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LORD BJCONS E S S A Y S'

O R

COUNSELS
Moral
and

Civ

1.

Tranflated from the Latin by

WILLIAM TFILLTMOTT.IA., D.
Fellow of King's-CoIIege in Cambridge^ and Master of a Private School
at

IJkworth in Middkfex.^

la

TWO VOLUMES,
V
o L u

the

First
O N:
at the Tink's-

L O
I

N T>

Printed for

Henry Parson,

Head

in Grace- Church- Street.

M DCC XX

:>i

Digitized
in

by the Internet Archive

with funding from

2009

University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/lordbaconsessays01baco

TO THE

Unenvied Honour,

AND
UNEXAMPLED GOODNESS, OF THE
Moft

Noble

His

Grace

J A
D UK E
The

M
of
his

S,
Sj

ChANDOI

flations

Volumes of Tranhumbly Dedicated and Prefented, as a Publick Teftimony

following
are

Two

of Gratitude to

Grace,

By His Grace'^
Mofi Obliged^ Moft Dutiful^

and

Affectionate Servant^

William Wiliymott

THE TRANS LAT O R

T O T H E

READER,
\A CON'S
flated,

Efiays

Tran-

will
to

found fo

furpnzmg
a Preface
if
tt

Many^ that
neceffary^

is

were only

to

explain the Title:

And That

can't well he done^

with^
of the

out mentioning the Occafion

Tranflation
This.

'^

which was

in fhort

Wanting

The Tr
JVanting an

anslator
Erglifli

Book for

my

Scholars

to

Tranjlate^

which

might improve them

in Senfe

and

Latin at once^ {Two Things which

Jhould never he divided in Teaching^

I thought

nothing more proper

for that Purpofe

than

Bacon'^

Essay Sy provided the Englifh, which

is

in

fome Places grown

little

ohfolete^

were a

reformed^

and made

more fajhionable.
ing

Accordingly hav^
Lordjhip's
(

by

me

his

Latin
it

Volume of
zvas

the Effays,

which as

a later J fo feems

to

be a perit^

feBer Book ) /
not tying
tin,

fell to Tranjlating

my

felf flriBly to the

La-

hut comparing both Languages

together^

and

fetting

down

that

Senfe

to the

Reader,
and
the

Senfe [where there was any Dif-

ference) that feem'dthe fulleji

plainefi.
Firfl

And

fo

much for

Volume.
it is

For the Second^

all

Tranjlated

from

his Lord/hip's

Nine Books

deAugmentis

Sc\^nt\zt\xTny excepting

the laji two or three Pages^ which are

tranfcrihed

from

his Lordfhip^s

Ad-

vancement of Learning,
at firfi

written

and publi/h'd

in

Two

Books

in the Englilli Tongue.

The whole
into

Nine Books I found rendred

Englifli by

Dr. Gilbert Wats of Oxwhich Verfion I

as
to

ford,

to

am

fo

much

obliged^

not to

think

my

felf at Liberty

mention the Faults

of

it,

As

The
As for

Translator
the Original Ejfa^s^

[and

the Continued Ones are nothing

ferior to
to

m-

them)

his LordJJjip

ts

hold

fayy

That he conceives that the

Latin Volume of them

the Univerfal
as

[bemg

in

Language) may
laji.

laft

long

as Books

And
laji

the
as

Englifli

Volumes

too

may

long as the Englifh Tongue^

cne^

if
or

any
two^

once

in

a Century

would take the fame Pains that I

have doney
to

repair the Decays of

fleeting

Language,

As
lity to

to

my

Party which

is

Fide-

my

Author^ and CorreElnefs

of Englifh, without any Apology of

School- AvQcationSy

I have endea^
of

vour'd Both

to

the utmofi

my

Power,

to the
^

Reader.
to

Power and hope

thfaBion :
can't

have given Sanot^

But

if

I Jhould
repent

I
of

fay

I fhall

me

my

Labour-^ fince

I have gamed

thereby what
the Credit of

value

much above

a good Tranflator i I

mean, an Opportunity of difchargingy

in

fome

fort,

an indifpenfable
to

Duty, even that of Gratitude,

as Great,

and

as

Good a Man,

and
as

I thank God I flatter no Body)

this 'Nation

can boaji of

CHARACTER
O
F

T H E

Lord

BACON,
^HE

Given by Dr, Sprat, late B'tfhop ^/Rochefter, in his Hiftory of the Royal Society, Part i. SeB. i6, Pag, 3 J, 3(5.
of iV>^ have '^ been thofe,who have not only dilagreed " from the Ancients, but have alfo propos'd to themfelves the right Courfe of flow and fure Experimenting : And have profecuted it as far as the Shortnefs of their own Lives, or the Multiplicity of their other Affairs, or the Narrownefs of their Fortunes, have given them Leave. Such as thefe, we are to expe^l but few For they muft divelt themfelves of many vain Conceptions, and overcome a thoufand falfe Images, " which
ibrt

Third

'^hilofophers

" " " " " " "

"
"

"

"

^Character

of the

which lie like Monfters in their way, ' before they can get as far as this. And *' of thefe I Ihall only mention one Great " Man, who had the true Imagination of ''the whole Extent of this Enterfrizey '' as it is now fet on foot; and that is, *' the Lord Bacon. In whofe Books ' there are, every where fcattered, the *' bed Arguments that can be produced '' for the Defence oi Experiment al'Fhi^ '' lofofhy\ and the belt Diredions that " are needful to promote it. All which '' he has already adorn'd with fo much <' Art, that if my Defires could have " prevail'd with fome excellent Friends " of mine, who engag d me to this " Work, there fhould have been no o" ther Preface to the Hijiory of the Royal *' Society^ but fome of his Writings. " Bur, methinks, in this one Man I do " at once find enough Occafion to ad" mire the Strength of Human Wit, and " to bewail the Weaknefs of a Mortal Condition, For, is it not Wonderful, " That He, who had run through all the Degrees of that Tf^ofefjion^ which ufu" ally takes up Mens whole Time who " had Studied, and Pradifed, and Go*< verned the Common Law : Who had " always liv'd in the Crowd, and born " the greatelt Burden of Civil Bufmefs fhould
;

Lord
**

BACON.

<'
''

*'
*'

fhould yet find Leifure enough for thefe retir'd Studies, to excel all thole Men, who f eparate themlelves for this very Purpofe ? He was a Man of Ihong,
:

clear, and powerfullmaginations Iriis Genius was fearching, and inimitable : " And of this I need give no other Proof, " than his Style it felf; which as, for the *' moft part, it defcribes Men's Minds, as " well as Piftures do their Bodies: So it *' did His, above all Men living. The " Courfe of it Vigorous, and Maje" flical: The bold and famihar: " The Coniparifojts fetch'd out of the " way, and yet the moll eaiie: In all, ex prefling a Soul equally skill'd in Men, " and Nature. All this, and much more, is true of him: But yet his Thilofoj?hi^
*'

mt

<r^?/ Works do fliew, that a fmgle and bufy Hand can never grafp all this whole Defign, pf which we treat. His Rules were admirable: Yet his Hijiory not fo faithful as might have been willi'd in many Places He feems rather to take all that comes, than to choofe; and to
:

heap, rather than to regifier.

this

But

hope

Accufation of mine can be no great

; feeing, at the fay he had not the Strength of a thotifand Men, \ do alfo allow him to have had as much zsT'wenty,

Injury to his

Memory
I

fame time that

THE

The

TABLE.
Page
i

OFTruthy

Of 'Death, Of Unity m Relfgiofty Of Revenge, Of Adverfity, Of Simulation andT>iffimulation, Of TareJits and ChiLdreUy Of Marriage and Single Lifey Of Envy, Of Love, Of Magiftracies and T)ignitieSy Of Boldnefsy
OfGoodnefs, atidGoodnefs of Nature,

6
lo

lO
23

x6
33

37 41 $z

^6
64,
615

Of Of Seditions and TroubleSy Of Atheifn, Of Snperflition, Of Travelling into Foreign Of Empire, Of Qonnfel, Of Delays,
Nobility,

74
yy

94 100
Tarts,

104

no
1

131

Of

The

TABLE.

Of Wtfdom for a Man's Self, Pag. 145 146 Of Innovations^ Of "D'tfpatchy 149 I5'4 Of feeming fVife^ Of Friendjhif, 1 57 Of Regimen of Health, 174 Of SufficioHy 178 181 Of T>ifcourfe^ 185" Of Expence^ O/ Inlarging the Bounds of Kingdoms
and
States^

188

211 Of Plantations, a 19 Of Riches, O/ TrophecieSy 217 O/ Ambition, 233 O/ Masks and Triumphs, ,239 (y Nature, and Natural T^ifpofition in

Men,

The

TABLE
Pag. 297

Of Negotiating, Of FoUo'Ujers and Friends, Of Suit orSy Of Studies, and the Reading

301

306

of Books,
311

Of FaBions, Of Ceremonies,
OfTraife,

315

310
32^4

Of Vain-Glory Of Honour and Reputation^ Of the Office of a Judge, Of Anger, Of Vicijfitude of Things,
J

3^2
33x
*

33^ 34^
35-1

J[ Fragment of an EJfay of Fame, 3 64 An EJfay touching Helps for the Intel-

leBual Towers,

368
ijG
388
Csefar,

^ Civil
Of

Civil Char a[ier ^/Julius Caefar,

Cbara^er of Augultus

A Civil ClmraEier of Henry VII.

iP arables,

3>^o

the Felicities of ^leen Elizabeth,

4M
^51

Lord

Lord BACON's

ESSAYS.
I.

r RUT H. HAT is Truth? faid

Of
fing T'tlate\
ly there are

fcof-

and would not Hay for an Anfwer. Certainthofe, that delight in Giddinefs

of Thought;

and

count
fixt

it

a Bondage, to be tied up to a

BeUef, Or Steadinefs of Opinion; afFeaingtheUfc of Free-WiU in ThinkAnd though ing, as well as in Afting.
the Seds of Philofophers of that Kind

be gone, yet there remain certain windy dtfcourjlng Wits, which are of the fame Veins, though there be not fo much Vol. I. B

Of

ViVTH.

in thofe of But it is not only the Difficulty and Labour, which Men undergo in finding out of Truth; nor

much Blood in them, as was

the Antients.

again, that

when

it is

found,

it

impofes

a kind of Slavery upon Men's Thoughts,

that brings Lies in
tural,

Favour ; but a na-

though corrupt, Love of the Lie it felf One of the later School of the Grecians examineth the Matter, and
is at
it,

a Hand, to think

that

Men
it

fhould love a Lie,

what Ihould be in where

with
as

neither

makes

for Pleafure, as

Poets

nor for Advantage,

with the

Merchant, but for the Lie*s fake. But I know not how, this fame Truth (as being a naked and open Day-light) doth not ihew the Mafquerades and Triumphs, the Farces and Fooleries of this World, half fo magnificently and ad van-

Torches and Candle-Lights. Truth may perhaps come up to the Value of a Pearl, that fheweth bell by
tagioully as
; but it will never rife to the Price of a Diamond, or Carbuncle, that (hines mixture brighteft in varied Lights. of

Day

0/
any

T Kv r n.
Pleafure.

of a Lie doth ever add

Doth

Man doubt, that if there were taken out of Men's Minds, vain Opinions, flattering Hopes , falfe Valuations of Things,

Imaginations at Pleafure, and the like

but it would leave the Minds of a

Number

of Men poor dejected ilirunken Things, full of Melancholy and Languor, and
uneafy and unpleafmg to themfelves ?

One
verity,
vils^

of the Fathers, in great SePoefie,

it fills
;

calls

t^he

T-Vlne

of 2)f-

becaufe

the Imagination with

vain Things

though Poefie is but the Shadow of a Lie. But it is not the Lie, that palTes through the Mind, that does the Hurt ; but the Lie that fmks in, and
fettles in it
;

fuch

mean

as

we

fpake of

before.
thus, in

But howfoever thefe Things are Men's depraved Judgments and

yet

AfFedlions,

Truth

(which only
the

doth judge
quiry after

itfelf)

teaches, that the Inis

T RUT h, which
Wooing
of
it;

Love-

making, or
ledge of

the

Know-

Truth, which is
is

the Prefencc

of

it

and the Reception

fent to

Truth, which

and Afthe Enjoying of

of,

4
man

0/
Nature.
firfl

T R U T M.
Good
of

of it;i? the fovereign

Hu-

The

Creature of God, in the fix

Days Works, was the Light of Senfe; the laft, the Light of Reafon and his
;

Sabbath- Work, ever fmce,

nation of his Spirit.
Firfl

is

the Illumi-

he breathed

Light upon the Face of the Matter, or Chaos ; next into the Face of Man ; and Itill he breathes and infpires Light into the Face of his Chofen. The Poet that
beautified the Sedl, that

was otherwife
upon the

inferior to the reft, faith yet excellently

well

It

is

a Tleafure
to fee

to ftand
toft

Shore,

and
\

Ships

upon the

Waves

Tleaftire to ftand at the

fVindow of a Caftle, and to behold an Engagement, and the various Events

thereof below.

But

no Tleafure is com^

parable
to be

to the ftanding

upon the Vantage^

Ground <?/ Truth; (a Hill not commanded, and where the Air is always clear and ferene ) and from thence to behold the Errors and JVandrings, the Mifts and Tempefts in the P'ale beneath: Provided this Profpedbe
;

with

Pride.

J and not with Swelling, or with Pity, Certainly it is a Heaven upon

0/

T R U T H.

Man's Mind Moves in Turns Charity, Refts in Providence, and

Earth,

when

upon the Poles of T r u x h. But to pafs from Theological

Philofophical

an<^

Truth,

to

Truth,

or

it will rather Veracity, in Civil Bufinefs ; even by thofe that prabe acknowledged,

and round Dealing is the Honour of Man's Nature: And that mixture of Falfliood is like Alloy in Coin of Gold and Silver, which
aife
it

not, that clear

may make
but
it

the Metal
it.

work

the better,

embafeth

For thefe winding

and crooked Courfes, are the goings of

the Serpent, which goeth bafely upon the Belly, and not upon the Feet. There overwhelm a is no Vice that does fo

Man with
faith

Shame,
:

as to

be found

falfe

or perfidious
the Reafon,

And

therefore Montaign

very acutely,

when he enquired

why the giving the Lie fuch a difgraceful and odious Ihould be Charge; If it be well wet^lod (fays he)
Hfa^
that a

Man B

lies^ is
3

as

much as

to

^^'^

Of

DE

A T

H.

fay, that he is a

Bravado towards Gody and a Coward towards Men. For the Liar iniults God, and crouches to Man. Surely the Wickednefs of Falfhood,
and breach of Faith cannot poiTibly be

more

liighly exprefs'd,
laft

than that

it fhall

be the

were to call down the Judgments of God upon the GenePeal as

it

rations of

Men

it

being foretold, that

Chrift at his Second

find Faith

Coming

Ihall

not

upon Earth.

