BALOCHISTAN

UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING
AND
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Assignment of

TECHNOLOGY
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

KHUZDAR
NAME:
SEMESTER:
SUBHAN ALI
6th
ROLL NO: 21CE22
SECTION: EVEN

SUBMITTED TO: DR.

Zulfiqar Ali
 Mass Transit System
Introduction:

A mass transit system is a way to get many people from one place to another using public
transportation. It includes buses, trains, subways, and trams that run on set routes.

These systems help people travel to work, school, shopping, or other places without needing
their own car. They reduce traffic, cut down on pollution, and make it easier for everyone to
move around in the city

Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by

government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be
fully profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be
regulated and possibly subsidized from local or national tax revenue. Fully subsidized, zero-fare
(free) services operate in some towns and cities.

History:

 Early Beginnings (19th Century):

 Horse-Drawn Carriages: In the early 1800s, horse-drawn carriages and omnibuses were
among the first forms of mass transit. They carried passengers along fixed routes in cities
like London and Paris.
 Electric Streetcars: In the late 1800s, electric streetcars were introduced. They were
faster and more reliable than horse-drawn carriages and quickly became popular in cities
across North America and Europe.

 Early 20th Century:

 Subways: By the early 1900s, cities like New York launched their subway systems, with
New York's subway opening in 1904. Subways provided an efficient way to transport
large numbers of people quickly and avoided surface traffic.
 Expansion of Trains: Intercity and commuter trains expanded, connecting cities and
suburbs, and making longer journeys more convenient.

 Mid-20th Century:

 Diesel Buses: In the 1950s and 1960s, diesel buses replaced older trolley buses, offering
more flexibility and lower operating costs. This period also saw the introduction of light
rail systems in various cities.
 Automobile Impact: The rise of personal automobiles led to traffic congestion and
reduced focus on public transit in many areas, as more people preferred driving their own
cars

Classification of mass transit system:

 Airline

An airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports. Air travel has high up to
very high speeds, but incurs large waiting times prior and after travel, and is therefore often only
feasible over longer distances or in areas where lack of ground infrastructure makes other
modes of transport impossible. Bush airlines work more similar to bus stops; an aircraft waits for
passengers and takes off when the aircraft is full of luggage.

Bus and Coach

Bus services use buses on conventional roads to carry numerous passengers on shorter
journeys. Buses operate with low capacity compared with trams or trains and can operate on
conventional roads, with relatively inexpensive bus stops to serve passengers. Therefore buses
are commonly used in smaller cities, towns, and rural areas, as well as for shuttle services
supplementing other means of transit in large cities. Bus rapid transit is an ambiguous term
used for buses operating on dedicated right-of-way, much like a light rail.

There are several types of bus and coach services:

 Trolley buses
 Online Electric Vehicles
 Coach
Trolleybuses

Trolleybuses are electric buses that employ overhead wires to get power for traction.

Online Electric Vehicles

Online Electric Vehicles are buses that run on a conventional battery, but are recharged
frequently at certain points via underground wires.

Coach

Coach services use coaches (long-distance buses) for suburb-to-city center or longer-
distance transportation. The vehicles are normally equipped with more comfortable
seating, a separate luggage compartment, video and possibly also a toilet. They have
higher standards than city buses, but a limited stopping pattern.

Rail

Passenger rail transport is the conveyance of passengers by means of wheeled

vehicles specially designed to run on railways. Trains allow high capacity on short or
long distance, but require track, signalling, infrastructure and stations to be built and
maintained.

Commuter rail
Commuter rail is part of an urban area's public transport; it provides faster services to
outer suburbs and neighboring towns and villages. Trains stop at stations that are
located to serve a smaller suburban or town center. The stations are often combined
with shuttle bus or park and ride systems. Frequency may be up to several times per
hour, and commuter rail systems may either be part of the national railway or operated
by local transit agencies.

Intercity rail

Intercity rail is long-haul passenger services that connect multiple urban areas. They
have few stops, and aim at high average speeds, typically only making one of a few
stops per city. These services may also be international.

High-speed rail

High-speed rail is passenger trains operating significantly faster than conventional rail—typically
defined as at least 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph). The most predominant systems have
been built in Europe and Japan, and compared with air travel, offer long-distance rail journeys
as quick as air services, have lower prices to compete more effectively and use electricity
instead of combustion.

Light rail

Light rail is a modern development (and use) of the tram, with dedicated right-of-way not shared
with other traffic, (often) step-free access and increased speed. Light rail lines are, thus,
essentially modernized interurbans.

Advantages of Mass Transit:

Environmental Impacts

Mass transit is believed to be more environmental friendly than

other public transport facilities. Private vehicles emit about
twice as much carbon monoxide and other volatile organic
compounds than public vehicles. Mass transit reduces the
number of cars on the road which in turn reduces the pollution
caused by individual cars.

Social Impacts of Mass Transit

All members of the society irrespective of their financial status,

religion or cast are able to travel which enhances the social
integrity of the country. The necessity of a driving license is
also eliminated. It is a blessing for those individuals who are
unable to drive.

Economic Impacts of Mass Transit

Mass transit development can both improve the usefulness and

efficiency of the public transit system as well as result in
increased business for commercial developments and thus
serves to improve the economy of the country. Transit systems
also have an indirect positive effect on other businesses. Mass
transit systems offer considerable savings in labor, materials,
and energy over private transit systems.

Reduces congestion

The main idea behind mass transit is to reduce the number of

vehicles on the road by providing a larger facility which carries
higher number of passengers thus eliminating congestion.

Saves Time

Mass transit reduces the travel time to a great extent as it

moves at high speeds and stops only at specific spots.

Cost Effective

Mass transit is comparably cheaper than other modes of public

transport. Being among the twelve mega cities of the world one
thing is for sure that Karachi badly needs a mass transit system
of a vast network else the pollution and congestion will
continue increasing in the city no matter how many signal free
corridors are built.

Disadvantages of Mass Transit System:

 Overcrowding: During busy times, mass transit can get packed, making it uncomfortable
and stressful for riders.
 Limited Coverage: Public transit might not reach all areas, especially in suburbs or rural
places, which can be inconvenient for people who live far from main routes.

 Infrequent Service: In some places, especially outside of peak hours or in less populated
areas, buses or trains might not run often, making it hard to depend on them.

 Reliability and Delays: Transit systems can face delays because of traffic, maintenance
problems, or other issues, which can make them less reliable.

 Maintenance and Cleanliness: Buses, trains, and stations need regular upkeep and cleaning.
If they aren't well-maintained or clean, the quality of service can drop and make the experience
less pleasant