DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTIPURPOSE SECURITY SYSTEM

WITH ALARM AND DISPLAY

JUDE MARVELLOUS TOCHUKWU

DE.2019/1055

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH), RIVERS
STATE UNIVERSITY, NKPOLU OROWORUKWO, PORT HARCOURT

SUPERVISOR
ENGR DR P. F. OODEE

SEPTEMBER, 2024
 ABSTRACT
This work presents the design and construction of multipurpose security system with alarm and display, capable of
detecting movement of humans and door openings. The system utilizes locally acquired components and provides
real-time notifications through an LCD display, buzzer, and LED indicators. A developmental research design was
employed to produce a functional prototype. The system was tested by detecting motion at varying distances and
monitoring door status changes using a magnetic reed switch. Results indicate that the system consistently responded
instantly to both motion and door openings, providing reliable visual and auditory alerts. The findings demonstrate
that all components functioned effectively, and the system's performance was efficient in terms of response time and
feedback, ensuring dependable security monitoring.
 DECLARATION

I, JUDE MARVELLOUS TOCHUKWU hereby declare that this work DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIPURPOSE SECURITY SYSTEM WITH ALARM AND

DISPLAY carried under the supervision of ENGR DR P. F. OODEE was originally done by me,

as part of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) degree in Electrical

Engineering and that all references have been duly cited.

……………………………………….. ………………………………..
JUDE MARVELLOUS TOCHUKWU DATE
DE.2019/1055
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work titled DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

MULTIPURPOSE SECURITY SYSTEM WITH ALARM AND DISPLAY was done by JUDE

MARVELLOUS TOCHUKWU under the Supervision of ENGR DR P. F. OODEE. This project

is original and has never been submitted anywhere for the award of any degree in the University

and it satisfies the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) degree in the

department of Electrical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt

…………………………………….. ……………………………….
Engr Dr P. F. Oodee Date
(Supervisor)

…………………………………….. ……………………………….
Engr. Dr. H. N. Amadi Date
(Head of Department)

…………………………………….. ……………………………….

External Examiner Date

 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty

 ACKNOWLEGMENT

My utmost gratitude to Almighty God, whose love, favour, faithfulness and grace as led me thus

far.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Title page i
Abstract ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 3
1.3 Aim of Study 3
1.4 Objectives of Study 4
1.5 Scope of Study 4
1.6 Significance of Study 4
1.7 Overview of Study 5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Review of Related Works 6
2.2 Analog to Digital Converter
2.3 Sensors
2.4 Display Technologies
2.5 Micro Controllers
2.6 Current Work

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 16

3.1 Materials Used
3.1.2 Component Description
3.2 Method
3.2.1 Block Diagram
3.2.2 Circuit Diagram
3.2.3 Circuit Operation

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result
4.2 Discussion

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 PIR Sensor

Figure 2.2 Operation of PIR sensor
Figure 3.1Arduino Nano
Figure 3.2 PIR sensor
Figure 3.3 Magnetic Reed Switch
Figure 3.4 BC-547
Figure 3.5 8x2 LCD display
Figure 3.6 lithium ion cells
Figure 3.7 (TP4056) Charge Controller
Figure 3.8 LM7805 Voltage Regulator
Figure 3.9 Capacitors
Figure 3.10 Rated Resistor
Figure 3.11 Buzzer
Figure 3.12 SPST (Single Pole Single Throw) Switch
Figure 3.13 Block diagram
Figure 3.14 Circuit Diagram
Figure 4.1 Response of system to motion
Figure 4.2 System Response to Door Access
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Response to movement

Table 4.2 Response of Motion sensor to different objects
Table 4.3 Response to Door Opening
Table 4.4 System Control Interface
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Security is a fundamental aspect of modern living, playing a crucial role in ensuring the safety and

well-being of individuals and communities. Residential security, in particular, has become a

primary concern for homeowners due to increasing crime rates and the evolving nature of security

threats. Traditional security systems often lack the comprehensive features needed to provide

effective protection, leading to a growing demand for more advanced solutions (Okolie 2022)

Security, in the context of residential environments, encompasses a wide array of measures

designed to protect individuals and their property from unauthorized access, theft, and other

criminal activities. These measures include physical barriers such as locks and fences, electronic

systems like alarms and procedural strategies such as neighborhood watch programs. Security can

also defined as the state of being free from danger or threat, the implementation of protective

measures to guard against potential hazards, and the assurance of safety and protection. A

comprehensive security system aims to deter, detect, and respond to potential threats, providing

peace of mind to homeowners and ensuring the safety of their family and possessions.

