Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System Protection

Credit &
4 ( 3 + 1) 48 + 48 Course Code: EE02423
Contact Hours:
Course Level: ✘ UG PG Prerequisite(s): EE02206 DC and AC Machines
Humanities and Computing
Social Sciences Foundation
Course Non- Management Core
✘ Engineering
Category: Engineering Sciences ✘ Elective
Natural Interdisciplinary Engineering
Sciences Elective
Semester Specific Information:
Semester: Winter 2019 Lab Instructor: Engr. Abdur Rehman
Instructor
Instructor: Engr. Alam Ali [email protected]
Email:
Instructor
(Sec A) EE-109
Office:
Lec: Thurs: 3-5pm & Fri: 3-4pm
(Sec B)
Schedule: Lec: Thurs: 3-5pm & Fri: 3-4pm Mon, Tue, Wed, Thurs:
Visiting Hours: 09:00 am – 12:00 am
Lab: Thurs: 11-2pm (Sec A Lab)
Lab: Thurs: 11-2pm (Sec B Lab)

Textbook(s):
1. Fundamentals of Power System Protection, By Y. G. Paithankar and S. R. Bhide
Reference Book(s):
2. Practical Power Systems Protection, By L. G. Hewiston, Mark Brown and Ramesh Balakrishnan
3. Electrical Power System Protection, By Christos Christopoulos and Arthur Wright
4. Protective Relaying for Power Systems, By Stanley H. Horowitz
5. Power System Protection, By S. P. Patra, S. K. Basu and S. Choudhary
Grading Policy:
Grade A A– B+ B C+ C D+ D F
% Marks ≥85% 80%–84% 75%–79% 70%–74% 65%–69% 60%–64% 55%–59% 50%–54% <50%
Assessment Tools:
Assessment Tool Weightage Comments
Assignments 5%
Class Projects/ Presentation 0%
Quizzes 15%
Lab 20%
Mid–Term Exam 20%
Final Exam 40%

Course Description:
The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with the fundamental concepts of fault characteristics of
individual power systems and the related design aspects of protective relay schemes used in power systems. The
course includes faults, their types and characteristics along with protection schemes, including single phase and
three phases, of important elements of power system like Transmission Lines, Bus bars, Transformers and
Generators. The students are encouraged to explore the knowledge of new techniques that are being used to design
efficient protective schemes for power systems.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering

Main Topics to be Covered:

 Introduction to the Course outline, Classification of Faults and Abnormal operating conditions, Evolution of
Power Systems and Description of a Protection System.
 Evolution of Protective System and its Attributes, System transducers and Various Principles of Power
system protection.
 Circuit Breaker, Trip Circuit of a Circuit Breaker, Circuit Breaker Ratings, Various Practical Circuit
Breaker Designs - LV and HV Circuit Breakers.
 Fuses, Thermal relays, Over-current relays, Implementation of OC relay using induction disk, Application
of DTOC relays for protection of a distribution feeder, Application of IDMT relay on a Distribution Feeder.
 Protection of three phase feeder, Directional OC relay, Drawbacks of OC relay.
 Dot Markings, Simple Differential protection, Zone of protection of the Differential Relay.
 Actual behavior of a Simple differential scheme, Percentage differential relay and Earth leakage protection.
 Types of Transformers, Phasor diagram for a three-phase transformer, Equivalent circuit of Transformer,
Types of faults in transformers and over-current protection.
 Percentage differential protection of transformer, Inrush phenomenon in transformer.
 High resistance ground faults in Transformer, Inter-turn faults in Transformers, Incipient faults in
Transformers, Phenomenon of Over-fluxing in transformers.
 Differential protection of Bus bars, External and internal faults, Actual Behavior of a protective CT, Circuit
Model of saturated CT.
 External faults with one CT saturated, Minimum internal fault, Stability ratio of high impedance busbar
differential scheme, Supervisory relay, Protection of three phase busbars, Numerical example.
 Drawbacks of Over-current protection, Introduction to Distance protection, Trip laws, Implementation and
Performance characteristics of Simple impedance relay, Reactance relay and Mho relay, Comparison
between Distance Relays.
 Distance protection of a three phase line, Reasons for inaccuracy of Distance Relay reach, Three-stepped
distance protection, Trip contact configuration for the Three-stepped Distance Protection and its
comparison of protection with all ten shunt faults, Impedance seen from Relay side, Three-stepped
Protection of Double-end-fed lines.
 Electrical Circuit of the Generator, Various faults and abnormal operating conditions including Stator phase
and ground faults, Transverse differential protection.
 Rotor faults and Abnormal operating conditions of Generator including Unbalanced Loading, Over-
speeding, Loss of Excitation and Loss of Prime Mover.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After successful completion of the course, a student should be able to:
Taxonomy Mapped
CLO # CLO Description Domain
Level PLO
Apply the protection system attributes to demonstrate different
CLO1 protection schemes and relays used in power system Cognitive 3 PLO1
protection.
Design the tripping and protection schemes of different power
CLO2 system elements such as Transformers, Bus bars, Cognitive 6 PLO3
Transmission lines, Generators and Induction Motors.
Discuss the knowledge of recent technological developments
CLO3 Cognitive 2 PLO12
and strategies to design reliable power protection systems.
Use of MATLAB’s SIMULINK and ETAP software for
CLO4 modeling and working of different types of protective relays Cognitive 3 PLO5
used in power system protection (covering all Lab sessions).

