1.

"No One Wins in a War": A

Group Discussion Perspective
No One Wins in a War” is an important GD topic in the perspective of ongoing
global war situation among many countries like Russia and Ulkraine; Israel Vs
Hamas, Lebanon and others. This Group Discussion Topic “No One Wins in a
War” is making rounds in GD rounds for final selection in top MBA colleges and
other important class 1 and class 2 services. The solved GD topic “No one wins
in a war” is shared below for your understanding with key facts and will help you
in preparing for GD round.

War, throughout history, has been a grim testament to human conflict and
suffering. While it may be marked with military victories and defeats, the
overarching theme remains clear: "No one wins in a war." While we all thought
we were into a new era of peace and technological progress, the recent Russia-
Ukraine War of 2022 and 2023 Hamas attack on Israel have shaken the popular
perception. This group discussion (GD) topic is not only relevant but also
profound as it delves into the deep-rooted consequences and ethical dimensions
of armed conflicts. In this discussion, we will explore various aspects of this
statement, dissecting its political, social, and humanitarian dimensions.
1. Historical Perspectives
Historical records show that wars have, indeed, reshaped maps, redrawn
borders, and decided the fate of nations. Military triumphs may have
temporarily satisfied the victors' ambitions, but the aftermath has often brought
unintended and severe repercussions. Wars lead to the destruction of
infrastructure, the displacement of civilians, and, tragically, the loss of countless
lives. The scars of war persist for generations, often turning victory into a hollow
achievement.

Historical Examples

1.1 World War I and the Treaty of Versailles:

A classic example that reinforces the notion that "No one wins in a war" is World
War I. While the Allies emerged victorious, the aftermath was far from a win.
The Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany, sowed the
seeds for future conflicts. The heavy reparations, territorial losses, and the
demilitarization of Germany led to economic hardship and fueled resentment,
eventually culminating in World War II.

1.2 The Vietnam War:

The United States' involvement in the Vietnam War serves as a stark reminder
of the complexities surrounding military victories. The U.S. failed to achieve its
strategic objectives despite its military prowess. The war ended in a withdrawal
of American forces, loss of life on both sides, and profound anti-war sentiment
within the U.S. It illustrates that even a superpower can't claim a true victory
when the human and financial costs are so high.

1.3 The Iran-Iraq War:

The Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, resulted in tremendous
suffering for both nations. Millions of lives were lost, and the war left both
countries in economic ruin. Despite a ceasefire, neither Iran nor Iraq could be
considered a winner, and the region remains unstable to this day.
1.4 The Russia-Ukraine War:
The Russia-Ukraine War is an ongoing international conflict between Russia and
Ukraine, which began in February 2014. Following Ukraine's Revolution of
Dignity, Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian
separatists fighting the Ukrainian military in the Donbas war. The first eight
years of conflict also included naval incidents, cyberwarfare, and heightened
political tensions. Then, in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion
of Ukraine and began occupying more of the country. War is still on at the time
of writing this GD Topic.

1.5 2023 Hamas attack on Israel

A series of coordinated attacks, conducted by the Palestinian Islamist militant
group Hamas, from the Gaza Strip onto bordering areas in Israel, commenced on
Saturday 7 October 2023, a Sabbath day and date of several Jewish holidays.
The attack began in the early morning with a rocket barrage of at least 3,000
rockets against Israel and vehicle-transported incursions into its territory.
Palestinian militants breached the Gaza–Israel barrier, targeting civilians for
killing in neighboring Israeli communities and attacking military bases. In a
single day, more than 350 Israeli soldiers and police and more than 1,000 Israeli
civilians were killed across military bases, nearby towns and kibbutzim and at a
music festival near Re'im. The day was described by various Western media
outlets and politicians, like US President Joe Biden, as the bloodiest in Israel's
history and the deadliest for Jews since the Holocaust.
In response, Israel has been pounding the territory with air strikes that have
killed more than 7,300 people and injured 18,500 others, according to figures
released by the Palestinian Ministry of Health in Ramallah drawn from sources in
the Hamas-controlled enclave. Many in the already cramped and impoverished
territory are in dire need of aid.

2. Economic Impact
Wars come at a staggering economic cost. Funds that could have been invested
in education, healthcare, and economic development are redirected to military
endeavors. This results in a weakened economy, debt burdens, and a decrease
in the overall quality of life for the citizens. The resources and wealth that could
have been used for the greater good are squandered on destruction.

2.1 The Syrian Civil War:

The ongoing Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, is a modern example of the
economic devastation that accompanies conflict. The war has resulted in a
decimated economy, with infrastructure and industries in ruins. Economic
opportunities and livelihoods for the Syrian people have been disrupted, and the
cost of rebuilding is immense.

2.2 The Gulf War:

The Gulf War of 1990-1991 offers an example of economic consequences. While
the coalition forces, led by the United States, achieved their military objectives,
the economic cost was substantial. The environmental impact of the oil spills in
the Persian Gulf and the economic damage to Iraq's infrastructure were
profound.
3. Humanitarian Crisis
Perhaps the most devastating consequence of war is the humanitarian crisis it
engenders. Civilians, especially women and children, are disproportionately
affected. Displacement, lack of access to basic necessities, and psychological
trauma haunt the survivors long after the conflict has ended. The innocent are
invariably caught in the crossfire, and it is they who bear the brunt of the
violence.

3.1 The Syrian Civil War (Again):

The Syrian Civil War is a poignant example of a humanitarian crisis resulting
from war. Millions of Syrians have been displaced, and hundreds of thousands
have lost their lives. This conflict underscores that no one wins when countless
lives are shattered.

3.2 The Rwandan Genocide:

The Rwandan Genocide in 1994 is another harrowing case of the human toll of
war. The violence led to the death of an estimated 800,000 people. There were
no winners in this catastrophic event; the entire nation suffered.

4. Environmental Impact
War ravages not only human lives but also the environment. Deforestation,
pollution, and the use of chemical weapons result in long-term ecological
damage. The planet, which knows no borders, suffers as a consequence of war.
This illustrates that no one truly wins when the environment is harmed in the
pursuit of power or territory. The Gulf War is also a vivid illustration of the
environmental damage that war can inflict. The intentional destruction of
Kuwaiti oil fields by retreating Iraqi forces resulted in a severe environmental
catastrophe, with long-term consequences for the region's ecosystem.

5. Political Fallout
Even the political winners of a war often find themselves grappling with
unforeseen challenges. Maintaining control over newly acquired territories can
be a costly and contentious endeavor. Furthermore, international reputation and
alliances can be damaged. Peace treaties may be fragile, and the risk of future
conflicts always looms.

The 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies serves as a modern
example of political repercussions. While the invasion itself resulted in the
toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime, the subsequent instability in the region
and sectarian violence demonstrated that no one truly won in the political
sense. The power vacuum created led to an enduring conflict and terrorism.

6. The Ethical Dimension

On an ethical level, the statement "No one wins in a war" resonates deeply. The
deliberate taking of lives, the destruction of cities, and the suffering of civilians
raise profound moral questions. The violation of human rights and international
law during wars tarnishes the reputation of nations involved, even if they claim
victory. The pursuit of a peaceful resolution to conflicts is far more laudable and
conducive to global harmony.

7. Alternatives to War
In discussing this topic, it is important to acknowledge the alternatives to war.
Diplomacy, dialogue, and conflict resolution through international institutions
like the United Nations can offer a way out of disputes without resorting to
violence. History is replete with instances where peaceful negotiations have
resolved seemingly intractable conflicts. These peaceful resolutions lead to
enduring solutions, unlike the temporary outcomes of war.

The Iran Nuclear Deal, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
(JCPOA), offers a positive example of diplomacy as an alternative to war. By
engaging in negotiations, countries managed to curb Iran's nuclear program
without resorting to military conflict.

8. The Rare Exceptions

While it is generally true that "No one wins in a war," there may be rare
exceptions where war was reluctantly entered into as a last resort to combat a
grave injustice or to protect innocent lives. However, even in these cases, the
intent is to minimize loss and suffering. It is crucial to acknowledge that such
instances are few and far between, and peaceful alternatives should always be
pursued first.

8.1 Operation Neptune Spear:

In some rare instances, military operations are deemed successful, even from a
humanitarian perspective. The raid that resulted in the death of Osama bin
Laden, known as Operation Neptune Spear, was aimed at eliminating a global
terrorist threat. While it cannot be categorized as a traditional war, it highlights
that successful military operations are the exception rather than the rule.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the assertion that "No one wins in a war" is a powerful reminder of
the futility and devastation inherent in armed conflicts. The discussion on this
topic should provoke reflection on the grave consequences of war on
individuals, societies, economies, and the environment. It highlights the ethical
imperative of seeking peaceful resolutions and emphasizes the importance of
diplomacy and international cooperation in resolving disputes. War, in most
cases, leaves behind a legacy of pain and destruction that overshadows any
 temporary victories. Therefore, it is in the collective interest of humanity to
ensure that peaceful alternatives are prioritized over the path of war.

2. Ram Mandir in Ayodhya,

Unlocking India’s Tourism
Potential & Economy Multiplier
The grand opening of the Ram temple at Ayodhya by PM Modi on January 22,
2024 is being called as watershed moment in modern Indian history. It also
comes with a large economic impact as India gets a new tourist spot which
could attract 50m+ tourists/year. A US$10bn makeover (new airport, revamped
railway station, township, improved road connectivity etc) will likely drive a
multiplier effect with new hotels & other economic activities. It can also set a
template for infra driven growth for tourism.

