microsoft Excel, Past3,
Study areas: The present study was planned to find the Graphpad Prism and Minitab software were used for the
diversity patterns and abundance of nocturnal insects analysis.
from two Punjab districts, i.e., Hafizabad and Faisalabad
in Pakistan. To achieve the objectives of the present RESULTS
study, a preliminary survey was made to select the sites.
The work was done from the January to December 2018. Population dynamics of the nocturnal insect
The characteristics of habitats are represented in Table 1. fauna were documented in the wetlands of the Hafizabad
A map is also presented for the location of sites (Fig. 1). and Faisalabad districts. A total of 19,176 specimens were
collected from both territories, with the maximum
Experimental layout: White light bulbs (500 W)
population recorded from Hafizabad at 75.66% (N =
attached to poles and white screens were used to collect
14509) and the least population recorded from Faisalabad
nocturnal insects. A 5-hectare vegetation area around the
at 24.34% (N = 4667). Taxonomic classification and
water bodies was selected for the sampling (once a
composition of results were analyzed from Hafizabad and

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Faisalabad. The most abundant species were recorded as case of Faisalabad, diversity was recorded as significant
Tanytarsus spp. from Hafizabad and Faisalabad, having a within species and between months (F225 = 7.384, p <
relative abundance of 14.69 % (N = 2132) and 19.26 % 0.001 and F11 = 7.307, p < 0.001), respectively (Table 3).
(N = 899), respectively. From Hafizabad, 12 orders, 68 The plot of the rarefaction curve indicated that
families, 124 genera, and 141 species were collected. In insect taxa were more diverse in Faisalabad than in
comparison, Faisalabad had ten orders, 77 families, 147 Hafizabad (Fig. 4). In the Faisalabad region, taxa were
genera, and 178 species (Fig. 2). The relative abundance recorded as maximum in September, April, August,
of collected groups was calculated to indicate their March, and July. In comparison, the minimum was found
dispersal and distribution between the different districts. in January, December, November, and February (Fig.
In the present study, data were also documented up to the 5A). In the Hafizabad region, insect species were
order level, and it was found that Hemiptera and recorded in September, August, and July. In contrast, the
Coleoptera were present in maximum abundance in minimum was found in February, December, and June
Hafizabad, while in Faisalabad, Diptera and Hemiptera (Fig. 5B).
were highest (Fig. 3). The influence of environmental variables was
Maximum diversity (Hʹ) was recorded (4.151) most significant with decreasing and increasing
from Faisalabad as compared to Hafizabad (2.784). temperature and humidity. Temperature demonstrated a
Evenness was recorded highest (0.356) in Faisalabad. significantly positive correlation to abundance, while a
Dominance and Simpson were maximum from Hafizabad negative correlation was shown with humidity.
(0.094) and Faisalabad (0.952). However, Richness (R) Faisalabad temperature also demonstrated a significantly
was recorded as maximum from Faisalabad (20.95) as positive correlation to abundance, while a negative
compared to Hafizabad (14.61) (Table 2). From correlation was shown by humidity. A severe fluctuation
Hafizabad, diversity within species and between months was examined in the correlation of species diversity and
was estimated as significant (F225 = 1.664, p < 0.001 and wind speed (Fig. 6a-b).
F11 = 2.925, p < 0.001), respectively. In contrast, in the

Table 1: Characteristics of two study areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Information Hafizabad Faisalabad

Coordinates 32.0712° N, 73.6895° E 31.4504° N, 73.1350° E
Elevation 210.9 m 185.92 m
Average annual Temperature ºC 24.87ºC 26.2 °C
Average annual humidity % 68.3 64.5
Vegetation Grassy plots, Shrubs, herbs, Plantation Grassy fields, Shrubs, Plantation
Distance of sampling sites from water
300 m 300 m
bodies
Distance between both areas 122 KMs

Figure 1: Map of the study areas. The whole map represents Punjab.

