Topic 5 - Lighting Design

Topic 5:
Lighting Design
EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar

Basic Lighting Terminologies
1. Luminous Flux
▪ It is the quality of light emitted by a light source per unit
time (seconds). It is measured in lumens (lm) and
represented by the symbol Φ.
▪ A lumen is the amount of visible energy that we can
actually measure.
▪ Luminous flux specifies the amount of light emitted by a
lamp however, it does not specify the direction.
▪ It is often found in datasheets and specifications of the
lamps.
▪ In short, luminous flux is the amount of light emitted by a
luminaire, it is the amount of energy that comes out of the
light source converted into visible radiation and makes it
possible for us to see what is around us.
EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 2

2. Luminous Efficacy
▪ It is the ratio of the luminous flux and the power consumed
by the lamp.
▪ It measures how energy-efficient a lamp is. The higher the
luminous efficacy the greater the energy efficiency of the
lamp. It is expressed as follows:

K= unit: lm/W
P
3. Luminous Intensity
▪ It is the quality of light emitted per second in a specified
direction from a point source. It is measured in candela (cd).
▪ Luminous intensity is the basic photometric value,
expressing the capacity of a point light source to provide
illumination in a given direction.
▪ In essence, it tells us how much light a light source emits in
a particular direction.
EEE506▪ (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 3
▪ It mainly serves to establish the distribution of the light given
off by a lit surface depending on the direction.
▪ Luminous flux helps us to understand the amount of light in
a space in general, while luminous intensity is the
parameter we use to calculate the exact levels of light
hitting each surface

4. Illuminance
▪ It is the amount of light falling on (or illuminating) a given surface. It
can also be defined as the number of lumens falling on 1 m2. It is
represented by the equation:

E=
A
where E is the Illuminance (unit: lux = lm/m2); φ is the luminous flux and A (m2) is the
area on which the light is falling.
▪ Lux (lx) is the illuminance produced by one lumen falling on a

surface of 1 m2
▪ In order to measure luminance, a lux meter is used, which converts
the light signal into an electrical signal that is later amplified and
allows the reading of intensity on a calibrated lux scale.

5. Luminance
▪ It is the amount of light that is reflected from a flat surface. It is the
measure of the luminous intensity emitted per unit area of that surface in
a specific direction.
▪ Unit is candela per square meter (cd/m2)
▪ Luminance can be calculated from the following formula:
d 2F
Lv =
dSd  cos 
where,
Lv is luminance measured in candelas per square metre.
F is the luminous flux in lumens (lm).
dS is the surface element considered in square metres (m2).
d is the solid angle element in steradians (sr).
s is the angle between the surface normal S (ns) and the direction under consideration (d).
▪ Luminance is measured using a spectrum radiometer, a luminance meter

or a heat meter
Luminance Illuminance
• Independent of surface. • Depends on the surface.
• Independent of: • Depends on:
o Number of light sources. o Direction from which the
o Direction from which the light reaches the surface.
light comes. o Angle from which the light
o Position of the light is seen.
sources. o Properties that different
o Type of surface on which it objects have in
falls. themselves.
• Not perceptible to the human • It is perceptible by the human
eye. eye.
• It measures the light that • It measures the light reflected
illuminates a surface. from a surface.
• Its value varies according to the • Its value varies according to
distance between the light the ability of a surface to
emitter and the surface. reflect light.

Fig. Luminance of various light sources
Fig. Illuminance of various light sources
Lighting Technologies – Incandescent Lamps
▪ Incandescent lamps generate light when an electric current heats

the lamp's tungsten filament until it glows. The intense heat causes
the filament to slowly evaporate, until it eventually breaks and the
lamp burns out.
▪ The hotter and thinner the filament, the whiter the light it produces,
but the evaporation of metal from the filament occurs more quickly.
▪ Standard incandescent lamps generate a warm‐colored white light
(2700 K) and last about 750 to 1500 hours.
▪ Incandescent lamps operate in virtually any position. They start and
warm up almost instantly and can be extinguished and restarted at
will.
▪ The physical temperature of the incandescent lamp bulb is generally
too hot to touch.
Fig 1. Diagram of an Incandescent Lamp
▪ Figure 1 shows the diagram of an incandescent lamp

▪ Other than their short life, the biggest shortfall in incandescent lamps is their efficacy.
▪ Standard incandescent lamps generate only between 5 and 18 lumens per watt.
▪ Generally, the advantages of low first cost, color, and versatility are weighed against the cost of
energy and maintenance.
▪ Incandescent lamps are made in thousands of shapes, sizes, and wattages. The shape of the lamp
is often arbitrary, but some shapes have specific purposes.

