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AFRICAN HISTORIES
AND MODERNITIES
Wildlife between
Empire and Nation in
Twentieth-Century Africa
Jeff Schauer
African Histories and Modernities
Series Editors
Toyin Falola
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX, USA
Matthew M. Heaton
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA, USA
This book series serves as a scholarly forum on African contributions to
and negotiations of diverse modernities over time and space, with a
particular emphasis on historical developments. Specifically, it aims to
refute the hegemonic conception of a singular modernity, Western in
origin, spreading out to encompass the globe over the last several decades.
Indeed, rather than reinforcing conceptual boundaries or parameters, the
series instead looks to receive and respond to changing perspectives on an
important but inherently nebulous idea, deliberately creating a space in
which multiple modernities can interact, overlap, and conflict. While
privileging works that emphasize historical change over time, the series will
also feature scholarship that blurs the lines between the historical and the
contemporary, recognizing the ways in which our changing understandings
of modernity in the present have the capacity to affect the way we think
about African and global histories.
Editorial Board
Akintunde Akinyemi, Literature, University of Florida, Gainesville
Malami Buba, African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies,
Yongin, South Korea
Emmanuel Mbah, History, CUNY, College of Staten Island
Insa Nolte, History, University of Birmingham
Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o, International Studies, Rhodes College
Samuel Oloruntoba, Political Science, TMALI, University of South Africa
Bridget Teboh, History, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Wildlife between
Empire and Nation
in Twentieth-Century
Africa
Jeff Schauer
University of Nevada
Las Vegas, NV, USA
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To family
Acknowledgments
Modest though its contribution is, the debts accumulated in writing this
book are legion. This book and I have benefited from the eyes, ears, hearts,
and minds of many people, some of whom are undoubtedly neglected
here, and none of whom are responsible for its inadequacies. Most recently,
I have been very fortunate in the conscientious editorial support from
Palgrave Macmillan and the press’ readers. Megan Laddusaw and Christine
Pardue have been fantastic to work with, and I am grateful for Toyin
Falola’s encouragement. The Journal of British Studies and African Studies
Review also allowed me to reproduce material here.
At the beginning, faculty mentors at the University of California, Irvine,
encouraged me to start the thinking that has led to this book. I am grate-
ful for mentorship by James Egan, Paulo Simoes, David Igler, Rudi
Berkelhamer, and David Kay, and particularly the ongoing support from
Doug Haynes and Laura Mitchell. During a formative undergraduate year
at King’s College, London, Andrew Dilley and David Carpenter helped to
set me on this path. I spent six happy years as a graduate student at the
University of California, Berkeley, and am grateful for the financial and
intellectual support of the Department of History, and the Centers for
British and African Studies. At different stages, Alan Karras, Tom Metcalf,
Joseph Omwamba, Abena Osseo-Asare, Jeff Romm, Martha Saavedra,
Ethan Shagan, and Jonathan Sheehan provided mentorship. I was lucky to
be part of cohorts and communities including Nora Barakat, Angelo
Caglioti, Chris Church, Jon Cole, Graham Foreman, Rob Harkins, Katie
Harper, Penny Ismay, Riyad Koya, Radhika Natarajan, Carrie Ritter, Tehila
Sasson, Caroline Shaw, and many others. And I benefited from the labor
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
and to Carol Davis at the Kendal Museum, Robert Miles and Jody
Butterworth at the British Library, and James Hatton at the Natural
History Museum. Michael Palmer at the Zoological Society of London
archive led me to the Poles journals, which are used here with Amanda
Tarrant’s kind permission. Becky Coombs and Loraine Gelthorpe managed
a stay at Pembroke College, Cambridge, during which I benefited from the
wisdom of Bill Adams, Felicitas Becker, and Emma Hunter. David Anderson
and Megan Vaughan helped to spur the opening of the Nuffield Unit of
Tropical Animal Ecology records at Cambridge’s Zoology Library on my
behalf, and I thank Michael Akam, Clare Castle, Jane Acred, and Jacky Cox
for facilitating access to the collection.
In Kenya, I must thank Peterson Kithuka and particularly Richard
Ambani, patron saint of researchers at the wonderful Kenya National
Archives. I am grateful to Antony, Fred, Freddy, Rose, Consolat, Priscilla,
Jacky, and Felix for making me at home at the YMCA on State House road
for many long stays. Thanks to David Gathoni, Mike Sang, and Ken
Owade. In Uganda, I am indebted to the staffs at Makerere University’s
library, the National Library, Uganda Management Institute, Parliament
of Uganda, and Uganda Wildlife Authority, particularly Gerald Watebawa
at the latter. Thanks also to Innocent Taremwa and Paul Sempebwa.
Director Chileshe Lusale-Musukuma’s stellar staff at the National Archives
of Zambia made NAZ a particularly fruitful and pleasant place to work in.
I am grateful for the intellectual stimulation offered by the Southern
African Institute for Policy and Research and its executive director
Manenga Ndulo. Marja Hinfelaar, also of SAIPAR, has been a kind men-
tor and careful reader, and Hikabwa Chipande and Egil Droge provided,
respectively, historical and contemporary insights into Zambia’s history
and conservation world.
