PUR COM REVIEWER

COMMUNICATION EXHANGE IDEA FEELINGS, OBSERVATION, BUILD HUMAN RELATIONSHIP.

COMMUNICATORS NEEDS TO BE FAMILIAR WITH COMMUNICATION MODELS TO UNDERSTAND THE

PROCESS ASPECT OF COMMUNICATION.

Communication is inevitable.

Communication is irreversible.

Communication is complex.

STIMULI (IDEA)

SENDER (SPEAKER) HOLDS AN IDEA THAT NEEDS TO BE CONVEYED AS A MESSAGE IN ORAL OR

WRITTEN FORM

RECIEVER (LISTENER) DECODES THE CONVEYED MESSAGE

MESSAGE IDEA DELIVERED BY THE SENDER TO RECIEVER.

CHANNEL MEDIUM OR MEANS, MESSAGE IS TRANSMITTED

NOISE BARRIE AFFECTS THE MESSAGE

SITUATION TIME, PLACE IN WHICH COMMUNICATION OCCURS

FEEDBACK RESPONSE

EXAMINING CONTEXT The concept of communication should be clear to all kinds of communicators.
They should increase their knowledge of communication and improve their communication skills
through time.

EXPLORING CONTEXT Through time, the principles of communication are influenced by factors which
are important in making the communication process worthwhile and efficient. It is vital for individuals
to augment their understanding of communication principles.

9 COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES INTO OPERATION AS SUGGESTED BY KAPUR (2020)

1. Trustworthiness 6. Objective Judgement mo

2. Effective Speaking Skills 7. Value Difference

3. Active Listening 8. No Assumptions

4. Good Writing Skills 9. Authenticity

5. Good Reading Skills

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

CONTEXT OF COMMUNICATION REFERS TO ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE INTERACTION HAPPENS OR

TAKES PLACE

PHYSICAL CONTEXT PLACE WHERE COMMUNICATION HAPPENS/OCCURS

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT WHAT COMMUNICATORS HAPPENS/ INTERACTION/THEIR NEEDS, DESIRES,

VALUES, PERSONALITY.

SOCIAL CONTEXT PERSONAL MATTER/ INVOLVES RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER AND LISTENERS

CULTURAL CONTEXT LEARNED BEHAVIORS AFFECTS BODY MOVEMENTS, FACIAL EXPRESSION,

PRACTICES.

PHYSICAL NOISE NOISE FROM ENVIRONMENT (CARS, TALKING PEOPLE)

SEMANTIC NOISE DIFFERENT UNDERSTANDING/ MEANING OF MESSAGE, LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND

HAND WRITING

PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE MENTALITY TOWARDS THE MESSAGES/SPEAKER PREJUDICES, NARROW

MINDEDNESS. BIASES.

PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE COMMUNICATOR DISTURED BY HIS/HER STATE OF HEALTH

TECHNICAL NOISE TECHNOLOGY/POOR INTERNET CONNECTION/EMPTY BATTERY

CULTURAL NOISE EXPECTATIONS, ETIQUETTE ATTITUDES, VALUES DIFF.

COMMUNICATION MODELS VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS TO

UNDERSTAND CLEARLY THE ROLES OF EACH ELEMENT.

3 MODELS
LINEAR BASIC CONCEPT/ SPEAKER TRANSMIT A MESSAGE TO THE LISTENER.
SIMPLE COMMUNICATION.
INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MORE THAN ONE PARTICIPANT AT THE SAME TIME USING TWO
DIRECTIONAL COMMUNICATION ‘’FEEDBACK LOOP’’
TRANSACTIONAL BOTH SENDER & RECEIVER INVOLVED IN ENCODING.
NOT JUST ABOUT EXCHANGING MESSAGES BUT CREATING & INFLUENCING SOCIAL REALITIES WITHIN
VARIOUS CONTEXT, SOCIAL RELATION CULTURAL
SOCIAL STATED RULES OR UNSTATED NORMS GUIDE COMMUNICATION
(EXPLICIT RULES) – GUIDELINES OR REGULATIONS, LANGUAGE CONNECTIONS, GRAMMAR RULES &
ETIQUETTE PROTOCOLS
(IMPLICIT NORMS) – UNSPOKEN OR UNWRITTEN RULE. UNDERSTOOD BY MEMBERS (CULTURE OR
GROUP) SHARED VALUES, BELIEFS & EXPERIENCES.
RELATION – SOCIAL HISTORY & RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN/AMONG PEOPLE.
CULTURAL – ASPECTS OF HUMAN IDENTITY SPECIALLY THE SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS, ETHNIC GROUP,
WAY OF LIFE, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, SOCIAL CLASS & SKILL,