Standard (A) Lamp Reflector (R) Lamp Tubular (T) Lamp Tubular (T) Lamp Parabolic Aluminized
Reflector(PAR) Lamp
Fig. Types of Incandescent Lamps

Lighting Technologies – Halogen Lamps
▪ The general anatomy and operation of halogen and incandescent lamps is the same, except halogen
lamps contain a small amount of halogen gas within the glass bulb that impedes the evaporation of
tungsten.
▪ As a result, the filament can be thinner, providing a whiter, brighter light and lasting longer than standard
incandescent lamps.
▪ The latest products employ a bulb that is coated to keep infrared radiation inside the bulb, reheating the
filament and making the lamp much more efficient. These lamps are called HIR or IR (for halogen)
infrared reflecting.
▪ Standard halogen lamps have a color temperature of approximately 3000 K, which is slightly cooler than
incandescent lamps, so halogen lamps appear whiter and crisper.
▪ The improved technology of halogen lamps compared to incandescent lamps provides a lamp life that
typically ranges from 3000 to 5000 hours. For a minor sacrifice in output, long‐life halogen lamps can
last up to 18,000 hours.
▪ Halogen lamps are more efficient than standard incandescent lamps and can produce 20 to 35 lumens
per watt, with the HIR/IR type being the most efficient. In general, the improved efficiency, longer life,
and whiter color make halogen lamps a popular choice for many commercial applications where
standard incandescent lamps are not practical but their qualities are desirable.
BT Lamp Double-ended Tubular Single-ended Tubular MR16 Lamp T Lamp

Lamp Lamp
Fig. Types of Halogen Lamps

Lighting Technologies – Fluorescent Lamps
▪ Fluorescent lamps use the principle of fluorescence, in which

minerals glow in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
light.
▪ Inside the lamp is a gas that includes a minute amount of
mercury. Electric energy “excites” the gas inside the lamp,
generating UV energy, which is absorbed by the phosphor
coating on the lamp's bulb and converted to visible light.
▪ A fluorescent lamp requires a ballast in order to work
properly. A ballast is an electrical component that starts the
lamp and regulates the electric power flow to it. Some
ballasts can operate up to four lamps. There are two types of
ballast—magnetic and electronic. The electronic ballast
reduces lamp flicker considerably and is generally more
energy efficient and quiet than the magnetic ballast.
▪ Figure 2 shows the diagram of a fluorescent lamp Fig 2. Diagram of a fluorescent Lamp

▪ The popularity of fluorescent lamps is mainly attributed to the fact

that they are among the most energy‐efficient white light sources
available Fluorescent lamps are sensitive to temperature.
▪ Bulb temperature is critical for proper light output, and lamps
operated in very cold or very warm situations generally will not give
off as much light as when operated at room temperature.
▪ Also, lamps may not start if they are too cold. The minimum starting
temperature of a lamp depends on the ballast; minimum starting
temperature ratings for ballasts are available to help designers
choose the right type.
▪ Most fluorescent lamps get warm but can be touched while
operating without being burned. Full- and compact-sized can give
out 70 – 100 and 45 – 75 lumens/watt respectively. Their lifespan
ranges from 20,000 – 40,000 hour and 9,000-15,000 hours
respectively.
Fig 2. Diagram of a fluorescent Lamp
▪ There are major two types of fluorescent lamps viz. Full-size/U-bent
lamps and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

▪ There are three major types of CFLs:

o Screw-based: These lamps are designed to directly replace
incandescent lamps in incandescent lamp sockets
o GU‐24-based. This base permits CFLs to operate directly from
line voltage power and allows the interchanging of lamp types
and wattages.
o Pin-based: This base is designed to fit into sockets in
luminaires designed specifically for CFLs with hardwired
ballasts. Pin‐base lamps have separate ballasts, making the
lamps smaller and allowing the use of better ballasts, including
dimming ballasts
Fig 2. Diagram of a fluorescent Lamp