Ram Mandir in Ayodhya: Key Facts

Let’s start with a few facts.
 No taxpayer's money is involved. It is fully financed through public
donations of about 5000 crores and counting.
 The idols are made up of 60-million-year-old Shaligram Rocks, brought
from the Gandaki River (Nepal).
 A time capsule has been placed approximately 2,000 feet below the
ground, right underneath the temple. The capsule contains a copper plate
inscribed with relevant information regarding the Ram Mandir, Lord Rama, and
Ayodhya. The purpose of this time capsule is to ensure that the identity of the
temple remains intact over time so that it doesn’t get forgotten in the future.
Time capsule contents are uploaded to cyberspace and various museums.
 Several Designers & Consultants Involved
o Chief Architects: Chandrakant Sompura, Nikhil Sompura, and Ashish Sompura.
o Design Advisors: IIT Guwahati, IIT Chennai, IIT Bombay, NIT Surat, Central
Building Research Institute Roorkee, National Geo Research Institute Hyderabad,
and the National Institute of Rock Mechanics.
o Construction Company: Larsen and Toubro (L&T) Project.
o Management Company: Tata Consulting Engineers Limited (TCEL)
o Sculptors: Arun Yogiraaj (Mysore), Ganesh Bhatt, and Satyanarayan Pandey
 Temple Area, Design & Dimensions
o Total Area: 70 acres (70% green area)
o Temple Area: 2.77 acres
o Temple Dimensions: Length: 380 ft.
o Width: 250 ft. Height: 161 ft.
o Architectural Style: Indian Nagar Style.
o Architectural Highlights: 3 storeys (floors), 392 pillars, 44 doors.
o The temple is an earthquake-resistant structure, with an estimated age of 2500
years as per NICMAR standards.
GD Topic: Ram Mandir in Ayodhya
Tourism has big potential in India: Tourism contributed $194bn to FY19 (pre-
COVID) GDP and is expected to grow at an 8% cagr to US$$443bn by FY33.
Tourism to GDP ratio in India at 6.8% of GDP, puts it below most of the large
Emerging / Developed economies; which are higher by 3-5ppts.
Religious tourism is big in India: Religious tourism is still the biggest
segment of tourism in India. Several popular religious centres attract annual
tourist traffic of 10-30m despite the existing infrastructural bottlenecks. And
hence, the creation of a new religious tourist centre (Ayodhya) with improved
connectivity and infrastructure can create a meaningfully large economic
impact.

Ayodhya – A template for India’s tourism boost: Rs850bn ($10bn)

makeover is now set to transform the ancient city from a sleepy town to a global
religious and spiritual tourist hotspot. The new Ram temple comes up at the cost
of US$225m (Rs18bn). Tourism is projected to surge and increased economic
and religious migration to Ayodhya, multiple sectors stand to benefit including
hotels, airlines, hospitality, FMCG, travel ancillaries, cement etc.

Significant infra upgrade to facilitate Ayodhya tourism: Phase 1 of a new

airport at Ayodhya has become operational at the cost of US$175m and can
handle 1m passengers. Additional domestic capacity and an international
terminal is expected by 2025 with a capacity to handle 6m passengers. Railway
station has been upgraded to double the capacity to 60k passengers/day. A
1,200 acre greenfield township is being planned and road connectivity being
beefed up as well.
Ram Mandir in Ayodhya: From Small town to a Religious Tourist Hub
Ayodhya, once a small town, is undergoing a transformative journey into a
religious tourist hub, with the construction of the Ram Mandir as a pivotal
catalyst. This transition is not only reshaping the cultural and religious
landscape of the city but also sparking significant developments across various
sectors. From the hospitality industry witnessing a surge in hotel construction
and major brands entering into contracts, to the FMCG, QSR, and aviation
sectors gearing up for increased demand, Ayodhya's evolution promises
profound economic and infrastructural impacts. This paradigm shift positions
Ayodhya as a prominent destination, attracting pilgrims and tourists alike, and
sets the stage for a robust and diverse economic future. Here are more details.
Aviation /
Hotels / Hospitality FMCG & QSR Railways &
ancillaries

Current Demand outstripping supply: At Religious & pilgrimage sites Indigo,

impact present Ayodhya has ~17 hotels like Ayodhya, The Golden announced
with ~590 rooms Temple, Vaishno Devi, etc. Ayodhya as its
 86th domestic
destination.
Direct flights
from Delhi,
73 new hotels in the pipeline, of present significant captive
Ahmedabad &
which 40 are already under markets offering strategic
Mumbai.
construction first-mover advantage
Air India,
IHCL, Marriott International, QSR chains such as
announced direct
Wyndham, etc. have already Restaurant Brands Asia
flights from
signed deals for hotels (RBA), Devyani International,
Bengaluru,
IHCL has signed contracts for two Jubilant Foods are either in
Kolkata & Delhi
new properties in Ayodhya discussions to set up outlets
Spicejet and
(operational in 2027) or have already begun setting
Akasa Air also
ITC Hotels exploring up outlets
announced flights
opportunities in Ayodhya Burger King set up one store
connecting
OYO to add 1000 hotel rooms in in the city centre in 1H of
Ayodhya with
Ayodhya 2023
multiple cities
IRCTC announced
tour packages to
Ayodhya

Surge in tourism
& residents will
lead to increased
Surge in tourism - Ayodhya’s
Surge in tourism & residents demand for both
enhanced status as a religious
will lead to a substantial domestic &
Future and cultural tourist destination
demand for FMCG, consumer international
impact will lead to increased footfall
staples and quick service, connectivity and
from pilgrims and tourists, both
restaurants (QSR) stands to benefit
domestic & international
aviation, railways
& ancillary
service providers
Ram Mandir in Ayodhya: India’s Response to Vatican City & Mecca
The construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya signifies India's response to
religious centers like the Vatican City and Mecca. Ayodhya, with its deep-rooted
religious, cultural, and historical significance, is poised to become a prominent
pilgrimage destination. This development places Ayodhya in league with globally
renowned pilgrimage sites like Vatican City and Mecca, making it a central hub
for spiritual tourism with significant economic implications.
In conclusion, the inauguration of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya on January 22,
2024, stands as a monumental event in contemporary Indian history, with far-
reaching implications for the nation's tourism potential and economic growth.
The anticipated influx of over 50 million tourists annually is set to transform
Ayodhya into a significant religious and cultural tourist destination, marking a
paradigm shift from its earlier status as a small town. The extensive makeover,
including the construction of a new airport, revamped railway station, township,
and enhanced road connectivity, is poised to act as a multiplier effect, fostering
economic activities and opportunities in various sectors such as hospitality,
FMCG, QSR, aviation, railways, and ancillary services. Ayodhya's journey from a
historical town to a religious tourist hub not only signifies a boost in tourism but
also sets a promising template for infrastructural-driven growth, presenting a
compelling narrative for future development and prosperity.

3. India Vs Maldives: How

Lakshadweep Can Become A
Major Tourist Destination
A recent social media post from Lakshadweep by Prime Minister Modi has
unwittingly triggered a political and economic standoff between India and
Maldives. The seemingly innocuous image shared on January 5, 2024, has
escalated into a contentious issue, drawing attention to both political and
economic implications. This unfolding development is poised to become a
noteworthy topic.

Historical and Geographical Context

Lakshadweep: Lakshadweep, India's smallest union territory comprising 36
islands, holds strategic importance for the Indian Navy. It boasts 20,000 sq. km.
of territorial waters and 400,000 sq. km. of Economic Zone Exclusive (EEZ),
featuring valuable fisheries and mineral resources.

Maldives: The Republic of Maldives, an archipelagic state in South Asia, lies

southwest of Sri Lanka and India. Despite its small size, it holds geopolitical
significance. Historically, India has maintained a friendly and supportive
relationship with the Maldives.

Maldives plays a crucial role in India's maritime strategies, particularly within

the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). A recent request by Maldives President to
withdraw Indian military presence has added a layer of complexity to the
relationship.
Current Controversy
The controversy ignited when three deputy ministers in the Maldives Ministry of
 Youth Affairs made derogatory comments about India and Prime Minister Modi
after his Lakshadweep visit. Subsequently, the Maldives government suspended
the ministers, emphasizing that personal opinions on social media do not
represent the official stance.

Impact on India-Maldives Relationship

The controversy has led to prominent Indian personalities expressing their
desire to include Lakshadweep in their travel plans. This, in turn, has prompted
a trend of Indians canceling holiday bookings in the Maldives, as highlighted on
social media.

Lakshadweep Tourism Potential

While there is a lot of interest in Lakshwadeep as a tourist destination, a lot of
factors must align to make it a big tourist hub.
 Promotion: There is a need for global promotion of Lakshadweep, which
remains relatively unknown outside India.
 Connectivity: Addressing limited connectivity is crucial, emphasizing the
establishment of better air and sea connections.
 Capacity Building: Infrastructure development is essential to accommodate
tourists without compromising the natural beauty of Lakshadweep.
 Cost-effective Measures: Investment is required to meet the diverse needs of
tourists while preserving the environmental integrity of Lakshadweep.
Government Vision - 2030 for Lakshadweep
The Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi dedicated to the nation and laid the
foundation stone of development projects worth more than Rs 1150 crores in
Kavaratti, Lakshadweep on Jan 3, 2024. The development projects of today
cover a wide range of sectors including technology, energy, water resources,
healthcare and education. The Prime Minister handed out laptops to students
under the Laptop Scheme and gave away bicycles to school students under Beti
Bachao Beti Padhao. He also handed out PM Kisan Credit Cards to farmer and
fishermen beneficiaries.
Future Outlook
Riding on the controversy, Lakshadweep can turn into a important destination
for tourism in India. Government and Industry must come together to make it a
reality by building required infrastructure.

4. FAME India Scheme to reduce

Vehicle Pollution: Review of Phase
1 & 2 Objectives and Success;
Phase 3 Plans
 Vehicle emissions have caused a noticeable increase in pollution in recent years.
In order to promote the use of electric or hybrid vehicles in India and lessen the
negative environmental effects of diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles, the
Central Government launched the Fame India Scheme in 2015.

A government subsidy program, the FAME India Scheme is a component of the

National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP). The government-backed
initiative FAME, which stands for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid
&) Electric Vehicles in India, aims to promote the widespread use of electric
vehicles in the nation.
The global emphasis on the growth of electric vehicles is a significant priority for
governments worldwide. Consequently, schemes and initiatives related to this
sector hold great importance in IIM and MBA Group Discussion, Personal
Interview and Written Ability Test.