IL

Of
fear
fear to

DEATH.
Death,
as

MEN
alio.

Children

go

in the Dark.
is

And as
increa-

that natural Fear in Children

fed with frightful Tales, fo

Certainly,
the

is

the other

Meditation

of

Death,
Sin,

as Death is the Wages of and a PalFage to another Life, is pious and wholfome; but the Fear of
it,

as it is a

Debt of Nature,

is

weak
there

and

vain.

Yet

in Religious Meditations,

0/
there
is

DEA

H.

7
advifed
treat

fometimes an Alloy of Vanity,

'Tis and Books, that in fome of the Friars

of Superftition too.

of Mortification, that a Man with himfelf, what the Pain is, when even the lead Joint of a Finger is tortu-fliould think

the red; and thereby judge how great when the e a t h is, Torment of whole Body is corrupted and diiTolv'd many times pafTes when yet

Death
Limh.

with

lefs

Pain, than

is

felt

in the

Torvital

ture of a

For the

mod

Parts are not the quickeft of Senfe. And by him that fpake only as a Philofopher?

and natural Man, it was well faid ; ^om: fa Mortis magis terret, quam Mors iffa Groans and Sobs, Convulfions, Palenefs of Vifage, Friends weeping. Funeral
Obfequies, and the like, thefe are the

Things

that

flie

w Death

terrible.

It is

very obfervable, that there is no of the Mind fo weak, but it mailers and

Paffion

fubdues the fear of

therefore
ble

Death.

And

Death

is

no fuch formida-

Enemy, fmce a Man has fo many Champions about him, that can win the Combat P 4

; ;

0/

A T H.

Combat of him. Revenge triumphs o? ver I^eath; Love flights it; Honoui'
courts
it;
flies

fear

Grief
peror

to it;

of Difgrace ehufes Fear anticipates

it;
it.

Nay we
(which

read, that after Otho the

Em-

had
is

flain himfelf, even Pity the tendereft of Affeftions)

provoked many

to die with him, out of

mere Cpm>paffion
and
as the trueft

to

their Sovereign,

of Attendants. Nay, Seneca adds Nicenefs, and Satiety ; Cogita quamdiu eadem fecerts ; Mori velle, lion tantnm fortis^ aut mifer^ fed
fort

t tarn fdfiid'tojus fot eft. "Confider how " long you have done the fame things " A Man would die, tho' he were

neither valiant, nor miferable, only " upon wearinefs of doing the fame " Things over and over again.
'

Nor is it lefs pbfervable, how little Alteration, in a generous

approach of

Men
lail

and brave Mind, the Death makes; for thofe bear the fame Spirit, even to the

Moment. Auguftus Cafar died in Compliment; Livia^ Conjugti noftri

vive^

fnemr

vale.

Ttberius, in Dif-

fimulation

0/

AT

H.

9
iion dif-

emulation ; for Tacitus fays thus of him

Jam

Tiherium, vires

^ corpfs,

fimulatioy

deferebant,

Veffafian^ in a

Jefl; for eafing himfelf

upon the Stool:

Ut futOy
tence
:

T>eus fo, Galba with a SenFerijji ex re Jit Topuli Romani ;

holding forth his

Neck

at the

fame time.

Septimitis Severus, in

the

difpatch of

Buiinefs

Adejle^ Jl quid mihi refiat a~

gendum
tainly

and the

like

of others.

Cer-

the Stoicks beflow'd too

much
grand

Cofl upon

Death:

For by
it,

their

Preparations againfl
it

they have

made

appear more terrible. Better he, ^/i^finter mitnera ponat

nem vita extremum

as to
feels

natura. For 'tis as natural for Men toDye,

as

be Born; and an Infant, perhaps, much Pain in This, as the other.

that

He
fome

dies in the Profecution of

is

earneil Defire,

like

one that

is

wounded
feel the

in hot Blood,

Blow. and bent upon fomewhat that is good. Heals from the Pains of Death. But

who does not Therefore a Mind fix d

when
cles

all

is

done, the fweeteil of Canti;

is,

Nunc dimittis

when

Man hath
ob-

lo

Of

Unity ///Religion,

obtain'd his Ends, and dations.

that
it

worthy Expe-

There

is

this alfo in

Death,

opens the Gate to good Fame, and

cxtinguiihes Envy.

ExtinBus amabitur

idem,

III.

Of Unity

in Religion.

REUgion
human

being the chief Band of

Society, 'twere
fit,

that

it

felf alfo were contain'd within the due Bands of true Unity and Charity. Quarrels and Divifions about Rehgion, were

Evils

unknown

to the Heathen.

And

no wonder, fmce the Rehgion of the Heathen confided rather in Rites, and external Worlhip of their Gods, than in any conftant Confeffion and BeHef For it is eafy to guefs what kind of Faith
theirs was,

when

the chief Doflors and

Fathers of their Church were Poets. But it is one of the Attributes of the
true

God,

that he
his

is

a Jealous

God:

Therefore

Worfiiip will endure no

Mixtm*e or Partner, We iliall therefore fpeak a few Words concerning Unity

'

in

OfUmty
in the

/;;

Religion,

ii

Church ; namely, IFhat are the Fruits thereof-^ 'uuhat the Bounds^ and what the Means. The Fruits of Unity (over and above that it is highly pleafing to God, which is all in all) are Two principally.

The one
Within,

regards thofe that are IVithout

the Church; the other thoie that are

For the former,

it

is

certain,
all

that Herefies and Schifms are of

o-

thers the greatelt Scandals in the Church

being even worfe than Corruption of

Manners.

For as in the natural Bod)^, Wounds, and a Solution of Continuit}^, are worfe in Kind than corrupt PIumours; fo is it in the fpiritual Body, So that nothing doth fo much keep Men out of the Church, and drive them out of the fame, as Breach of Unity; And therefore whenfoever it cometh to that pafs, that one faith, Ecce in deferto another, Ecce in penetralibus that is, while fome Men feek Chrifl in the Con; ;

venticles

of Hereticks;

others in

an

outward Face of a Church ; that Voice had need continually to found in Men's
Ears, nolite exire^go not out.

The

12,

Of

Unity

m Religion.
Gentiles

The

great Doftor of the

(whofe peculiar Vocation and Miflion enjoined him to have a fpecial care of thofe Without) faith If an Infidel or an Heathen Man enteryour Congregati^
:

onsy

and hear you /peak with divers

Tongues, will he not fay that you are

mad? And certainly it is little better, when Atheifls and profane Perfons do fee fuch Contentions, and fo many difcordant Opinions in Religion; for
turns
this

them from the Church, and makes to fit down in the Chair of the Scorners. It may feem too light a Thing

them

to be cited in fo ferious a Treatife, but

yet
it

excellently well exprefles the

De-

formity of the Thing.

A great

Mafler

pf Scoffing, in
fets

his

Catalogue of Books
reft,

of a feigned Library, amongft the

down

-^

Book with

this Title,

The

and G eft iculat ions of For every Sed of them has a certain ridiculous Poflure, and Deformity of Cringe, peculiar to itfelf ; which
Antick-T>ances,

Heretic ks.

cannot but move Derifion in Libertines, and depraved Politicks, who are apt to

contemn Holy Things.

A$

Of

Unity in

Religion.

13

t y, redounding to thofe that are Within^ it is, in

for
i

As

the Fruit of

Un

oneWord, Peace; which containeth infinite Bleflings

it
;

for

it

eftabliiheth Faith

kindleth Charity; nay, the outward

diitilleth

Peace of the Church

by de-

grees into inward Peace of Confcience;

and it turneth the Labours of writing and reading Controverfies, into Treatifes of Devotion, and Mortification. A s to the Bounds and Limits of UNiT Y, the true and juft placing of them
is

doubtlefs of exceeding great Import

all

as to

Things

in Religion.

And

in

ftating thefe, there appear to be

tremes. For to certain

tion of Pacification

two ExZealots, all menodious;

Is It

is

Teace, Jehu? What haft thou to do with ^eace ? Turn thee behind me. As though Peace were not the Matter, but Seft and Party. Contrariwife, certain Laodiceans as it were, and luke-warm Perfons, think

they

may accommodate
;

Points of Religion by Middle-ways, and

taking part of both
cilements
;

as

and witty Reconif they meant to be Arbitrator>

14

Of Unity

in

Religion,
;

between God and Man. Both thefe Extremes are to be avoided which will be done, if the League between Chriflians, penned by our Saviour himfelf, were in thofe Claufes, that feem at firft fight to crofs one another, foundly and plainly expounded: He that is not with us, is againft us: And again. He
trators

that
is,

is not againfi us, is

if the

with us: That Points plainly EiTential and

Fundamental in Religion were truly difcerned, and diflinguiflied from Points not merely of Faith, but of Opinion, and good Intention, eflablifhed for the fake of Order and Church-PoHty. This
is

Thing

that

Matter
if this
ally, it

trivial,

may feem to many a and done already: But

lefs parti-

very Thing were done

would be embraced more genethis

rally.
I

Affair

think

good

to give

fomething of Advice, according to my fmall Model. Men ought to take heed of rending God's Church, by two Kinds
of Controverfies.

The

firit

is,

when
IS

the Matter of the Point controverted

Of
is

Unity in

Religion,
it;

ly

too fmall and

Strife

light,

Heat and

about

not worth the being kind-

led only by Contradidion.

For

as

it is

acutely and elegantly noted by one of

Chrifi's Coat indeed had But the Church's Vefture was of divers Colours, Whereupon he advifcs Let there be Variety in the Ve-

the Fathers

no Seam:

fiure^ but no Seizure,

For Unity and Uniformity are widely different. The

other
is,

when

the Matter of the Point

is

controverted
is

weighty indeed, but it driven to an over-great Subtilty, and

fo that
it

Obfcurity;

feems to be a

Thing, rather Ingenious than Subftantial.

A Man
Men

that

is

of Judgment and

Underftanding, norant

fometimes hear Igfquabble about a Queflion

ihall

and know well within himfelf,

that thofe

who fo differ, are

Sentiment, and

in Reality

of the fame

yet they themfelves

And if it

fo

mean one Thing; and would never agree. come to pafs fometimes, in
which
;

that fmall Diflance of Judgment,

may be between Man and Man

fhall

we

not think, that

God

above,

that

fearches

i6

Of Unity

in

Religion*

fearches and

clearly^ that frail

knows the Heart, difcerns Men, in fome of their

really the

Controverfies, intend

fatne

Thing,andaccepteth of both? The Nature and Character of fuch Controverfies is excellently expreffed by St. Taul in the Warning and Precept that he giveth concerning the fame; Avoid profane
Novelties of fVords^ and Oppofitions of Science falfely fo called. Men create to
themfelves Oppofitions, which in truth
are not, and fafhion and coin

new Terms, which are

variable,

ought to governs the Meaning.

them into and unthat whereas the Meaning govern the Term, the Term
fo fix*d are alfo, as of Controver-

There
fies,

fo of

Unities, two Kinds, which

may be reckoned Adulterate. The one, when the Peace is grounded but upon
an implicit Ignorance ; (for all Colours agree in the Dark :) The other, when it is pieced and patch 'd up of Pofitions diametrically oppofite to one another, in

Points Fundamental.

For Truth and

Iron

Falfhood in fuch Things, are like the

Of
that

Unity in

Religion.
Toes of
in a

17

Iron and Clay in the

the Image,

Nebuchadnezzar faw

Dream

they

may

cleave, but they will not in-

corporate.

Now

as to the

Means of obtaining

beware, that in the procuring and fencing Religious Unity, they do not diflblve and demohfh the Laws of Charity and Society. There
are but

Unity, Men muft

the Spiritual and

two Swords amongft ChriiHans; Temporal and both

;

have their due Place and Office, in the Maintenance and Protedion of Religion. But we muit by no means take up the third Sword, which is Mahomet\ Sword, or like unto it that is, to propagate Rehgion by Wars, or by fan
;

guinary Perfecutions to force Confciences

;

except

it

be in Cafes of OvertCivil State:

Scandal, and infolent Blafphemy, or pra-

difmg
lefs

againft the

much

to nouriih Seditions; to authorize

;

Confpiracies and Rebellions

to put the

Sword
like
;

Hands, and the which Things manifeftly tend to the violating the Majefly of GovernVoL. I. C ment.
into the People's
all

1 8

Of

Unity in

Religion.

ment, and to the Undermining the Authority of Magiilrates; when yet all
lawful

Power

is

the Ordinance of

God.

For

this is

but to dafli one Table of the

Law againfl the

to feem in the

other

and in fuch Deas Chriilians, as

gree to confider

Men

mean time to forget that Men. Lucretius the Poet, they are when he fet before him the Ad of A^ gamemnon\ facrificinghis own Daughter,
exclaims

Tantum Relltgiopotutt fuadere malorum.

Such impousAHs Religion coudferfuade,
Creech.

What would he have faid, known of the MaiTacre of

tainly

if

he had

France^ or

the Powder-Treafon of England! Cer-

he would have been feven times more Epicure and Atheifl than he was. For as the Temporal Sword is to be

drawn, not rafhly, but with great Judgment, in Cafes of Religion; fo it is a

Thing monftrous, to put Hands of the People. Let

it

into the

that be left

unto

Of
Certainly,

Unity in

Religion.

19

unto the Anabaptiits, and fuch Furies. it was great Blafphemy, when
;

and be would be flill Me the Higheji: But greater Blafphemy to perfonate God, and
the Devil faid

/ will

afcend,

it

to bring

him

in faying

/ will

defcendy

Trine e ofDarknefs. And and what is it better, to make the Caufe of Religion defcend, and be carried headbe like the
long, to the cruel and execrable

Adion

of murthering Princes, butchery of People, and utter Subverfion of States and

Government? Surely this looks like bringing down the Holy Ghoil, in the Likenefs, not of a Dove, but of a VulOr fetting, out of the ture, or Raven Bark of a Chriflian Church, a Flag of Wherefore it is Pirates and AlTaffins. juft, and the Neceffity of the Times requires, that the Church by Dotlrine and Decree Princes by their Sword and all Learnings, whether Religious
:

or Moral, by their Af<?rr//ry-Rod, Ihould

Damn and

fend to Hell for ever, fuch

Fads, and Dodrines, that give any Support or Incouragement to the fame, as hath C z

20

0/

R E V E K G E.

hath been long fince in good part done. Certainly it were to be wilh'd, that in
all Counfels concerning Religion, that Counfel of the Apoltle might be preThe Wrath of Man warketh not fixed
;

And it was the Right eojifnefs of God. a notable Obfervation of a very wife
Father, and no
fed,
lefs

ingenuoufly confef-

That thofe that ferfiiade Trejfure and Force of Qonfciences^ cover their own T^efires under that Tofition^ and
think themfelves interefted therein.