Recent reports according to Pelchen (2024) indicate a concerning rise in the number of home

intrusions and burglaries. According to data from law enforcement agencies and security firms,

residential break-ins remain a significant portion of property crimes, with intruders increasingly

targeting homes due to their relatively lower security measures compared to commercial

properties. Statistics reveal that many burglaries occur during the daytime when occupants are

likely to be away or asleep, and intruders often exploit weaknesses in home security systems, such

as unlocked doors or inadequate alarm systems. The rise in such incidents underscores the urgent
need for effective security solutions that can safeguard homes against unauthorized access and

potential threats. This growing trend has spurred interest in advanced security technologies and

systems that can offer enhanced protection for residential properties (National bureau of statistics,

2017)

Integrating a Multipurpose security system utilizing electronic components offer several

advantages over traditional single-function security solutions. Using multiple sensors and alert

mechanisms, these systems provide comprehensive protection against various types of intrusions.

For instance, motion detectors, door/window sensors, and alarm triggers work in unison to detect

unauthorized entry and promptly alert homeowners. Additionally, multipurpose systems are often

customizable and scalable, allowing homeowners to tailor the security features to their specific

needs and expand the system as required. This flexibility makes multipurpose security systems an

attractive option for enhancing residential safety. They not only help in detecting intrusions but

can also monitor environmental conditions, provide fire and gas leak alerts, and integrate with

smart home technologies for automated responses.

Electronic components such as the Arduino Nano microcontroller, PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor,

buzzer, and 8x2 LCD display can be used create a multipurpose security alarm system to monitor

homes. The Arduino Nano serves as the central processing unit, interfacing with various sensors

and actuators to monitor and respond to security breaches. The PIR sensor is crucial for detecting

motion within the home, alerting the system to potential intruders. The A1302KUA Hall effect

sensor is specifically used for monitoring door status, detecting the opening and closing of doors,

which is critical for identifying unauthorized access points. The buzzer serves as an audible alert

mechanism, providing immediate notification of any security breach, while the 8x2 LCD display

offers visual feedback, displaying real-time information such as system status, sensor readings,
and alert messages. This combination of components ensures a robust and reliable security system

capable of detecting and responding to various threats, thereby enhancing the overall safety and

security of residential environments. The integration of these technologies not only enhances the

effectiveness of the security system but also provides a user-friendly interface for homeowners to

monitor and control their home security with ease.

1.2 Aim of Study

To design and construct a multipurpose security system with alarm and display

1.3 Statement of Problem

Residential Homes often lack security systems that effectively meet the evolving security needs of

homeowners. Most existing solutions frequently suffer from limited detection capabilities, absence

of real-time alerts, complex user interfaces, high cost of installation, and poor adaptability to

different environmental conditions. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop a

multipurpose security system tailored for residential homes, capable of efficiently detecting

intruders, providing real-time alerts, offering user-friendly interfaces, low cost of installation, and

operating reliably across various environmental conditions.

1.4 Objective of study

To achieve the design and construction design and construction of a multipurpose security system

with alarm and display, the following objectives were considered:

1. Detect intruders effectively using PIR sensors and magnetic reed switch.

2. Provide real-time alerts for security breaches.

3. Display security status clearly and concisely.

4. Ensure a user-friendly interface with intuitive controls.

5. Test system adaptability to various environmental conditions

1.5 Scope of the study

The scope of this work is limited to the following:

1. Design and construction of multipurpose security alarm system with PIR sensor and Magnetic

reed switch

2. Integration of LCD display module to provide real-time alerts

3. Integration of alarm system

4. Integration of power management features to ensure the security system can operate for

extended periods without requiring frequent

5. Designed to operate efficiently within a specified range of environmental conditions to ensure

reliability and effectiveness

1.6 Significance of the study

The significance of this study includes:

1. Enhancement of security measures in residential environments.

2. Addressing the growing need for effective security solutions.

3. Empowering users to respond quickly to potential threats.

4. Improving overall safety and security through timely alerts.

5. Providing clear and concise security status information for informed decision-making.
6. Ensuring reliability and effectiveness of the security system across diverse environmental

conditions.

7. Contributing to peace of mind and well-being for individuals and communities.

1.7 Overview of Study

The following chronological chapters make up this study:

Chapter 1: Provides a background summary of the work, outlining the aim of study, statement of

problem, scope of study, and significance of the work.