Table of Contents
1. What is FAME India Scheme?
2. Objectives of the Fame India Scheme
3. Features of the Fame India Scheme

o FAME India 1
o FAME India 2
4. Benefits of the Fame India Scheme
5. FAME India Scheme: Issues & Challenges
6. FAME India Scheme: Facts and Figures for IIM Interview & GD
7. FAME-III: Rs.26,400 Cr Investments Expected
8. Conclusion
What Is the Fame India Scheme?
An incentive program called the Fame India Scheme aims to encourage the use
of hybrid and electric cars. "Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric
and Hybrid Vehicles in India" is its full name. As a component of the Ministry
of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises' National Electric Mobility Mission
Plan, this programme offers subsidies to electric vehicle manufacturers and
infrastructure providers.
The Fame India Scheme operates in two phases
 Phase I: Launched in 2015, it was in effect until March 31, 2019.
 Phase II: Initiated in April 2019, originally scheduled to continue until March 31,
2022, but has been extended to March 31, 2024.
 Phase III: Under discussion.
Objectives of the Fame India Scheme
The primary goals of the Fame India Scheme include:
1. Encouraging the production of a higher number of electric vehicles by
manufacturers and related providers.
2. Reduction of vehicular emissions and air pollution levels in the country.
3. Establishment of an electric charging infrastructure.
4. Targeting the conversion of 30% of total transportation to electric vehicles by
the year 2030.
Features of the Fame India Scheme:
 Phase I:
 Emphasis on four key areas: Demand Creation, Technology Platform, Pilot
Project, and Charging Infrastructure.
 Installation of 427 charging stations.
 Allocation of ₹895 crores for Phase I operations, supporting nearly 2.8 lakh
electric vehicles.
Phase II:
 Focus on electrification of public and shared transportation.
 Budgetary support of ₹10,000 crores.
 Incentives for various vehicle categories, including electric two-wheelers,
electric four-wheelers, hybrid four-wheelers, e-rickshaws, and e-buses.
 Plans to establish 2700 charging stations in metros, smart cities, and hilly
states, with coverage on highways.
Phase III:
This phase in under discussion.
Benefits of the Fame India Scheme:
The plan has a number of benefits:
 A notable decrease in problems related to the environment and fuel
conservation.
 Benefits from subsidies for cars in various market segments.
 Citizens' access to environmentally friendly public transport.
 The charging systems' utilisation of renewable energy sources.
 Promotion of the use of electric vehicles through the installation of charging
stations.
Eligibility for Fame India Scheme:
The benefits of the Fame India scheme are available for:
1. Electric vehicle manufacturers.
2. Electric vehicle infrastructure providers.
FAME India Scheme II
The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME II)
is a significant initiative by the Government of India aimed at fostering the
development of Electric Vehicles (EVs). This initiative aligns with global efforts to
combat climate change.

Government Allocation and Timeline

The Government of India has earmarked a budget of Rs 10,000 crores for the
second phase of FAME II. Launched in 2019, this phase is set to conclude by
2022. The scheme is a crucial component of the National Electric Mobility
Mission Plan (NEMMP), with its first phase spanning from 2015 to 2019.

FAME India Scheme: Issues & Challenges

The FAME India scheme's implementation raises a number of concerns:
1. Cost Barriers for Consumers: The cost of electric vehicles is still relatively high,
which makes them a major barrier to adoption, especially for those with lower
incomes.
2. Lack of Charging Infrastructure: Potential buyers are deterred from purchasing
electric vehicles in India due to the lack of a widely available charging
infrastructure, which makes owning and using them more difficult.
3. Range Anxiety: For many prospective owners of electric vehicles, range anxiety
—the fear of running out of battery power while driving—is a major concern.
4. Uncertain Government Support: The government supports the FAME India
scheme, but it's unclear how long that support will last. Investments in the
electric vehicle industry might be discouraged by this uncertainty.
5. Technological Difficulties
FAME India Scheme: Facts and Figures for IIM Interview & GD
Some key facts and figures related to the FAME India Scheme are outlined
below:
Criteria Details

Scheme Name Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles

Announcement Union Budget 2015-16

Launch Date 1st April 2015

Department of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Heavy

Nodal Department
Industries

Type of Scheme Central Sector Scheme

Objective Support the production of electric and hybrid vehicles

Two Phases – Phase 1: 1st April 2015 to 31st March

Phases 2019 Phase 2: 1st April 2019 to 31st March 2024
Phase 3 is being discussed.

Financial Outlay Phase 1: Rs. 895 Crore Phase 2: Rs. 10,000 Crore

Market Share – 2-Wheeler: 30%, 3-Wheeler: 65%, 4-

Current Status of EVs in India Wheeler: 2.5% Top States/UTs – Uttar Pradesh, Delhi,
Assam

Subsidy Incentives – Electric two-wheelers: Rs.

Benefits of the Scheme 15,000/KWh Electric buses: Rs. 20,000/KWh Other
Vehicles: Rs. 10,000/KWh
FAME-III: Rs.26,400 Cr Investments Expected
As on January 2024, the third phase of FAME-III, or Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles, is being worked on by the Ministry of Heavy
Industries. The ministry is proposing to allot Rs. 26,400 crore for the FAME-III
subsidy alone, based on discussions with stakeholders.

According to people in the know, this amount would be split between electric
buses at Rs. 9,600 crore, electric three-wheelers at Rs. 4,100 crore, and electric
two-wheelers at roughly Rs. 8,158 crore. Assuming certain additional elements
such as the establishment of an innovation fund and funding for testing,
estimates indicate that the overall allocation may exceed Rs. 33,000
crore. Further discussions on the basic contours of the scheme are currently
ongoing. The focus of the proposed scheme will clearly be on enhancing electric-
based and environment-friendly public transportation in the country.

After FAME-I and FAME-II, the finance ministry had reportedly questioned the
need for extending the subsidy scheme any further. However, the ministry of
heavy industries has been pushing for it, arguing the need for electric and
alternate fuel vehicles. The third phase proposed allocation is much higher than
FAME-Iand FAME-II at Rs.895 crore and Rs.10,000 crore, respectively.

Conclusion
In conclusion we can say that vehicle emissions have caused a noticeable
increase in pollution in recent years. In order to promote the use of electric or
hybrid vehicles in India and lessen the negative environmental effects of diesel
and gasoline-powered vehicles, the Central Government launched the Fame
India Scheme in 2015. After the success of FLAME 1 and 2, now Govt is planning
Phase 3.

The global emphasis on the growth of electric vehicles is a significant priority for
governments worldwide.

5. FINTECH, a Facilitator or an
Unwanted Middlemen
Financial technology, commonly known as FinTech, has emerged as a dynamic
industry in India, with companies leveraging technology to provide a range of
financial services, including insurance, asset management, and payments. The
growth of FinTech in India has been propelled by robust government reforms,
driving the country towards a digital economy. Factors such as increased
internet and smartphone penetration have further accelerated the adoption of
digital technologies in various sectors. However, some experts call FINTECH as
an Unwanted Middlemen.

Fintech in India - One of the largest and fastest-growing FinTech

ecosystems globally
India, according to Ernst & Young (EY), boasts one of the largest and fastest-
growing FinTech ecosystems globally, ranking second after China with an
impressive adoption rate of 87%. In 2021, the estimated value of the FinTech
market in India reached $50 billion, underscoring its significant impact.

India is among the most significant operating countries for hosting a thriving
cluster or fintech headquarters, a WEF study said on January 18, 2024.
 Releasing the report during its Annual Meeting 2024 in Davos, the World
Economic Forum said fintechs are increasingly expanding operations across
borders, mainly in the same region as their headquarters. "The study reveals
that vibrant hubs such as Singapore, the UK, the US, and India have hosted a
thriving cluster of fintech corporate headquarters. "Among the countries
surveyed, the most significant operating countries for fintechs include the US,
the UK, Singapore, Mexico, and India," it added.
FinTech Start Ups Drive Ecosystem
The Rise of FinTech in India has been marked by a surge in startup numbers,
growing from 733 in 2016–17 to over 14,000 in 2021–22. Of these, around 6,600
operate in the FinTech space, collectively valued at $31 billion in 2021. This
remarkable growth can be attributed to a large talent pool, favorable
regulations, and increased venture capital investments over the past decade.

FinTech startups in India have attracted substantial funding, with over $8 billion
invested across approximately 1,000 deals between 2015 and mid-2020. In
2021 alone, an additional $8 billion was invested, signaling an exponential rise.
Key players in this surge include Pine Labs, BharatPe, Razorpay, and Of
Business.

Several drivers have contributed to the success of FinTech in India:

1. Increased Funding: A surge in investments from venture capital, private equity,
and institutional sources has provided crucial support to FinTech startups.
2. India Stack: The adoption of India Stack, a set of APIs facilitating digital
infrastructure, including Aadhar, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and Bharat
Bill payments, has played a pivotal role.
3. Innovation in Technology: The development of new business models utilizing
technologies like Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence has been a key
factor.
4. Smartphone and Internet Users: With over 550-600 million smartphone users
and 795 million internet users as of December 2020, India ranks among the top
globally.
5. Government Initiatives and Regulators: Initiatives like Jan Dhan Yojana, Startup
India, and Digital India, coupled with regulatory frameworks by RBI, IRDAI, and
SEBI, have fostered a conducive environment for FinTech growth.
6. International Collaboration: Initiatives like Startup India have facilitated
collaboration between Indian and global startup ecosystems, encouraging
knowledge exchange and fund support.
The startup landscape in India has witnessed a significant milestone, with 44
startups achieving 'Unicorn' status in 2021 alone, bringing the total to 83,
valued at over $277 billion. Notably, 15 of these unicorns belong to the FinTech
sector, collectively valued at around $60 billion.

To support and consolidate business infrastructure, several FinTech hubs,

including Fintech Valley Vizag, O-hub Bhubaneswar, Bandra Kurla Complex,
FinTech Hub Kolkata, and Mumbai Fintech Hub, have been established by
respective governments.
FinTech Sectors – From Digital Payments to P2P to BNPL…
1. Digital Payments: The digital payments sector has experienced significant
growth, with a CAGR of around 60% from FY2016 to FY2020. Factors such as
demonetization and the COVID-19 pandemic have accelerated the shift towards
digital transactions.
2. Alternative Lending: FinTechs in alternative lending aim to address the credit
demand-supply gap. With a growth rate of 29%, alternative lending has become
the second-largest recipient of FinTech investments.
3. Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL): BNPL solutions offer short-term financing, and the
sector has gained popularity, especially in scenarios where traditional lending
processes face complexities.
4. Peer-to-peer (P2P) Lending: P2P lending facilitates direct monetary transactions
between individuals, eliminating the need for intermediaries. Key players
include Faircent, Lendbox, RupeeCircle, and i2iFunding.
5. MSME Financing: FinTechs addressing Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs) credit needs have become crucial contributors to India's economy.
LendingKart, Flexiloans, KredX, and C2FO are prominent players in this space.
6. InsurTech: The insurance sector is witnessing a surge in technology-driven
innovations, including wearables and IoT-linked products. Notable InsurTech
companies include Acko, easypolicy, turtlemint, Policyboss.com, PolicyBazaar,
and Digit Insurance.
Regulating Fintech: RBI Draft Guidelines (January, 2024)
To regulate the Fintech sector in India, Government is taking the necessary
steps. The draft guidelines from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for Self-
Regulatory Organizations in the Financial Technology sector (SRO-FT) present a
comprehensive framework, outlining the desirable attributes these entities
should embody while allowing some flexibility. Emphasizing the importance of
independence for credibility, the framework suggests that an SRO-FT should
operate autonomously, free from the influence of any single member or group,
avoiding conflicts of interest and ensuring impartial oversight. Independence
becomes pivotal for establishing the SRO-FT as a neutral and trustworthy entity,
crucial for gaining the trust of industry participants and regulators. Ensuring a
robust information technology infrastructure and the ability to deploy
technological solutions within a reasonable timeframe is deemed essential. The
SRO-FTs should possess sufficient net worth and a demonstrated capability to
establish the necessary infrastructure. Motivating members to align with
regulatory priorities, fostering a culture of compliance, and empowering the
SRO-FT to investigate and take disciplinary action against non-adherence are
key aspects. This approach aims to shape a regulatory environment conducive
to innovation while safeguarding consumer protection. Although membership is
voluntary, fintech companies are encouraged to join.