IV.

(9/REVENGE.
is

REvENGE

kind of wild Juftice

which the more it fpreads in Human Nature, the more ought fevere Laws to weed it out. For the firfl Injury does but offend the

Law

but the

Return of
intirely

that Injury, robs

its

the

Law

of

Authority.

Certainly, in Revenging an Injury, a Man is but even with his Enemy;

O/'

R
I

VE N
it,

E.
is

21
Superior
It is the

my

but in Forgiving
it is

he

For

a Prince's

Part,

to Pardon.
:

And

Solomon^

am
to

fure, faith

Glory of a Man^

That which is again; and wife Men think it enough to mind Things prefent, and to come.
Therefore they
felves in vain,
trifle

fafs by an Offence. pad, cannot be undone

and diflurb them-

that bufy themfelves a-

bout pail Matters.

N o Man
;

doth a

Wrong

for the

Wrong's fake but thereby to purchafe himfelf fomewhat of Profit, or Pleafure,

or Honour
:

Therefore

why

fhould

be

angry with a
better than

Man

for loving Himfelf

me ? And if any Man Ihould Wrong merely out of MaHgnity: What then? it is but like the Thorn
do
and Bryar, which prick and fcratch, becaufe they follow their Nature,

Revenge
Law to
there
is

thofe Injuries,

fomewhat excufable in for which there is no remedy: But then let a Man
is

take heed, the

Revenge
to punilTi
:

be fuch, as
elfe

no

Law

he douhis

bles his

own Punifhment, and

Ene-

my

IZ
take

(?/

REVE
iliould

N G

E.

my makes Advantage.
Revenge,
Parties hurt

Some, when they

are defirous that the

know from what

Quarter the Mifchief came upon them.

Doubtlefs this
feftion
:

is the more generous AfFor fuch feem not to be fo much dehghted with the bare R eVENCE, as in making the Party hurt repent of what he did. But Bafe and

Malicious Natures, are like the

that flieth in the Dark.

Arrow

COSMVS, Great T>ukQ of Florence,

had a defpcrate Fling at Perfidious, or Negledful Friends fVe read ( fays he ) and are commanded to forgive our Ene:

mies

but

are obliged to forgive our Friends.

the Spirit

where read, that we But of Job fpeaks better Things

'tis

no

Shall

we

(fays he) take

good at God's

Hands, and not fometimes bear evil alfo ? which is fit to be laid of Friends
too, in

fome Proportion.
is

This
who

mofl certain, that a

Man
own
to

ftudieth

Revenge,

frets his

Wounds, which other wife being left themfelves, would heal and do well.

PU B L 1 cK

CyADVERSITY.
PuBLicK Revenges
are,

23
for the

were thofe for the Death of Cafar for the Death of Tertinax for the Death of Henry IV, King of France^ and of many more. But in private Revenges, this by no Means holds. Nay rather. Vindicative
part,

mod

Fortunate

as

a manner hve the Life of Witches, who, as they are deflru(ftive

Perfons in

to others, fo themfelves generally to an unfortunate End.

come

V. 0/
a

ADVERSITY.
(after

and exalted IT was very high the manner Speech of Seneca of the
Stoicks
;

That the good Things which

belong to

Prosperity
but the

are to be

Wtjhed^
belong to

good Things that Adversity ar^ to be Ad--

mired.

Certainly, if that be rightly ter-

med
ries.

a Miracle,

which

is

above Nature,

the greateft Miracles appear in Calami-

There

is

another
*

Spc

'^

of

his

ver

ft4

0/

DV E R

S I

T
is

Y.

yet higher than the former

(much too
true Great-

high for an Heathen;) It

nefsy to

have the Frailty of a Man, and the Security of a God. Surely this Saying would have been more tolerable in
Poefy, where fuch Tranfcendencies are

more

allowed.

And

the Poets indeed

it
;

have been bufy with

fed, the

for

it is

in Ef-

Thing which

is

figur'd in that

ftrange Fiftion of the ancient Poets;

which feemeth not

ftery
;

to be without

My-

nay, and to refemble not obfcure-

ly the

State

of a Chriitian; namely,

that of Hercules:
to

Who, when

he went

unbind Vromtxh^ws (by Prometheus Human Nature is reprefentcd) failed

the length of the Ocean in an Earthen

Tot, or Titcher
flian

lively defcribing

Chrifrail

Refolution, that faileth in the

Flefli,

Bark of the

through the Waves of the World flowing every way about it.

The
rity,

principal Virtue of
is

Prospe-

Temperance; of Adversity, Fortitude; which in Morals is reputed

the moflheroical Virtue. Again,

Prosperity

0/
s

Adversity.
Adversity
iV^cc',

ij
to the

p E R I T Y belongs to the Bleflings of the

Old Tejfament;
Beatitudes of the

which are both

in Reality greater,

and carry a clearer

Yet, even in the Old Teft amenta if you liilen to T>avid\ Harp, you'll find more la-

Revelation of the Divine Favour.

And

mentable Airs, than Triumphant ones: the Pencil of the Holy Ghoft, hath
diffufely

more

of Job^ than the

handled the Afflidions Felicities of Solomon,

Prosperity paiTes not without abundance of Fears and Troubles ; A dvERSiTY

like wife
is

not without

its

Comforts and Hopes. Certainly, Virtue bears fome Similitude to fome precious Odours which are mod fragrant either incens'd or crulh'd: For a profperous Fortune doth befl difcover Men's Vices; but an adverfe one their Vir;

tues.

VI.

Of

1^6

O/SlMtTLATION

VI.

Of Simulation and Diffimulation.

is a fort of Abridgment of Civil Arts, and but kind of Policy or Wifdom. For

DISSIMULATION
a faint
it

requireth a ftrong Wit, and a itrong

Heart, to

know when
do
it.

to dare to

to tell Truth, and Therefore it is the

weaker

fort

of Politicians, that are the

well noted in

great Diflcmblers.

This
Tacitus^

Difference

is

between Cafar Auguftus^ and Tiber tus. For thus he fays of Liv'ta^ that flie was a hapfy Comfofition of the Arts of her Husband^ and the "Dijfiinulation

Arts
gujfus,

of her Son : Attributing of Government, or Policy tp Au-and

herms.

Dissimulation to 77The fame Hiftorian in another

Muctanus incouraging up Arms againft Vitelltus

place brings in

Vefpajian to take

and Dissimulation.
tellius in thefe

27

Words

* fVe rife not

uf againft the deep Infight a?id piercing Judgment of Auguftus, nor againft the extreme cautious old Age of Tiberius.
thefe Properties of Arts or PoHcy, and of Dissimulation and Clofenefs, are indeed Habits and Faculties, feveral, and to be diflinguilh'd. For if a Man have that happy Acutenefs and Penetration of Judgment, as to difcern what Things are to be laid open, and what to be kept fecret, and what to be fhewed at half Lights, with an

Wherefore

exaft Confideration alfo of

Time and

Perfon; which are indeed Arts of State, and Arts of Life, (as Tacitus well calleth them,) to fuch an

one Dissimulation is a Hindrance, and a Poornefs. But if a Man cannot attain to that Degree then

of Judgment
it is left

and

Difcernment,

him, generally to be clofe,

and a DilTembler.
there
it is

For where a

Man
and

cannot chufe, or vary in Particulars,

good

to take the fafeft

warieft
*rac.HiJ}.B,
II,

C^. 7^.

i8
wariefl
foftly

Of Simulation
way
in general
;

:-;

like the

going
that

by one

that cannot well fee.

^aCertainly
ever were, have

the ableft
all

Men

had an Opennefs Franknefs of Dealing, and a Name and of Certainty and Veracity; but then they xv^re like Horfes well managed, that
Jcjiew perfedly

And

at fuch times

when to ilop, or turn. when they thought

the Cafe indeed required

Dissimuit, it

lation,

if

then they ufed

came

to pafs, that the former Opinion fpread

abroad of their good Faith, and clearncfs of

fible.

DcaUng, made them almofl

.

invir

doiflv.

Th ere are three Degrees of this Hidjngand Veiling of a Man's

Clofenefs,
felf.

The

firft,

and Secrecy; when a Man conceals his Thoughts, and ballances himfelf fo even, that no one
Refervation,

can

eafily guefs to

what Side he

inclines.

The
fall

fecond,

Negative,

when

Dissimulation in a Man on purpofe

is

the
lets

Signs and Arguments, that he

is.

not

what he

And

the third Simulation,

in the Affirmative,

when

Man

indu-

ilriouily

and Dissimulation.

19

ftrioully and exprelly feigns and pretends to be that he is not. For the firfl of thefe, Secrecy; it is

indeed the Virtue of a ConfelTor. And alTuredly, the fecret Man heareth many
Confeflions; for
felf to a

who

will

open himif a
it

Blab or a Babler ? but

as the

Man
invi-

has the Reputation of Secrecy,

teth Difcovery
;

fucks in the
feilion

more clofe Air more open. And as Con-

tends to no

End

relating

to

-worldly Matters, but to the Eafe of a

Man's Confcience

fo certainly Secret

Men come

to the

Knowledge of many

Things upon a Hke Account, whilft Men are defirous not fo much to impart, as to difcharge their Minds. In few Words, Myfteries are due to the Silent. Befides (to fay Truth) Nakednefs is uncomely, as well in Mind as in Body and it adds no fmall Reverence to Men's Manners and Adions, if they
;

be not altogether open. But Talkers and Futile Perfons are commonly vain,

and credulous withal. For he that talks what he knows, will alfo talk what he

knows

JO

0/"

Simulation

knows not. Therefore fet it down for a Maxim, That an Habit of Secrecy is a Virtue both Tolittcal and Moral. I may add likewife upon this Head, that it is good, that a Man's Face give his Tongue
leave to fpeak.

For the Revealing of a Man's Mind by the Trafts of his Countenance is a great Defed:, and a kind of Betraying; and the more fo, for that it is many times more marked and believed than a Man's Words. For the Second, which is Dissi-

mulation,
that

it

follows
a

many

times up:

on Secrecy by
he that

kind of Neceflity

So

mufl be a fome degree, whether he Diflcmbler in For Men are too cunning will or no.
will be Secret,

to fuffer a

Man to

keep an indifferent

Carriage between both, without fway-

ing the Baliance on either Side. They will fo befet him with Queltions, and

draw him

on, and pick it out of him, without an obftinate and abfurd that Silence, he muft fhew an Inclination one

way

or

if

as much

by

he do not, they will gather his Silence, as by his Speech.

As

and Dissimulation;.
As
So
for Equivocations,

31

and oraculous

Speeches, they cannot hold out long.

that

no

Man

can be Secret, unlefs

he give himfelf

a little fcope of
is

Dis s i-

MULATioN, which

as it

were but
is.

the Skirts or Train of Secrefie.

But for the Simulation,

that I hold

third Degree, that

and

falfe

Profeflion;
lefs

more
it

culpable,

and

Poli-

tick
ters.

unlefs

be in great and rare MatTherefore a general Cuftom of

Simulation,

is a Vice rifing either from a natural Falfenefs or Fearfulnefs or from a Conftitution of Mind, that hath feme main Faults ; which becaufe a Man muft needs difguife, it makes

him

pra6tife

Simulation

in

other

Things alfo, left his Hand /hould be out of Ufe. The great Advantages of Simulation and Dissimu-

lation
where
it is

are Three.

Firft,

to lay

afleep Oppofition, and to furprife.

a

For Man's Intentions are publifhed, an Alarum to call up all that are a-

gainft him.

The fecond

is,

that

it

leaves

Man

at

Liberty to retreat, and to

draw

32

0/^

Simulation

-^^-

draw off from a Bufinefs without lofs of Reputation. For if a Man engage himfelf by a manifefl Declaration, he muft go through, or take a Fall. The Third is, that it opens a way to the Difcovery of other Men's Counfels. f For to him that opens himfelf. Men will
hardly iliew themfelves
will fairly let

adverfe;

but

him go

on, and turn their

freedom of Speech to freedom of Thought. And therefore it is a good ilirewd Proverb of the Sfaniard\ Tell a Lye and find a Truth, As tho* Simulation were the Key to unlock Secrets.

There
ges of

are alfo three

Difad vanta-

Simulation

and

Dissimu-

lation, to fet it even. Firil, that they commonly carry with them a Shew of
Fearfulnefs
;

which

in any Bufinefs fpoils

^Q

Feathers of flying up roundly to

the Mark.

The

Second, that they puzzle

i qui fua

confilia profert^

non facile quis fe ad~

pot'ius
;

verfarium profifeatiir, verum ajfentab'itur

iihertatem loquend'i

liber tat em cozitandi vertct.

Of Simulation,. &c.
zle

33

and perplex the Conceits of many,

that perhaps
rate with

would otherwife co-opehim and make a Man walk

;

almoil alone

to his
is,

own

Ends.

The

Third and
a

greateft

that they deprive

Man

of one of the principal Inftruis

ments of Adion, which

Belief.

Trufl and

The

beft

Compodtion

and

in

Temperature is, to have Openness Fame and Opinion, Secrecy in

Habit,

Dissimulation
to

in feafonable
if

Power be no Remedy.
Ufe, and a

Feign,

there

VII.

0/Parents Children.
s

and

ENT TFl E Joys of Pa RGriefs are Fears. are and and

fecret,

fo

their

They cannot

exprefs the one, and

do

not care ;o utter the other.

Certainly

Child^ien fweeten human Labours, but they make Misfortunes more bitter. They Vol. I. D

34 They
they

0/ Parents
increafe the Cares of Life
;

but

mitigate

the

Remembrance of
;

Death.

Perpetuity

common Memory liar to Men

by Generation is to Man with Beafts but the of Merits and Works is pecu:

And furely a Man Ihall fee the noblefl Works and Foundations to have proceeded from Childless Men, who have taken care to exprefs
where thofe So the of their Bodies have Care of Poflerity is moft in them that have no Poilerity.
the Images of their Minds,
fliiled:

They
v\'ards

that are

the

firfl

Raifers

of

their Families, are moil indulgent totheir

Children

For they

look upon them not only as the Continuance of their Species, but of their

Works alfo; and fo both Children and Creatures. The Degrees of Affedion in Parents
towards their feveral Children are -often unequal, and fometimes unjuft, efpecially in the Mother. Whence Solomon
fays,

A iznfe Son

rejoiceth the

Fathers
IK

but a foolijh Son is the Heavinefs of bis

Mother.

and

Children.
is

35^

In a Family that

fruitful

and

full

of C H I L D R E N, a Man Ihall fometimes fee one or two of the Eldefl Refpeded, and as many of the Youngeft Fondled But
:

in

the Midfl: perhaps

fome

that

are

as it

were forgotten, who never thelefs

many Times prove moil toward! y. The

DHberality of

Parents

in

Allowance

towards their Children, is a very mifchievous Error; for it makes them

and Tricks, delighting in mean Company, and more prone to Luxury when they com.e to
bafe-fpirited, given to Shifts

And therefore it does bed, when Parents keepuptheir Authority with their Children, but llacken their
Plenty.