Chapter 2: It delves into existing research and developments related to multipurpose Security

Alarm system with Display

Chapter 3: details the materials and methodology employed in the design and construction of the

multipurpose security alarm system with Display

Chapter 4: Presents the discussion of the results obtained from testing of the multipurpose security

system with alarm and display

Chapter 5: Summarizes the overall conclusions drawn from the study and suggests future

enhancements.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of existing works

Bai et al (2010) presents the design and implementation of a home surveillance system utilizing

an embedded system with multiple ultrasonic sensor modules to enhance reliability. Each module,

composed of a transmitter and receiver, is arranged in a line, exploiting the beam angle of

ultrasonic transmission. Multiple receivers capture the signal, and any intruder obstructing the

ultrasonic transmission causes a detectable interruption. This interruption signals the system that

someone is in the surveillance area. The system employs a Majority Voting Mechanism (MVM),

where if over half the sensors detect a signal block, the Web camera is activated. Mathematical

analysis and experimental results demonstrate that this approach significantly improves system

reliability.

Andriansyah et al ( 2017) explore the innovative applications of technological advancements in

hardware and software, particularly in enhancing home security systems through the integration

of Electronic Identity Cards (e-KTP). In Indonesia, e-KTP is implemented as part of the Single

Identity Number vision, offering significant opportunities for improving residential security. Their

research highlights the use of Arduino UNO technology and Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) in developing a prototype security system that leverages e-KTP.

According to Iyapo et al (2018), the increasing frequency of burglaries has necessitated the

development of effective and reliable intrusion detection systems with integrated alarm features.

Also, the advancement of technology has enabled motion detection through changes in speed or

vector within a field of view, accomplished via mechanical or electronic means. These systems,
notably employing passive infrared (PIR) sensors, are not only crucial for security purposes but

also find applications in home automation and energy efficiency. Their project leverages an

embedded microcontroller system paired with a PIR sensor to detect intruders by sensing body

heat, triggering alarms and other output devices to alert homeowners. Initial testing of the system

confirmed its efficacy in detecting unauthorized motion, aligning with the project's objectives

Joseph et al (2015) designed a real-time intrusion detection system utilizing a passive infrared

(PIR) sensor, ATmega microcontroller, and SIM 900a module, ensuring robust home security. The

microcontroller continuously monitored signals from the infrared motion detector within user-

defined parameters. In the event of any suspicious activity, alerts were instantly transmitted via

GSM to a programmed mobile device. Experimental findings demonstrated that this system

facilitated immediate notification of local security services, such as police and fire departments,

enabling swift intervention. Thus, the system was not only effective in enhancing safety but also

proved cost-efficient

Jusoh et al (2015) introduced a home security system aimed at reducing the rising crime rates in

residential and office settings. The system is structured into three main components: software,

output devices, and a secure digital (SD) data storage card. It operates on the principle of detecting

infrared radiation emitted by human body heat using PIR sensors. An embedded microcontroller

processes these signals, sending alerts to the users. Experimental findings indicated that this design

enhances the security of private premises by allowing real-time monitoring from any location.

Cortez et al (2016) tudy focuses on the development and evaluation of a cost-effective

microcontroller-based multi-home alarm system designed to detect both smoke and home

intrusion. Emphasizing the use of locally available materials, the research employed a

developmental research design to create a functional prototype capable of sending notification text
messages upon detecting smoke or intrusion. Testing involved exposing the system to various

burning materials and different intrusion distances to validate its performance. Results indicated

that all locally sourced materials operated effectively, demonstrating consistency and efficiency in

data transmission, processing, and reception. Notably, the system exhibited rapid response times,

with smoke alarms triggering notifications in less than 20 seconds and intrusion alerts activating

the lock mechanism within 2 seconds. Overall, Bai's work underscores the practicality and

reliability of the developed alarm system in enhancing home security and safety monitoring.

Menoza et al (2016) Exploration of area security, the focus is on enhancing existing systems

through innovative technological integration. The study emphasizes the contemporary importance

of safeguarding investments and properties from potential threats such as intrusion and damage.

In their work they proposes a novel approach utilizing image processing technology to ascertain

the identity of individuals entering a specified area, distinguishing between authorized personnel,

intruders, and crop-threatening animals. Central to the system is a Closed-circuit television

(CCTV) for continuous monitoring and video recording, integrated with motion detectors

controlled by an Arduino Microcontroller. This setup collaborates with a Graphical User Interface

(GUI) programmed by the researchers to trigger snapshots upon detection of suspicious activity.