The draft allows flexibility for the sector to decide on having one or multiple
SROs for fintechs, subtly leaning towards the latter due to the diverse nature of
fintechs. However, this decision requires industry consensus, considering the
balance between addressing concerns and maintaining representative self-
regulation. The guidelines provide leeway for different SRO-FTs to achieve goals
in their unique ways. Structurally, the SRO is recommended to be a not-for-profit
company under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013, representing the fintech
sector with diverse membership. The RBI retains veto powers on fit-and-proper
status, board of directors, and key managerial persons. It can nominate
observers on the board and inspect or audit the SRO-FT, with associated costs
borne by the entity under scrutiny. The fast-growing fintech industry, a catalyst
for financial inclusion, faces the challenge of incentivizing SRO membership. The
sector's adoption of optimal governance and operational practices is paramount.
The drafted guidelines provide a balanced approach, offering broad guidelines
for fulfilling tasks without imposing rigid processes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while the debate over whether FinTech acts as a facilitator or an
unwanted middleman persists, its transformative impact on India's financial
landscape cannot be denied. FinTech, as a facilitator, has propelled financial
inclusion, fostered innovation, and democratized access to financial services.
The surge in FinTech startups, coupled with substantial investments and
regulatory support, underscores its pivotal role in shaping the nation's digital
economy. The recent RBI draft guidelines further emphasize the need for
responsible self-regulation within the industry, striking a balance between
innovation and consumer protection. As India continues its journey towards a
digital economy, the role of FinTech as a facilitator is poised to remain a driving
force in fostering financial accessibility and innovation.

6. Narayana Murthy's Call for a

70-Hour Workweek: A Debate on
Pros and Cons
Infosys co-founder Narayana Murthy recently ignited a contentious discussion by
suggesting that Indian youngsters should work at least 70 hours a week to
compete with countries like China and Japan. It implies that they need to work
12 hours a day. This call for 12 hours work a day, an intensified work schedule
has sparked a passionate debate over 70-hour workweek in India, particularly
among India's youth.

Narayana Murthy Suggests 70-Hour Work Week to Youngsters and emphasized

on India's comparatively low work productivity compared to developed nations,
stating, "If we want to compete with the fastest-growing countries like China and
Japan, we need to boost our work productivity. At the moment, India's work
productivity is very low. Our youngsters need to work for at least 70 hours a
week." These remarks were made during his appearance on the inaugural
episode of 3one4 Capital's podcast 'The Record.' He drew a parallel to post-
World War II Germany and Japan, where citizens worked longer hours for the
sake of their nations. He emphasized that Indian youth, too, have a
responsibility to contribute to the nation's economy through hard work.
 However, his statement on 70 Hour Work Week Stirs Debate on the Pros of 70-
Hour Workweek and Cons of 70-Hour Workweek
Reactions to Murthy's statements on 70-Hour Work week Schedule have been
mixed. Bhavish Aggarwal expressed his agreement with Murthy's perspective,
asserting that it's not the time to reduce working hours and seek entertainment.
Instead, he believes it's the time for individuals to exert maximum effort and
achieve in one generation what other countries have developed over many
generations.

However, not everyone shared the tech billionaire's viewpoint and questioned Is
it possible to work 70 hours a week? Film producer Ronnie Screwvala contended
that boosting productivity doesn't solely depend on extended working hours. He
argued that it's about enhancing one's skills, fostering a positive work
environment, and receiving fair compensation for the work accomplished.
Quality of work, he stressed, should take precedence over the number of hours
clocked in.
As the professional world becomes increasingly competitive, the 70-hour
workweek is gaining prevalence. Many driven individuals willingly commit to this
demanding schedule in pursuit of their career goals. However, this rigorous work
ethic comes with both advantages and disadvantages, which are essential to
consider.

Pros of 70-Hour Workweek

 Enhanced Productivity and Efficiency: A 70-hour workweek can significantly
boost productivity and efficiency. With more time dedicated to work, individuals
can complete a higher volume of tasks, meet deadlines, and make substantial
progress in their projects. This heightened productivity often leads to career
advancement and professional recognition.
 Skill Development and Mastery: The extended work hours allow ample time
for skill development and mastery. Professionals can focus on refining their
skills, gaining expertise, and becoming specialists in their respective fields. This
expertise can result in higher job satisfaction and career growth.
 Financial Rewards: Working for 70 hours or more per week often leads to
increased earnings. With overtime pay and opportunities for bonuses,
individuals can substantially increase their income. This financial incentive can
be particularly motivating for those with financial goals or responsibilities.
 Networking Opportunities: The extended hours spent in the workplace
provide more opportunities for networking and building professional
relationships. Collaborating with colleagues and superiors opens doors to new
career prospects, mentorship, and valuable connections.
Cons of 70-Hour Workweek
 Burnout and Health Concerns: A 70-hour workweek can have adverse effects
on an individual's physical and mental well-being. Prolonged hours, elevated
stress levels, and insufficient rest can result in burnout, linked to physical and
mental health issues, including a heightened risk of heart disease, anxiety, and
depression.
 Work-Life Imbalance: Maintaining a 70-hour workweek often means
sacrificing personal and family time. This can lead to strained relationships,
neglect of family and friends, and a decreased quality of life. Achieving a
balance between work and personal life becomes challenging.
 Diminished Creativity and Innovation: Overworking can limit opportunities
for creativity and innovative thinking. Exhaustion and a lack of relaxation time
can hinder an individual's ability to think critically, solve problems, and generate
fresh ideas.
In conclusion, a 70-hour workweek carries both advantages and disadvantages.
It can lead to heightened productivity, skill development, financial rewards, and
networking opportunities. However, it also carries the risk of burnout, work-life
imbalance, and a reduction in creativity and innovation. Individuals
contemplating such a demanding work schedule must carefully weigh these
factors and consider the long-term impact on their personal and professional
lives. Striking a balance between career ambitions and personal well-being is
crucial for sustainable success.

7. Ethics in Business: A Passing

Fad or Necessary Condition?
In the dynamic landscape of modern business, the role of ethics has become a
topic of intense debate. Is the current emphasis on ethical business practices
merely a passing fad, or is it an enduring imperative for sustainable success?
Let's explore both sides of this contentious issue.

What Is Business Ethics?

Before we understand the two sides of this debate, lets first understand the
topic. Business ethics studies appropriate business policies and practices
regarding potentially controversial subjects, including corporate governance,
insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility, fiduciary
responsibilities, and much more. The law often guides business ethics, but at
other times business ethics provide a basic guideline that businesses can follow
to gain public approval.
Principles of Business Ethics
Key Principles of Business Ethics include: Leadership, Accountability, Integrity,
Respect for others, Honesty, Respect for laws, Transparency, Compassion,
Fairness and Environmental concern.

Unethical Business Practices: Some examples from US and India

 Enron Corporation (2001): One of the most infamous cases of corporate fraud
and unethical behavior in the United States is the Enron scandal. Enron, a once-
respected energy company, engaged in accounting manipulations and
fraudulent financial reporting to conceal its true financial status. The scandal led
 to the bankruptcy of Enron in 2001, affecting thousands of employees and
investors.
 Wells Fargo (2016): Wells Fargo, a major American bank, faced a scandal in
2016 when it was revealed that employees had opened millions of unauthorized
accounts to meet aggressive sales targets. The unethical practice resulted in
financial harm to customers and damaged the bank's reputation. Wells Fargo
faced significant fines and underwent leadership changes as a consequence of
the scandal.
 Satyam Computer Services (2009): Satyam, once one of India's leading IT
companies, was involved in a massive financial fraud. The founder and
chairman, Ramalinga Raju, admitted to inflating the company's financial figures
and fabricating profits over several years. The scandal not only led to the
collapse of Satyam but also raised concerns about corporate governance and
transparency in India.
These examples highlight the diverse nature of unethical business practices,
ranging from financial fraud and accounting scandals to deceptive practices
affecting consumers and the environment. They underscore the importance of
ethical conduct in maintaining trust and sustainability in the business world.
Business Ethics: A Necessary Condition?
According to experts, there are several reasons why following ethics is
important for business success.
 Long-Term Brand Loyalty: Companies that prioritize ethics argue that
building a reputation for integrity can lead to sustained brand loyalty.
Consumers are becoming increasingly conscious of the ethical implications of
their purchases. For instance, socially responsible initiatives like Toms Shoes in
the US and the "Clean India" campaign in India demonstrate the positive impact
of ethical practices on brand perception.
 Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to ethical standards is often a
legal requirement in many jurisdictions. Failure to comply can lead to severe
legal consequences and damage a company's standing. The stringent anti-
corruption laws in the United States, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
(FCPA), and India's Companies Act, emphasize the growing importance of ethical
considerations in the legal framework.
 Employee Engagement and Retention: Ethical business practices contribute
to a positive workplace culture, leading to increased employee satisfaction and
retention. Companies like Google and Infosys are known for their commitment to
ethical values, creating work environments that attract and retain top talent.
 Investor Confidence and Sustainability: Ethical behavior is increasingly
linked to long-term financial sustainability. Ethical investment funds, which
avoid companies with questionable practices, are gaining popularity. Investors
are recognizing that companies with strong ethical foundations are better
positioned to weather economic storms and are less susceptible to reputational
risks.
Why Ethics is being seen as a Passing Fad:
So, why is Ethics is being sees as a Passing Fad?