Purfe.

There's
foolifh

Cuftom,
as

(I'm fure

one) that has

prevail'd, as well

with

Parents

School-mafters and

Servants, of fowing and breeding Emulations

between Brothers during their Childhood; which many Times end

in Quarrels

when they

are

Men, and

diflurb Families.

The

y6

Of

P,A R E N

The

Italians

make

little

Difference

and Nephews, or near Kinsfolks; but fo they be of the Lump, they care not much, whether they pafs through their own Body or

between

Children

And to fpeak the Truth, in Namuch the fame Thing; infomuch that we often fee a Nephew^ reno.
ture
'tis

fembie an Uncle or a Kinfman more than

his

own Parent,

according

as the

Blood

happens to run.

Let Parents take care, whilft their Children are in their tender Age,
what Courfe of Life to fix them to for then they are moft flexible and pliant. And let them not in this Choice
too

much

regard the Inclination of the

themfelves;
as

Children

thinking

they will take bell to that which they have

moil mind to. It is true, if the Affedion or Aptnefs of the Children be

remarkable towards any Vocation,
on: But generally the Precept
it is

not good to crofs Nature or Difpofitiis

good,
illud

Optimum

elige,

fuave

facile

faciet confuetudo,

" Chufe the befl, Cuilom

and

Children.
it

37

" Cuftom will make

pleafant and eafy.

Younger Brothers
tunate, but

are

commonly For-

feldom or never where the

Elder are dilinherited.

VIII.

0/

MARRIAGE
Wife

^//^SINGLE LIFE.
and Children, hath given Hoflages to Fortune; for they are Impediments to
that hath

HE

great Enterprifes, whether in the

Way

of Virtue or Wickednefs.
the nobleft

Certainly
faid before)

Works

(as

we

and the greateil Merits to the Pubhck, have proceeded from the Ux\married
or Childlefs Men,

who both

in Affedi-

on and Fortune have married and endowed the Pubhck. Yet it fhou'd feem to ftand more to Reafon, that
thofe that leave Children fhould have
greateft

Care of future Tim^es,

unto
their

which, they

know

they
3

mud

tranfmii;

^5,

0/Marria(3e
\^^ho,

their deareft Pledges.

fome

tho' they

Yet there are have no Chil-

dren, are however carelefs of their Memory, and terminate their Thoughts with their own Lives, and look upon future Times as Impertinency. Nay
there
are

fome

others that

account
Bills

Wife

and

Children
Further,

but as
are

Charges.

there

of found

fome fooHih covetous Men, that take a Pride in having no Children, to the end they may be thought fo much the They have heard likely fome richer.
fay,

Such an one

is

a vaji rich

Man^

and others except CO it, Tesybut be hath a great Charge of Children ; as if this

were an Abatement of his Riches. But the moil ordinary Caufe of

a^

SiNGLELiFEis Liberty
certain

efpecially ia

felf-pleafmg and phantaflical Minds, which are fo exquifitely fenfible

of every Reftraint, that they will go near to think their Girdles and Garters
to be

Bondb and

Shackles.

Batche-

LORS

are belt Friends,

i^llo;

beft Mailers,

and beft Servants

but not always

beft

^W Single
:

Life.

jy

bdt Subjeds ; for they are light to run away And in Truth almoft all Fugitives are

of that Condition.

Single Life

doth well with

Church-men; for Charity will hardly water the Ground, where it muft firfl fill a Pool. For Judges and Magiftrates it is a Thing indifferent ; for if they are eafy and corrupt, you fhall have a Servant five Times worfe in catching at
fuch Gains, than a

Wi p e.

As for

Sol-

diers, I perceive the

Generals in their

their Armies, commonly Mind of their Wives and Children. And I find the defpifing

Harangues to

put them in

of

Marriage amongft the

Turks em-

bafes the

common Soldiery. Certainly, Wife and Children are a kind of Difcipline of Humanity: And Single Men, tho'they
many Times more
exhaufted
;

are

bountiful

and

charitable, becaufe their

lefs

Fortunes are

yet on the other Side

they are

more cruel and hard-hearted, (good to make fevere Inquifitors) be-

caufe their Indulgence and Tendernefs

is

40
is

Of

Ma r r

a g e

not fo often called upon and ex-

cited.

"Grave
therefore

Natures, led by Cuftom, and

conflant,
;

fond Husbands
hty.

as is faid

commonly make oiVljps^He

to

freferrd his Old IVoman

Chaile

Immorta-

Women

are^^enerajly

proud and froward, as prefuming up6n the Merit of their Chaility. It i^ one of the beil Bonds, both of Chaflity and
if ilie

in the Wife to the Husband, think him wife; which flic will never do, if ilie find him jealous.
.

Obedience

Wives are young Men's MiftrefTes; Companions for middle Age,- and old Men's Narfes: So that a Man has a Handle to marry at any Age. But yet he was reputed one of the Wife Men,
that

made Anfwer

to the

When aMan fhould marry.? A Toung Man not yet, an Elderly Man not at all.
It is often feen, that bad Husbands have good Waives: Whether it be, that the Price of their Husbands Kindnefs isenhanc'd by the Interchange
the

Queilion,

Wives

; or that take a Pride in their Pa-

tience.

and Single Life.

faik, if the

41

bad But this never tience. Husbands were of their own chufmg againll their Friends Confent; for in that Cafe they have always Spirit enough
to

make good

their

own Folly.

IX.
ons,

0/

N V Y.
Love
and

THERE which
nate or

are none of the AfFeai^

are thought to fafcibefides

bewitch,

Envy.

They

both caufe vehement

felves into Imaginations

Wifhes; they both readily form themand Suggeflions

;

and they both mount up

eafily in-

to the

Eye

efpecially
;

fence of the Object

all

upon the Prewhich Points

if

conduce to Fafcination,

any fuch

Thing there

be.

We fee
call

likewife the

Scripture calls Envy^ an

the Ailrologers

Evil Eye : And

(till

the evil Influences

of the Stars, Evil Afpecis\ fo that

there feemeth to be

acknowledged

in
a

Envy, and

the Operation thereof,

certain Ejaculation,

and Irradiation from

the

41
the Eye.

0/ E N V

y.

Nay, fome have been fo cu-

rious as to note, that the

Times when

the Stroke or PercuiTion of an envious

Eye doth mod Hurt, are then particularly when the Party envied is beheld in Glory and Triumph: For this fets an Edge upon Envy; and befides, at fuch Times the Spirits of the Perfon envied come forth moft into the outward Parts,
and fo meet the Blow.

But

leaving thefe Curiofities

(tho*

not unworthy to be confidered in fit Place) we will fpeak to thefe three

Points:

What Perfons are moft apt to hat Perfons are moft fubjed: Envy: to be Envied: And what is the Dif-

ference

between pubUck and private

that

Envy.

HE
Minds

has

no Virtue

himfelf.

Envies

Virtue in another. For Men's

feed upon,

either

and pleafe
or
firft

themfelves with their

others Evil ;

own Good,

and he that wants the

Food, will fatisfy himfelf with the fecond ; and he that is out of Hope of arriving at another's Virtue, the fame
gladly

0/ Envt.

43

Fortune, gladly deprefles the other's Difparity bethat there may be the kfs

tween them.

Man

that

is

curious,

and a

dler in other

Men's AfFairs, For the being very inly Envious. Men's Matters, <|ui-fitivc about other
can never proceed from this, becaufe Ufe to a Man s all that Ado may be of Therefore it mufl needs own Affairs: be that fuch a Man takes a kind of Thethe Foratrical Pleafure in looking upon
tunes of others;
neither can he, that

Medis common-

mindeth his own Bufmefs only, find much Matter for Envy. For Envy
is

a gadding Paflion,

Streets,

and walks the and does not keep Home Non

;

eji curiofus^ qu'tn

idem

fit

malevolus.

of Noble Birth are noted to be Envious towards New Men. For the Diitance is altered; and it is like a De-

Men

ceit

of the Eye,

that,

when

others

come

on, they feem to go back. Perfons, and Eunuchs,

Deformed

and Old Men, and Baftards, are Envious. For he that cannot poflibly

mend

44
mend
his

0/Envy.
own
Cafe,
will

do what he
unlefs thefe

can to impair another's;

Defefts happen to light upon generous

Natures, which endeavour to turn their
natural

Defers to the Encreafe of

;

their

Honour
that

fuch

may be divulg'd, an Eunuch, or a lame Man, did great Things, affefting the Honour
to the
it

End

of a Miracle; which was the Cafe of Narfes the Eunuch, and oi Agefilausy andiTamberlanesy that were Lame Men.
-

The

Cafe

is

much
after

the fame in thofe.

Calamities.

that rife again

For

they are

commonly angry with the

ties as

Times, and relilh other Men's Calami^ Redemptions of their own Trou-

endeavour to excel in Abundance of Things, out of Levity

bles.

They

that

and Vain-Glory, mult needs be Envious. For they every where meet with Objeds of Envy; it being impoffible

but,, in

fo

fliould furpafs

many Things, fome them. Which was the

Charader of Adrian the Emperor, that mortally envied Poets, and Painters, and other Artificers in thofe Works, wherein

0/Envy.
cell.

4j

wherein he himfelf had a Fancy to ex-

Lastly, Kinsfolks, and Collegues, and thofe that have been bred' together,
are apt to

Envy
own
:

their Equals,

when
them were

they are Raifed. For this upbraids

with their
their

Fortune, and

as it

points at them, and frequently twitches

Memory

Moreover,
falls
:

this

Com-

parifon of Fortune

more

into the

Obfervation of others

And Envy ever

refleds and redoubles from Speech and

Fame.
his

Brother

^Vhence Cahis Envy towards Mel was the more malig-

nant, becaufe

when

better accepted,

jihefs Sacrifice was no Body look'd on.

that

Thus much Envy.

for thofe

are apt to

As

for thofe that are

more or

lefs

obnoxious to Envy: Firll, Perfons of eminent Mrtue are lefs envied when
they are advanc'd:
tion feems but

For

their
;

Promo-

and no Payment of a Debt, but Liberality beyond Merit. Again, Envy is always joined with Comparing

due unto them

Man

envieth the

and

46

0/ En vy.

and where there is no Comparifon, no Envy; and therefore Kings are not envied but by Kings. Neverthelefs, it is obfervable, that unworthy Perfons are moft Envied at their firft Rifing to Honour, and afterwards not fo much: Whereas, contrariwife, Perfons of Worth and Merit then firft meet with

Envy,

after their

Fortunes have contheir Virtue

tinued long.

For though
it

hold on the fame, yet

has not the

fame Luftre; for frelh Men grow up that darken it. Persons of Noble Blood are lefs
expos'd to

Envy, when Honours

it

are

heaped upon them ; for

ther than a
ftors:

feems no otheir

Debt paid to

Ancelittle

Befides, there feems but

added to
like the

their Fortune; and Envy, Sun-Beams, beats hotter upon

Flat.

a rifing Ground than upon a

vanced by Degrees, undergo

And

for the fame Reafon, thofc that are adlefs

Envy

than thofe that are advanced fuddenly,

and ^er Saltum,

Th o s e

0/ E H V
and
Perils join'd
lefs

y.

47

Th o s e that have great Travels, Cares

with their Honours,
labour

under

Envy.

For

Men
Ho-

think that they pay dear for their

nours,

and
rather
;

begin fometimes

to pity

them

V Y. monly, that the more deep and fober Sort of Politick Perfons, and that glitter

and Pity ever healeth EnWherefore you fhall obferve com-

Honour, are ever bemoaning themfelves, what a Life they lead; chanting a ^lanta fatimur / Not that
in

they
the

feel

it

fo,

but in order to blunt

be is impos'd upon fuch Men, not of that which they call unto themfelves. For nothing
this is to

Edge of Envy.

But

tinderftood of Bufmefs that

roufes

Envy more

than an ambitious

and immoderate ingroffing of Bufmefs. And nothing, on the other Hand, extinguifhes

Envy more

than for a

Man,

Honours, to draw ofFnothing from other inferior Officers. For by this Means, fo many Miniflers as he has, fo many Skreens between him and
in the higheft

Envy.

Above

48

0/Envy.
all,

Above
who

thofeilir

up mofl Envy,

carry the Greatnefs of their For-

tunes in an infolent and proud

Manner

being never well but while they are

boalling of their Power, either by out-

ward Pomp, or by triumphing over

their Adverfaries

or Competitors that

.they have overthrown: Whereas, on the other Side, prudent Men love fome-

times to do facrifice to
fering themfelves

Envy, in fufnow and then on purHeart.

pofe to be over-born in Things that they

Notwithr Carriage of Greatnefs in an open and undiffembled Manner, (fo it be without A rrogancy and Vain-Glory) occafions lefs Envy than the withdrawing it felf crafhave not
{landing, fo
true, that the
tily,

much at much is

and

as

it

were by SteaUh, from

Notice.
tho' he

For, in that Courfe, a

Man
as

does nothing but impeach Fortune,

were confcioas of his own want of Worth, and fo does but teach others
to

Envy him.

To

conclude

this Part:

As wefaid
of

in the Beginning, that the

Ad

Envy
had

; ;

0/ E N V

Y.

49

had fomewhat in it of Witchcraft ; fo there is no other Cure of Envy but the Cure of Witchcraft ; and that is, to remove the Lot (as they call it) and to lay it upon another. For which Purpofe the wifer Sort of great Perfons ever bring in upon the Stage fome Body, upon whom to derive the Envy that would otherwife come upon themfelves ; throwing it off fometimes upon Miniiters and Servants, fometimes upon Collegues and AfTociates,

and the

like.

And

for that

Turn

there are never wanting Perfons of violent and undertaking Natures, who, fo

they

may have Power and

to purchafe

Bufmefsj
it

make no Scruple
Rate.

at

any

Now
And
at
all.

to fpeak
is

of Publick

Envy,

there

fome Good

yet in This

whereas in Private

En yy there is none For publick Envy is a kind of wholfome Oflracifmj that eclipfeth great Men when they grow too big
and therefore
that are
it is

a Bridle alfo to thofe

too powerful, to keep them

within Bounds.

This

ja

Th is

0/ E N V Y. Envy, which goeth

the

modern Languages by the Name of Discontent, (and Ihall be more fully handled under the Title of Sedition,) is in Kingdoms and States not For as Infeunlike to Infection. ction fpreads upon thofe Parts that are found, and taints them; fo alfo when Envy is once got into a State, it traduces even the belt Adions and Ordinances thereof, and turns them into n ill Odour. And therefore there is Httle won by intermingling plaufible and
popular Actions with odious ones
that does but argue
;

for

Weaknefs, and Fear

hurts fo

of

Envy, which
as
it
is

much

the

more;

likewife ufual in In-

fections, which, if you are afraid of them, come upon you the fooner.