An opto-isolator serves as a switch for the alarm system, interfaced via a USB-parallel port

conversion, signaling alerts in the event of unauthorized presence or potential crop damage. The

research aims to contribute to advancements in security technology, addressing the critical need

for effective surveillance and response mechanisms in protecting valuable assets

Manjula et al (2012) highlights the critical role of security systems in emergency scenarios such

as those occurring in banks and homes. Their work propose an innovative security system that

integrates motion detection using a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor and password verification to
enhance security measures.. The system employs GSM technology to notify administrators via

SMS about unauthorized movements in secured areas, allowing for timely interventions from

remote locations. Additionally, the use of Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) technology,

various sensors, and encoders are pivotal in the system's operation, providing a robust solution that

improves response efficiency during emergencies, thus ensuring better protection and security

management

Sarunu et al (2018) ocuses on implementing a smart surveillance system using Raspberry Pi (RP)

and Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors for home security against theft. It integrates IoT technologies

to automate security applications, emphasizing the detection of unauthorized intrusions using PIR

sensors, which detect motion by measuring infrared radiation levels. Additionally, the system

includes a temperature sensor and camera to monitor and respond to fire incidents. A subsystem

involving a motor setup with a solenoid valve is employed to administer chloroform, intended to

incapacitate intruders. The integration of the camera with the PIR sensor enables automatic

activation upon detecting movement, allowing homeowners to monitor live streams of activities

inside their homes remotely. The system incorporates alert mechanisms via email and phone calls

to notify homeowners of suspicious activities, thus offering a comprehensive smart home

automation solution for theft detection.

Kabir et al (2019) study outlines a comprehensive security system tailored for the transportation

and storage of valuable items, aimed at preventing unauthorized access. The system integrates

several key components such as the Memory Module, PIR sensor, fingerprint security, Encoder-

Decoder, RF module, GPS, and GSM module. By combining these elements, the system enhances

security measures, particularly beneficial for banks and other entities handling important

documents, currency, or valuables. Bai emphasizes that the design ensures access to the vault is
restricted solely to authorized personnel, in predefined locations, utilizing specific credentials.

This approach promises to deliver heightened security levels during the transportation of valuables,

addressing critical concerns in safeguarding sensitive materials

Lavanya et al (2019) proposed a door alarm using hall effect sensor. The magnetic door alarm

system is designed to be used with normally unlocked emergency exit doors, where an audible

alert is triggered when the door is opened. The system incorporates a Hall Effect sensor, a 7805

voltage regulator, a bar magnet, and an IC 555 timer. These components are typically mounted on

the inner surface of the door. The circuit, which includes the Hall Effect sensor, is installed on one

end of the door, while a large magnet with an opposite polarity to the sensor is positioned on the

other end. When the door is closed, the magnet is in close proximity to the Hall Effect sensor,

preventing the buzzer from sounding. However, when the door is opened, the magnet moves away

from the sensor, causing the buzzer to produce sound and the LED to illuminate. This system

ensures that any unauthorized or emergency opening of the door is immediately indicated by an

audible and visual alert, enhancing security and safety.

Yadav et al (2016) in their work integrate AVR Atmega 8A microcontroller and advanced sensor

technologies to represents a cornerstone in the development of an innovative IoT-driven intruder

detection system. This system ingeniously combines the computational prowess of the Atmega 8A

with the precision and sensitivity of state-of-the-art sensors, forming a formidable barrier against

unauthorized access. By harmonizing these elements, the design not only achieves remarkable

efficiency in data processing but also ensures real-time responsiveness to security threats. Bai's

approach underscores a strategic blend of technology and practicality, fostering a scalable solution

that seamlessly integrates into existing security infrastructures. Thus, the integration of the
microcontroller and sensors not only enhances the system's adaptability but also elevates its

capability to safeguard diverse environments with minimal operational overhead

2.2 Analog to Digital Converter

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a crucial electronic component that facilitates the

conversion of continuous analog signals into discrete digital numbers. This conversion process is

essential in modern electronics, enabling the integration of analog real-world data with digital

systems. The ADC takes an input analog voltage or current and translates it into a corresponding

digital representation. This digital output can then be processed, stored, or transmitted by digital

circuits and microcontrollers. The operation of an ADC is fundamental in various applications,

ranging from simple sensor interfacing to complex signal processing tasks. For instance, in data

acquisition systems, ADCs allow for the precise measurement and digitization of physical

phenomena such as temperature, pressure, and sound. By converting these analog inputs into

digital data, ADCs enable the seamless interaction between analog inputs and digital devices, thus

forming the backbone of numerous technological advancements.