Short-Term Focus on Profits:

Some argue that the business world, particularly in highly competitive markets,
is inherently profit-driven. In this view, the ethical considerations often take a
back seat as companies prioritize short-term financial gains over long-term
sustainability. One example is the aggressive pursuit of profit by certain
financial institutions, as seen in the 2008 global financial crisis.

Global Variability in Standards:

Critics of the universal application of ethical standards point to the cultural and
regulatory differences across the globe. What might be considered unethical in
one region could be deemed acceptable business conduct in another. For
instance, the varying perspectives on bribery and corruption between India and
the United States highlight the challenges of establishing a universally accepted
ethical framework.
Competitive Disadvantage:
Some businesses fear that stringent adherence to ethical standards may put
them at a competitive disadvantage. Companies operating in jurisdictions with
lax regulations may find it difficult to compete with those that cut corners. This
is exemplified by instances where companies engaging in unethical practices
gain a cost advantage, at least in the short run.

Ethics in Business, a Fad or Necessary Condition: Conclusion

In conclusion, the debate over whether ethics in business is a passing fad or an
imperative trend continues to unfold. While short-term profit motives and global
variability pose challenges to the universal adoption of ethical standards, the
increasing emphasis on brand loyalty, legal compliance, employee satisfaction,
and investor confidence suggests that ethics is an evolving and essential aspect
of modern business.

As stakeholder awareness continues to rise, thanks to social media, businesses

will do well to be ethical and fair for their long-term survival.

8. Future of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence, which can be perceiving, synthesizing,
and inferring information, demonstrated by machines, as opposed to
intelligence displayed by non-human animals or by humans. Example tasks in
which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation
between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. Artificial
intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years
since it has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment
and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches,
success, and renewed funding. In recent months ChatGTP and Google’s Bard
have created a lot of excitement in this domain to determine.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

 So, what exactly is Artificial Intelligence or AI? What is AI and how it is shaping
the Future? Well Artificial Intelligence refers to the development of computer
programs and machines that can perform tasks that would normally require
human intelligence, such as recognizing speech, identifying objects,
understanding natural language, and making decisions based on data. AI is
typically divided into two main categories: narrow or weak AI, which is designed
to perform a specific task, and general or strong AI, which is capable of
performing any intellectual task that a human can.

AI has numerous applications including in the fields of healthcare, finance,

transportation, and education. The latest trends in AI development reflect that
the role of AI in the future of health care, AI applications in finance and banking,
the impact of AI on marketing and advertising will be immense. The risks and
challenges of AI in the future will equally be high. Therefore, the impact of AI on
the future of the work cannot be undermined. Even in current scenario one is
well aware how AI is shaping the future of education.

Artificial Intelligence is expected to play an increasingly important role in

shaping the future of society, with potential benefits including increased
efficiency, improved safety, and enhanced decision-making capabilities.
However, there are also concerns about the potential risks associated with the
development and deployment of AI, such as job displacement, bias, and
misuse.
Before we know What is AI and how it is shaping the Future, let us understand AI
applications
 Advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search),
 Recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix),
 Understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa),
 Self-driving cars (e.g., Waymo),
 Generative or creative tools (ChatGPT and AI art),
 Automated decision-making, and competing at the highest level in strategic
game systems (such as chess and Go).
AI Impact on Jobs
Wider deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) technology by India Inc will likely
make 15,000-20,000 jobs redundant this year, as a large number of coding
profiles, system maintenance and support functions at junior levels get
automated.

Consulting firms and recruiters emphasized that companies, especially in the IT,
hospitality and banking industry are trying to upskill their workforce, but warned
that the advent of AI will lead to retrenchments in the coming months, while
employees play catch-up with this sophisticated technology.

Search giant Google is planning to reorganise a large part of its 30,000-strong

ad sales unit as a result of the company's recent advances in artificial
intelligence, according to a report by The Information. Notably, Google laid off
around 12,000 employees earlier this year, making it the biggest job cut in the
company's history.
PAYTM has slashed its workforce by relieving an unspecified number of
employees, though a few reports put this figure at 'over 1000.'

However, AI is also expected to create new jobs, as more companies manage to

upskill the workforce. Ashish Kumar Singh, chief human resources officer at e-
commerce firm Meesho, said that it is the call centres where a lot of the
customer support work is done by AI. Meesho partners with third parties for its
call centre services and some aspects of the calls and first-level chats
with customers are undergoing AI implementation. “There are places around
analytics and first-level coding where the evaluation is still on …It will mostly be
used as a co-pilot in supporting somebody. Immediate job losses I don’t see, but
over a very long term, yes,” Singh told Mint.
AI Concerns; AI Policy by Governments
Some experts believe that the phenomenal growth of GenAI models indicates
that machines will soon think and act like humans, a trend referred to as
artificial general intelligence, or AGI. Some also call it artificial super
intelligence, or ASI. Further, these models can plagiarize, be biased, and
potentially replace thousands of routine jobs while also posing security and
privacy risks. The fear is that if we are unable to fully understand the workings
of these unsupervised networks, they could automatically evolve into Syknetlike
machines we see in the Terminator movie franchise.

The group of people with this fear includes Elon Musk, co-founder of Tesla and
SpaceX, and owner of X, formerly Twitter; Masayoshi Son, CEO of SoftBank, and
AI experts such as Geoffery Hinton and Yoshua Bengio. The other cohort, which
includes AI experts such as Yann LeCun, Fei-Fei Li, Andrew Ng, believe that AI is
nowhere close to becoming “sentient”.

Despite their differences, all of them agree that AI and GenAI need to be
regulated and controlled, and governments around the world are doing so. On 8
December, for instance, the European Union (EU) presented a comprehensive
risk-based draft AI Act and is likely to publish the final text in early 2024. The
Act seeks to ban biometric categorization systems that use certain sensitive
characteristics, and untargeted scraping of facial images from the internet or
CCTV footage to create facial recognition, among other things.

Earlier, the Group of Seven (G7), comprising Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, the UK and the US, introduced guiding principles and a code of conduct
for AI, even as all these countries have draft regulations in place. India is
already a founding member of the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence
(GPAI), an international forum that “aims to bridge the gap between theory and
practice on AI by supporting cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-
related priorities”.

India, which has a Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, is soon expected to
introduce the Digital India Act (DIA)—the new law is expected to regulate AI and
 intermediaries, even as the Indian government seeks to strike a fine balance
between acknowledging the good in AI and penalizing its misuse.

Indian Artificial Intelligence Projects

In December 2023, Akash Ambani, chairman of India’s largest telecom service
provider, Reliance Jio Infocomm, announced a partnership with the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay to build ‘Bharat GPT’, an LLM tailored to
suit the country’s needs.

The move makes sense since India is home to more than 400 languages, making
it one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, and yet, most
foundation models and LLMs are trained primarily using internet data, which is
predominantly English.

Likewise, the ‘Nilekani Center at AI4Bharat’ at IIT Madras is building opensource

language AI for Indian languages, including data sets, models, and applications.
Sarvam AI, a generative AI startup founded by Vivek Raghavan and Pratyush
Kumar (both co-founders of AI4Bharat), is developing LLMs specifically for India
— the OpenHathi Series.
Artificial Intelligence Pros & Cons
What are Artificial Intelligence Pros & Cons? Artificial Intelligence (AI) has many
potential benefits, but it also poses some potential drawbacks. Here are some of
the main pros and cons of AI:

AI Pros:
 Efficiency: AI can process large amounts of data quickly and accurately, allowing
it to complete tasks much faster than humans.
 Accuracy: AI can be programmed to make decisions based on objective data and
logic, reducing the risk of human error.
 Personalization: AI can be used to personalize experiences and services based
on individual preferences and behaviors.
 Safety: AI can be used to monitor and control potentially dangerous situations,
such as in manufacturing or transportation.
 Innovation: AI can enable the development of new technologies and solutions
that were previously impossible.
AI Cons:
 Job displacement: AI can potentially automate many tasks that are currently
performed by humans, leading to job loss and economic disruption.
 Bias: AI systems can be biased if they are trained on data that is not
representative of the population as a whole..
 Privacy concerns: AI systems may collect and store large amounts of personal
data, raising concerns about privacy and security.
 Dependence: Overreliance on AI systems could lead to a lack of human
expertise and decision-making skills.
 Unpredictability: AI systems can be unpredictable, and their decision-making
processes may not always be transparent or understandable.
 It's important to carefully consider both the potential benefits and drawbacks of
AI when developing and implementing AI systems. This will help ensure that AI is
used in a responsible and beneficial way.

Will AI Replace Humans or Assist Us?

While AI has the potential to automate many tasks that are currently performed
by humans, it is unlikely that it will completely replace human beings in the
workforce. Here are a few reasons why:
 AI is currently best suited for narrow or specific tasks, and is less effective in
performing tasks that require general intelligence and creativity, such as art,
music, and scientific discovery.
 AI still requires human oversight and maintenance. AI systems need to be
trained and supervised by humans, and they also require regular updates and
maintenance.
 There are certain jobs and tasks that require human interaction and empathy,
such as healthcare, counseling, and education. These jobs are less likely to be
automated by AI.
 Many people value human interaction and prefer to interact with other humans
rather than machines. This is particularly true in fields such as customer service
and hospitality.
 There are also social and ethical concerns associated with the replacement of
humans with machines. For example, widespread job displacement could lead to
economic disruption and social unrest.
Future of Artificial Intelligence
The future of AI (Artificial Intelligence) is a subject of much gossip and debate. AI
has already made significant strides in a variety of fields, and it is expected to
continue to play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of society.
Here are some of the key areas where AI is likely to have a significant impact in
the coming years:
 The role of AI in the Future of Healthcare: AI is expected to revolutionize
healthcare by enabling more accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and
more efficient delivery of care. AI-powered systems are already being used to
analyze medical images, identify genetic markers, and develop targeted
therapies for cancer and other diseases.
 How AI is shaping the future of Education: AI is expected to transform the way
that we learn by enabling more personalized and adaptive learning experiences.
AI-powered systems can analyze data on student performance to identify areas
where individual students need additional support, and provide tailored
instruction to help them succeed.
 AI applications in Finance and Banking: AI is already being used in the financial
industry to analyze market trends, detect fraud, and develop investment
strategies. In the future, AI could also play a role in automating many routine
financial tasks, such as loan processing and account management.
 Transportation: Self-driving cars and trucks are expected to become increasingly
common in the coming years, as AI-powered systems become more advanced
and reliable. This could lead to significant improvements in safety, as well as
reduced traffic congestion and emissions.
 Role of AI in Entertainment: AI is expected to play an increasingly important role
in the entertainment industry by enabling more immersive and interactive
experiences. AI-powered systems can analyze data on user behavior to create
personalized recommendations for movies, TV shows, and other forms of
entertainment.
In summary, while AI is likely to automate many tasks and change the nature of
work, it is unlikely to completely replace human beings in the workforce. It is
important for society to consider the potential impacts of AI on the workforce
and to develop policies and strategies that can help ensure a smooth transition
to a more AI-driven economy.

