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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Kripa Shanker
Ravi Shankar
Rahul Sindhwani Editors

Advances in
Industrial and
Production
Engineering
Select Proceedings of FLAME 2018
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest devel-
opments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNME. Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new
challenges of mechanical engineering. Topics in the series include:
• Engineering Design
• Machinery and Machine Elements
• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis
• Engine Technology
• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics
• Nanotechnology and Microengineering
• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics
• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• Dynamical Systems, Control
• Fluid Mechanics
• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement
• Materials Engineering
• Tribology and Surface Technology
To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the appropriate
Springer Editor:
Li Shen at [email protected] (China)
Dr. Akash Chakraborty at [email protected] (India)
Dr. Leontina Di Cecco at [email protected] (all other Countries)
Please check the Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering at http://www.springer.
com/series/11693 if you are interested in monographs, textbooks or edited books.
To submit a proposal, please contact [email protected] and Li.shen
@springer.com.
Indexed by SCOPUS. The books of the series are submitted for indexing to
Web of Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

Kripa Shanker Ravi Shankar
• •

Rahul Sindhwani
Editors

Advances in Industrial
and Production Engineering
Select Proceedings of FLAME 2018

123
Editors
Kripa Shanker Ravi Shankar
Industrial and Management Engineering Department of Management Studies
Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur New Delhi, Delhi, India
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Rahul Sindhwani
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Amity University
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-981-13-6411-2 ISBN 978-981-13-6412-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6412-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019930371

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

This book brings together the collection of cutting-edge research articles on

industrial and production engineering from the First International Conference on
Future Learning Aspects for Mechanical Engineering (FLAME), which was orga-
nized by Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, from October 3 to 5, 2018.
The primary mission of this conference was to lay a platform that brings together
academicians, scientists, and researchers across the globe to share their scientific
ideas and vision in the areas of thermal, design, industrial, production, and inter-
disciplinary areas of mechanical engineering. FLAME 2018 played a key role to set
up a bridge between academia and industry.
The conference hosted almost 550 participants to exchange scientific ideas.
During 3 days of the conference, researchers from academics and industries pre-
sented the most recent cutting-edge discoveries, went through various scientific
brainstorming sessions, and exchanged ideas on practical socioeconomic problems.
This conference also provided a scope to establish a network for joint collaboration
between academia and industry. Major emphasis was focused on the recent
developments and innovations in various fields of mechanical engineering through
plenary lectures.
This book covers the industrial and production engineering areas such as sus-
tainable manufacturing systems, decision sciences, logistics and supply chain
management, operations management, computer-aided engineering, rapid proto-
typing, manufacturing management and automation, metrology, manufacturing
process optimization, machining and machine tools, casting, welding, and forming.
This book caters to the industrial and production engineering aspects, will mainly
serve as a reference guide for researchers and practitioners, and is expected to foster
better communication and closer cooperation between academia and industry
partners.
We would like to acknowledge all the participants who have contributed to this
volume. We also deeply express our gratitude for the generous support provided by
Amity University, Noida; Science Engineering and Research Board (SERB), an
enterprise of Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India;
Siemens; ISME; and Begell House. We also thank the publishers and every staff

v
vi Preface

of the department and institute who have directly or indirectly helped to accomplish
this goal. Finally, we would also like to express our gratitude to Respected Founder
President, Amity University, Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan, for providing all kinds of
support, and this book is not complete without his blessings.
In spite of sincere care, there might be typos and there is always space for
improvement. We would appreciate any suggestions from the reader for further
improvements to this book.

Noida, India Dr. Rahul Sindhwani

New Delhi, India Prof. (Dr.) Ravi Shankar
Kanpur, India Prof. (Dr.) Kripa Shanker
January 2019
Contents