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Abid et al., J. Anim. Plant Sci., 34 (2) 2024

178
147
200
141
124
Taxa Number

150 77

100 68
10
50 12

0
Order Family Genus Species

Hafizabad Faisalabad

Figure 2: Taxa recorded from Hafizabad and Faisalabad

Hafizabad Faisalabad
419 119 41 31 6
2455 1016 32 537 11 0 0
100%
Percentage

80%
60%
40%
20% 3082 372 128 4
4862 50 4266 1724 7
0% 4
8 2

Orders

Figure 3: Abundance of insect orders from Hafizabad and Faisalabad

Table 2: Overall diversity indices recorded from Hafizabad and Faisalabad.

Diversity Indices HFZD FSD

Diversity (H´) 2.784 4.151
Evenness (J) 0.114 0.356
Dominance (D) 0.094 0.048
Simpson (1-D) 0.906 0.952
Richness (R) 14.61 20.95

Table 3: Analysis of variance among species diversity and months.

Hafizabad Faisalabad
Source of Variation
df MS F P-value df MS F P-value
Species Diversity 225 351.89 7.384 0.000 225 6987.52 1.664 0.000
Months 11 348.22 7.307 0.000 11 12279.2 2.925 0.000
Error 2475 47.65 2475 4197.00
Total 2711 2711
p < 0.05* ; 0.01** ; 0.001***

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Figure 4: The rarefaction curve showing the abundance in Hafizabad and Faisalabad regions.

Figure 5: The rarefaction curve showing the month-wise species diversity A) Faisalabad B) Hafizabad

Figure 6: Relationship of species with Temperature, Humidity and Wind speed of both territories A) Hafizabad
B) Faisalabad.

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DISCUSSION distribution, together with alterations in phenology,