9. ‘One Nation One Poll’: Benefits

are More for India
Before we discuss the Pros and Cons of One Nation, one election, let us first
know What is One Nation, One Poll. The concept of ‘One Nation, One Election’
means conducting simultaneous polls across the country for Lok Sabha, the
lower House of Parliament and all the State Assemblies - Vidhan Sabha at the
same time. So far, the General Elections in India are separately conducted to
elect the members of Parliament and State Assemblies in accordance with the
tenure of the incumbent government coming to an end or when it is dissolved
for one or other reason. As such the query, what is one nation, one poll is
broadly explained now.

Since the idea of one nation-one Poll is to synchronize the Lok Sabha elections
conducted pan-India and the State Legislative Assembly elections so that they
take place together once in every five years, it would save the nation from being
drained of money, resources and manpower due to frequent elections.
One Nation one Poll’ is not a new idea in India. The first 4-5 elections held in
India after Independence followed this notion and were successfully conducted
across the country. Now to avoid the multiplicity of election dates and expenses
for Parliament and Assembly elections which are conducted separately,
presently the NDA government is thinking to go for practice of “one nation one
election”.
Back Ground: Need for One Nation One Election
The idea of “One Nation One Election” is not new for India. India had the system
of One Nation One Election and implemented it during the general elections held
in 1952, 1957, 1962 and 1967. This practice was discontinued in 1968-69, on
the grounds that some Legislative Assemblies were broken up due to different
reasons. From that point India has been making a decent attempt to embrace
the old election system but there is no consensus among the political parties.
During the past few years, it has been observed that every now and then
elections are happening in one or other state of India. The State Administration
and Election Commission of India have to connect with its assets, labor to
conduct the election. India is known as the largest democratic country of the
world and the general elections of Lok Sabha and state assemblies are supposed
to be conducted after every five years, unless there are mid-term polls due to
dissolution of Lok Sabha or State Assembly for any reason.
Idea of ‘One Nation, One Poll’: Buzz is High
Since 2014
Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) led by the Prime Minister Narendra Damodar das Modi
came to power in India in 2024 sweeping Lok Sabha Polls across the country and
the feat was repeated in 2019 as well. The Prime Minister Modi and his party BJP
have been ardent advocate of the idea ‘One Nation, One Poll’ since coming to
power in 2014. Modi’s idea is to conduct simultaneous polls not only for Lok
Sabha and all the State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) but also for local
bodies like Nagar Nigam, Panchayat, Zila Parishad among others. In view of
Prime Minister Modi it will substantially reduce the financial burden on
exchequer as there is almost a continuous election cycle going on in the country
in one or other state which also is an obstacle to the development work during
the polling period.
Government Forms Committee on ‘One Nation,
One Election’
On Friday, September 1, 2023, Government of India has set up a Committee
headed by former President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind to explore the
possibility of 'one nation, one poll'. If India goes for simultaneous elections for its
assemblies and the Lok Sabha, it will be part of a group of countries that hold
concurrent polls.
Confirming the formation of Committee on ‘One Nation, One Election’, Union
Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pralhad Joshi said “Right now, a committee has
been constituted. A report of the committee will come out which will be
discussed. The Parliament is mature, and discussions will take place, there is no
need to get nervous...India is called the mother of democracy, there is
evolution…I will discuss the agenda of the Special session of Parliament"
Parliament to Hold Special 5 Day Session
Government of India has called a special 5 day session from September 18 to
22, 2023. However, it is not clear whether the Agenda include the tabling of
‘One Nation, One Poll’, bill in parliament or it will discuss other emergent issues
which could not be discussed and passed in the Monsoon session 2023 due to
the disruptions and waste of three days which saw discussions from minority
opposition benches and responses from treasury benches on No Confidence
Motion against the Prime Minister of India, Shri Modi.

But there are speculations that the government is planning to introduce "One
Nation, One Election" bill in Parliament. Besides, the speculations about early
 Lok Sabha election are also rife as the announcement of committee formation
came only a day after Centre called a special session of Parliament.
One Nation, One Poll Bill in Parliament
In 2015, the government asked the election commission whether one nation one
election was possible, to which the EC responded “Yes it is and we can do it if
the constitution is amended’ and amendments are made in Representation of
the People Act, 1951." If the committee finds it feasible to go for One Nation,
One Election’ concept and Government introduces a bill to this effect in
Parliament, following amendments in Constitution are required according to
Experts:
Constitutional Amendments by Parliament
Former Chief Election Commissioner OP Rawat said that it was possible and all
that is needed is an amendment in the Constitution, “"Framers of the
Constitution had kept the provision of One Nation One Election in the law and in
the Constitution. In 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967, both state assembly and
nation happened together. Since 1967, it started going out of sync and started
the phenomenon round the year election. The election commission had in the
year 1982-83 put forward a suggestion to bring an amendment (to the relevant
law) so that one nation one election can again be held simultaneously.”

As such, the Government has to introduce the One Nation, One Poll Bill in
Parliament with amendments in following Articles of Constitution:
 Article 83: It states that the term of the LokSabha will be five years from the
date of its first sitting.
 Article 85: It empowers the President to dissolve the LokSabha.
 Article 172: It states that the term of the legislative assembly will be five years
from the date of its first sitting.
 Article 174: It empowers the Governor of the state to dissolve the Legislative
Assembly.
 Article 356: It authorizes the Central Government to impose President’s Rule
for failure of constitutional machinery in the State.
 Besides, The Representation of the People Act as well as related parliamentary
procedure will also need to be amended. To Synchronise the term of the State
Legislative Assemblies with that of the Lok Sabha, the term of the state
legislative assemblies can be reduced and increased accordingly.
One Nation, One Poll - Pros and Cons
If India is able to counter the challenges and implements the idea of One Nation,
one poll, more benefits will be there. Let’s discuss below the One Nation, One
Poll – Pros and Cons
Positives: One Nation One Poll: Benefits are
More
Key advantages of implementing ‘One Nation, One Poll, are:
Saving the Public Money
The greatest rationale in the support of the simultaneous election is the saving
of government money. If the country goes for “One Nation One Election” it will
save huge amount of money. There are 4120 MLAs in the 31 states and UTs and
the use limit for assembly election is Rs.28 lacks. It implies that absolute
expense would be somewhere around Rs.11 billon. Normally around 5 states go
for elections each year.

The idea therefore, promises cutting of expenditure on elections which is

significant considering its context in a country like India where elections involve
an astronomical amount of money.
Improvement in Economy with Money Saved
The money saved will help the Government to keep the focus on improving the
slowing down economy, healthcare, education, condition of farmers and not on
rallies to be conducted for elections which is conducted in half a dozen states
every now and then.
Will Help Speed up Development Work
Code of Conduct during election period is imposed and it happens every now
and then in one or other state. When the Model Code of Conduct is in force, new
projects for public welfare cannot be launched. Accordingly, one time election
will ensure continuity in policies, projects and programmes of the central and
state governments.
Getting Rid of False Promises
Vote bank appeasement becomes the buzz word during elections. With elections
around the corner ,most political parties resort to contrivances to win or
devastate reputation of different parties. They devise strategies just those which
would win a bit leeway for the vote bank and help in winning elections. People
are sick of this sort of submission as these lawmakers prevent the passage of
long-term useful polices but promote which give them dividends.
Effective Governance
If elections are not held frequently, the administration will go ahead with
worthwhile plans and development based projects instead of election season
focused plans. Even state and central government need not prepare lucrative
budget with sops every year and they can take decisions for the development of
economy.
Social Welfare Focused Government Functioning
Delays in Government working can be stopped which is caused by repeated
conduct of elections. Exchequer incurs colossal labor and money to conduct free
and fair elections in the country and states. One Nation One Election concept
will help the Schools and universities open on time; educators to work without
fear of vacation every now and then. This will have positive on the life of overall
population.
Constraints: Challenges in Implementation of
‘One Nation, One Poll’
The Obstacles in Implementation are
Passing of Bill in Parliament
The passing of the bill for one nation one election will require backing of at least
half of the members of both the houses of parliament. If it is passed in lower
house, it needs nod from upper house also.
Corruption by Those in Power
Elections are the greatest mediums for the people to get their voices heard and
if the major ones are conducted only once in five years the masses will fear of
being ignored by the executive who will gain greater power after the system is
implemented.
All State Assembly Elections: A Gigantic Task
Another major drawback will be the need to conduct all the state assembly
elections simultaneously as well, once the Legislative is dissolved which might
prove needless yet mandatory.

There are multiple logistical challenges in conducting polls simultaneously for

the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies. Though they might be conducted in
multiple phases, simultaneous elections would need high number of manpower
to be deployed around the same time at a stretch. It would also require greater
numbers of electronic voting machines (EVMs) and voter verifiable paper audit
trail (VVPAT) machines among others.
Non Co-Operation by Opposition Parties
As it can be clearly seen the plan does hold promise but to implement it
successfully the government must fully follow its marketed tagline of ‘Sabka
saath Sabka vikaas’ as this system can’t be smoothly executed without the
collaboration of the other parties fighting to save their identities.
Opposition Parties are Against the Idea of ‘One nation, one Poll’
The idea, as expected was not well received by the opposition parties striving
hard to save their identity in this Modi dominated era. An all party meeting
called on by Narendra Modi earlier, was attended by only 21 parties. Eleven
major parties in the political front of India including Indian National Congress
voiced their opinion against this ambitious proposal by skipping the all party
meeting on the issue.