Enhanced Fluorescence-Based Detection of Vibrio Cells

Over Nanoporous Silica Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Geeta Bhatt, Rishi Kant and Shantanu Bhattacharya
Wear Analysis of Al-5083 Alloy Reinforced with Chromium
Oxide Filler on Air Jet Erosion Test Rig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Amit Kumar, Shiv Ranjan Kumar and Anand Prakash
Statistical Analysis of Surface Roughness Using RSM in Hard
Turning of AISI 4340 Steel with Ceramic Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Asutosh Panda, Sudhansu Ranjan Das and Debabrata Dhupal
A Current Review of Supply Chain Performance Measurement
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Shubham Tripathi and Manish Gupta
Development of Hybrid Forms of Abrasive Flow Machining Process:
A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Anant Bhardwaj, Parvesh Ali, R. S. Walia, Qasim Murtaza
and S. M. Pandey
Analysis of Green Supply Chain Management Enablers in FMCG
Sector Using Integrated ISM and MICMAC Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Prabhakar Vivek and Jha Sanjay Kumar
Deformation Behavior of Semi-solid Forged A356–5TiB2
Nano-In Situ Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Sahini Deepak Kumar, Ananya Chatttee, Sanjay Kumar Jha,
Niranjan Kumar Singh and Animesh Mandal
Study of MRR and TWR in Electric Discharge Machining
of AISI D2 Tool Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Himanshu Payal, Satish Kumar Sharma, Aakash, Ashish kumar,
Avinash kumar and Himanshu

vii
viii Contents

Optimization of Quality and Productivity of Wire EDM

by Using L9 Orthogonal Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Shailesh Kumar Dewangan, Prakash Kumar and Sanjay Kumar Jha
Numerical Simulation of Hot Isostatic Pressing Process
Utilized During Sintering of Tool Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Akshay Chandras and Chandrakant Sonawane
Development of Hydrophobic Coating with Polymer–Metal
Oxide Nano-composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Jaya Verma, Vishakha Baghel, Basant Singh Sikarwar,
Arpita Bhattacharya and D. K. Avasthi
Recent Developments in Fabrication of Super-Hydrophobic
Surfaces: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Deepak Kumar Sharma, Vishakha Baghel, Ranjit Kumar, D. K. Avasthi
and Basant Singh Sikarwar
Conceptual Analysis of Reliability Aspect for Various Process
Industries: A Critical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Gaurav Sharma and Puran Chandra Tewari
Estimation of Hardness During Heat Treatment of EN8
and C25 Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Sachin V. Bagali, Maruti, N. R. Abhaya Simha, M. P. Sushanth,
T. S. Prasanna Kumar and V. Krishna
Service Quality in Indian SMEs: Developing a Dual Directional
Scale at Supplier–Manufacturer Dyad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Surjit Kumar Gandhi, Anish Sachdeva and Ajay Gupta
Parametric Investigation into Alumina Nanopowder Mixed
EDM of Inconel 825 Alloy Using RSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Deepti Ranjan Sahu, Amit Kumar, Biplab Kumar Roy
and Amitava Mandal
Eco-design Approaches for Developing Eco-friendly Products:
A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Prashant Kumar Singh and Prabir Sarkar
Plumbene: A New 2D-Material Resembling Graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
D. K. Das and S. K. Singh
Study the Wear Behaviour of Al5083-7% B4C Composite
Fabricated by Stir Casting Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Ram Singh, Malik Shadab, Ram Naresh Rai, Chiranjit Bhowmik
and Shankar Swarup Das
Contents ix

Study of Machining Performance in EDM Through Response

Surface Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Raghav Rajneesh, Singh Subhash, R. S. Mulik and Pal Kaushik
Friction Stir Welding of Thermoplastic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Sudhir Kumar, Tanmoy Medhi and Barnik Saha Roy
Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution in Laser
Welding of AISI 316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Pramod Kumar and Amar Nath Sinha
A Framework for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem
Using Simulation-Based Cuckoo Search Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Rakesh Kumar Phanden, Zuzana Palková and Rahul Sindhwani
An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Warpage
and Cracking Issues in Fused Deposition Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
A. Suhas, Rohit Rajpal, K. V. Gangadharan and U. Pruthviraj
Optimization of Electrical Discharge Coating of WS2 and Cu Powder
Mixture Deposited Through Green Compact Electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Rashi Tyagi, Kshitij Pandey, Shalini Mohanty, Shakti Kumar,
Alok Kumar Das and Amitava Mandal
Optimization by AHP-ARAS of EDM Process Parameters
on Machining AA7050-10%B4C Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Arvind Kumar, Sayed Abou Iltaf Hussain and Ram Naresh Rai
Supply Chain Issues and Challenges for Cement Industries
of India: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Ankur Taak and Ravinder Kumar
Powder Metallurgy Processing and Mechanical Characterization
of Iron-Based Composite Reinforced with Alumina and Zirconium
Diboride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Bhupendra Prakash Sharma, G. S. Rao and Umesh Kumar Vates
Challenges for Effective and Efficient Supply Chain Management
for Fast Moving Electrical Goods (FMEG): A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . 309
Ravinder Kumar and Ankur Taak
Investigation of Titanium as Thin Film Deposited Material
Thereon Effect on Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Gaurav Gupta and R. K. Tyagi
Modeling the Metrics of Human Resource, Time, and Asset Level
Barriers in the Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Using
an Analytical Network Process Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Bhupendra Prakash Sharma, A. Chauhan, H. Singh, Umesh Kumar Vates
and G. S. Rao
x Contents