Full-size fluorescent lamp

(end-view)
GU24 base CFL
twin tube CFL Double Twin‐Tube Triple Twin‐Tube Quad Twin‐Tube

(Pin-based) CFL(Pin-based) CFL(Pin-based) CFL(Pin-based)
Screw-based CFL Long Twin‐Tube

CFL(Pin-based)
Fig. Types of Fluorescent Lamps
Lighting Technologies – High Intensity Discharge
Lamps
▪ High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps are designed to emit a great deal of
light from a compact, long‐life, energy efficient light source.
▪ HID lamps are used most often for street and parking lot lighting and for
large indoor spaces, such as gymnasiums and industrial work floors
High‐intensity discharge (HID) lamps generate light by passing an electric
current through a gas containing the vapors of certain metals.
▪ The current produces an arc or discharge of light contained within a
high‐temperature, high‐pressure enclosure called an “arc tube”. The light
created by an HID lamp depends on the metals used in the arc tube. Almost
all modern lamps combine various metals in order to produce the “whitest”
light possible.
▪ As with fluorescent lamps, a ballast is required to start and regulate the
amount of power flowing into the arc. Magnetic ballasts generally are used
for most HID lamps, although electronic ballasts are becoming increasingly
popular HID lamps can get quite hot and should be protected from direct
touch. Fig 2. Diagram of an HID Lamp

Lamps
▪ In addition, some metal halide lamps must be totally enclosed due to a small
possibility of lamp explosion.
▪ HID lamps start and operate over a relatively wide temperature range, and
they are well suited to both indoor and outdoor applications. Because the
metals in the arc tube are affected by gravity, the operating position of some
HID lamp types can be critical.
▪ HID lamps, like automobile engines, must be started by an ignition pulse
called “striking the arc.” Then all HID lamps require time to warm up, getting
progressively brighter over several minutes until reaching full light output.
During this period, there may be some color shifting as the various metals
heat up and their individual vapor pressures increase.
▪ The lamp's true light output and color is often not reached for 2 to 5 minutes.
Once the lamp is operating, the temperature and pressure within the arc tube
have increased tremendously. However, should power be interrupted, even
briefly, HID lamps must cool off before the ignition circuit can restart the lamp.
Fig 2. Diagram of an HID Lamp
▪ The cool‐off period is called the “restrike time.” Some HID lamps take over 10
minutes from being extinguished until they can restrike and warm back up.

Lamps
Metal Halide PAR Lamp Metal Halide MR16 Lamp
Metal Halide Single-ended

T Lamp
Fig. Types of HID Lamps
Lighting Technologies – Light-Emitting Diodes
▪ Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are the latest and perhaps the most exciting light source yet Invented. An LED is
fundamentally different from all other light sources, in that it does not utilize a filament, a gas, or a fragile glass
enclosure (Figures 3 and 4)
▪ An LED is a semiconductor device that emits visible light. It is a basic electrical component that is used in virtually
every electronic device—in fact, the little red, green, yellow, or blue indicator lights on TVs, radios, and computers
are all LEDs. But because they are so different from other light sources, LEDs are almost never called lamps.
▪ LEDs consist of many tiny point sources that are typically combined to form pseudopoint sources, line sources, or
area sources. LEDs do not radiate heat, but there is heat produced within the LED that must be removed to
ensure it will last as long as expected. This has become more and more critical as higher‐output LEDs are
developed.
▪ LEDs work best when they run cool, and if the LED lamps and fixtures are designed properly, they will be cool to
the touch. Individually, LEDs radiate a small amount of light. That is because they are very small, and heat must
be conducted away from them. LEDs are highly efficient giving out 55–150 lumens/watt and live span between
25,000–120,000 hours.
▪ LEDs individually are low voltage and need to be powered from a source of DC power that regulates the amount
of electricity flowing through them. This source is called a driver. Just as a fluorescent lamp requires a ballast, an
LED cannot operate properly without a driver. As with other lighting sources, the driver can be local to the lamp,
within the luminaire, or located in a remote location, depending on the application.
Fig. 3 Early Indicator‐Type LED Fig. 4 Illuminator‐Type LED