MULTICULTURAL - REFERS TO A SOCIETY THAT CONTAINS SEVERAL CULTURE OR ETHNIC GROUP

MULTICULTURALISM – HAVING OR RELATING TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT CULTURES
CROSS CULTURAL – REFERS TO INTERACTION, COMPARISON OR COMBINATION OF DIRRENT CULTURES.
IMPLIES A MOVEMENT OR EXCHANGE BETWEEN CULTURES, OFTEN WITH THE GOAL OF
UNDERSTANDING, LEARNING OR ADOPTING. UNDERSTAND & ACKNOWLEDGED OF INDIVIDUAL
CHANGE.
INTERCULTURAL – DESCRIBES COMMUNITIES IN WHICH THERE IS A DEEP UNDERSTANDING & RESPECT
FOR ALL CULTURES. FOCUS ON MUTUAL EXCHANGE OF IDEAS & CULTURE NORMS &DEVELOPMENT OF
DEEP RELATIONSHIP. NO ONE IS LEFT UNCHANGED.
CULTURAL IDENTITY MEMBERSHIP & ACCEPTANCE INTO A LARGE GROUP THAT SHARES A SYSTEM OF
TRADITION, NORMS AND VALUES. IT INVOLVES PEOPLE STANDARDS OF APPROPRIATE &
INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR.
SHARED SYSTEM OF TRADITIONS FOLLOWS THE COMMUNITY SPECIFIC CUSTOMS, SLANG TERMS,
PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZED EVENTS.
NORMS & VALUES UNDERSTAND COMMUNITY VALUES.
GENDER ROLE NOT NECESSARILY LIMITED TO MALES & FEMALES. IN SOME CULTURES, DRESSES &
SKIRTS ARE PROUDLY WORN BY MEN.
AGE IDENTITY REFERS HOW PEOPLE FEEL & THINK ABOUT THEMSELVES AS THEY AGE. NOT ALL
CHILDRENS ARE INNOCENT & CHILDISH. ADULTS ARE NOT ALL MATURE & RESPONSIBLE.
SOCIAL CLASS RANK ASSIGNED BY THE SOCIETY TO ITS MEMBERS ACCORDING TO THEIR INCOMES,
TITLES, POSSESSIONS, ETC. HIGHER SOCIAL CLASS MAY RECEIVE MORE RESPECTFUL & FORMAL
COMMUNICATION. LOWER CLASS RECEIVE CASUAL OR EVEN DISMISSIVE INTERACTIONS.
RELIGIOUS IDENTITY REFERS TO ACTIVE OR INACTIVE MEMBERSHIP OF A PERSON TO A CERTAIN
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION.

VARIETES OF LANGUAGE SPOKEN

SPEECH AND SOUND SPOKEN LANGUAGE INVOLVES THE USE OF THE VOICE & AUDITORY SYSTEM TO
CONVEY MEANING

INTERACTION REAL TIME, CONVERSATIONS, DISCUSSION, PRESENTATION, ALLOWING FOR IMMEDIATE

FEEDBACK

NON VERBAL TONE, PICTH, PACE, GESTURE, FACIAL EXPRESSION WHICH CAN ENHANCE THE MEANING

NATURAL ACQUISITION NATURALLY LEARNED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD, WITHOUT FORMAL EDUCATION

THE WRITTEN COMMUNICATE THROUGH VISUAL SYMBOLS, LETTERS, WORDS, PUNCTATION, PAPER,
DIGITAL SCREEN, ITS MORE PERMANENT AND STRUCTED

VISUAL REPRESENTATION WRITTEN LANGUAGE USES SYMBOLS(LETTERS, CHARACTERISTIC) TO

REPRESENT SPEECH OR THOUGHT

DELAYED INTERACTION WRITTEN COMMUNICATION USUALLY LACKS IMMEDIATE FEEDBACK, DELAYED

RESPONSES
FORMALITY STRUCTURED STRICTER GRAMMATICAL RULES & FORMAL STRUCTURED

PRESERVATION INFORMATIVE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE

LEARNED SKILL FORMAL EDUC & PRACTICE TO MASTER READING & WRITING SKILLS

LANGUAGE SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATION, SYMBOLS, SOUNDS, WORDS, GESTURE, LANGUAGE CAN

TAKE A VARIOUS FORMS SUCH AS SPOKEN, WRITTEN OR SIGNEDAND GOVERNED BY RULES
(GRAMMAR, SYNTAX) ALLOWS INDIVIDUAL TO CREATE AND UNDERSTAND MESSAGES.