2.2.1 TYPES OF ADC

ADCs come in various types and configurations, each suited for specific applications and

performance requirements. Some common types of ADCs include:

1. Successive Approximation Register (SAR) ADC: SAR ADCs are widely used for their balance

of speed, accuracy, and power consumption. They work by approximating the input voltage in

steps and are commonly found in microcontrollers, and data acquisition systems. An example
 of an SAR ADC is the MCP3008 from Microchip, which offers 10-bit resolution and multiple

input channels.

2. Delta-Sigma (ΔΣ) ADC: Delta-Sigma ADCs are known for their high resolution and accuracy,

making them ideal for applications requiring precise measurements, such as audio processing

and instrumentation. The ADS1256 from Texas Instruments is an example of a high-

performance Delta-Sigma ADC with 24-bit resolution.

3. Flash ADC: Flash ADCs are the fastest type of ADC, capable of converting an analog signal

to a digital number in a single step. They are used in applications where high speed is critical,

such as digital oscilloscopes and radar systems. The AD9625 from Analog Devices is an

example of a high-speed flash ADC with a sampling rate of up to 2.6 giga-samples per second

(GSPS).

4. Pipeline ADC: Pipeline ADCs offer a good compromise between speed and resolution, making

them suitable for applications like communication systems and high-speed data acquisition.

The AD9234 from Analog Devices is an example of a pipeline ADC that provides 12-bit

resolution with a sampling rate of up to 1 GSPS.

2.3 Sensors

Sensors play a crucial role in the functionality of automatic trashcans, enabling them to detect

motion, monitor fill levels, and perform various other tasks without human intervention (Sadhana

et al, 2019). Sensors convert physical phenomena into electrical signals that can be interpreted by

microcontrollers, making them essential components in modern automated systems. In the context

of an automatic trash can, sensors such as Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors and ultrasonic sensors

are commonly used to enhance hygiene, efficiency, and user accessibility (Chandra et al, 2020)
2.3.1 Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor

Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is a sensor used to detect motion by receiving infrared radiation.

According to AAI Security (2019) it utilize the detection of infrared radiation from all objects that

emit heat. This type of emission is not visible to the human eye but sensors that operate using

infrared wavelength can detect such emission. They are sometimes referred to as motion-based

detectors, as they sense the presence of people animals and objects through the movement of their

infrared wavelengths.

According to Adafruit (2024) PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor housed in a

hermetically sealed metal to improve noise/temperature/humidity immunity as shown in figure 2.1

Along with the pyroelectic sensor is a bunch of supporting circuitry, BISS0001 PIR Chip,

regulators, resistors and capacitors. This chip takes the output of the sensor and process it to emit

a digital output pulse from the analog sensor.

According to Stefan-Boltzmann law everything emits some low level radiation, and the hotter

something is, the more radiation is emitted. The PIR sensor is split in two halves, the two halves

are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation than the

other, the output will swing high or low.

Figure 2.1 PIR Sensor

It has two slots in it as shown in Figure 2.2 below, each slot is made of a special material that is

sensitive to IR. The two slots can 'see' out past some distance (referred to as the sensitivity of the

sensor). When the sensor is idle, both slots detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount

radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When a warm body like a human or animal passes

by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor, which causes a positive differential change

between the two halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens,

whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change. These change pulses are what is

detected and process by a microcontroller to indicate the presence of a body.

Coverage Area

Figure 2.2 Operation of PIR sensor

2.4 Display Technologies

i. LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology

LED displays are preferred in security systems for their brightness, visibility, and durability. These

displays emit vibrant light that remains highly visible even in bright outdoor settings or dimly lit
indoor environments. LEDs are robust and capable of withstanding harsh environmental

conditions, including temperature extremes and moisture, making them ideal for outdoor security

applications. They are commonly used for indicating system statuses (e.g., armed, disarmed) and

alerting users to security breaches or operational anomalies with clarity and immediacy. Their

energy-efficient operation ensures they can provide continuous visual feedback without

significantly draining power, contributing to the overall reliability and effectiveness of

microcontroller-based security systems.

ii. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology

LCD technology is widely employed in microcontroller-based security systems for its ability to

display detailed alphanumeric characters and graphics with exceptional clarity. These displays are

prized for their energy efficiency, making them suitable for applications where conserving power

is crucial, such as in battery-operated security devices. LCDs excel in indoor environments where

moderate ambient lighting conditions allow for optimal visibility without compromising

readability. They are commonly used to present critical system information such as sensor data,

system statuses, and user interfaces for configuring security settings. Their capability to provide

clear, structured information makes them indispensable in ensuring users can easily monitor and

manage security system operations effectively. This display technology will be used in this work