LED Tubular Lamp
LED A Lamp LED Filament Lamp LED PAR Lamp LED CFL
Replacement
Fig. Types of LED Lamps

Lighting Design – Definition of Terms
Maintenance Factor (MF)
▪ The maintenance factor gives an estimate of how lighting conditions will deteriorate through
everyday use.
▪ It takes into account the light lost due to an average expectation of dirtiness of light fittings and the
room surfaces. For normal conditions a factor of 0.8 may be used. For airconditioned rooms a
factor of 0.9 may be used, while for an industrial atmosphere where cleaning is difficult, a factor as
low as 0.5 may sometimes be used.
MF = RSMF x LMF x LLMF x LSF
where,
RSMF is the Room Surface Maintenance Factor (dirt on the surfaces of the room)
LMF is the Luminaire Maintenance Factor (dirt on luminaire)
LLMF is the Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (dirt on the lamp)
LSF is the Luminaire Survival Factor (reduced light output due to lamps failing)

Utilisation Factor (UF)
▪ This is the ratio of the lumens received on the working plane to the total flux output of lamps.
Lumens received on working plane

UF =
lumen output of luminaires
▪ The Utilisation Factor takes account of the loss of light due to absorption on room surfaces.
▪ The UF depends on three factors: Type of luminaire, Room Index and reflectance of room surfaces.
▪ A luminaire with a concentrated light output directed on the working plane will have a higher UF
than a luminaire with a dispersed output.
▪ Room Index takes into account the length (L) and width (W) of the given room, also the height of
the luminaires above the working plane (Hm). It is given by
L W
RI =
(L + W )H m
▪ The room is considered to consist of three main surfaces viz. ceiling (C), walls (W) and floor (F).
▪ The effective reflectance’s of these 3 surfaces affect the quantity of reflected light received by the
working plane. Light colors like white, yellow will have more reflectance compared to dark colors
like blue, brown.
▪ Brighter colours with high reflectance result in a higher UF.
▪ A high utilisation factor indicates that much of the light reaches the horizontal plane.
▪ UF implies fewer lamps needed in light design thus resulting in higher energy efficiency.


Space-to-height Ratio (SHR)
▪ It is the ratio of distance between adjacent luminaires (centre to centre) to their height above the
working plane
▪ Manufactures will generally specify a recommended SHR to ensure their products best
performance.
1 A
SHR =
Hm N
Where, Hm is the mounting height

A is total floor area
N is the number of luminaires

▪ To obtain an even level of illumination the light sources must be
evenly spaced over the illuminated area.
▪ The evenness of the illumination will depend to a large extent on
the ratio between the height of lamps above the working plane and
the spacing between the lamps. S/2 S
▪ The space-to-height ratio also contribute to the reduction of glare;

S/3 if work is done
a condition of vision in which there is discomfort and/or reduction in Near the wall H
the ability to see significant objects, due to unsuitable distribution
or range of brightness or extreme constraints. Working surface level
▪ The working plane is often taken to be 0.85m above finished floor

0.85m
level.
▪ SHR is taken to be 1.5 if dispersive and diffusing type of fittings are
used, while for concentrating or louvre types of fittings are used,
SHR is taken to be 1.25.
▪ The space (S) between the center of a lamp and a wall of a room
is usually taken to be half the spacing between the lamps, but if a
lot of work is done near the wall, it is taken as one third of the
spacing of the lamps
Lighting Design – Lumen Method
▪ This method is most suitable method for interior lighting design, where a high proportion of light on
the working plane is reflected by internal surfaces.
▪ The lumen method, sometimes called the luminous flux method of calculation, is normally used to
calculate the average illuminance (Lux) on working planes, or to calculate the number of luminaires
required providing a specified average illuminance in rooms.
▪ The aim of the lumen method is to give a reasonably even spread of light over the horizontal
working plane.
▪ This is achieved by taking into consideration not only on the way the light is distributed from the
fittings, but also height at which the fittings are mounted over the working plane.
▪ The ratio mounting height to the spacing of the fittings will vary with the choice of fitting: the greater
the concentration of light distribution from the fitting, the closer must be the spacing relative to the
mounting height.