caused by increased temperatures may have harmful
In the present study, Hafizabad showed consequences for other trophic levels, particularly for
maximum insect abundance compared to Faisalabad, flower-visiting insects and other pollinators (Hegland et
reasoning variability in environmental changes that affect al., 2009; Hoiss et al., 2015), thereby having an influence
fauna's abundance (Neuvonen and Virtanen, 2015; Facon on community structure and putting ecosystem
et al., 2021). Kyerematen and Gordon, (2012) studied the functioning in danger (Dunne et al., 2003).
population dynamics of the insect fauna of different The current study showed that environmental
territories for one year covering all seasons. They conditions influenced insect diversity patterns as species
identified seven orders belonging to twenty-six families richness abundance varied in both areas. Recent findings
and 57 species. The same trends of findings in which the showed that terrestrial variables significantly impact the
diversity of insects was affected by the environmental variety and compositions of rising insects within habitats
variables were recorded by (Majeed et al., 2020) and (O’Malley et al., 2020). The species richness of the order
(Maneechan and Prommi, 2015). Species diversity and Diptera and Coleoptera was positively influenced by the
abundance may also fluctuate between habitat types or degree of habitat complexity and these species are
years attributed (Ives et al., 2005; Kriegel et al., 2021). potential bioindicators of habitats (Balakrishnan et al.,
Many species of animals, including insects, modify their 2014). In one of the studies, it was estimated that taxa
behavior in the presence of predatory animals, e.g., populations of Diptera are at the highest of extinction
avoiding open areas or remaining longer under the leaves (Santos et al., 2017). The water bodies impact the
(Thomson et al., 2006; Kawahara et al., 2021). diversity and occurrence of insects under different
Hemiptera order was recorded more in both territories, environmental conditions (Majeed et al., 2019). The
showing that the pest population is higher in the cropping study led to the hypothesis that low light intensity (and
system, which can be destructive in the future. perhaps other abiotic factors) may influence crepuscular
In the present study, maximum Diversity (Hʹ) insect flight responses from the population (Seybold et
was recorded from Faisalabad, while the least diversity al., 2012; Chen and Seybold, 2014). In the district of
was recorded from Hafizabad as the habitat is more Faisalabad, the habitat condition is complex and polluted
deteriorated in Faisalabad, which affects the abundance in due to industrialization compared to Hafizabad. We have
this region. The species richness and diversity were also observed that these conditions may affect the abundance
estimated by (Rimsha et al., 2020; Albrecht et al., 2021), of fauna, which is alarming for species richness in the
and insects were found to be significantly diverse. future. The present study found that more temperature
Different diversity factors influence the variety and affects species richness and vegetations prompt
abundance of insects under other ecological conditions abundance. Extreme climatic conditions reduce the insect
(Bar-Massada and Wood, 2014; Stein et al., 2014; Dorji population while their population is highest at optimum
et al., 2016). The abundance of insect species is also temperature (Kanwal et al., 2023). The impact of
enhanced by a more cultivated area (where temperature on distributional patterns and diversity of
vegetation/crops are more) (Harris and Ratnieks, 2022). macroinvertebrates seems to occur as it influences fauna
The study described that the temperature significantly (Gurney et al., 2022). Environmental conditions and
correlated to the abundance, while a negative correlation elevational gradients greatly affect insects' diversity and
was shown by humidity. The high temperature and distributional patterns (Corcos et al., 2018). To this end,
humidity level majorly influenced the abundance. The we perceive a need for dispersed, standardized
richness of insects is influenced by environmental factors, collaborative investigations across study systems and
such as temperature and humidity (González-Césped et intensive re-analysis of existing data. In the future, this
al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2021). Payakka and Prommi change in the diversity and abundance of insects should
(2014) worked on the biological diversity of wet territory be prioritized and conservation measurements should be
insects and collected 4257 specimens of 6 orders and 12 applied.
families. Nirmal et al. (2017) also worked on insect Conclusion: In conclusion, the pattern of the nocturnal
collection using various colored light traps and found insect fauna diversity in two different wetlands and it was
significant results. Many studies have described the concluded that maximum abundance was most incredible
combined effects of natural landscape fragmentation, for Hafizabad. The species richness of the orders Diptera
microclimatic conditions, relationship between these and Coleoptera was positively influenced by the degree
factors and insect populations in nonagricultural of habitat complexity. From the results, we observed that
environments (Nguyen and Nansen, 2018; Ohler et al., water bodies significantly affect the diversity and
2020). The various organisms' trophic are influenced by distribution of the fauna. The diversity and abundance of
plant diversity (Han et al., 2022). Plant diversity and the fauna were indications of environmental variables
flower visitors are connected owing to insect-specific such as temperature and humidity, which can produce
preferences. The fluctuations in plant diversity and

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significant changes. It was suggested that to balance Biol. 99:103193.

faunal diversity, aquatic habitats must be maintained https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2020.103193
using different methods. It is an important concern that Carvalho, R.L., A.N. Andersen, D. V. Anjos, R. Pacheco,
the insect population should be managed with appropriate L. Chagas and H.L. Vasconcelos (2020).
conservation strategies. Further empirical investigations Understanding what bioindicators are actually
and syntheses focused on non-linear effects are needed to indicating: Linking disturbance responses to
understand better the relationship's actual form and the ecological traits of dung beetles and ants. Ecol.
applicability and validity of the heterogeneity area. Indic. 108:105764.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105764
Conflicts of Interest: There is no conflict to declare
Chen, Y. and S.J. Seybold (2014). Crepuscular flight
among authors.
activity of an invasive insect governed by
Funding: The research work did not have any funds to interacting abiotic factors. PLoS One 9:e105945.
declare but Taif University funds for its publication. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105945
Corcos, D., P. Cerretti, M. Mei, A. Vigna Taglianti, D.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to Paniccia, G. Santoiemma, A. De Biase and L.
acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif Marini (2018). Predator and parasitoid insects
University for funding this work.
along elevational gradients: role of temperature
and habitat diversity. Oecologia 188:193–202.
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