ASPECT OF LANGUAGE SYMBOLS – WORDS, SOUNDS OR GESTURE THAT REPRESENT IDEAS

GRAMMAR – SET OF RULES DIDECATE HOW SYMBOLS ARE ARRANGE AND COMBINED TO FORM
MEANINGFUL SENTENCES.

CULTURAL INFLUENCE – LANGUAGE AFFECTS AND SHAPES CULTURE IDENTITY, VALUES, SOCIAL
NORMS.

COMMUNICATION- LANGUAGES ALLOWS PEOPLE TO INTERACT, SHARE KNOWLEDGE, EXPRESS

EMOTIONS, BUILD RELATIONSHIP.

LANGUAGE VARIETY DIFFERENT FORMS OF LANGUAGE USED BY PEOPLE IN VARIOUS PLACES, GROUPS,
OR SITUATION, THESE FORMS CAN DIFF IN VOCABULARY, GRAMMAR, PROUNCIATION AND HOW THEY
USED. IT SHOWS HOW LANGUAGE CHANGES & ADOPTS BASED ON SOCIAL, GEOGRAPHICAL OR
CULTURAL FACTORS.
PIDGIN - LANGUAGE THAT DEVELOPS WHEN PEOPLE WHO DON’T SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE NEED
TO COMMUNICATE, COMBINING SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR FROM BOTH LANGUAGES TO MAE BASIC
TRADE COMMUNICATION EASIER.
CREAOLE – LANGUAGE STARTS AS A PIDGIN BUT EVOLVES INTO A FULL LANGUAGE OVER TIME,
SPOKEN BY A COMMUNITY.

REGIONAL DIALECT – A VERSION OF LANGUAGE LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN A PARTICULAR REGION, WITH

DISTINCT VOCABULARY AND PRONUNCIATION.

MINORITY DIALECT – DIALECT SPOKEN BY SMALLER GROUP OF PEOPLE WITHIN A LARGER

COMMUNITY, OFTEN WITH LESS RECOGNITION.

INDIGENIZED VARIETY – FOREIGN LANGUAGE ADOPTED TO FIT THE LOCAL CULTURE AND CONTEXT.

VIRTUAL COMMUNICATION- IS THE USE OF DIGITAL TOOLS SUCH AS EMAILS, TEST MESSAGES, CHATS,
VEDIO. BETWEEN PEOPLE WHOE ARE NOT PHYSICALLY FACE TO FACE.

VIRTUAL PRESENTATION – ONLINE DELIVERY OF INFORMATION USING TOOLS LIKE VIDEO, SCREEN
SHARING, OFTEN USED IN MEETINGS OR WEBINARS.

6 STEPS THAT CAN ELEVATE UR VIRTUAL PRESENTATIONS.

1. CREATE ENGAGING LIDES 4. PLAN A MEMORABLE ENDING

2. CHOOSE THE RIGHT BACKGROUND 5. KEEP IT SHORT

3. TEST YOUR PRESENTATION 6. FOSTER AUDIENCE INTERACTION

NETIQUETTES POLITE ONLINE BEHAVIOR RULES, SUCH AS MUTING WHEN NOT SPEAKING AND
MAINTANING PROFESSIONALISM DURING VIRTUAL INTERACTIONS.

EXAMPLES OF NETIQUETTES IN AN ONLINE SET UP

1. BE RESPECTFUL 6. ACKNOWLEDGE OTHERS POINTS OF VIEW

2. AVOID USING ALL CAPS 7. RESPECT PRIVACY

3. THINK BEFORE YOU POST 8. RESPOND PROMPTLY

4. USE PROPER GRAMMAR & SPELLING 9. USE APPROPRIATE TONE

5. STAY ON TOPIC 10. MUTE WHEN NOT SPEAKING

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF VIRTUAL PRESENTATION

- INCREASED ACCESSIBILITY FOR PARTICIPANTS REGARDLESS OF LOCATION

- COST SAVINGS ON TRAVEL & VENUE EXPENSES
- FLIXIBILITY IN SCHEDULING & FORMAT
DISADVANTAGE
- POTENTIAL FOR DECREASED AUDIENCEE ENGAGEMENT
- RISK OF TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES & RELIANCE ON TECHNOLOGY
- CHALLEGES IN BUILDING PERSONAL CONNECTIONS