2.5 Micro Controllers

Microcontrollers are central to the functionality and automation of modern security systems,

providing the computational power and control necessary for effective operation. These compact

integrated circuits contain a processor core, memory, and various peripherals, tailored to manage
input and output tasks efficiently. In security applications, microcontrollers handle tasks such as

sensor data acquisition, processing, decision-making based on predefined algorithms or user

inputs, and controlling actuators such as alarms or locks. Key future include their programmability,

allowing developers to customize functionality to specific security requirements. Popular

microcontroller families like Arduino, PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller), and Atmel AVR

(Advanced Virtual RISC) are widely used for their reliability and ease of integration with sensors

and communication modules. In this work the Arduino nano will be use (webe, n.d.).

2.6 CURRENT WORK

This work involves designing and constructing a multipurpose security alarm system using an

Arduino Nano microcontroller. The system integrates a PIR sensor for motion detection and an

A1302KUA Hall effect sensor specifically for monitoring intruders through doors. Additionally,

the system includes a buzzer for audible alerts and an 8x2 LCD display for providing visual

feedback. The project focuses on enhancing security measures by accurately detecting motion and

monitoring door status using the Hall effect sensor, ensuring prompt notifications through both

audible and visual signals displayed on the LCD screen. Integration with Arduino Nano facilitates

efficient management of sensor inputs, signal processing, and intuitive user interface design.

Functional testing and optimization are critical steps to ensure the system's reliability under various

conditions, aiming to deliver a robust security solution that enhances safety and situational

awareness for users

 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Materials

i. Arduino Nano and IDE

ii. PIR sensor

iii. Magnetic Reed Switch

iv. BC547 Transistor

v. 8x2 LCD display

vi. 9v Battery

vii. LM7805 Voltage Regulator

viii. Capacitors

ix. Resistors

x. Buzzer

3.1.2 Component Description

 Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano is a compact and versatile microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

chip. It features 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 8 analog

inputs, and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator. The Nano is programmable using the Arduino Integrated

Development Environment (IDE), which supports a simplified programming language based on

C/C++. It allows for easy interfacing with sensors and other electronic components, making it ideal

for prototyping and developing embedded systems like your security alarm.

Specification

o Microcontroller: ATmega328P

o Operating Voltage: 5V

o Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

o Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

o Analog Input Pins: 8

o DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

o Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 2 KB used by bootloader

o SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)

o EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)

Figure 3.1 Arduino Nano

 PIR Sensor

A Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor detects motion by measuring changes in infrared radiation emitted

by objects in its field of view. It includes a pyroelectric sensor that generates a voltage when

exposed to heat variations caused by movement. PIR sensors are commonly used in security

systems to detect human presence and trigger alarms or lighting systems.

Specifications

o Operating Voltage: 5V (typically)

o Output Signal: Digital HIGH (3.3V) or LOW (0V)

o Detection Angle: Typically 120 degrees

o Current Consumption: <50 µA (idle mode)

o Pin Configuration: Typically has Vcc (5V), GND, and OUT (digital output)

Figure 3.2 PIR sensor

PIR sensor Coverage Area

Assuming the range at which the PIR will sense motion is 4m

Coverage Area (A) = x

 Where

D = Detection Range in meters

= Field of View angle in degrees

Thus is the segment of the circle that the sector represents

= 1200

Coverage Area (A) = x 4

A =17 m2

 Magnetic Reed Switch

Figure 3.3 Magnetic Reed Switch

The Reed Switch 2*14mm is a small, magnetically operated electrical switch used in various

applications for detecting magnetic fields or proximity. Encased in a 2mm diameter and 14mm

long glass capsule, it consists of two ferrous metal reeds that close or open when exposed to a

magnetic field. Operating with current up to 500Ma and at a Temperature ranging between -

40°C to +125°C

 BC547 Transistor
The BC547 is a general-purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) commonly used for

amplification and switching applications in electronic circuits. It can be used as a switch to

control higher currents or voltages with a low-current input signal from the Arduino Nano, such

as driving a buzzer or controlling other components in your alarm system.

Figure 3.4 BC-547

 8x2 LCD Display

An 8x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) display consists of 8 characters per line and 2 lines. It uses

liquid crystal technology to display alphanumeric characters and simple graphics. The display is

controlled by the Arduino Nano through digital I/O pins and allows for presenting real-time

information such as system status, sensor readings, and user prompts in your security alarm

system.
 Figure 3.5 8x2 LCD display

 Batteries (18650 lithium ion cell)

Figure 3.6 lithium ion cells

An 18650 battery is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. They tend to have a nominal voltage of

3.6V and range in capacity from 1800mAh to 3600mAh.