Opposition parties have spoken against the ‘one nation, one election’ saying
that BJP is afraid of new opposition alliance named ‘I.N.D.I.A. which is why the
Government is making this move. Shiv Sena (UBT) leader Sanjay Raut said, “The
country is already one, is anyone questioning that? We demand fair election, not
'one nation one election'. This funda of 'one nation one election' is being brought
to divert the attention from our demand of fair election."
Congress leader Bhai Jagtap contended, “There is an imperative need for a lot of
discussion on this (one nation, one election). However, this proves that BJP is
afraid of I.N.D.I.A. which is why they made this move."
New Government Serious on the Issue
If there is any government in the recent years that can successfully implement
the idea of one nation-one election by amending the constitution in the largest
democracy of the world, it is the present BJP government which retained power
with a tally of over 300 seats in the Loksabha polls 2019.
 Since coming to power in 2014, Prime Minister Modi has been a strong votary for
the idea of simultaneous polls, which include those at local bodies, citing
financial burden caused by almost continuous election cycle and jolt to
development work during the polling period. Former President Shri Ram Nath
Kovind too had echoed Modi's view and expressed his support to the idea after
becoming President in 2017.

The vision of the party in power - Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) under the leadership
of the country’s Prime-Minister Mr. Narendra Modi is also to set the platform for
a development mindset as this system is supposed to set free politicians,
government officials and the state resources from the hassle of organizing
elections in different parts of the country every year now and then and
completely direct the government machinery on solid groundwork rather than
needless formalities.
Solution: How India can Achieve Big with ‘One
Nation, One Poll’
The challenges and obstacles can be over come to implement the ambitious
‘One Nation, one Election’ Plan. As of now only three countries in the world
Belgium, Sweden and South Africa conduct simultaneous elections. So, there are
no significant examples of countries with a similar federal parliamentary system
conducting simultaneous elections like the one proposed by the one nation-one
election agenda. The Bharatiya Janata Party has never been averse to change
and now making all out efforts to make this plan a reality. It is something the
world has never seen and it does pose a few problems as well but if
implemented to perfection we might actually see a new resurgent India.

The solutions to various obstacles in implementing ‘One Nation, One Poll’ can be
overcome by adopting following solutions
 One solution is inviting the second or the third leading person in the house or
the leader of a political party to form the government or the House being given
the opportunity to elect its leader, in case the government falls before
completing its term.
 Other solution is to amend the constitution to a certain extent and provide that
any assembly whose term is ending within the six months to the Lok Sabha
elections, after or before, the election for it can happen with that of the Lok
Sabha.
 Another solution is to switch to the Presidential form of Government where the
President is not accountable to the House. In America, the Election Day is fixed.
After every four years, the Tuesday that falls after the first Monday in the month
of November is the Election Day for the seat of the President and the Vice
President. Similarly, the dates for holding the elections for the House of
Representative and the Senate, are also fixed. The dates are between 2nd and
8th of the month of November. By law, these dates have been fixed.
There is no doubt that implementation of the ‘One Nation One Election’ will
involve some logistical costs. But there will be huge saving on reduced election
expenditure and would result in net savings. if India opts for ‘one nation, one
election’, the world’s biggest democracy will set another unique example.

10. Is First Impression the Last

Impression?
A good first impression can work wonders
J. K. Rowling, Author of Harry Potter series of books

What is First Impression?

In a fast-paced world, where time is scarce, we all tend to find short cuts to
living a busy life. “First Impression” is one such ways in which we create an
initial opinion and then live by it.

The statement "First Impression is the last impression" suggests that the initial
impression someone has of you will be the lasting impression they have of you,
and that it will not change over time.

First impressions are based on a wide range of characteristics: age, race,

culture, language, gender, physical appearance, accent, posture, voice, number
of people present, economic status, and time allowed to process.

Substantial scientific research has affirmed the importance of first impressions

while exploring a variety of factors that contribute to their formation. For
example, a 2009 study in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin found that
factors ranging from clothing style to posture play a role in how impressions are
formed. Another study, in the April 2011 issue of Social Influence, found that a
limp handshake can make you appear overly passive.

While it is true that first impressions are important, it is not necessarily true that
they are the "last impression." People are complex and multidimensional, and
their opinions and perceptions can change over time as they get to know
someone better. It's also important to recognize that first impressions are not
always accurate. People may form opinions based on limited information or
biases, which can lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments.
Why are First Impressions Important?
So why should we care about making a positive first impression? An example
will make it clear. Raj is a talented and qualified person. Yet he failed to get job
even after appearing for many interviews. He discussed his problem with his
uncle, Kumar, who made him understand that his problem was perhaps not
about skills or knowledge, but his failure to make a good initial impression.
If the first impression is not good, it can be a big stumbling block. A positive first
impression, on the other hand, can help forge long-term associations.

When you meet people professionally, you are usually judged on the basis of
how you behave, what you wear, how you communicate, your body language,
and self-projection. So, first impressions are really important.

How to Create a Good First Impression?

After understanding that first impression is important, next question you may
ask is - How to Create a Good First Impression? Understand this can help you do
well in MBA GD and MBA Interviews, during your MBA program and even while
you look for a job. Let’s take a few things that you must focus on to create a
good impression:

1. Know your Content

When you sit in an interview or sit in a GD, you must be well-prepared. Walking
into a meeting without any planning is likely to end poorly. Know the fact,
review your points, gather your facts and acquaint yourself about the person
you are going to meet. If you know your subject, it will be easier to make a good
impression.

2. Positive Body Language

Having a positive body language is very important. You should not appear
hassled, tired, or disinterested. At the same time, you need to guard against
over-confidence or arrogance. Slouching in your seat, avoiding eye contact,
fidgeting with objects, drooping shoulders are some of the signs that indicate
you are disinterested or not focused enough. Remember that the first
impression is the last impression and it needs to be a good impression.

Walk in confidently with your head held high. Be polite yet clearly audible.
Maintain a positive outlook and smile. High-ranking executives, coaches,
celebrities, and political leaders often practice for public appearances. Earlier,
people rehearsed in front of mirrors. Today, you have video cameras.
3. Navigate Conversation to Your Strengths
The first impression is the last impression and you should do everything that you
can to ensure that your first impression is the best impression. Hence, try and
keep the discussion that are focussed around your strengths and achievements.
You can talk about your personal, academic and non-academic achievements.
Be humble but do talk about yourself and your achievements positively.

4. Be a Good Listener
Listening is a very important but less understand area to create a good positive
impression. Pay attention when others speak. Make eye contact, nod and don't
interrupt or finish others' sentences. However, don’t be shy to offer your
comments after the other person has spoken. Generally, people love to talk
about themselves, so you may find that you can create a good impression by
simply asking insightful questions about others.
5. Dress Appropriately
This is a simple but important tip to create a positive impression. What you wear
to interviews and social gatherings can be as important as what you speak and
how you behave. For interviews and meetings, wear formal clothes that are
clean and smart looking. The colors you wear should not be too strong or
dominating. You should also avoid wearing anything very flashy, or too casual.
While business suits are usually a safe bet. You can also choose your clothes
and accessories according to the climate and culture of the location. In short,
you should dress up as someone confident, comfortable, and smart.

In conclusion, we can say that First impressions are Important. In fact, they have
so much impact that people say that the first impression is the last impression.

11. GD Topic: Is It Still Too Early For India To Have Bullet Trains?
One such area is the presence of bullet trains in India, and whether it is too early to introduce
them. Like almost any other GD topic, this too can be answered in either For or Against motion. Let
us explore each option:
For the Motion
The Bullet Train may eventually be a grand success but there are several points against it as well in
present-day India explained through the following bullet points:
1. Within railways, lot more pressing concerns remain, such as safety of existing tracks, reducing
accidents, cleanliness of stations and wagons, modern infrastructure, better security for women,
hygienic food and the need for a more efficient online ticketing portal.
2. The circuit chosen i.e. Mumbai to Ahmedabad is already one of the best- connected ones.
There was little need for more, but instead tracks could have been built in more remote or
backward areas.
3. The costs to the overall economy also do not justify. While the interest rates are low, this
amount needs to be repaid in US Dollars fifteen years hence. If one counts the inflation level
and the periodic weakening of the India rupee versus the US Dollar, the costs will spiral up
immensely.
4. The costs to the individuals will also be high, making it unviable. A lot of passengers may
instead choose simply to fly. The authorities would have been better advised to improve the air
line services though schemes such as UDAN (Udey desh ka Aam Nagarik).
5. Before launching more such fancy express trains, the government needs to curate programmes
to train the people of the country against unruly behaviours. The Tejas Express between
Mumbai and Goa for instance received a lot of bad publicity due to passengers’ vandalizing
behaviour on the train. Such behaviour must be strictly punished by the Railway Police and
other such authorities, to set a strong example.
6. Beyond inter-city trains, there is a massive requirement for intra- city transport. The local train
networks are in despair in many of the older, industrial cities such as in Mumbai. There is a
need for modernizing these systems and expanding on the metro and mono rail networks.

Against the Motion

Besides the negative points listed above, there are also several advantages that the country may
gain, as a result of implementing this. Following are some of those:
 1. A single train line may lead to several other ancillary industries to emerge. A good example
is the country’s first ever railways university now in Vadodara.
2. While, as of now Mumbai- Ahmedabad is the only circuit chosen, plans are afoot to
eventually expand this network towards several other busy sites. Possible future routes
may include Delhi-Agra, Delhi-Jaipur, Delhi-Chandigarh, Delhi-Lucknow, Kolkata-Patna,
Kolkata-Bhubaneshwar, Bhopal- Indore, Bhopal-Raipur, Patna-Jamshedpur, Mumbai-
Nagpur, Mumbai-Goa, Chennai-Bengaluru and Chennai-Coimbatore.
3. A number of existing flaws listed among the points For the Motion, are undeniably there,
but its unfair to say that nothing is being done. Several stations have been upgraded, with
the one in Guwahati, even earning an ISO certification. As for safety for women, the
Venkatadri Express in the south, now has a dedicated Train Captain.
1. All said and done, the interest rate of 0.5% is extremely low, so makes some economic sense.
2. Blaming the people in general for the untoward incidents on board some fancy trains is
convenient, but hides a broader truth. The same people have shown utmost respect on several
other trains, which are never covered by the media, as there is nothing unusual. Strong policing
is required, but new development must not stop due to fears of backlash, after a small segment
vandalizes.
3. Barring the Kolkata Metro and a few others, most of the local metro networks do not come
under the Indian Railways. So, their expansion is not something the central authorities can do
much about directly. The local train networks on the other hand do admittedly need more
attention.
The main lesson we draw from the above points is that both viewpoints are perfectly fine, as long as
the backing evidence is provided. Supporting examples need also to be drawn up. To prove one’s
point, citing of data released by credible sources such as the World Bank, World Economic Forum
(WEF), The Economist, Forbes, Fortune, etc. is the best way of making one’s point. Indexes and
ranks released by such bodies, present a highly credible and scientific justification for the points
sought. The key is not to get too emotional. One does not earn brownie points for shouting the most.
Instead, one has to work on the 4 Cs of Group Discussions-Content, Collaboration, Communications
and Clarity.

