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Managerial Economic
What are the pros and cons of regulating oil and Gas prices?
1. Introduction
Global oil prices have shown an almost steady rise since 2003, with the April 2006 pricedouble than that was in January 2004Demand, supply and speculative factors,and their interrelationships all leads to the steady rise in oil prices. In the last couple of years,global demand for oil grew due to economic strengthening in the US, as well as strongeconomic performance in developing Asia, (especially PR China and India). From 1990 to2003 world demand for oil grew at the rate of 1.3 percent while for the People Republic of China and India (combined) at 7 percent rate and accounted for almost 40 percent of the demand growth Another factor contributing to stronger demand is the low level of stocks in industrial countries and their rebuilding in a period of supply uncertainty. Also some of the countries in Asia have started building their own reserves. Third factor contributing to high oil prices is the high risk premium on oil and is continuing, as supply by some main producers is regarded as unstable2 . Fourth, geopolitical uncertainties and tight market conditions have encouraged speculative funds to enter the market and further push up prices in the short term (ADB 2004). This trend in rising prices has become a grave concern for the developing economy like Pakistan. Because if this trend continued can result in inflationary pressures in the economy, increasing budget deficit and balance of payment problems and slowdown in the economic growth. The objective is to reviews the possible consequences and challenges presentedby high oil prices for Pakistan. The introduction is followed by the review of Pakistan'senergy sector in general and oil sector in particular. In the third section the paper will look at some of the indicators that will reflect on the oil dependency in Pakistan, that is, why high oil prices matter for Pakistan. This section will also express some views on the possible impact of high oil prices in Pakistan at the macroeconomic level. In section four, a brief reflection on policy responses required to counter structurally high oil prices. Final section is the conclusion.
2. Pakistan Energy Sector Scenario

Pakistan with a population of more than 150 million has been on the path of rising GDP for the last three four years, where GDP growth reaching 8.4 percent in 2004-05, 6.6 percent in 2005-06, and moderate recovery in 2006-07 with real GDP growth reaching 7 percent. Energy sector has a direct link with the economic development of a country. In line with the rising growth rate of GDP demand for energy has also grown rapidly.
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2.1 Oil Reserves and Refining Capacity

The major part of produced oil comes from the reserves located in the southern half of the country, where the three largest oil producing fields are located (in the Southern Indus Basin). In addition, some producing fields are located in the middle and upper Indus Basins. Since the late 1980s, Pakistan has not experienced many new oil fields. As a result oil production has remained fairly flat, at around 60,000 barrels per day. While there is no prospect for Pakistan to reach self sufficiency in oil, the government has encouraged private (including foreign) firms to develop domestic production capacity.
Oil Consumption, Future Demand and Imports

Pakistan economy is growing and so is the energy demand. Consumption of oil and its products grew sharply during the 1980s and 1990s at about 6 percent per annum, but has become negative in the last five years. Consumption of petroleum products grew negatively in between 2000-01 and 2005-06 . In 2005-06 Pakistan consumes 16 million TOE of petroleum products (in Table 4 below non-energy products consumed are not included). Out of which almost 15 million TOE are energy products. Diesel despite negativegrowth in the last five years accounts for 52 % of total oil (energy) products consumed, motor spirit accounts for 8.4%, aviation fuel 5 %, kerosene 2%, and HOBC accounts for a very minor share of 0.06 %.
3. Impact of High Oil Prices

Since 2003, oil prices are constantly on the rising side. End of 2007 has seen the maximum of $100 per barrel. This rising trend in oil price in the international market has hurt the economies of many countries in the world including that of Pakistan. The extent to which economies hurt as a result of price shock depends on the countrys dependency on oil. Before analysing the impact of high oil prices at the macro level the paper will look at some of the indicators showing the vulnerability of the Pakistans economy.
3.1. Oil Dependency

Oil dependency or how much vulnerable a country is to price shock can be observed from the following indicators: Oil Self-sufficiency index: It is the percentage change in oil production minus consumption to oil consumption. This ratio will be negative for oil importers. If its value is -1, country has no oil production and is totally dependent on oil imports; and a positive number means that a country is a net exporter. For Pakistan the index has remained negative from 1990-91 to 2005-06 . It was -0.69 in 1990-91 and became -0.85 in 19992000 but later on started declining given the negative growth in oil consumption in the last five years, but still the index is at -0.79. Despite the slight decline country is highly susceptible to high oil prices.
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Oil Intensity in Energy Consumption: Vulnerability to rising oil prices also depends on the intensity with which oil is used. The intensity of oil use in energy consumption index measures the share of oil in an economy's primary energy consumption. If a country relies only on oil to produce energy, the value of the index is one; if no oil is used in producing its energy, the value is 0. Oil intensity in Pakistan has declined over the years.Because of switching to alternatives, more specifically gas.
Macroeconomic Effects
There are number of factors affecting energy intensity including country's climate, size, level of development, as well as whether it produces and refines oil. Countries that have colder climate consumes more energy, other things being equal, while countries with a large oil contribution to GDP are likely to be more energy intensive. It also varies with income levels. Its decline can be achieved moving away from energy intensive industries changing household consumption patterns away from activities which require large amounts of energy using less transportation); and involvement in those production activities that are more energy efficient, in response to the rising input costs. For Pakistan energy intensity is almost constant since 1990-91.It indicates the efficiency with which the energy is used. And the trend for Pakistan indicates no improvement in efficiency. All the indicators discussed above are likely to be closely correlated with a country's susceptibility to oil price shocks. One way to bring this information together is to measure the potential impact of higher oil price on oil import costs. As discussed above, the magnitude of the direct effect of a given price increase depends on the share of the cost of oil in national income, the degree of dependence on imported oil and the ability of end-users to reduce their consumption and switch away from oil Unless country is running in surplus, or has extremely large foreign exchange reserves, high oil price is dealt by a reduction in total demand for all imported goods, so as to restore balance of payments equilibrium. Higher oil prices leads to inflation, increased input costs, reduced non-oil demand and lower investment in net oil importing countries. Tax revenue falls and the budget deficit increases. It is the reduction in domestic demand (both consumption and investment) which leads to reduced imports and reduced domestic production. If real wages are sticky downwards this also results in increased unemployment. The rate of growth declines in the short term transferring income from oil importing to oil exporting countries. The fall in final expenditure indicates that the shocks to households and firms in terms of welfare may be large since the price they pay for imports is much higher and has to be balanced by lower quantities . This section will examine how the macro economy of Pakistan has behaved (output i.e., GDP, inflation level, balance of payment and fiscal status) and the capacity of the economy to withstand the price rise.
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Managerial Economic

2. Pakistan Energy Sector Scenario

2.1 Oil Reserves and Refining Capacity

Oil Consumption, Future Demand and Imports

3. Impact of High Oil Prices

3.1. Oil Dependency

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