Feature Extraction and Recognition Information System

for Manufacturing Prismatic Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Vinod V. Rampur and Sachhidanand Reur
Fabrication and Characterization of Al2O3–TiC-Reinforced
Aluminum Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Anbesh Jamwal, Umesh Kumar Vates, Pallav Gupta, Ankur Aggarwal
and Bhupendra Prakash Sharma
Optimization of Critical Parameters of EDD Steel
in Die Cavity Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Naveen Anand Daniel, Nirmal Kumar Singh, Umesh Kumar Vates,
Bhupendra Prakash Sharma and Sivaraos Subramanian
A Theoretical Analysis for Prioritization of Lean Strategies:
A Survey of Indian Manufacturing Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Virender Chahal and M. S. Narwal
A Systematic Review: Effect of TIG and A-TIG Welding
on Austenitic Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Himanshu Garg, Karan Sehgal, Rahul Lamba and Gianender Kajal
Evaluation of Key Challenges to Industry 4.0 in Indian Context:
A DEMATEL Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Ankur Aggarwal, Sumit Gupta and Manish Kumar Ojha
AHP Based Model for Evaluation of Sustainable Manufacturing
Enablers in Indian Manufacturing Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Abhishek Singh, Zareef Askary, Sumit Gupta, Ashwini Kumar Sharma
and Priyank Shrivastava
Informal Investigation of Fourth-Party and Third-Party
Logistics Service Providers in Terms of Indian Context:
An AHP Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Nishant Gautam, Manish Kumar Ojha, Pritam Swain, Ankur Aggarwal
and Anbesh Jamwal
An Image-Based Approach of Generating Automatic Toolpath
for Profile Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Vishal Agrawal, Avinash Kumar, Narendra Kumar and Prashant K. Jain
Experimental Investigation of Forming Forces in Single
Point Incremental Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Ajay Kumar, Vishal Gulati and Parveen Kumar
Solid Waste Management Through Plasma Arc Gasification
in Delhi: A Step Towards Swachh Bharat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Monika Singh, Rishabh Arora, Anubhav Ojha, Durgesh Sharma
and Sumit Gupta
Contents xi

Analysis and Optimization of Surface Integrity Characteristics

of EDMed Work Surface Inconel 718 Super-Alloy Using
Grey-Based Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Md. Ghaus Ali, Rahul, Dipraj Banik, Akshansh Yadav, B. C. Rautara
and Ashok Kumar Sahoo
Framework the Food Supply Chain Network in the Present
Indian Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Bhavya Nidhi Vats, Anuj Gupta and Ganesh Sharma
A Comprehensive Review on Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites . . . . . . 459
Ekta Gogna, Ramanuj Kumar, Anurag, Ashok Kumar Sahoo
and Amlana Panda
Analysis of Lean Manufacturing Implementation in SMEs:
A “5S” Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Shyam Sunder Sharma, D. D. Shukla and Bhupendra Prakash Sharma
Performance and Combustion Characteristics of Thumba
and Argemone as Dual Fuel Blends in a DICI Engine:
An Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Shahid Qayoom and Sumit Kanchan
Biogeographical and Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm
for Optimization of Flexible Job Shop Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Rakesh Kumar Phanden and João Carlos E. Ferreira
A Study on the Effect of Varying Revolution Pitch for Different
Tool Design: Friction Stir Welding of AA 6061-T6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Abhijit Banik, John Deb Barma, Ram Singh and S. C. Saha
Analysing Attributes of Food Supply Chain Management:
A Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Mohd Sufiyan, Abid Haleem, Shahbaz Khan and Mohd Imran Khan
Optimization of Electric Discharge Machining Process Parameters
for H13 Steel by Using Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Mahendra M. Ghayatadak and Amar S. Bhandare
Machining Performance Optimization During Electro Discharge
Machining on Titanium (Grade 4): Application of Satisfaction
Function and Distance-Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Dipraj Banik, Rahul, Gitimaya Kar, Biswajit Debnath, B. C. Routara,
Ashok Kumar Sahoo and Dhiraj Kochar
Self-Healing Al 6061 Alloy Reinforced with Low Melting
Point Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Nitin Kumar Gupta, G. D. Thakre and Manoj Kumar
xii Contents