▪ A complete lighting system design involves the determination of number of luminaires and their
spacing.
▪ Maximum spacing between luminaires,
S = SHR  H m
▪ Number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room

Width of the room
=
Minimum spacing
▪ Number of luminaires in each row

Number of luminaires
=
Nmber of rows

▪ Axial spacing between luminaires
Length of room
=
Number of luminaires in each row Length
▪ Transverse spacing between luminaires
Width of room S/2 S
= Transverse spacing
Number of rows
Axial
spacing Width
▪ Distance between luminaires and wall
Spacing between adjacent luminaires

=
2
▪ All the distances between luminaires as well as

between luminaires and wall are from the centre
position of the luminaire(s)

▪ The following equation is used in the lumen method
( F  n)  N  MF  UF
E=
A
where,
E is the average illuminance (lux)
F is initial lamp lumen output (lm)
N is the number of luminaires
n is the number of lamps per luminaire
MF is the Maintenance Factor
UF is the Utilisation Factor
A is the area of the working plane (m2)

Exercises
1. A hotel reception area, 18 m x 11 m, is to be illuminated with 40, 70 W, 2 pin pod MBI luminaires.
The initial lamp output is 6,600 lm, the MF is 0.8 and the UF is 0.65. Calculate the average
illuminance in the reception area. Also calculate the efficacy of the lamp.
2. A factory floor, 30 m x 20 m, is to be illuminated with 2 x 58 W LPMV luminaires. Calculate the

number of luminaires needed to maintain an average illuminance of 500 lux. The initial lamp
output is 5,200 lumens. Calculations are to be carried out using a MF of 0.8 and a UF of 0.7.
3. A work area at bench level is to be illuminated to a value of 300 lx using 85 W single fluorescent
fittings having an efficacy of 80 lm/W. The work area is 10 m x 8 m; MF and UF are 0.8 and 0.6
respectively. Calculate the number of fittings required.

4. A general area requires a lighting level of 500 lux from a regular array of louvred luminaries. Given the
following data calculate the number of luminaries required and arrange a suitable layout.
o Room dimensions are: length 8 m, width 8 m, height 2.8 m
o Room reflectances: ceiling 0.7, walls 0.5, working plane cavity 0.2
o Working plane height = 0.8 m
o Maintenance factor = 0.75
o Maximum space to height ratio = 1.75
o Luminaire versions available:
➢ 2 x 1800 mm 70W (each lamp gives) 6550 lumens

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Topic 5:

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 2

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 4

▪ Lux (lx) is the illuminance produced by one lumen falling on a

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 5

▪ Luminance is measured using a spectrum radiometer, a luminance meter

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 7

▪ Incandescent lamps generate light when an electric current heats

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 10

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 11

Fig. Types of Incandescent Lamps

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 12

BT Lamp Double-ended Tubular Single-ended Tubular MR16 Lamp T Lamp

Fig. Types of Halogen Lamps

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 14

▪ Fluorescent lamps use the principle of fluorescence, in which

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 15

▪ The popularity of fluorescent lamps is mainly attributed to the fact

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 16

▪ There are three major types of CFLs:

Fig 2. Diagram of a fluorescent Lamp

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 17

Full-size fluorescent lamp

GU24 base CFL

twin tube CFL Double Twin‐Tube Triple Twin‐Tube Quad Twin‐Tube

Screw-based CFL Long Twin‐Tube

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 19

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 20

Metal Halide PAR Lamp Metal Halide MR16 Lamp

Metal Halide Single-ended

Fig. 3 Early Indicator‐Type LED Fig. 4 Illuminator‐Type LED

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 23

LED Tubular Lamp

Fig. Types of LED Lamps

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 25

Lumens received on working plane

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 27

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 28

Where, Hm is the mounting height

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 29

▪ The space-to-height ratio also contribute to the reduction of glare;

▪ The working plane is often taken to be 0.85m above finished floor

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 31

▪ Number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room

▪ Number of luminaires in each row

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 32

Spacing between adjacent luminaires

▪ All the distances between luminaires as well as

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 33

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 34

2. A factory floor, 30 m x 20 m, is to be illuminated with 2 x 58 W LPMV luminaires. Calculate the

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 35

EEE506 (Electrical Services Design) Prof. N.B. Umar 36

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