The selection of batteries is a critical aspect of designing the battery bank. For this project, lithium-

ion rechargeable batteries are chosen due to their high energy density, lightweight, and relatively

long cycle life. The batteries must have a sufficient capacity to meet the power requirements of

the intended applications.

 Charge Controller (TP4056)

Figure 3.7 (TP4056) Charge Controller

Generally, charge controller is employed to regulate the charging and discharging of the batteries,

preventing overcharging, over-discharging, and other potential issues that could degrade battery

performance or cause safety hazards. Charge controller is selected for its ability to optimize the

efficiency of the charging process, especially when using solar panels or other renewable energy

sources. The charge controller must be compatible with the voltage and current ratings of the

battery bank.

The TP4056 module is a constant current-voltage linear charging circuit board designed for single

3.7V lithium cells. It continuously monitors the voltage level of the Li-Ion/Li-Pol cell during both

the charging and discharging phases to provide overcharge and short-circuit protection. Operating

with a 5V 1A DC voltage, it can be powered through a USB A to Micro-B cable, typically from a

smartphone adapter. The module's low external component count makes it particularly well-suited

for portable electronics applications.

The TP4056 is a specially designed IC to charge the 3.7 V Li-ion batteries. This is a linear battery

charger controller with constant current and constant voltage. By adding a single programmable

resistor the IC can be used to charge a 3.7V Li-ion battery. The charge voltage is fixed at 4.2V and

charging current can be set by adding some resistor and capacitor according to the battery to be

charged. The IC also provides internal thermal protection and current limitation.

 LM7805 Voltage Regulator

The LM7805 is a voltage regulator IC that outputs a stable +5V DC voltage from a higher input

voltage source, such as the 9V battery. It ensures consistent power supply to sensitive

components like the Arduino Nano and the LCD display, preventing damage from voltage

fluctuations and ensuring reliable operation of the entire system.

Figure 3.8 LM7805 Voltage Regulator

 Capacitors

Capacitors are electronic components used to store and release electrical energy. In this project,

capacitors are employed for various purposes:

i. Decoupling Capacitors: Placed near LM7805 voltage regulator IC to stabilize voltage and

reduce noise in power supply lines.

ii. Filtering Capacitors: Used to smooth voltage fluctuations, ensuring clean and stable

power delivery to sensitive components.

Figure 3.9 Capacitors

 Resistor

A resistor is an electronic component that limits the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is used

to reduce current, adjust signal levels and divide voltages

 Figure 3.10 Rated Resistor

 Buzzer

A buzzer is an electromechanical device used in electronic circuits to produce audible sound alerts

or alarms. It consists of a coil of wire, typically wound around a magnetic core, which is connected

to a diaphragm. When an electric current passes through the coil, it generates a magnetic field that

causes the diaphragm to vibrate rapidly, producing sound waves in the audible frequency range.

Operate with 3.3v to 12Vdc at a frequency of 2 kHz to 5 kHz.

Figure 3.11 Buzzer

 SPST (Single Pole Single Throw) Switch

A Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) switch is one of the simplest types of electrical switches

used in electronic circuits. It consists of a single input contact (pole) that can be connected or

disconnected from a single output contact (throw). When the switch is in the ON position, the

contacts are closed, allowing current to flow through the circuit. In the OFF position, the contacts

are open, interrupting the flow of current.

Figure 3.12 SPST (Single Pole Single Throw) Switch

3.2 Method

A developmental research design method was employed to construct a functional prototype of the

multipurpose security system with alarm and display. This methodology allowed for an iterative

process, where the design and functionality of the system were continuously refined based on

feedback from each testing phase. By following this approach, the project leveraged a structured

framework to systematically develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the system, focusing on its

ability to detect motion and door status changes in real-time.

3.2.1 Block Diagram

PIR
SENSOR BUZZER

ARDUINO
MAGNETIC
REED SWITCH NANO

8X2 LCD
ARM/ DISARM
SWITCH

BATTERY

Figure 3.13 Block diagram

3.2.2 Circuit Diagram

Figure 3.14 Circuit Diagram

3.2.3 Circuit Operation
The components of the circuit are connected as shown in Figure 3.124 above. The lithium ion

battery power the Microcontroller, LCD, Buzzer and sensors. The 8x2 LCD display is connected

to the Arduino digital pin 0 to 7 to display the status of the security system. When the PIR sensor

or Magnetic reed sensor detect the movement or entrance of an unauthorized person. The

microcontroller immediately process the signal, and then trigger the LED On and the buzzer to

sound indicating the presence of an intruder. The user uses the reset button to turn off the Alarm.
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT
The following results were obtained from the test carried out on the constructed work to validate
the efficiency of the power bank.