COLLABORATIVE DISCUSSION ON NETIQUETTES

1. Before posting your question to a discussion board, check if anyone has asked it already and
received a reply.

2. Stay on topic. Don't post irrelevant links, comments, thoughts, or pictures.

3. Don't type in ALL CAPS! If you do, it will look like you're screaming.

4. Don't write anything that sounds angry or sarcastic, even as a joke, because without hearing your
tone of voice, your peers might not realize you're joking.

5. Always remember to say "Please" and "Thank you" when soliciting help from your classmates.

6. Respext the opinion of your classmates.

7. If you reply to a question from a classmate, make sure your answer is accurate
8. If you ask a question and many people respond, summarize all answers and post that summary to
benefit your whole class.

10. Don't badmouth others or call them stupid.

11. If you refer to something your classmate said earlier in the discussion.

12. Before asking a question, check the class FAQs or search the internet to see if the answer is
obvious or easy to find.

13. Check the most recent comments before you reply to an older comment, since the issue might
have already been resolved or opinions may have changed.

14. Be forgiving.

APPLICATION OF PRESENTATION SKILL

EFFECTIVE CONTENT PRESENTATION ON A VIRTUAL PLATFORM REQUIRES CAREFUL PLANNING IN

ORDER TO ENSURE UNDERSTANDING , PARTICIPATION & COMMUNICATION.

WAYS TO VIRTUALLY PRESENT INFORMATION

1. ORGANIZE & STRUCTURE CONTENT

- CLEAR AGENDA - LOGICAL FLOW - CHUNK INFORMATION

2. USE VISUAL AIDS

- SLIDES OR VISUAL CONTENT - INFORGRAPHICS & CHARTS - ANIMATIONS & TRANSITIONS

3. ENGAGE THE AUDIENCE

- POLLS & QUIEZZES - Q&A SESSIONS - CHAT FEATURES

4. INCORPORATE MULTIMEDIA

- VIDEOS & AUDIO - LIVE DEMOS

5. LEVERAGE PLATFORM TOOLS

- SCREEN SHARING - WHITEBOARD - BREAKOUT ROOMS

IMPROMTU SPEECH – SPONTANEOUS TALK DELIVERED WITHOUT PREPARATION. ITS IMPORTANT FOR
DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS, CRITICAL THINKING. IMPROMPTU SPEECHS CAN ALSO BE VALUABLE IN
VARIOUS REAL LIFE SITUATION, JOB INTERVIEW, PRESENTATION, SOCIAL GATHERINGS.
ANOTHER STRATEGIES FROM DISTUNGISHED TOASTMASTER CRAIG HARRISON (2010)

1. STORYTELLING 4. CLEAR STRUCTURE 7. ADAPTABILITY

2. ACTIVE LISTENING 5. PRACTICE & FEEDBACK

3. BODY LANGUAGE 6. ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

IMPORTANCE OF THE AUDIENCE – NEED TO BE AUDIENCE CENTRIC. AVOIDE THE TENDENCY TO

RAMBLE. KNOWING UR AUDIENCE HELPS U FIGURE OUT WHAT CONTENT & MESSAGES PEOPLE CARE
ABOUT.

THINGS TO REMEMBER IN DELIVERING IMPROMTU SPEECH

- BE CONFIDENT - USE PERSONAL EPERIENCE

- ENGAGE UR AUDIENCE - PRACTICE ACTIVE LISTENING
- STRUCTURE UR THOUGHTS - USE A CREDIBLE VOICE TONE & BE AUTHENTIC
- ORGANIZE QUICKLY

EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH- A WELL PREPARED THAT RELIES ON RESEARCH, CLEAR ORGANIZATION, &
PRACTICE DELIVERY BUT IS NEITHER READ OR MEMORIZED.

ADVANTAGE OF EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING

PROMOTING SPONTANEITY & NATURALNESS

ENCOURAGING PARTICIPANTION

PROMOTING OVERALL MESSAGE & ESSENCE OF THE SPEECH

NOT ALLOWING THE SPEAKER TO READ OR MEMORIZE THE SPEECH

ELEMENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH

SPEAK ABOUT SOMETHING WORTH SAYING – SPEAKING NATURAL, CONVERSATIONAL STYLE MEANS
THAT YOU SHOULD NOT TRY TO IMITATE THE SPEAKING STYLE OF SPEAKER.