A Novel Approach in Developing Aluminum Hybrid Green Metal

Matrix Composite Material Using Waste Eggshells, Cow Dung Ash,
Snail Shell Ash and Boron Carbide as Reinforcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Soutrik Bose, Anand Pandey, Ashmik Mondal and Pritam Mondal
Detection of Punch Wear in Stamping Process Using Acoustic
Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Tushar Y. Badgujar, Rahul N. Chandore and Vijay P. Wani
Sustainable Machining Using Hybrid Nanofluids Under Minimum
Quantity Lubrication (MQL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Anjali Gupta, Rajesh Kumar, Harmesh Kumar and Harry Garg
A Review on Different Dielectric Fluids and Machining of Si3N4
and Al2O3 Composites via EDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Kanav Bhatia, Ankit Singla, Anirudh Sharma, Shailesh Singh Sengar
and Ashish Selokar
Mechanical Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Processed
Al + ZrB2 + Al2O3 Metal Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Bhupendra Prakash Sharma, D. Akhil, M. Junaid, Umesh Kumar Vates
and G. S. Rao
Reliability Analysis of Sheet Manufacturing Unit
of a Steel Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Munish Mehta, Jujhar Singh and Manpreet Singh
Modeling the Metrics of MRB, TRB, and ORB in the Implementation
of Green Agile Manufacturing Strategies: An ANP Approach . . . . . . . 629
Bhupendra Prakash Sharma, K. Ranade, Ankit Singh, Umesh Kumar Vates
and G. S. Rao
Agile System in Health Care: Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Rahul Sindhwani, Punj Lata Singh, Devendra Kumar Prajapati,
Aamir Iqbal, Rakesh Kumar Phanden and Vasdev Malhotra
Evaluation of Common Barriers to the Combined Lean-Green-Agile
Manufacturing System by Two-Way Assessment Method . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Punj Lata Singh, Rahul Sindhwani, Naresh Kumar Dua, Anbesh Jamwal,
Ankur Aggarwal, Aamir Iqbal and Nishant Gautam
Simulation for Effective Shop-Floor Decision Making:
A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Durgesh Sharma
Modeling and Analysis of Factors Influencing Agility
in Healthcare Organizations: An ISM Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Rahul Sindhwani, Punj Lata Singh, Aamir Iqbal,
Devender Kumar Prajapati and Varinder Kumar Mittal
Contents xiii

An Empirical Study of Performance Improvement in Product

Delivery System Through Six Sigma DMAIC Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Rajak Anup Kumar, Kumar Nilesh, Nayak Yogesh Kumar
and Peesapati V. V. Rajagopal
A Critical Review on Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar
Aluminium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Munna Singh Dahiya, Vikas Kumar and Shubham Verma
Microstructure, Economic, and Emission Evaluation of Castings
Produced from Biodiesel-fired Self-designed Rotary Furnace . . . . . . . . 721
Purshottam Kumar and Rohit Sharma
Study of Sliding Wear Behavior of Alumina Oxide Filled
Fiber Composite Using Design of Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Bhanu Pratap, R. K. Gupta and Bhuvnesh Bhardwaj
Role of Acoustic Softening Effects in Ultrasonic Spot Welded
Dissimilar Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Mantra Prasad Satpathy, Susanta Kumar Sahoo and Diptikanta Das
Agility Evaluation in the Rolling Industry: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Rahul Sindhwani, Punj Lata Singh, Raj Chopra, Karan Sharma,
Apratim Basu, Devendra Kumar Prajapati and Vasdev Malhotra
Weld Strength Analysis of Ultrasonic Polymer Welding
Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
T. Chinnadurai, S. Saravanan, M. Karthigai Pandian, N. Prabaharan
and J. Dhanaselvam
Mechanical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites
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Case Study of Critical Success Factors Affecting Knowledge