Table 4.1 Response to movement

Distance Response LCD Buzzer LED
(Meters) to Motion Message Notification
2.0 Instantly Motion On Blue
Detected
2.5 Instantly Motion On Blue
Detected
3.0 Instantly Motion On Blue
Detected
3.5 Instantly Motion On Blue
Detected
4.0 Instantly Motion On Blue
Detected

Figure 4.1 Response of system to motion

Table 4.2 Response of Motion sensor to different objects
Sensor LCD Buzzer
Object LED
status notification
Human On Motion Blue On
Detected
Paper Off Nill Off Off
Plastic Off Nill Off Off
Animal On Motion Blue On
Detected

Table 4.3 Response to Door Opening

Trials Response to LCD Buzzer LED
Door Opening Message Notification
1 Instantly Door Open On Yellow
2 Instantly Door Open On Yellow
3 Instantly Door Open On Yellow
4 Instantly Door Open On Yellow
5 Instantly Door Open On Yellow

Figure 4.2 System Response to Door Access

Table 4.4 System Control Interface

Label Function Button Color
Power Switch (Power) To turn On and Off the entire Silver
system
Reset Button (Reset) To reset the alarm Green
4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 System Response to Movement and Objects

The test done at distances ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 meters as shown in Tables 4.1, indicate
that the system effectively responds instantly to movement and consistently displayed "Motion
Detected" on the LCD, activated the blue LED, and turned the buzzer on across all distances.

Table 4.2 further, shows the system's ability to distinguish objects using the PIR sensor. It
accurately detected humans and animals, triggering both the LED and the buzzer. Objects like
plastic and paper did not activate the sensor, leaving the system in its "Ready" state. These results
confirm the system’s reliability in detecting motion at various distances and distinguishing
between objects, ensuring that only relevant movements, such as those from humans or animals,
trigger alarms.

4.2.2 System response to Door Opening

Table 4.3 presents the results of the system's response to door openings. The data indicates
that the system provides an instantaneous response, with effectively zero latency in detection. The
LCD consistently displayed the "Door Open" message, ensuring precise and reliable status
reporting. In parallel, the system's buzzer was activated, and the yellow LED indicator was
illuminated consistently, delivering both auditory and visual alerts. These observations confirm
the system’s capability for effective real-time monitoring and feedback. The uniformity of
performance across all trials underscores the system’s robust calibration and high operational
reliability in detecting and signaling door status changes

4.2.3 System operation

Table 4.4 indicate the control switch, buttons and their functions. The distinct colors and labels
ensure intuitive use, enhancing system usability and minimizing user error.
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
Based on the findings of this work, the developed system demonstrated high effectiveness and

reliability. The system responded instantly to movement, accurately detecting humans while

remaining unaffected by objects such as plastic and paper. The system delivered real-time

feedback through the LCD display, buzzer, and LED indicators, ensuring precise detection and

notification. Additionally, it provided near-zero latency responses to door openings, with

immediate alerts through both visual and auditory signals. The user interface, with its color coded

buttons, was intuitive and easy to operate, reducing the potential for user errors. Overall, the system

proved to be an efficient and dependable solution to combat security threats in homes and offices.

5.2 Recommendation

Based on the successful design and performance of the multipurpose security system with alarm

and display, the following recommendations are made:

i. Incorporation in Key Areas: The system should be deployed in environments such as homes,

offices, and industrial facilities where enhanced real-time security monitoring and alerts are

essential for ensuring safety and protection.

ii. IoT Integration: Future advancements should focus on incorporating Internet of Things (IoT)

technology to enable remote monitoring and control.

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 APPENDIX 1

Bill of Engineering Materials`

S/N COMPONENTS QTY UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE
1 3.7V Lithium Ion Battery 1 1500 1500
2 LED 2 500 500
3 Voltage Regulator LM7805 2 1000 1000
4 Charge Controller TPS 4056 1 3000 3000
5 Switch & Button 2 500 1000
6 Wires - - 2500
7 PIR Sensor 1 5000 3000
8 Arduino 1 13000 13000
9 Magnetic Reed Switch 1 3000 2000
10 Casing 1 3000 1500
11 Transistor 1 500 500
12 Buzzer 1 1500 1500
Total N31000
APPENDIX 2