Mapping of Course and Program Learning Outcomes:

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 Department of Electrical Engineering

Design/Development

Modern Tool Usage

Lifelong Learning
Problem Analysis

Environment and

Communication
Individual and
Sustainability
Engineer and

Management
Investigation
Engineering

of Solutions
Knowledge

Teamwork

Project
Society

Ethics

Skills
PLO1 PLO2 PLO3 PLO4 PLO5 PLO6 PLO7 PLO8 PLO9 PLO10 PLO11 PLO12
CLO1            
CLO2            
CLO3            
CLO4            

Lecture Plan:
Session Course Topics Book Reference Mapped CLO(s)
#
1 Introduction to the Course Outline, Overview of all the topics in Ch 1: 1.1 CLO 1
the course, Classification of faults, Abnormal operating
conditions
2 Classification of Shunt faults, Causes and effects of Shunt CLO 1
Ch 1: 1.2, 1.3,
Faults, Phase faults and Ground faults, Objective of protective
1.4
relays
3 Evolution of power systems, Isolated and interconnected power Ch 1: 1.5, 1.6, CLO 1
systems, States of operation of a power system, Protection 1.7, 1.8, 1.9
System and its attributes, sensitivity, selectivity, speed,
reliability and dependability, System transducers and Principles
of Power system protection
4 Current transformer, Voltage transformer, Zones of protection, Ch 1: 1.6, 1.7, CLO 1
Primary and back-up protection, Maloperations, 1.8
Circuit Breaker, Trip Circuit of a Circuit Breaker, Circuit Ch 12: 12.3,
Breaker Ratings, Various Practical Circuit Breaker Designs - LV 12.5, 12.10
and HV Circuit Breakers
5 Fuses, Thermal relays, Over-current relays, Implementation of Ch 2: 2.1, 2.2, CLO 1
OC relay using induction disk, Application of DTOC relay for 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6,
protection of a distribution feeder, Application of IDMT relay 2.7
6 Instantaneous OC relay, definite time OC relay, inverse time OC Ch 2: 2.4, 2.5, CLO 1
relay, Protection of a distribution feeder, Choice between IDMT 2.6, 2.7
and DTOC relay
7 Protection of a Three phase feeder, Directional Over-current CLO 1
Ch 2: 2.8, 2.9,
relay, Drawbacks of OC relay, Other situations where directional
2.10
OC relays are necessary
8 Phasor Diagrams for Voltage and Current for forward and CLO 1
Ch 2: 2.8, 2.9,
reverse faults, Directional OC protection of a 3 phase feeder,
2.10
Directional protection under Non-fault Conditions
9 Dot Markings, Simple Differential protection, Behavior during CLO 1
Balanced Load, External fault and Internal fault, Simple Ch 3: 3.1, 3.2,
differential protection in double-end-fed system, Zones of 3.3, 3.4
protection of the Differential Relay
10 Actual Behaviour of a Simple Differential Scheme, Through CLO 1
Ch 3: 3.5
fault Stability and Stability Ratio, Equivalent Circuit of CT
11 Percentage differential relay, Block diagram of percentage CLO 1
differential relay, Earth leakage protection, Earth Leakage Ch 3: 3.6, 3.7
protection for single-phase and three-phase Loads

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 Department of Electrical Engineering