And

this

Publick

Envy

feems to
Eftates

bear more upon principal Officers and

Miniflers, than

upon Kings and

themfelves. But take this as a Rule that

feldom
in

fails;

If the

Envy

upon the
be general

Miniiler be great,

when

the Caufe of it

him

is

fmall; or if the

En vv

OfEifVW
neral in a manner,

y
all

and takes in
then the
Itrikes at

the

Miniflers of a State;

Envy
Pu band
firft

(though
or State

fecretly)
it felf.

the King
for
;

And

io

much

LIcK

Envy,

or Male-content

the Difference thereof from

Private
in the

Envy, which we handled

Place.

We

will

add

this

alfo

in general that

touching" the Afieftion of

Envy;

of all the Affections it is the moil importune and continual. For of other Affeftions there is Occafion given but now and then But it was well faid,
:

that
it

Envy
it

has no Holy-days, becaufe

ever finds Matter to

is

work upon.
that

Whence
and

alfo noted,

Love
they
is

Envy make Men

do

.pine;

which othe de-

ther Affedions

not,

becaufe
alfo

are not continual.

vileft

Envy

of Affeftions, and the

;

mod

praved

for

which Caufe

it is

the prois call-

per Attribute of the Devil,

who
;

ed the envious Man^ that fow'd Tares amongfl the Wheat by Night as it always cometh to pafs, that E n v y work-

eth

ji

6^^

o VE.

eth fubtilly, and in the dark, and to the

Prejudice of the belt Things, fuch as

the Wheat.

is

X.

0/ L
Stage
is

o V

E.

THE Love,

more beholden to than the Life of Man.

For as to the Stage, Love is always Matter of Comedy, and now and then of Tragedy too But in Life it does much Mifchief, fometimes like a S^ren^
:

fometimes like a Fury. You may obferve, that amongft all the Great and
Illuitrious

Perfons

whereof the

Memo-

ry remains, either ancient or modern) there is not one that hath been driven
to the

mad Degree

of

Love: Which
and great Bufi-

iliews, that great Spirits

nefs

do not admit

this

weak

Paffion.

muft except, neverthelefs, Mark Antony the Half-Partner of the Empire of Rome^ and Appus Claudius the T>e'

You

cemvivy

Of

Love.

53

cemvir, and great Law-giver amongflthe Romans: Whereof the Former was in-

and voluptuous Man and wife but the Latter was an auftcre Man. Whence any one may difcern can that Lo v e (though rarely)

deed

a luxurious

clearly,

find Entrance,

not only into an open

fortiHeart, but alfo into a Heart well It is kept. fied, if Watch be not well poor-fpirited Saying of an abjeft and

magnum alter alteri Theatrum fumus : As if Man, made for the Contemplation of Heaven and heaEpicurusy Satis
venly Objefts, fliould do nothing
bu^;^

adore a little Idol, and fubjed himfelf, are) tho' not to the Mouth (as Beads
yet to the Eye,

which was given un-

doubtedly for higher Purpofes. It is itrange to confider the Excefs

of

and how it infults the Nature and true Value of Things, by

this Paffion,
this only,

that the fpeaking in a perpeis

tual

Hyperbole

decent in nothing but

Neither does this Hyperin Love. bole appear only in the Phrafe. For whereas it hath been well faid, that the

Arch-

^4

0/

o V

E,

Areh-Flatterer, with
certainly the

whom all
is
is

the petty a Man's

Flatterers have Intelligence,

felf;

Lover

fomething

more. For there was never Proud Man thought fo abfurdly well of himdoth of the the as felf,

Lover
And

Ferfon

Loved.

therefore

it

was

well faid, That to Love, and to he fVifiy Neiis fiarce pffihle even to a God,
ther doth this

Weaknefs appear

to o-

thers only, and not to the Party

Loved;
all,

but to the Perfon

Loved

moft of

For nnlefs the Love be Reciprocal. it is a true Rule, that Love is ever rewarded either with the reciprocal, or u^ith an inward and fecret Contempt.

By how much
beware of

the

more

Men

ought to
lofes

this

Paflion,

which

not only other Things, but it felf. As for the other LofTes, they are prettily
figured in the Fable of the Poets, That

he that freferrd Helena,

<?/ Juno and

loft

the Gifts

For whofoever too much indulges amorous Affedions^ quits both Riches and Wifdom.
Pallas.

This

0/
This
very Times

OV
the

E.
its

yy
Floods, at the
is

Paffion hath

when

Mind

moll

foft

and weak ; that is, and great Adverfity ; ( tho' this latter hath perhaps been lefs obferv'd ) Both which Seafons kindle Love, and make it more fervent ; which proves it to be the Child of Folly. They do beft, who, if they cannot but admit Love, yet make it keep Quarter, and fever it wholly from their ferious Affairs and Adions of Life. For if it interfere once with Bufmefs, it troubleth Men's Fortunes, and hinders them from being
:

in great Profperity,

true to their
I

own Ends.

know

not how, but Martial

Men
but

are given to
as

Love

think
;

it is,

they are given to

Wine

for Perils

fures.

commonly expe6l to be paid in PleaThere is in Man's Nature a fecret Inclination and Motion tov^ards

Love
fpent

of others; which
felf

if it

be not

upon fome one, or

it

a few,

doth na-

turally fpread

towards many, and

makes

Men become Humane

and Chaars.

ritable, as it is

feen fometimes in Fri-

4.

j6
ars.

Of Magistracies
Nuptial

friendly

Love makes Mankind, Love perfefts it; but wanton

Love

corrupts and imbafesit.

XL

Of
in

Magtjlracies
Dignities,

and

MEN

Great Pl a c e are thrice

Servants ; Servants of the Prince

or State, Servants of Fame, and Servants of Bufmefs.

So

that they enjoy

no manner of Liberty, neither

their

in their

Perfons, nor in their Actions, nor in

to

Time. A Ih^ange kind of Defire covet Power, and to lofe Liberty;

or to court

devefl a Man*s felf of

felf.

rious,

Power over others, and to Power over himThe Rifmg unto Place is laboand by Pains Men come to great;

er Pains

oftentimes alfo

it is

not clear

of unworthy Practices.
nities

Men come
is

to

And by IndigDignities. The

and the Regrefs
is

Standing

flippery,

either

^;?<^

Dignities.

57

either a Downfal, or at Icafl an Eclipfe

and even
Thing.
ejfe^

this is a fad

and melancholy
qui fueris, non

Cum

non

JiSy

cur veils vtvere.

Nay, there

is

no

Retiring, tho' a
fain
;

neither

Man would never fo will Men retire when it

But they continue impatient of a private Life,

even when old Age or Infirmity bears hard upon. them; which require Eafe,

were Reafon they fhould:

and the Shade;

will be
flill

like

oldTownfmen that
before the Street-

fitting

Door, tho' thereby they expofe themfelves to Scorn.

Certainly, Men in Posts had need to borrow other Men's Opinions, to think themfelves happy for if they judge by their own feeling, they will find no fuch Thing: But when they think with themfelves what other Men think of them, and how gladly they would change Conditions with them, then, and not till then, they are happy as it were by Report; when perhaps
;

they

find

the

contrary

within.

For

they are the

firft

of

all

fenfible

of their

own

58 own

Of Magistracies
Griefs, tho' they are tke
laft

of aU

fenfible

of their

own

Faults.

Certainly Men
Stations

in

Sublime

are Strangers to themfelves

and whilft they are in the Hurry of Bufmefs, they have no Time to tend their
Health, either of Body or Soul:

nil mors gravis incubaty

hii notus nlmls omnibus,

Ignotus morttur
In

Jibi,

Place there

is

great Licence to

do

Good and Evil ; whereof the latought to be reckon'd a Curfe For in Evil, the' beil Condition is, not to be willing the next, not to be able. Cerboth
ter
:

tainly

Power

to oblige

is

the true and

lawful

End of Ambition.

For goo 4

Thoughts, tho'
towards

God
little

accept them, yet

better than

Men are

good

Dreams, unlefs they are put in Adt; And that cannot be without fome publick Place and Power, as the Vantage
and commanding Ground. Obligations and good
are the true

Works

Ends of Man's Labours:

And

and Dignities.

59

And
if a

a Confcioufnefs of the fame, the

Accompliiliment of Man's Reft.

Man

For can be Partaker of God's

ftiall

Theater, he

hkewife be Partaker

of Gcd's Reft. Et converfus T>eusy ut ajpiceret opera^qua fecerunt manus fua^ 'uid'tt quod omnia ejfent bona nim'ts ; and
then the Sabbath.

In the Difcharge of thy Place,

before thee the beft Examples
tation
is
;

fet

for Imi-

Troop of Precepts

and

after

Time

fet

before thee thine

own

Ex*-

ample;

and examine thy

felf ftridtly,

whether thou didft not begin better

than thou heldeft on.

Neglect
themfelves
ill

not,

on the other hand,

the Examples of thofe that have carried

fame Pl a c e Not to fet off thy felf, by taxing their Memory; but to dired: thy felf what to avoid. Reform therefore, but without
in the
:

Vaunting, or Scandal of former Times

and Perfons but yet fet it down as a Rule to thy it% as wxll to introduce
;

good Precedents, Reduce Things to

as to

follow

them.

their

firft

Inftitution

and

6o

Of Magistracies
wherein and how But yet ask

and obferve well,

they have degenerated:

Counfcl of both Times ; of the Antient

Time, that you may know what is befl and of the Latter Time, that you may underftand what is fitted. Endeavour

make thy Courfe Regular, may know before-hand what

to

that

Men
may

they

exped: Neverthelefs be not too pofitive and peremptory; and ever when
thou recedeft from thy Rule, explain
thy
lelf

well

Preferve

fteadily

the

Rights of thy Place; but do not thei'efore lightly move Brangles touching Jurifdiction
;

and carry

it

in

fuch

Manner

as to

alTume and exercife thy

Rights in Silence and de faBo^ rather

than raiie and debate Queflions about

them with Noife and Clamour. Pre s E p. VE like wife the Rights of inferior

PL

A cE
it

s,

fubordinate to you.

And

think

a greater

Honour
may

to diredl

in chief, than to be bufy in

all.

Em-

brace, nay Invite fuch as

help and

inform thee touching the Execution of

thy Place
5

and do not drive away thofe

that

<g!;^^

Dignities.

6i

that ofFer their Service therein as

lers,

Med-

but rather incourage and counte-

nance them. The Vices in the Exercife of Authority are chiefly Four: Too much De-

lay; Corruption; RoughiNess;

and Facility.

For Delays;

give
;

eafy Accefs;

go through keep Times appointed and interlace is in Hand; that Vi^hich

not

new

For

Bufmefs, but of Neceffity. Corruption; do not only

bind thine

own Hands, and

thofe of
'

thy Servants, from taking Bribes, but the Hands of Suitors alfo from offering

them. Integrity ufed, undoubtedly does the firfl of thefe: And Integrity given out and profefTed, and this with a Deteflation of Bribery, brings about the latter And avoid not only the Fault, alfo.

but the Sufpicion

variable,

alfo.

Whofoever are

found without a manifeft Caufe, give Sufpicion of Corruption. Therefore always when you turn from your Opinion that you have declared, or from the Courfe

and change manifcftly,

you

6i

Of Magistracies
profefs the fame inge-

you have begun,

nuouily,

and withal honeftly declare

and inculcate the Caufes that mov'd you to this and don't think to be able to A favourite Servant, fteal the Thing. and of Inter ell with his Mafter, if there
;

be no apparent Caufe of Favour, is commonly thought but an oblique Way to

Corruption.

For Roughness; it breeds Envy and Ill-will, without making any Advantage thereby
;

for Severity ftrikes Fear,

but Roughnefs breeds Hatred. Even Reproofs from Authority ought to be

Grave, and not Taunting.

As

for

Facility;
:

that

is

even

worfe than Bribery For Bribes are attempted but now and then; but if a Man lie open to Importunity, or be led by idle Refpeds, he fhall never be without them. As Solomon faith, To refpedi ^erfojis is not good\ for fuch a ManIt is

will tranfgrefs for a Tiece of Bread. mod certainly true, that Saying of
the Antients,

A ^lace jhews
ilijuvvs

the

Man.
thers

And fome

it

for the better, o-

md
thers for the

Dignities.
worfe
:

63
confenfu

07nmum

cafax imperii^ nifi imferajfet^ fays Ta^ citus of Gdlha : On the other hand, the

fame Author

fays

Imferantrmn
melius.

Vejpajlanns

of Vefpajlan^ Solus mutatns in

Tho' the One is meant by Tacitus^ of the Art of Governing, the Other of Manners and AfFed:ions. It is

a moft evident Sign of a generous Difpolition,

whom Honour
is,

amends.

For

Honour
Virtue
;

or fhould be, the Place of

as in

And

Nature, Bodies

move

violently to their Place,

and calmly in their Place ; fo Virtue in Ambition is violent, in Authority obtain'd, fettled and calm.

All
and
if

MOTiON
ftick to

to the Pinnacle of P r 0by a winding Pair of Stairs Fadions prevail, 'tw^ere good to
is

Rifmg

one Party,
to-

whilft

Man

is

climbing

himfelf to a
^^>lten*d

Honour; and to reduce Balance, when he has atthe

the fame.

Preserve
Predecessor
not,
it is

Memory
if

unhurt;

of thy thou dofl

a Debt will be paid thee

by thy

Sue-

64

0/"

Bold NESS.
Treat your Fellows in

Successor.
when
Hiould

Office friendlily, and call

them
it,

in rather

they do not expeft

than ex-

were Reafon they Do not be too mindful of your Pl a ce, nor make frequent Mention of it in common Diit

clude them

when

be called

in.

fcourfe,

or

in

private

but rather

let it

Converfation be faid of you, fF^eu

is

he Jits in Tlace he

quite another

Man.

XII.
is

Of

BOLDNESS.

Grammar-School Textj IT yet worthy a wife Man's Obfer* but

a trivial

vation

T>emofihenes being ask'd once^

the principal Salification

What was

of an Orator?

What
gain ?
it

next?

Action.
o NT.

AcT

belt;

and yet

Action. What next aHe faid it, that knew was not much indebtAnfwer'd,

ed to Nature, for what he commended.

OfEoLDiiESS.

(Jj

ftrange

Thing

furely, that that Part

of an Orator, which is but fuperficial, and to be efleem'd rather the Virtue of

a Player, ihould be placed fo high a-

bove thofe nobler Parts of Invention, and the reft j nay, as tho' it were All in All, ihould almofl aBut the Reafon is lone be cry'd up.