William Beinart, Jane Carruthers, Bernhard Gissibl, Peter Hoffenberg,
Louisa Lombard, Stuart Marks, Marc Matera, Meredith McKittrick,
Richard Mtisi, Ken Opalo, Susan Pennybacker, Felix Schürmann, Julie
Weiskopf, and Aaron Windel offered support, conversation, leads, and sug-
gestions. I also thank a few long-time mentors: Bobbie Eastwood, Linda
Sparks, John Taylor, Debbie Diner, Linda Swayne, and Warren Swanson.
There will be many people left off this list, but I must express my
gratitude to wonderful friends, all of whom offered the sustenance of
fellowship, conversation, and profound humanity that sustained much
work and writing which I treasure and seek to carry with me: Kartikeya
Date, Jeffrey Crosby, Mahendra Prasad, John Wyrwas, Vivek Ramamurthy,
x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 Introduction 1
xi
xii CONTENTS
8 Conclusion247
Bibliography257
Index275
Abbreviations
xiii
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Africa amid the transition from empire to nation-state. (United
States Central Intelligence Agency, Africa, May, [Washington,
DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 1965], https://loc.gov/
item/97687655/)4
Fig. 3.1 Ugandan game warden Charles Pitman’s survey created the
blueprint for Northern Rhodesia’s Game Department. (The
National Archives of the UK, CO323/1689/15) 43
Fig. 3.2 Like the game ranger seated here alongside a chief, facing
villagers and game guards, Northern Rhodesia’s Game
Department was embedded in colonial societies and political
economies. (The National Archives of the UK, INF10/381/30) 50
Fig. 3.3 A romanticized portrayal of game guards on an Ulendo in
Northern Rhodesia. (The National Archives of the UK,
INF10/381/31)56
Fig. 4.1 Hunters on the Kafue Flats defied the colonial government to
defend their hunting rights. (The National Archives of the UK,
INF10/380/45)85
Fig. 5.1 Fears of poaching coupled with colonial anxieties about armed
Africans to reinvigorate preservationists. (The National Archives
of the UK, INF10/161/35) 114
Fig. 5.2 International preservationists used language seen here at the
entrance to Nairobi Royal National Park to claim Africa’s
wildlife for the world. (The National Archives of the UK,
INF10/161/1)126
xv
xvi LIST OF FIGURES
Joulutonttujen lahjat.
Nippe: Tässä istuu pikku Elsa. Eilen näin hänen hoitavan pientä
veljeään. Sitten hän lämmitti ja siisti huoneen. Sitäpaitsi juoksee hän
isänsä asioilla. Kuitenkin ehtii hän aina lukea läksynsä. Ystävällinen
ja iloinen, kiltti ja ahkera hän on. Eikö hän ansaitse palkintoa? Minä
tahtoisin antaa hänelle satukirjan palkinnoksi hänen ahkeruudestaan
ja lämpöisen talvipuvun.
Kas, sepä vasta oiva tyttö! Sepä vasta oiva tyttö! tyttö! — No!
jatkakaa!
Tontut: Ei, meistä näytti kuu loistavan niin kirkkaasti, ettei niitä
tarvittaisi.
(Oma sävel).
Mekin lapsia
Ollaan oikeita,
Vaikka luultiinki
Tonttu-ukoiksi.
Hyvästi nyt vaan.
Toiste tavataan!
Toivomme on se,
Että saisitte
joulun riemuisan,
Oikein ihanan,
Juhla verraton
Joulust’ tulkohon!
Joulu-aattona.
Joulu-ukko kulta,
Saavu sukkelaan!
Saisikohan sulta
Hieman makeaa?
Vielä paljon muuta
Sulla varmaan on.
Kunhan pussis suuta
Avaat verraton!
Pekka ottais’ pyssyn,
Eeva es’liinan,
Matti talvimyssyn,
Lauri lapikkaat!
Eeva: Pukki kulta, me leikimme aina kotona "Mitä sinä toivot" tai
"Millaista on, kun me tulemme suuriksi".
Eeva: Tahtoisin tulla yhtä hyväksi kuin äiti. Et usko, kuinka hyvä
hän on.
Nisse: Vai niin onkin asianlaita. Sitten annan sinulle kaksi omenaa.
(Eeva kiittää.)
(Esirippu.)
Laurin ja Liisan seikkailut.
ENSIMÄINEN KUVAELMA.
Lauri: Ei, istu sinä, Liisa, tuohon mättäälle, siinä sinun on parempi;
minä istun kivelle.
(He istuutuvat. Puitten välistä kurkistelee tonttuja, jotka uteliaina
katselevat lapsia.)
TOINEN KUVAELMA.
Teppo: Minä tahdon tehdä hyvää lapsille, pidän heistä niin paljon!
Lippo: Ja minä!
Pikku: Lähde sinä hakemaan lapioita, minä olen niin kauan lasten
luona. (Lippo juoksee vasemmalle. Pikku menee lasten luoja katselee
heitä miettiväisenä.) Jos torpan vanha kotitonttu kuolisi, tahtoisin
hänen paikkansa. Hoitaisin niin hyvin hevoset, lehmät ja kaikki
kotieläimet, mutta ennen kaikkea katsoisin Laurin ja Liisan perään.
Lippo: Luonnollisesti.
Pukki: He heräävät.
KOLMAS KUVAELMA.
Lauri: Nyt voimme juhlia. Minäpä laitan sinulle pienen oksan, että
voit syödä sillä marjoja. (Nousee ja aikoo lähteä oikealle; löytää
mustikkatuokkosen.) Mutta täällähän on toinenkin tuokkonen! Ja
aivan täynnä mustikoita!