Lecture Plan:
Session Course Topics Book Reference Mapped CLO(s)
#
12 Types of Transformers, Phasor diagram for a three-phase CLO 2
Ch 4: 4.1, 4.2
transformer
13 Equivalent circuit of Transformer, Types of faults in Ch 4: 4.3, 4.4, CLO 2
transformers and Over-current protection 4.5
14 Percentage differential protection of transformer, Development CLO 2
of connections, Phase c-to-ground External Fault, Phase c-to- Ch 4: 4.6, 4.7
ground Internal Fault
15 Inrush phenomenon in transformer, Percentage Differential CLO 2
Ch 4: 4.7
Relay with harmonic restraint
16 Mid Term Examination
17 High resistance ground faults in Transformer, High Resistance CLO 2
ground faults on the Delta side and Star side, Inter-turn faults in Ch 4: 4.8, 4.9
Transformers
18 Incipient faults in Transformers, Buchholz relay, Analysis of CLO 2
trapped gases, Phenomenon of over fluxing in transformers, Ch 4: 4.10, 4.11,
Transformer Protection Application Chart, An Illustrative 4.12, 4.13
numerical example
19 Differential protection of Bus bars, Selection of CT ratios in case CLO 2
Ch 5: 5.1, 5.2,
of busbar protection for both wrong and correct methods,
5.3
External and Internal fault
20 Actual behavior of a protective CT, Circuit model of saturated CLO 2
Ch 5: 5.4, 5.5
CT
21 External Fault with one CT saturated: Need for High impedance CLO 2
Busbar Protection, Minimum Internal Fault that can be detected Ch 5: 5.6, 5.7,
by the High Impedance Busbar Differential scheme, Stability 5.8
Ratio of High impedance busbar Differential scheme
22 Supervisory relay, Protection of three-phase busbar, Numerical CLO 2
Ch 5: 5.9, 5.10,
example on Design of High Impedance Busbar Differential
5.11
scheme
23 Drawbacks of Over-current protection, Introduction to Distance CLO 2
Protection, Trip law, Implementation, Performance under normal Ch 6: 6.1, 6.2,
load, Effect of Arc resistance, Directional property and 6.3
Performance during power swing of Simple Impedance Relay
24 Trip law, Implementation, Performance under normal load, CLO 2
Effect of Arc resistance, Directional property and Performance Ch 6: 6.4
during power swing of Reactance Relay
25 Trip law, Implementation, Performance under normal load, CLO 2
Effect of Arc resistance, Directional property and Performance Ch 6: 6.5, 6.6,
during power swing of Mho Relay, Comparison between 6.7
Distance Relays
26 Distance Protection of a three-phase line, Reasons for inaccuracy CLO 2
of Distance Relay reach, Three-stepped distance protection, Trip
Ch 6: 6.7, 6.8,
Contact configuration for the Three-stepped Distance Protection,
6.9, 6.10, 6.11,
Protection of three-phase line against all ten Shunt Faults,
6.12
Impedance seen from Relay Side, Distance up to the fault point
in transmission line
27 Phase Faults, Ground Faults and Complete protection of a Three- CLO 2
Ch 6: 6.7, 6.8,
phase Line, Three-stepped Distance protection, Description of
6.9
First step, Second step and Third step
28 Generator Protection, Complexities of Turbo-alternator Ch 8: 8.1, 8.2 CLO 2
protection, Electrical circuit of the generator, Alternator unit
auxiliary transformer, Alternator and neutral grounding

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Lecture Plan:
Session Course Topics Book Reference Mapped CLO(s)
#
transformer, Electrical circuit of exciter of generator
29 Various Faults and Abnormal Operating Conditions, Stator CLO 2
Faults, Stator Phase and Ground faults, Longitudinal Differential
Protection Scheme and Transverse Differential Protection, Ch 8: 8.3
Difference between Power transformer and Generator
differential protection
30 Rotor faults, Description of Abnormal Operating Conditions of Ch 8: 8.4, 8.5 CLO 2
Generator which include Unbalanced loading and Over-
speeding, Logic of protection against Unbalanced loading and
Over-speeding
31 Abnormal Operating Condition on rotor field winding, Loss of CLO 2
excitation, Possible causes due to which field excitation may be
Ch 8: 8.4, 8.5
lost, Protection against Loss of excitation using offset Mho
Relay
32 Abnormal Operating Condition on Mechanical side, Loss of CLO 2
prime mover, Causes of loss of prime mover, Directional relay Ch 8: 8.5
for protection against loss of prime mover
33 Final Examination

List of Lab Experiments:

Lab # Lab Title Mapped CLO(s)
1 Introduction to SIMPOWER SYSTEM CLO 4
2 Different blocks of SIMPOWER TOOL BOX CLO 4
3 Modeling and Implementation of a Power System having three phase CLO 4
components
4 Modeling of Over-Current Relay CLO 4
5 Experiment-1: Modeling of Definite Time Over-Current Relay – part 1 CLO 4
Experiment-2: Modeling of Definite Time Over-Current Relay – part 2
6 Experiment-1: Coordination of DTOC relay in Power System – part 1 CLO 4
Experiment-2: Coordination of DTOC relay in Power System – part 2
7 Calculate the Over-voltage, Under-voltage and the Time setting for the Over- CLO 4
Voltage and Under-Voltage Relay
8 Modeling of Definite Time Over-voltage and Under-voltage Relay CLO 4
9 To understand the Modeling and working of Over-frequency and Under- CLO 4
frequency Relay
10 Model the Over-frequency and Under-frequency Relay in the given system CLO 4
11 Experiment-1: Differential protection model for Power Transformer – part 1 CLO 4
Experiment-2: Differential protection model for Power Transformer – part 2
12 Implementation of a Universal Relay CLO 4
13 Introduction to ETAP Software CLO 4
14 Short-circuit and Motor Acceleration analysis in ETAP Software CLO 4
15 Transient stability analysis and Relay Controlled actions in ETAP Software CLO 4
16 Projects and Evaluation using ETAP Software CLO 4

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