Elocution,

plain

for there

is

in

human Nature

ge-^

nerally

more of

the Fool than of the

Wife ; and therefore thofe Faculties, by which the foolifh Part of Men's Minds
is

taken, are moft potent of all.

Wonin Ci-

derful like to this,

rallel, is

and
firft

as it

were Pa-

the Cafe of

Boldness

? Boldness. What fecond and third? Boldness. And yet Boldness is a Child of Ig-

vil

Bufmefs,

What

norance, and of a bafe Nature, and far

inferior to other Parts of Civil Science.

But never the! efs

itfafcinates

and capti-

in Judgment, or fearful in Nature; and fuch

vates thofe that are either

weak

are the greateft Part of

it

Mankind.

Nay

prevails

even with Wife

their
it

felves,

when

Therefore

we fee

themweak. hath had huge Sway

Men
are

Minds

Vol J.

in

66

^yBoLDNES S.
;

in Popular States

but with Senates and

lefs.
firft

Princes evidently

Further,
enter

when

Bold Persons
ftion,

upon Aill

they

can do more than afteris

wards ; for B o L D N E s s ofPromife.

an

Keeper

Certainly
cure the Natural
Politick

as there flep in

now
to

and then Mountebanks,

who pretend
;

Body

fo alfo for the

Body
;

there are not wanting

Men, who will undertake even the moft who perhaps have been difficult Cures
lucky in fome few Experiments, but having no Notion of the Grounds of
Science, oftner
fail.

Nay you

fliall

fee

Bold Fellow

fometimes do

Ma-

homet's Miracle,

Mahomet made the

People believe that he would call a Hill to him ; and from the Top of it offer up his Prayers for the Obfervers of his

Law. The People afTembled in great Numbers Mahomet cali'd the Hill to him again and again but when the Hill flood flill, he, nothing abafh'd, fays. If the Hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the Hill, So thefe Men, when they have taken upon
:

them-

<?/

BO

DN

S 6.

(J/

themfelves mighty Matters, and failed

moft ihamefully in them, yet if they have the Perfedion of Boldness, they will make a Jell of the Thing, give themfelves a Turn, and there's an End. Certainly, to Men of great Judgment, Bold Perfons are a Sport to behold; nay, and to the Vulgar alfo, Boldness hath fomewhat of the Ridiculous. For if Abfurdity be the Subjed of Laughter, you need not doubt but great Boldness is feldom with* out fome Abfurdity. Nor can there be

a pleafanter Sight hardly, than to fee a

Bold
For

Fellow

out

that

puts his

of Countenance. Face into a moft

:

ihrunken and woodden Poflure As needs it muft: For in Bashful ness

with

go and come but upon like Occafion, they Hand at a Stay * Like a Stale at Chefs, where it is no Mate, but yet the Game cannot ftir. But this lafl were fitter for a Satyr, than for a ferious Obthe Spirits

do a

little

Bold Men,

fervation.

F
* Lat.

Ix

Ut fit

in Schacci<e

ludo quando non 'vimitur

CoUufory fsd target ttmtum motfts.

<J8

0/
is

G
;

o o D NE
for
fees

s s,

and
is

It

obfervable, that
it

Boldness

no Dangers nor ever blind Obflacles V/ herefore it is bad m CounSo that,* if fel, good in Execution. you would make ufe of Bold Perfons with Safety, you muft not give them the Command in Chief; but let them be Seconds, and under the Diredion of For in Deliberations it is good others.
:

to have Dangers before our Eyes; but

in

unlefs the

Execution we ihould Ihut our Eyes, Dangers are very great.

XIIl.

(9/G00DNESS5 and
of Nature.
in this Senfe, as
it

Goodness
ITake Goodness
is

ood an AfFedion that fludies the fame that the Greeks of Men: The
call

G
a

Thilanthropy.

The Word Humaufed)

is

nity

(as it is generally

little

too light and narrow to exprefs the

Force of it. Goodness I call theHABiT, and Goodness of Nature the Inclination, This fame Goodness,
of

Goodness

of Nature,

6^

of all the Virtues and Dignities of the Mind, is undoubtedly the Chief, being a faint kind of Refemblance and Charaaer of the Divine Nature it felf ; which being banifh'd out of the World, the
natural

be nothing but an unquiet, wicked, wretched Thing, nay, a Kind of mifchievous Vermin. Moral Goodness anfwerstothe Theological Virtue Charity; nor do^s it admit of Excefs, but Error it is capable of. An immoderate Defire of Power threw the Angels out of Heaven ; an immoderate Defire of Know-

Man would

ledge expell'd

Man
is

Paradife:
;

But

in

Charity
either

there

no Excefs

nor can

Angel or

Man come
to

in

Danger
is

by

it.

An

Inclination

Goodness

deeply rooted in the Nature of

Man:

Which, being
will turn at

deftitute of Matter, or
it

Occafion to exercifc
leall

felf

upon Men,

to brute Creatures,

As

it is

feen in the Tnrks^ a cruel and

brutal

People,

who

neverthelefs

are

merciful to Beafts, and dillribute

Alms
Buf-

to

Dogs and

Birds.

Infomuch,
3

as

bequius

yo

0/"

Goodness, und
Conftantmople^

hequius relates, a Venetian Goldfmith

refiding at

had much

adoe to efcape the Fury of the People

for gagging a
this

long-billed Fowl.

Yet

Virtue of
its

Goodne s
The
;

s,

or Charity^

has

Errors.

Italians have an

ungracious Proverb
is

So good^ that he

goodfor nothing. And Nicholas Machiavsl had the Confidence to fet down in Writing, and that almoft in plain

Terms, That the Qhrifiian Faith had given up good and innocent Men in ^rey
to the Iniquity

of Tyrants,

Which he
there

therefore pronounc'd,

becaufe

never was Law,

Seft, or Opinion, that

fo immenfely extolFd

Goodness

as

the Chriftian Religion does.

The
felves

better therefore to fecure our

from the Stroke of Scandal andDanger too in this Point, it will be worth our while to take Knowledge of the Errors that turn us out of the
right
bit.

Way

of

fo

excellent

an Ha^
not

Seek the

Go od of others fo, as

to enllave your felf to their Faces or Pkafures

:

For that is an Argument of Facility

captive.

and Softnefs, which takes an honeft Mind

Goodness
captive.

of Nature,

yx

Neither caft a

Gem

to

^fof%

Cock, who would be better pleas'd, and happier with a Barley-Corn. Let the Example of God in this Matter be your LefTon Hefendeth his Rainy and tnaketh his Sun to Jhine^ ufon the Juft andUnjuJi alike: But yet he does not rain Wealth, nor fhine Honours or Virtues upon all Men equally. Common
:

Benefits indeed are to be communicat-

ed to all; but peculiar ones to few, and with Choice. And beware, left in graving the Portraiture, you deftroy the Original. For Theology fets up the Love of our felves for the Original, and the Love of our Neighbour for the Copy. Sell all thou hafty and give it to the TooTy and follow me. But fell not all thou hafl, except thou come and follow me ; that is, unlefs thou enter upon fuch a Vocation, wherein thou canfl

do as much Good

to others with a fmall

Subflance as with a great one; other-

wife in feeding the Streams thou driefl

the Fountain.

Neither

is

there

only

found a Habit of Goodness directed by the Rule of right Reafon, but in

fome

ft
fome

0/"

Goodness,

and

alfo there is found a natural and Propenfity to it ; as conDifpofition trariwife in fome others a natural Malignity.

Men

For there are thofe that in

their natural

Temper have

an Averfion

to the

G o o D of others.
Humour

And as to the

lighter Sort of Malignity, that turns to

Morofenefs, or Perverfenefs, or an unbridled

of Oppofmg, and View-

ing himfeif Difficult in

the Hke:

all Things, and But the more grievous and deeper Sort advances to Envy and mere Such Men, in other Men's Malice.

Calamities, are, as

it

were, in Seafon,
:

and are ever on the loading Part Not good enough to be compared to the Dogs that licked Lazarus's Sores ; but to Flies, that are flill buzzing upon any

Thing

that

is

Raw

Mifanthrofesy that

take a Pleafure in bringing

Men

to the

Bough, and yet have never a Tree for the

Purpofe,as77;i^(?^ had. SuchDifpofitions

may

well be call'd the Impoflumes and

Cancers of human Nature,

they are the
litical fitteft

And

yet

Timber
good

to

make Pobuilding

Mercuries of; being Hke crookthat

is

ed Timber

for

Ships

Goodness
Houfes

(?/

Nature.

73

Ships ordain'd to be toft, but not for

that are to ftand firm.

The

Parts and Signs of

If a

Goodness

be Kind and Courteous to Strangers and Foreigners,

are many.

Man

he proves himfelf a Citizen of the World, and that his Heart is not like an Ifland, cut off from other Lands, but
like a

Continent that

joins to

them.

If he be Companionate to the Affiifted, he fhews a noble Heart, and is like the celebrated Tree, that is wounded it felf when it gives the Balm. If he eafily remits Offences, and par-

dons Faults, it fhews his Min^is planted on High above the Shot of Injuries. If he be Thankful for fmall Benefits, it is an Argument that he values Men's Minds more than their Trinkets. But

above

all, if

he has attain'd the highefl

pitch of Perfedion, that of St.

hig himfelf

Taul

the

Apoftle, of devoting and anathematiz-

from

Christ
it

for the Sal-

vation of his Brethren,

neareft

fhews the

Approach to the Divine Nature,

and

kind of Conformity with Christ

himfelf

XIV.

f4

Of

Nobility.

XIV, Of

NOBILITY.
Nobility,
firft

LET
it
is

us fpeak of

as it is a Part

of a State; next as Condition of Particular

.

A Monarchy where there no Nobility at all, is ever a pure and abfolute Tyranny, as that of the Turks. For Nobility attempers Sovereignty, and draws the Eyes of the People fomewhat afide from the Line Royal. But in a Democracy there is no need of Nobles nay that Popular State is much more quiet, and lefs fubje6l to Faftions and Seditions, where there are no Stocks of N o b l e s. For there Men's Eyes are upon the Bufmefs, not upon the Perfons or if upon the
Pe R s o N s
is
;
;

Perfons,

it is

for the Bufmefs Sake, as

it,

being

fittefl

for

and not out of any

Regard to Flags or Images of Anceflors.

The Switzers^ we fee, are

ing People

a flouriili-

enough,

notwithitanding
their

CyNOBILITY.
their Diverfity

7J
and
of

of Religion,
Utility
is

For Bond, and not Refpefts. The Form of Government ufed in the United Trovmces of the Low Countries is furely excellent: For where there is an Equality, both the Confultations are more indifferent, an4 the Payments and Tributes
Cantons.
their

more

chearful.

and potent Nobility in. a Monarchy, addeth Majefty to the Prince, but diminiflieth his Power; and putteth Life and Spirit into the People,
but deprefleth their Fortune.

A great

when tte

^o

It is

well

B L E s are not too great

;

for Sovereignty nor for Juftice

and yet
bluntas
it

maintain'd in that Height, that the Jn-

folency of the Multitude

may be

ed by their Reverence of them, a Bar in the Way, before it pour

forth

by
felf

upon the Majeily of Kings.

the other hand, a numerous

On Nobility

caufes Poverty and Inconvenience in a State; for

it

occafions a vaft Expence:

it

And
fity,

befides,

being a Thing of Nccef-

that

many of the

Nob

t y fliould
in

y6

0/

N oB

y.

in Courfe of

Time fall

to Poverty, there

follows a kind of Divorce or Difpro-

portion between

Honour and
in
it is

Eftate.

As lar Persons,
for

Nobility

ParticuVene*

certainly a

rable

Thing

to fee an antient Caftle or

Building not in the

leail Decay; or an Timber-Tree found and peraged tall feft: How much more to behold an Antient Noble Family uninjur'd by the Waves and Storms of Time? For NcAV Nobility is the Aft of Royal Power; but Antient Nobility is the pure Aft of Time.

Th o s e
Pitch of
their

that are

firil rais'd

to a high

Nobility^

generally excel

their Virtues,

Defcendants in the Brightnefs of but by no Means in In-

nocence.
to

For there is rarely any Rifmg Honours but by a Mixture of good and evil Arts. But it were reafonable,
that

the

Ihould pafs

Memory of their Virtues down to their Pofterity;

their

and

That of

Vices dye with

themfelves.

No-

0/ N o Nobility of
bates Induftry;
duflrious,

y.

77
a-

Birth

commonly
that
is

and he

not in-

envies another's

Diligence.

Befides,

Noble

Perfons can't be ad-

and he that ftands ; whiKl others rife, can hardly at a Stay avoid Motions of Envy. On the other
vanc'd
fide,

much further

Nobility

very

much

allays
;

th

Envy of

others towards them

for this

feem born in the PofTeflion of Honours. Kings that have a Wife and Able Nobility about them, ihall find an eafier SUde in their Bufinefs by employing Them principally: For People naturally bend to them, as born in fome Sort to Command.

Reafon, becaufe

Noble Men

Certainly

XV- Of Seditions and

Troubles.
IT greatly concerns the Shepherds of People to know the Prognoflicks of
State-Tempefts
;

which are then greateft.

78
eft,

^Seditions
when Things grow

to Equality; as Natural Tempefts aregreateft about the

^Equinox.

And

as

there are certain

hollow Blafts of Wind, andfecret Swellings of Seas before a Tempeft; fo are

there in States

Ilk ettam

coscos inftare

tumultus
oferta ta-

Safe monety fraudefque

&

mefcere

bella,

Georg.I.464,&ci
declares^

The Change of Empires often he

ders. Wars,

Fierce Tumults^ hidden Treafonsy

Mur-

D R Y D E N.
Hcentious and fatyrical

Libels, and
fly

Difcourfes againft the State,

when they

about every where, and are frequent

like manner falfe News running up and down to the Difadvantage of

and in

the State, and greedily embraced by the

People, are certainly amongft the Signs

of Seditions.
Giants

Virgil giving the Pe-

digree of Fame, makes her Sifter to the

Jllam

and
Extremam
^rogenuit,

Troubles.

79

Illdm Terrafarens^ ira irritata^eoruni',

{ut ferhtbent ) Cao Encela-

doque fororem

Inragd againfi the Godsy revengeful Earth

Troduc'd her
laft

of the Titanian Birth.

Dryden,
As if Fames were the Reliques of Seditions paft; but they are no lefs indeed the Preludes of Seditions to come. Howfoever it is rightly noted^ that Seditious Tumults and Seditious Fames differ in Effed: no more than as Brother and Sifter, Mafculine and Feminine
;

efpecially if the Evil

come

to

that Height, that the

ftions of a State,

mofl laudable Aand the moft plaufible,

and which ought to give greateft Content, are taken in ill Senfe, and traduced. For that fhews the Load of the

Envy
do he

to be great ; as Tacitus fays well In a Trine e once in Obloquy^ do he well,

ill,

all is ill taken, Hifl.

it

I.