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Another random document with
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 Caterpillars, having little or no Hair, producing S c a l l o p - W i n g e d
Butterflies.

S e c t . b.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
I. Cl. 2. S. b. 1.

T H E M A R M O R I S , or M A R B L E B U T T E R F L Y . On the 8th of
July, 1748. I took with my Net several Females of this sort of Fly,
which is very common amongst the Hay-Grass. I put them in a Box,
taking Care to hurt them as little as possible, with full Hopes that
some of them would lay their Eggs; and according to my Wishes the
next Morning I had 160 Eggs, which, when first laid, were of a fine
yellow Colour, but in less than a Minute’s Time they became perfectly
white, and are not glutinous like many other Sorts. On the 27th and
28th of the same Month the young Caterpillars appeared, and were
put on common Grass to feed: They continued extremely small for
some Months, and, notwithstanding great Care was taken of them,
only three Flies were produced, the rest all dying in the Caterpillar
State.

The different Changes observed in these three were as follows.

Caterpillars changed their Went to The Flies were
Skins. Chrysalis. bred.
{ 1st April,11 May 6 May 26 June — 14 July — 11 }
May
{ 2d April, 28 June 6 June — 30 July — 23 }
The 21 1748
May
{ 3d May, 1 June 9 July — 4 July — 27 }
21
The Caterpillars that produced these Flies changed to Chrysalis on
the Ground, without fastening themselves to any Thing, and were
fed all the Time with common Grass, and it is presumed changed
their Skins twice before the 11th of April.

l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 2. S. b. 1.

Figure 1. The Bent Grass. 2. Brown Millet-Grass. 3.

Yellow Ladies Bedstraw. 4. The Great Fox-tail Grass.
1. Gramen segetum, panicula speciosa. Park. 2. Gramen miliaceum
majus panicula spadicea. Petiv. 3. Gallium luteum, C. B. 4. Gramen
Alopecuroides majus. Ger.
L. 3. Ch. 1.
II. Cl. 2. S. b. 2.

T H E M E A D O W B R O W N - B U T T E R F L Y . The Caterpillar was

found by Mr. Dandridge on the common Grass, with which he fed it
’till the 24th of May, when it fastened itself up by the Tail, and
changed into a short thick green Chrysalis streaked with black, and
on the 11th of June came out the Butterfly, which is one of the most
common sorts the Fields afford, and yet the Caterpillar is rarely
found.
See Albin, P. 53.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 2. s. b. 2.

The Water Elder.

Opulus Ruellii. Instit. R. Herb.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
III. Cl. 2. S. b. 3.

T H E G R E A T A R G U S - B U T T E R F L Y breeds twice a Year: The

first Time is in May, the second in July. Merian says, the Caterpillar
feeds on Grass, and that it changes to a small green Chrysalis, from
which proceeds this elegant Fly, adorned with brown and black
Spots, having two white Horns spotted with black, and Eyes of a
beautiful Colour. This Butterfly is very common; its Flight is not swift:
It delights to settle on dry Banks and Walls, and in Path-Ways, and is
not difficult to take. Its Caterpillar is seldom found.
See Merian, Vol. 2. Chap. 4.

l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 2. S. b. 3.

The Passion-Flower.
 Granadilla Pentaphyllos Flore cæruleo magno. Boerh.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
IV. Cl. 2. S. b. 4.

T H E W O O D A R G U S - B U T T E R F L Y . This also breeds twice a

Year: The first Brood appears at the Beginning of May, the second at
the Beginning of July. It flies slowly, and is to be taken in Woods,
green Lanes, &c. Reaumur informs us, that the Caterpillar feeds on
Grass; that it changed to a Chrysalis on the 19th of June, and that
ten Days after the Fly was bred.
See Reaumur, Plate 27. Pag. 431.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 2. S. b. 4.