SPEAK WITH SINCERITY- BELIEVE IN YOUR TOPIC OR MESSAGE

SPEAK WITH UR OWN STYLE – SPEAK IN UR STYLE. FIGURE OUT HOW TO EXPRESS A STYLE THAT’S
AUTHENTIC TO YOU.

PRACTICE & REHEARSAL TIPS

1. WRITE AN EASY TO FOLLOW SPEECH OUTLINE THAT INCLUDES ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
UR SPEECH.
2. CREATE INDEX CARD TO ACT AS CUES TO KEEP U IN TRACK TO UR SPEECH

3 NEVER READ FROM INDEX CARDS UNLESS UR READING A DIRECT QUOTATION OR STATISTIC

4. REHEARSAL WITH UR GRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY OR OTHER VISUAL AIDS.

5. DISPLAY IMAGES FROM UR GRAPHICS

6. DEVELOP UR CONVERSATIONAL SPEAKING STYLE

7. REHEARSE INFRONT OF OTHERS & SOLICIT FEEDBACK

8. RECORD & LISTEN TO A TIMES VERSION OR UR PRACTICE SPEECH

9. PREPARE FOR UR ENTIRE SPEECH

ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH – AIMS TO CONVINCE AUDIENCE TO ACCEPT A SPECIFIC POINT OF VIEW BY

PRESENTING WELL REASONED ARGUMENTS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE

PERSUASIVE SPEECH- INFLUENCE THE AUDIENCE BELIEFS, ATTITUDE OR BEHAVIORS BY APPEALIN TO

EMOTIONS, VALUES, CREDIBILITY. EMOTIONAL APPEAL. LOGICAL ARGUMENTATION. CREDIBILITY OF
THE SPEAKER. CALL TO ACTION.

FUNCTIONS OF ARGUMENTATIVE & PERSUASIVE SPEECHES.

ARGUMENTATIVE PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

- CLARIFIES COMPLEX ISSUES - MOTIVATE ACTION OR CHANGE

- PROMOTE CRITICAL THINGKING - BUILDS EMOTIONAL CONNECTIONS

STRATEGIES FOR ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH

1. CLEAR THESIS – STATE UR MAIN ARGUMENT

2. LOGICAL STRUCTURE – ORGANIZE POINTS IN LOGIC ORDER

3. USE OF EVIDENCE – SUPPORT CCLAIMS WITH FACTS

4. ADDRESS COUNTERGUMENTS – PRESENT OPPOSING VIEWPOINT

5. CONCLUSION – SUMMARIZE KEY POINTS.

STRATEGIES FOR PERSUASIVE SPEECH

1. KNOW UR AUDIENCE – TAILOR THE MESSAGE TO THEIR VALUES, BELIEFS, EMOTIONS

2. EMOTION APPEALS – USE STORIES, VIVID IMAGINARY

3. ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY – SHOWCASE EXPERTIES, CHARACTER.

4. REPETITION – EMPHASIZE KEY POINTS TO MAKE A MEMORABLE

5. CALL TO ACTION – CLEARLY STATE WHAT U WANT THE AUDIENCE.

ORGANIZING AN ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH

INTRODUCTION BODY

HOOK TO GRAB ATTENTION PRESENTING STRONG ARGUMENTS WITH EVIDENCE

BRIEF BACKGROUND ON THE TOPIC REFUTE OPPOSING ARGUMENTS

CLEAR THESIS STATEMENT USE LOGICAL REASONING

CONCLUSION

RECAP KEY POINTS

STRONG FINAL STATEMENT THAT REINFORCES THE THESIS

ORGANING AN PERSUASIVE SPEECH

INTRO BODY

CATCHY OPENING TO ENGAGE EMOTIONALLY -HIGHLIGHTS BENEFITS OF ADOPTING UR VIEWPOINT

CLEARLY STATE THE PROBLEM OR TOPIC - SHARE EXAMPLES

CONCLUSION

PERSUASIVE SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS

STRONG CALL

DELIVER UR SPEECH

VOICE PROJECTION - SPEAK CLEARLY

CONFIDENCE – EYE CONTACT

HAND GESTURE