Ch.

7.

Neither doth

follow, that, becaufe

thofe

8q
thofe

Q/*SeDITI0N5
Fames
are a

therefore the fuppreffing of

Signof Troubles^ them with

much Severity fhould be a Remedy For generally they of Troubles.

too
vanifh fooneft

by being defpifed; and

the going about earneflly to check them,

does but make them longer liv'd. Also that Kind of Obedience in exwhich Tacitus ecuting Commands,
fpeaks of,
is

to be held fufpefted

Erant

in officio^ fed t amen

quimallent mandata
cavilling

Imferantium interfretari^ quam exequi.

Difcuifing) fliifting
ofF^

Commands and
are they but an

Diredions,

upon what elfe

Endeavour to fhake off

if in thofe

the

Yoke, and an Affay of DifobediDifputings

ence ? Efpecially
fearfully

they that are for the

Commands, fpeak

and tenderly; and thofe that

(as

are againit them, audacioufly.

Also
when
felves as

Machiavel noteth wxll)

Princes, that ought to carry them-

Parents, make themand lean to a Side, it i as when a Boat is overfet by uneven Weight on the one Side: As was well
felves a Party,

common

feen

and
feen in the
ffrance,

T R Q u BL E
firfl,

s.

2i

Time of Henry
the League

xht Third of

.For himfelf, at

would be
prefently

enter 'd in

for the Extirpa-

tion of the Proteftant^ ;^

after the

And

fame League, w^astui^n'd upqii For when the Authe King himfelf thority of Princes is made but an Acceffary to a Caufe, and that there arife ftronger Bands than the Band of Sove.

reignty, Kings begin to,|)f put almoi^

out of Poflellion.

.;

ALSo,,.when Difcords, and Quarrels,

and Fadions are carried openly and auit is a Sign the Reverence of Government is loft. For theMotion^ of the Great Ones in. a Government, ought to be as the Motions of the Planets under the Trimum Mobile (according to the Old Opinion: ) which is. That every of them is carried fwiftly by the higheft Motion, and foftly in
dacioufly,
their

own Motion.

And

therefore if
in their

the Great

Ones and the Nobles,

own
and,

pattipular Motion,^

move

violently,

zsTacmis exprefTetli it well, Lilperiusy quam ut Jmj^eranfmm merniniffenU VoL.l. it G'

Sign th Orbs are out <jf Frameo Fbf Reverence is that wherewith Prinzes ate girt from God, who fonletimes threatens the diffoMng thereof; Solif k^i

vam cingula^egum. AcAik, wlieh any

lars

'^^''

of

t/he

four Pilor

of

Government
( w'hich

are

fhaken
i

treakned,

are

Re l

g i o k, J u-

VtiCE, Counsel, and Treasure,)

then Men had need to pray for Faii: Weather. But let us pafs ^over thefe ^Prognofticks of S e d i t i o n , ( concerning which neverthelefs more Light IT) ay be taken from that which folio w'eth ) And let us fay fomewhat firft of the Matter of Sedition's; then ~6f the MoTivfes of theiw; and lailly
:

of their REMfitHEs.

As totheMATTERof Seditions,
Thing wdl worth the ConfiderFor the fureft Way itb prevent itig. 'Seditions, (if the Times will bear it) is to take away the Matter of *6hem. For if there be Fuel prepared, it is hard to tfell whence the Sparks ihall come, that lliall fet it on Fire. The
it

is

"

'Mat-

and
MATTEieL
Kinds,
:

Tr ou
This

B-x

J5.S.

3.3

of. S.OITJ[P^,Si-:4S;

9^ tWlO

Much

Po y e r r Y;, and
is

u-gJh

moft certain, I s ^fo many Impair'd Eilates and Broken Fortunes, fo many Votes foi* DiQurc o N T E N T.
bancs.

Whence that

Obfervation of Li^^

can^ concerning the State of the

Roman

Empire, ahttle before the Civil

War
in

Hinc ufura vorax^ ra^idumque

pore fienusy
-

tem-

^^'

'

'^'*^ '4^

Hmc

concujfa

Fides,

&

''MUltis'fltWe

Bellum.

This fame Mult is

utile

Bellum,

is

an aflured Sign of a State difpofed to Commotions and Troubju.es. And if

this

Indigence and broken Eitate,

the

in

the better Sort, be joined with extreme

'Want and Poverty

in

ordinary

People, the Danger is imminent andgreat.

For the Rebellions that arife from the Belly,

arc the worft.

As
thefe

for Disaffection,
at the p;:^fent

and Discontentment
;

Things furely are 'in the PoUtick Body Hke unto ill Humours in the Natural, which are apt to
;

State of Affairs

s;ather

^8^
'

'^Of S E
'

D 1 T \ C^^%

-gathe'r a -preternatural

Heat, and to Enno Prince meafure his 'Panger by this, whether the Things that ahenate the AfFedions of the PeoFor that -were ple be juff, or unjuit.
-flame.
'

And

let

to imagine the Vulgar to be too Rational;

who

often fpurn at their

own

yet by this, whether the from whence the Odium For they fprings, be great or fmall. are the molt dangerous Discontentments, where the Fear is -greater

Good: Nor
Grievances

than the Feeling.

mend't non item
:

T>olendi modus^ Ti-

Grief has Bounds, but

Beiides, in great

Tear has

none.

Op-

preffions, the

fame Things that provoke

the Patience,

do withal break the Couis

rage

But

in Fears, the Cafe

let

other-

wife.

Neithet", again,
flight

a Prince

or

Disaffection, and growing Odium, becaufe thofe DifState

a

gufts

and Ferments have been either

frequent, or have been long, and yet

the State hath receiv'd no Detriment

For as it is true, that every Vapour does not end in a Storm fo it

thereby.
;

may

and Tr o y
may
truly be faid,
that Storms, -the* they

B L e.s.

%y

on, the- other fide,

blow over "divers

fall at

Times, yet gather and

laft:
;

And
The TulL
are^

according to the Spanijh Proverb

Cord breaks
thefe

at

laji

by the weakeft

The Causes
:

of

Seditions

Innovation in Matters of ReliViolation of

;

gion; Tributes and Taxes; Alteration

of

Laws and Cuftoms;

Immunities and Privileges

preilion;

Perfons to
reigners
ly
;

general OpAdvancement of unworthy Honours and Dignities Fo;

Dearths

Soldiers uncautiouf-

disbanded; Fadions grown defpe-

rate; and whatfoever, in fine, offends

the People, and unites them, and

makes

them confpire together

Caufe.

in a

common
may be
aliign'd,

For
fome
Cure,

the

Remedies,
:

there

general

Prefervatives

w^hereof
it

we

will fpeak But for the juil: muft anfwer to the particular

Difeafe:

And
firft

fo be left to Counfel, ra-

ther than Rule.

The

Remedy
is

of Seditions

this:

and Prevention To remove, by

all

g(?
^tl

Of SiiitTioKS^

Material Cause

Means and DiHgenee, that of Seditions, whereof we have fpoke; I mean Poverty, and Want in the State. To
poitlble

which Purpofe ferveth the opening and well-ballancing of Trade; 'the introducing and cherifhing of Artifans and
j^ianufa^lures
;

the banifhing of Sloth

and Idlenefs
arid

the repreffing of Luxury Wafle by Sumptuary Laws; the Husbanding and Improvement of the the regulating the Prices of Things Soil vendible the moderating of Taxes and
;
:

Tributes; and
Provifion

the like.

In general,
that

ihould be

made,

the

Number of People (in Times of Peace I mean, when the Sword mows down
none ) do not exceed the Stock of the Kingdom, w^hich fhould maintain them.
Neither
is the Population to be reckoned only by Number For a fmaller Number that fpend much, and earn little, wear out a State fooner than
:

a much greater Number, that

live

lower,

and fave Mony.

Therefore the multiplying of NobiUty, and other Perfons of emi-

and

Tr oubles.
NeceiTity:

%y

eminent Degree, in an Oyer-Proportioij to the common People, doth fpeedily

bring a State to

And
:

fo

doth like wife a numerousr Clergy they bring nothing to the Stock.
the fame

Fqr
'Tis

Thing

alfo,

when more

ar^

bred Scholars than Civil Preferments can take ofF. It is like wife to be remembred, that forafmuch as all Encreafe of a State ia Wealth mull neceffarily come from Foreign Nations, ( for whatfoever is fome-

where gotten, is fome where l.oit:) There are but three Things which one
Nation
ral

felleth

unto another

the natu-

Commodity; the Manufacture,; and the Vecture or Carriagi^.

So that if thefe three Wheels go rights Wealth will flow as in a Spring-Tide. And that of the Poet many Tim,ff
cometh
riage is

to pafs
is,

Q{us\ that

iSUtevi.xm [fnferaHt theManufadlure and Car:

more

w-orth than the Matter,

;

and enriches a State more as is notably feen in the People of the Lo^v^Comtries^ who have the richeft Mines above 4

88
World.

'

Of

StDir IONS
;;";
;'-';:;^'^
;

above Ground of any Narion^^iii the

"..

"'.

above aH Things, good Policy that the Treafure and is to be ufed, Monies in a State be not gathered into

But

few Hands.
eafily

For other wife a State may

the

ftarve in

midft of a great
like

Stock.

And Money,

Muck, does

not frudlify except

Vf^ill

This it be fpread. be effefted chiefly by fupprefRng,

leail

or at

keeping a

flrait

thofe devouring Trades of

Hand upon Us ury. In-

grossing, and turning great Eltates into Pasturage, and the like. *^To R the calming Discontent-

ments,
State (as

or

at leall: for
:

the removing
are in every

the Danger of them

*tis

There

well

known) two Kinds

of Subjefts; the Nobles, and the Commons. If but any one of thefe Parties be incens'd, there is no great Danger lurking. For the common People are of flow Motion, if they are not fpurr'd on by the Greater Sort. And the Greater Sort are of fmall Strength, unlefs

the Multitude

be of themfelves
apt

and
Eipt

Troubles.
when

and predifpos*d to move.

89 Then is
do

the Danger,

the Greater Sort

but wait for the Troubling of the

ters

Waat lafl

amongft the Meaner, that fo

they

may

declare

themfelves.

The

Poets feign, that the Gods were in a Gonfpiracy to bind Jupiter ; which he
hearing
fent
of,

by the Counfel of
his

"Pallas,

for Briareus with

hundred

Hands

to

come

in to his Aid.

An Em-

blem no doubt to warn Monarchs, how fafe and wholfome it is for them to gain and fecure the good Will of the Com-

mon

People.

o give moderate Liberty for Griefs and Difcontentments to evaporate (fo

it

nefs)

be without Infolence and Audacioufis a very fafe Way. For he that

turns the

Wound
tions.

Humours back, and makes the bleed inwards, endangers maand pernicious Impoftuma-

lign Ulcers,

In order to foften imbitter'd and malevolent Spirits, the Part of Epimethetis might fitly be transferr'd to Trometheus. For there cannot be a better

Re-

JO
Remedy.
Evils

0/

S E D

T ro N

Efimetheus^

when he found

made
of
it.

and Calamities flying abroad, and clapt the Lid upon the VefTel, and kept Hope in the Bottom
halle

Certainly, the Politick and Ar-

nouriihing and calling in of Hopes, and the carrying Men from one Hope to another, is one of the flrongefl Antidotes againft the Poyfon of Maletificial

volence.

And it is a certain Sign of a Wife Government and Prudent Adminiftration, that can hold Men*s Hearts by Hopes, when it cannot fatisfy them: and where Things are managed in fuch manner, that no Evil fhall appear fo imminent but that it hath fome Out-let of Hope: Which is the lefs diificult to
do, becaufe
natural both for partiand Fadlions to flatter themfelves, or at leafl to vaunt of what
it is

cular Perfons

they do not beheve,

'Tis a common, indeed, but an exof Caution againft the Dangers that Discontents threaten, viz. the Forefight and Prevention, that
cellent Point

there

there be

no likely or

fit

Head, where^

unto an

ai^y and

imbitter'd People

may refort, and under whofe Protedion they may join in a Body. I underftand one that is a fit Head or Leader to be
eminent for Nobility and Reputation, and that is acceptable and gracious with the DiscoNTENTEi> Party, and upon

whom
own

they turn their Eyes ; and that

is

thought alfo

Discontented
Which kind

in his

particular.

fons are either to be

won

of Perand reconcil'd

to the State, and that not llightly, but in a iaft and true manner ; or to be fronted and dafht by fome other of the

fame Party that may oppofe them, and fo divide and cut afunder the Popular
Intereft.

'Tis a general Obfervation, that the Dividing and Breaking of Faftions and Combinations that fet themfelves againft
the Government, and the making them or at lead fall out with one another,

fowing Diftruft among them, is none of the worft Remedies. For a State
is

in a defperatc Cafe, if thofe

who

are

well-

5^2

Of

S E D

O N

Government, are full of Difcords and Jars; and thofe that are againft it, entire and united, that witty and I have often noted, that have fallen - from iharp Sayings
well-afFed;ed

to the

Princes unawares, have given Fire to

Seditions.
fatal

C^/ar gave himfelf a

Wound

by

that Saying:

Syllanethe

fctvit Liter as^ non fotuit diBare : For

that fingle that

Speech cut off

all

Hope

had entertain'd of his giving the Didatorfhip at one Time or oup Gallia undid himfelf by that ther. Speech Legi a fe Militem^ non emi :
:

Men

of by that Speech: Si vixero, non of us erit amf lilts Romano Imferlo militibus. For this was a Speech of Defpondency

For

it

put the Soldiers out of

Hope

the Donatives.

Trobus

like wife

for the Soldiers:

And many

the like.

Surely

it is

of Concernment to Princes,
tickUih Times,
;

in tender Matters and

to beware

what they

fay

efpecially in

thefe concife Sentences,

which

fly a-

broad hke Darts, and are thought to be fliot out of their fecret Intentions.

For

and
For
as for

Trou

/B

tts,
noted.

93
flat

long Difcourfes, they are

Things, and not fo

much

Lastly,

let Princes, againft all

vents, have about

Ethemibme Perfons of

approv'd Military Valour, for the repreiEng of Seditions in their firll Motions. -.For without this, there ufes
'

to be

m6re Trepidation

in the Courts

of Princes,' upon the

firft

breaking out
fit.

of

Troubles,
is

than were

And
that

the State

in that kind of

Danger

Tacitus hints in thofe

cinus

Words: Ifque

habitus animorum fuit, ut pejjimum faauderent fauci, f lures vellent^

omnes faterentur.
fo horrible a Treafon
ter,

And
few
and

fuch was the

that
into
eft-

^ijpo/ition of their Minds,

only durfi
all

many wi/h'd
it.

it,

were

con-

Tac. Hift. B. I.Ch. x8But fuch Military Perfons had need be

tent to fuffer
fingularly faithful,

and well reputed

of,

rather than fadious or popular;

holdtheelfc

ing alfo

good Correfpondence with

other Great
the

Men
is

in the State

Or

Remedy

worfe than the Difeafe.