The Spanish Broom.

Genista Iuncea, J. B.

S e c t . c.

Caterpillarshaving little H a i r , producing B u t t e r f l i e s , whose

Head and Body are much larger (for their Size) than any other
 Butterflies: Of which there are several belonging to this Section,
whose Caterpillars have not as yet been discovered.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
I. Cl. 2. S. c. 1.

T H E G R I Z Z L E D B U T T E R F L Y . Mr. Rosel tells us, that the

Caterpillar of this Fly was found on the Mallow, with the Leaves of
which he fed it till the End of June, when it spun a Web amongst the
Leaves, and changed to a Chrysalis, the Butterfly of which was bred
the May following. This Fly is to be taken in Woods and Meads, at
the Beginning of May: and although small, it flies swiftly, so that you
must be very quick to take it.
See Rosel, Cl. 2. Tab. 10. Merian, Vol. 1 Chap. 48.
l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 2. S. c. 1.

The common Mallow.

Malva vulgaris. Park.
 C l a s s III.

C a t e r p i l l a r s armed with Spikes.

S e c t . a.

Whose Chrysalis hangs by the Tail perpendicularly downwards.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
I. Cl. 3. S. a. 1.

T H E A D M I R A B L E B U T T E R F L Y . The great Stinging Nettle is

the Food of this Caterpillar, which is to be found by observing where
the Nettle-Leaves appear to be folded or spun together, for within
such Leaves the Caterpillar feeds. It turns in August to a Chrysalis,
hanging perpendicularly downwards by the Tail, fourteen Days after
the Chrysalis is formed the Fly appears. The Caterpillars shelter
themselves after this Manner, that they may be the better secured
from the too great Heat of the Sun, from Rain, Birds, and a small
Ichneumon Fly, which often hinders their coming to Perfection, by
laying its Eggs therein, which Eggs are of such a glutenous Nature,
that they stick fast as soon as laid. Some of the Chrysalides appear
as if gilded with burnished Gold, but such usually produce not a
Butterfly, but a Brood of small, though very beautiful Ichneumons.
The Fly may be taken in Gardens and other Places, it feeds on Fruit
that lies under Trees, &c. and is no uncommon Fly. It lives quite
through the Winter.
See Goedart, Vol. 1. Tab. 26. Pag. 96. Fig. Opt. List. Fig. 4. Gr. V.
2. Pag. 81. Tab. 81. Fig. Opt. Moff. 100. Num. 6. An. Hoef. Tab. 12.
Fig. 15. Raii, Hist. Insect. P. 126. Albin, Pl. 3. Reaumur, Pl. 10. Pag.
284, Vol. 1.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 1.

The Great Stinging-Nettle.

Urtica major vulgaris. J. B.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
II. Cl. 3. S. a. 2.

T H E P E A C O C K - B U T T E R F L Y . You must look for the

Caterpillar that produces this Fly in the great Stinging-Nettle. They
are sociable and feed together, are very easy to find, and may be
taken full fed towards the End of June, at which Time many of them
change to the Chrysalis, and about fourteen Days after the Fly
appears. It is very common, and may be taken on Thistles, Burdock,
Clover, &c. The Chrysalis of this Fly, as well as the preceding,
sometimes looks as if gilt with Gold: but such fine outsides usually
produce Ichneumons. This Fly likewise lives all the Winter.
See Reaumur, Pl. 25. Pag. 446. Vol. 1. Goed. Vol. 1. P. 23. Fig.
opt. 1. List. Fig. 1. Graf. Vol. 1. Tab. 26. Pag. 53. Raii, Hist. Insect.
Pag. 122. N. 14. Moufet, P. 99. N. 4. Hoef. Tab. 12. Fig. opt. 9.
Johns. Inst. 40. n. 4. Tab. 5. Albin, Pl. 4. Rosel, Cl. 1. T. 3.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 2.