12. Chat GPT- A Threat to Human Jobs or Tool towards Excellence?

Let us below understand some of the key points in favour of the use of ChatGPT and some against
it.
Tool towards Excellence
A few pros for the chatbot are as follows:
1. It can perform all repetitive tasks, thus freeing up humans to take care of the creative tasks.
2. The pace of human learning can quicken exponentially.
3. For academicians in particular, this chatbot can boost the productivity by creating content.
4. Being an open software, ChatGPT is not owned by any of the traditional large tech companies,
and thus usable by billions of people around the globe.
5. It can help predict human behaviours, and thus help companies tackle a lot of business cycle
concerns.
Threat to Human Jobs
Some of the cons may be as follows:
1. Repetitive jobs make up a huge portion of existing human jobs, so if they are eliminated, a
disproportionate number of people will get unemployed.
2. With layoffs in the tech industry already soaring, this can further accentuate the process, as
many of those companies seem fearful of this bot.
3. The creative jobs that may not be available, cannot be availed by all, but only a handful, as a lot
of financial investment is also needed for the same.
4. Academicians have flagged off several threats, such as the possibility of students getting their
assignments made by this bot, and plagiarising content.
5. Several security experts have pointed out, about how malware and other threats could be
created using this.
6. In his seminal book titled Homo Deux, the Israeli writer Yuval Noah Harari makes this seemingly
outlandish claim on how human essentiality will be deeply challenged by the super- robots of
the oncoming era. Chat GPT could be just the start of this process.
It will be advisable for students to read up not just on ChatGPT but also on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
and the impact of automation overall. They need to understand the kind of impact that the business
world and human essentiality is already facing on top of which this has arrived. They could give
examples from other automated tools and software that have either rendered scores of people
jobless, or failed in doing so. Humans have a tendency of overcoming obstacles. Even when the first
computers came on board, there was a major fear of the loss of human jobs. But instead, a whole
new branch of study and work emerged. Right now, the general hope and feeling is that something
similar will also happen in the near future where we can live in tandem with our robots.

13. GD Topic: Carbon Emissions and the Role of Developing Countries

Let us understand this GD topic from both the perspectives. One approach is for developed
countries to bear the bulk of the responsibility, while the other is about developing countries, putting
in their fair share for this cause.
Developed Countries’ Responsibility
The following points are in support of developed countries to do the most:
1. Since the advent of industrialization around 170 odd years back, it is these countries of western
Europe and North America that have burnt maximum fossil fuels, that cause carbon emissions.
They have enjoyed a high standard of living as a result, so must do their bit now.
2. The people in these countries have a certain lifestyle which involves food, transport and clothing
choices that are currently highly unsustainable. The amount of meat and dairy consumption for
instance, leads to severe methane emissions.
3. The western countries have also created a narrative that has glorified certain highly wasteful
practices. These practices are now being adopted by the rest of the world, even if there is little
local relevance, due to the power of western mainstream and now social media.
4. The visible level of pollution in these developed countries is often low, as the actual polluting
practices such as cultivation of water-intensive cash crops and manufacturing of goods, has
been largely outsourced over the years to developing countries.
 5. This lifestyle also owes a lot to mining activities, that are often responsible for carbon emissions
and land degradation.
Developing Countries’ Fair Contribution
Some points that insist that developing countries must also do their bit are as follows:
1. The planet is one, so even if developed countries have polluted more, the effects will be faced
by all, so one needs to fight this as a unit, not on the basis of domestic politics.
2. While certain countries have emitted more carbon, that wasn’t exactly intentional, but merely
the fact that they stumbled upon industrialization earlier. There wasn’t much knowledge then
about the ill-effects of these emissions, so now that there is, we need to act as one.
3. Some of the larger developing countries like India, Bangladesh and Vietnam are industrializing
rapidly and due to their size and population, the total emissions are actually much larger than
several western countries.
4. Some of the worst effects of climate change, brought out due to excessive carbon emissions
have already been felt by the developing countries. Floods, landslides, famines and disease
outbreaks have been as a direct result of environmental degradation.
Fortunately, several of these countries have already started taking into account environmental
factors while planning their own budgets. Many are shifting towards less pollution Electric Vehicles
(EVs) and investing heavily on sound public transport systems. Some have also taken baby steps to
go back to traditional agriculture, espousing the water-intensive monocrop cultures that have sprung
up. Students need to quote direct data from reliable publications and must display clarity in their
thought process.

14. India as G20 Host

Students must still think of each topic from both sides of the coin. India hosting the G20 Summit in
2023, can be one of the most important essay- writing topics for this year. The G20 is one of the
world’s largest organizations involving leading countries, both from the developed as well as
developing world. Hosting rights are in rotation, with Indonesia and Italy having hosted the last two
editions, and Brazil to follow on from us in 2024. The positives of us hosting surely far outweigh the
negatives, but as a critical student, one needs to be open to all approaches. Let us explore some of
these points in greater detail.
India and G20 Host: Pros
Some of the pros of India hosting the G20 Summit in 2023 are as follows:
1. Huge opportunity at country’s brand building if well- hosted.
2. Indian economy and stock markets to get a massive boost, with such a dazzling array of big
political names to visit the country during this round.
3. Tourism will get a shot-in-the-arm, thanks to a lot of facilities to be built and refurbished, plus
the limelight on India for a few weeks at least.
4. Overall infrastructure will get a facelift, not only in the capital city, but across the country, as
many mini- events are also planned alongside.
5. India’s soft power will get recognized globally.
6. Countries that are unfriendly to India or those that are outright hostile, will now be more careful,
thanks to the most powerful of dignitaries to visit India, creating a further sense of purpose with
some of the world’s leading economies.
7. A sense of pride could get inculcated among even common Indians, otherwise unconnected
with the event proper.
8. Employment opportunities to be generated around this event in various roles.

India and G20 Host: Cons

A few of the cons of this event being hosted here could be:
1. India has a patchy record of hosting some international events, as we have seen corruption
cases mar some earlier ones, so there is a fear of such repetitions.
2. The cost of hosting such a event will be massive, with a separate portion of the budget
earmarked for it, so the returns need to really impressive, otherwise will end up bleeding the
coffers.
3. There are a number of domestic issues of importance, such as unemployment, price rise and
agrarian distress which will not disappear with the hosting of such events.
4. Enormous efforts will need to be put towards the security arrangements, and due to India’s
threats from the neighbourhood, there exist fears of some terror attacks planned on India,
particularly during this duration.
5. While the G20 itself is an institution India is proud to be a member of, there are some countries
in it, which do not share great terms with India, like China.
6. The cloud of the Russia- Ukraine war may linger on, unless the war ceases by then with a
favourable decision for most stakeholders.
7. There is an opinion among several experts that supra- national bodies such as the G20, BRICS,
QUAD, SCO etc. do not really perform a lot of the tasks that they are mandated to be, but are
merely good opportunities for photo- ops.

15. Climate Change not a Hoax

The prevailing sentiment among most CAT aspirants and call-getters would certainly be this and
generally would be more acceptable and easier to justify. Following are some notable pointers:
1. Proof is all around us, thanks to increased heat, sudden heatwaves, unseasonal rains, melting
of glaciers, increased frequency of hurricanes and much more.
2. All reliable scientific studies have pointed towards climate change as definitely real.
3. Major international meets have been held and agreements signed at places such as Montreal,
Kigali, Paris, Glasgow, Kyoto, Rio de Janeiro and more; there’s no justification to such meets
taking place, had it been a hoax.
4. Desertification is rising alarmingly all over parts of Africa and Asia especially.
5. The oceans are full of gigantic quantities of plastic waste; it is said that the size of entire
landmasses may be occupied by the amount of plastic that is present in the seas
6. Sea plastic is particularly dangerous as microplastics get inside bodies of seas creatures, many
of which are then consumed by humans.
 7. Vast mountains of waste can be seen on landfills outside cities everywhere, and this is a
particularly common sight in India.
8. Agricultural patterns have also now been changed to suit more water-hungry, energy-guzzling
cereals like rice and wheat, instead of hardier crops such as millets, often derided across school
textbooks as ‘inferior grains’.

GD Topic: Climate Change is a Hoax

This is far more difficult to justify, but can be done with some ingenuity. The following points could
help justify:
1. The earth has gone through several cycles in the past of climate change naturally, so the
present trend has no significance with human consumption, and thus little we can do to mitigate
the same.
2. The now defunct Ice Age and the earlier Jurassic Era that had dinosaurs, clearly point out to
how climate has never been static, long before the first steam engine was developed or
commercial meat production started.
3. Cities even today occupy very little of the actual earth’s surface area; instead, most area now
deforested is taken up by farmlands; these farmlands in turn give way to different species.
4. Human mastery of the world’s land has led to a change in land-use patterns which haven’t all
been negative; while there are fewer wild deer or birds of prey, there are many more cows,
sheep, dogs and pigs.
5. While climate change does exist, the main cause of this trouble have been developed, western
economies, as they are the ones who have burnt the maximum quantities of fossil fuels; thus
they need to first reduce their carbon emission levels, before developing countries must, as the
latter have a long way to go in terms of emissions.
India’s official response is actually somewhat along the point number 5 above. Unlike European
countries, many of whom have drawn up 2030 as the year of achieving net-zero carbon emissions,
India has asked for that cut-off date to be extended to 2070. Our Prime Minister has personally been
involved in drawing up a plan by which 2070 remains the date. India has already taken several steps
to ensure the same. The use of electric and hybrid cars and a dedicated electric charger-enabled
expressway is one such way to go about it. Increased vigilance around eco- sensitive regions has
been another. The banning of single-use plastics has been a revolutionary step in the right direction.
We can only hope for more such initiative and participate to the best of our abilities as responsible
citizens of the country.