Smith’s Newington Peach.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
III. Cl. 3. S. a. 3

T H E P A I N T E D - L A D Y - B U T T E R F L Y . In this Plate two

Butterflies are represented, the upper one of which is the Painted
Lady. Its Caterpillar feeds on the great Stinging-Nettle, Thistles, &c.
changes to a Chrysalis within the Leaves folded together in the
Middle of June, is fourteen Days in that State, and then the Fly
comes forth. It may be taken on the same Growths as the last, but is
not so common.
Figure 4 represents, the SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL-BUTTERFLY,
which is very common, and breeds twice a Year: The first Brood is
towards the End of June, the second about the End of August. The
Caterpillar feeds on Nettles, is open and sociable, and may be taken
full fed about the Middle of June, and the Middle of August, and is
about fourteen Days in Chrysalis. This Butterfly out-lives the Winter.
See Lister on Goedart, Pag. 7. N. 5. Albin, Pl. 56. Fig. 4. Goed. Vol.
1. Pag. 90, Fig. opt, 21. List. Fig. 2. Graf. Vol. 1. P. 89. Mouff, 101. N.
11, figured against N. 12. Hoef. Tab. 2. Fig. opt. 16. Raii, Hist.
Insect. Pag. 117. N. 1. Albin, Pl. 4. Rosel, Cl. 1. Tab. 4. Reaumur, Pl.
26. Pag. 446. Vol. 1.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 3.

The Great Stinging-Nettle.

Urtica major vulgaris. J. B.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
V. Cl. 3. S. a. 5.

T H E G R E A T T O R T O I S E - S H E L L - B U T T E R F L Y . When the
Caterpillars of this Fly are young, they feed together on the Leaves
of the Elm-Tree, &c. About the Middle of June they are full fed, and
usually tie themselves up by the Tail under the Copings of Walls, or
some such Shelter; in the Beginning of July the Fly comes out, and
delights to settle in dry Path-ways, as also on the Bodies of Trees,
&c. is swift in its Flight, and requires Nimbleness to take it. The
Chrysalis is very apt to produce Ichneumons instead of its own
Butterfly, those Creatures having laid their Eggs therein. This Fly
lives all Winter.
See Reaumur, Pl. 23. Pag. 382. Vol. 1. List. on Goedart, Pag. 3. N.
3, Merian, Vol. 2. Tab. 2. Albin, Pl. 55. Rosel, Cl. 1. Tab. 2.

l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. s. a. 5.

 The Common Elm-Tree.
Ulmus minor folio Angusto Scabro. Ger. Emac, 1480.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
VI. Cl. 2. S. a. 6.

T H E C O M M A - B U T T E R F L Y breeds twice a Year: The first

Time towards the End of June, and the second about the Beginning
of September. The Caterpillar feeds on Hop-Leaves, Nettles, &c. puts
on the Chrysalis Form in June and August, and is about fourteen
Days in that State, when the Fly appears, which may be taken in
Gardens, on Blackberry Blossoms, by the Sides of Hedges, and in
such like Places. The Colours of the first Brood of this Butterfly are
considerably lighter than as here represented.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 6.

The Double Wild Poppy, with a fiery-coloured

Flower edged with white.
Papaver, erraticum, flore pleno igneo marginibus candidis. H. L.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
VII. Cl. 2. S. a. 7.
T H E G R E A T F R I T I L L A R Y - B U T T E R F L Y . Mr. Rosel says,
the Caterpillar feeds on Nettles, in the private Recesses of Woods,
that it changes into the Chrysalis State at the End of May, and that
the Fly is produced in June. This Butterfly is very swift in Flight, and
is best taken in the Forenoon, when it will settle and feed on
Blackberry Blossoms, Thistles, &c. They are most commonly found in
Woods, and the Fields adjacent to Woods.
See Rosel, Cl. 1. Tab. 7.

l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 7.

 The Bramble.
Rubus major, fructu nigro. J. B.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
VIII. Cl. 2. S. a. 8.

THE P LA N TA I N F R I T I L L A R Y- B U TT E R F LY . The
Caterpillar hereof feeds on Plantain, Clover, and Grass, changes to a
Chrysalis, within a Web of its own spinning, upon the Surface of the
Ground, at the Beginning of May, and the Fly appears fourteen Days
after. The Caterpillars are sociable, and feed together. They appear
of a very timorous Nature, for if you move the Food on which they
are, they immediately quit their Hold and fall to the Ground, and
there remain in a curl’d up Form till such Time they think the Danger
over. The Butterfly is swift in Flight, but may be taken if diligently
attended to, in Fields of Hay-Grass, at the Time above-mentioned.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 8.

Figure 1. Rough Grass. 2. Plantain. 3. Clover.

1. Gramen asperum. J. B. 2. Plantago major vulg. C. B.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
IX. Cl. 2. S. a. 9.

T H E H E A T H F R I T I L L A R Y - B U T T E R F L Y . I found the
Caterpillars of this Fly feeding on common Heath in Tottenham-
Wood, about the Middle of May, 1745, and they are of the same
fearful Nature as the last-mentioned. Six or seven of them were
feeding near each other, I observed their Manner of eating, which
was extremely quick, and when they moved it was at a great Rate. I
fed them with common Heath for three or four Days; at the End of
which some of them changed into Chrysalis, in which State they
remained about fourteen Days, and then the Flies came forth. This
Butterfly is very common in most Woods, but its Caterpillar is very
rarely found.

l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 9.

 Common Heath in Flower.
Erica Vulgaris. Park.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
X. Cl. 2. S. a. 10.

T H E W I L L O W - B U T T E R F L Y . About the Middle of August,

1748, two of this Species of Butterfly were taken near Camberwell,
in Surry: But in all my Practice I have never seen any of them in the
Fields; so that they were look’d upon as very great Rarities. They are
very common in Germany, and Mr. Rosel tells us, the Caterpillar
feeds on Willow, and may be found all the Summer. The Caterpillar
and Chrysalis, in the Plate, are taken from a Draught by Mr. Rosel.
See Rosel, Cl. 1, Tab. 1.
 l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 10.

The White Dog-Rose.

Rosa arvensis candida. C. B.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
XI. Cl. 3. S. a. 11.

T H E S M A L L F R I T I L L A R Y - B U T T E R F L Y . About the 10th of

April, 1741, I took upon the Ground upwards of one Hundred of
these Caterpillars, in Cain Wood. I gave them to eat a Variety of
Growths (which I gathered on the Spot where I found the
Caterpillars) but they were so restless and uneasy under
Confinement, that they seemed in continual Motion, neither would
they eat any of the Food I gave them. On the 18th of April ten of the
Caterpillars fastened themselves up by the Tail, in order to their
changing into the Chrysalis State, (the rest being dead or gone
away) and on the 3d of May following the Flies were bred. This
Butterfly is to be taken in Woods and Grass-Fields adjacent to
Woods, in the Month of May.

l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 11.

 The Variegated Ketmia.
Ketmia Syrorum Flore variegato. J. R. H.

L. 3. Ch. 1.
XII. Cl. 2. S. a. 12.

T H E G R E A T F R I T I L L A R Y - B U T T E R F L Y , with Silver Spots.

I take this Fly to be of the Class under Consideration. On the 15th of
July, 1748, I had three Eggs laid by such a Fly as is represented in
the Plate at Fig. 1, and on the 5th of August the young Caterpillars
came forth; which, being examined with a Microscope, appeared to
be of the Size represented. They were of a Flesh Colour, with Rows
of Black Spots on each Joint like the Caterpillars of the Emperor
Moth, and out of each Spot grew Hairs of a sandy Colour. The Eggs
were beautifully fluted down the Sides, were flat at the Bottom, and
had a glutenous Moisture upon them, which occasioned their sticking
fast wherever the Fly chose to leave them. The Caterpillars on this
present 10th of February, 1748-9, seem to be alive, but are very
small, and, I believe, have eat nothing all the Winter, though they
have had Grass given them, which I take to be their proper Food.
The Fly frequents Woods and Meads, and loves to settle on
Blackberry Blossoms, Thistles, &c. At the Beginning of July they may
be taken with your Net; but as no Butterfly is more swift in Flight,
you must attend till they settle, then be nimble and you may catch
them.
l. iii. ch. i. Cl. 3. S. a. 12.

The Scorpion Sena.

Emerus Cæsalpin.