XVI.

p4

^/ ATHElSiWi.

XVI. Of

A T H E i S M.
bdieve thdmoft
\hsc[\.

is lefs

diffieultto

I
the

portentous Stories of the Akor^n^

Talmud^ or
is

the Legend^

to

believe that

this Univerfel

Frame of

Nature

without an Intelligent Being.

And

therefore

God

never wrought a
are fufficient for
it is

Miracle to convince^AxHitiSM, becaufe

his ordinary

Works

that Purpofe.

Never thelefs

true,

that a

little

Natural Philofophy inclineth

Men

to

Atheism;

but Depth in Phi-

lofophy bringeth them about to ReliFor the Mind of Man, while it gion.

looketh upon Second Caufes fcattered, may fometimes reft in them, and go no
further
;

but

when

it

proceeds to con-

template the Chain of them linkt and

mwft needs fly Nay even to Providence and Deity. that School, which is moff accUfed of
confederate together,
it

Atheism,

if a

Man

confider the Thing

well.

Of A t
well, doth

tt

EI

M.

Hgibft

tliat is, '^i^

moft clearly demoHirate ReSchool of Leuci^pus,

aiid Efiatrus.

V^emoentusy
s^bu-Hdantly

For

it

is

more

probable,

that four

'Mutable Elements, and /one immutable

f'ifth EiTence,

duly and eternally placed,

;

need notJod than that an Army kDf infinite Atoms and Seeds, cafually -rbaming without Order^ fhould have produced this Orderly and Beautiful Frame of Things without a Di vine Mar-ihould

..The Scripture faith: The Fool hath fatd in his Hearty there is no God: It -does not fay, The Fool hath thought in
his Heart: So that he rather
AVithin himfelf,
as a
afferts this

Thing he would

%^eves and

what he throughly For no Body beGod, but he for whom Ufeves there is 'no "it is expedient that there were no God. Ce r t a I n l y it appears in ^nothing more, that Atheism fits upon the 'Lip rather than upon the Heart, than
<gladly have, than as

thinks.

-b}r this,
^^^^^

that

At heists

are often
talking

^6
nion
;

Of
as if

At uz IS u.
and defending their Opi-

talking of,

they disbehev'd thenifelves,

and would be glad to be uphqld and ilrengthen'd by the Confent of others. Furthermore, you fliall fometimes fee Atheists endeavouring to get themf
felves Difciples, as other Sefts do.

Nay,

what

is

prodigious ftrange, fome of thein

have undergone Death and Torturq, rather than Recant; whereas if they
thought from their Heart, that there

was no fuch Thing

they
trouble
.

as

God, why fhould

about
that

themfelves
is

Matter?

ETICVRVS

charged, that he

did but diflemble for his Credit's fake,

when he

affirmed, that there

were

cer-

tain BlefTed Natures indeed, but fuch as

enjoyed themfelves, without having any

Concern in theGovernment of the World. In which Opinion they fay he Temporiz'd, when in Truth he thought there was no God. But it feems he is traduced for his Words are Noble and Divine To deny the Gods of the Vulgar
;
:

is not

Trofane ;

but to apply the Opinions

Of

Atheism.

^/

Hions of the Vulgar to the Gods is Trofane. Tlato himfelf could have faid no

more.

Whence

it

appears, that, altho'

he had Confidence enough to deny the Divine Adminiftration, yet he had not the AfTurance to deny their Nature. The
Indians of the Weft have
their

Names

for

have

Gods, though they no general Name that fignifies

particular

God: As if the
Jtifiter^

Heathens, for Example,

fhould have had in \3{q the Nam^es of

Apollo^

Mars,

&:c.

but no

Word
fhews

to

exprefs

God
that

by.

Which

fufficiently,

the moft Bar-

barous People have a Notion of the Thing, though they have not the Latitude and Extent of it. So that againft

Atheists
lofophers.
is

the greatefl Savages take Part with the very Subtilefl of the Phi-

The Contemplative Atheist

a Eton, a
;

rare

a ^tagoras,

Lucian

more and yet they feem to be more than they are ; becaufe all that impugn a received Religion, or Superllition, are by the adverfe Party branded with the Name of Atheists. Vol.1, But

perhaps, and a few

^i

0/

TH

I S

M.

But the great Atheists indeed are

Hypocrites;

who

are

ever

handling

Holy Things, but without feeling: So as they muft needs become cauterized
in the

End.
Caufes of

Th e

Atheism
if

are,

Di-

vifions in Religion,

they are

many

for one Divifion only enereafes the Zeal

but many Divifions inof both Sides troduce At H E I s M. Another Caufe is, when it comes the Scandal of Priefts St. Beritard hints at Non to that which
; ;
:

eft

jam dicer e^

tit

To^nlus, Jic Sacerdos ;

quia nee J?c Topulus^ ut Sacerdos. Third is, a profane Cuftom of Sporting

and Scoffing in Holy Matters, which, by little and little, wears away the Reverence of Religion. And laitly. Learned Times, efpecially joined with Peace For Calamities and and Profperity.
Adverfity ftrongly
Religion.

bow Men's Minds

to

deny a God, deftroy Man's Nobility. For 'tis moft certain, that Man is a-kin to the Beafts, by his
that

They

Body

And

if

he be not a-kin to

God,
by

Of
by
his Spirit,

Atheism.
he
is

pp
and Ig-

a very Bafe

noble Creature.

They

deftroy likewife

the Magnanimity and Exaltation of Hu-

man Nature. For take Example by a Dog, and mark what a Spirit that Creature afliimes, and what a Generofity he
puts on,

when he

finds himfelf

maininftead

tained by a

Man, who

to

him

is

of a God, or Better Nature.

Which
a better

Courage
ture,

is

manifeflly fuch, as that Crea-

without the AfTurance of

Nature than his own, could never atSo Hkewife Man, when he refts tain.
upon, and places his Hope, in the Divine Protedlion and Favour, gathers an

and Strength beyond what left to it felf, could have obtain'd. Wherefore as Atheism
AfTurance

Human
is

Nature,

in

all

refpe6ls hateful, fo in this, that

it

deprives
it

to exalt

Human Nature of the Means felf above Human Frailty.

is it

As

it is

in particular Perfons, fo

like-

wife in Nations. Never was there fuch a

State for

Magnanimity

as

Rome.
:

Hear
a-

therefore what Cicero fays

^lam 'voluniemusj

musy

licet,

Tatres Qonfcripi^ nos

100

Of

Atheism.

memusy tamen nee numero Hijpanos^ neC * We may think as robore G alios ^ &c. well of our felves, Confcript Fathers,
* *
'

as

we

pleafe, neverthelefs

we

have nei-

ther exceeded the Spaniards in

Num-

ber, nor the Gauls in Stoutnefs, nor

*
'

the Carthaginians in Craft, nor the

Grecians in Arts, nor

finally

the Ita-

' * *
*

Natural Senfe peculiar to

gion, and in this Tingle

Hans and Latins themfelves in the this People and Country ; but in Piety and Reli-

Wifdom

of

'

difcerning clearly, that

'
<
'

all Things are direded and govern'd by the overruling Providence of the Immortal Gods, herein we have out-gone all

Countries and Nations of the World.

XVIL Of Superstition.
to IT were better thanhave noa Belief of a God fuch Belief
at
all,

as
is

is

unworthy of him

For the One

In-

Of Superstition,
Infidelity, the

ioi

Other Impiety and Con-

tumely.
is

And

certainly

Superstition
Tlu:

the Reproach of the Deity.

tarch fays well to that Purpofe Surely^ ( lays he ) / had rather a great deal

jhould fayy there never 'iz-as any fuch Man at all as Plutarch ; than that they Jhould fay^ that there was one
Plutarch,

Men

that tifed to eat

his Children as foon as they

and devour were born

;

as the Toets tell of Saturn.

And as the Contumely of Superstition is great-

er with regard to God, fo alfo is the Danger of it greater with regard to Men. For Atheism does not wholly pifll up the Didates of Senfe, nor Philofophy, nor Natural AfFedion, nor the

Laws, nor

a Defire of

Reputation

all

which, though Rehgion were not, may conduce to an outward Moral Virtue But Superstition difmounts all thofe, and exercifes an abfolute Tyranny in the Minds of Men. Therefore

Atheifm never raifes Difturbances in States: For it makes Men wary, and
to confult their

own

Security, as look3
i^^^g

101

Of

StJJ>ttSTITION.
Moreover,

ing no farther.

we

fee the

very Times inclined to Atheifm (as thofe of Auguftus Cafar) were peace-

But Superstition has been the Ruin of divers Kingdoms and States For it brings in a new Trimum
able Times.
:

Mobile^ that raviiheth

all

the Spheres of

The Matter of S u p e rSTiTioN is the People; and in all Superstition Wile Men follow Fools;
Government.
and Arguments fubmit to Praftice, in It was gravely faid a reverfed Order. by fome of the Prelates in the Council of Trent, where the Dodrine of the Schoolmen bore great Sway ; That the
Schoolmen were
like Aftronomersy

who

have feigned Eccentr'tck Circles^ and Epcycles, and fitch Engines of Orbs^ to falve Phenomena, though they knew well enough there were in Reality no fuch Things : And in like manner, that the Schoolmen had invented a Number of fubtile and intricate Axioms and Th e o r e m s to falve the Pradice of the Church.

The

Of Superstition.

103
are;

Th e Caufes of Superstition

Pleafmg and Senfual Rites and Ceremonies ; Excefs of Outward and PhariHolinefs; Over-great Reverence of Traditions, which cannot but load the Church the Stratagems of Prelates
faical
;

for their

the

own Ambition and Lucre Favouring too much of good Inten;

tions,

which opencth the Gate

to

Con-

and Novelties ; the taking an Aim at Divine Matters by Human, which cannot but breed a Mixture of incoherent Imaginations and laflly, Barbarous
ceits
;

Times, efpecially joined with Calamities and Difafters. Superstition, without a Veil, is a deformed Thing; for as it addeth Deformity to an Ape, to be fo like a Man; fo the Similitude of Supersti-

tion

to

Religion,
And

more deformed.

as

makes it the wholfome

Meats corrupt to little Worms; fo good and found Rites and Forms corrupt into a

Number of petty and

fuper-

fluous Obfervances.

FuR<

104

Of Travelling into Furthermore, there is a Super-

stition fometimes in avoiding Su^ perstition; when Men think the Way they take fo much the purer, by how much the further they turn from
the

Superstitions

before receiv'd.

Therefore Care fhould be taken in Reforming Religion (as in purging the Body ) that the Good be not taken away with the Bad which is commonly
;

done,

when

the

People

is

the

Re-

fprmer.

'^.2%f^7<<^^^h

XVIII. Of

Tra'velling

into

Foreign Parts.
TRAVELLING,
Sort,
is

in the

Younger

a part of Education; in

the Elder,

a part of Experience.

He

that goes into

Foreign Parts

before

he has made fome Entrance into the Language of the Country he goes to,
goe5

Foreign Parts,
or fome experienced Servant,
;

ioj

goes to School, not to Travel. That Young Men Travel under a Tutor,
I approve provided he be fuch an one that well hath the Language, and hath been in

the Country before; whereby he

may

be able to tell them, what Things are worthy to be feen and known in the Country where they Travel; what Fricndfhips and Acquaintances are to be contrafted ; finally, what Studies and
Difeiplines are
in refped: there.
will

For
but

otherwife

Young Men
and look

Travel

hood-wink'd,
little.

abroad

The
cially

Things to be feen and obferv'd

;

are thefe

the Courts of Princes, efpe-

when

they give Audience to Fo;

reign AmbalTadours
llice,

the Courts of Ju-

when Caufes

are Pleading
;

ofConfiilories Ecclefiaflick

and fo Churches
;

and Monafteries, with the Monuments therein extant; the Walls and Fortifications of Cities and Towns; the Havens and Harbours ; Antiquities and Ruins; Libraries, Colleges; Difputations

; ;

to6
tions
vies

0/"

Travelling

imo

and Le6lures, where any are ; Naand Shipping ; Palaces, and Gardens of State and Pleafure near great Cities Armories ; Arfenals ; Magazins ; Ex-

changes; Ware-Houfes; Exercifes of Horfemanfhip and Fencing Mullering

;

and Training of Soldiers, with the like Comedies, fuch I mean to which the better Sort of People refort; Treafuries of Jewels and Robes ; Curiofities and Rarities and to conclude, whatfoever is famous or memorable in the Places they pafs. After all which, the Tutors or Servants aforefaid, ought to make diligent Inquiry. As for Triumphs, Mafques, Feafts, Weddings, Funerals, Capital Executions, and the
;

like

Shews,

Men

need not be put in

yet
'tis

mind of them;

certain thofe

Things are not wholly to be neglected. If you have a Mind, that a Young Man Ihould as it were Epitomize his Travels, and in a iliort Time gather much, this I would advife you to do. Firfl, as was faid, he muft have fome Entrance into the Language, before he
goes.

Fo
goes.

R E

iGN Parts.

107

Then he mufl have with him

fome Servant or Tutor that knows the Country well, as was likewife faid. Let

him have by him

fome Book or Map of the Country, where he Travels; which will be as a Key to his Let him make a Diary alfo. Inquiries. Let him not flay long in one City or
alfo

Town: More

or

lefs, as

the Place de-

ferves, but by no means long. whilft he ftays in any City or

let

Nay,

Town,
;

him change

his

Lodging often from

to another

one Part of the

this doubtlefs is

Town

for

a kind of Load-flone

to attraft the Acquaintance and Converfation of Abundance of Perfons.

Let him

fequefler himfelf, for the

moft Part, from the Company of his Countrymen, and Diet in fuch Places where the better Sort of Company of
the Nation, where he
together.

Travels,

eat

Removes from him procure one Place to another, Letters of Recommendation to fome

Likewise upon

his

let

Perfon of Quality refiding in the Place whither

io8
his

Of Travelling

into

whither he removes; that he

may

ufe

Favour and Service in thofe Things

he defireth to fee or know. By this means he may quicken the Advantage

of

Travel.

As

for the Acquaintance

Ihips to

be made in

Travel,

and Friendthe mofl

profitable of

all is that of the Secreand intimate Miniflers of Ambaftaries, fadours: For thus, by Travelling in one Country, he will attraft and

fuck the Knowledge and Experience of

many.

Let him
in
all

alfo vifit

Perfons eminent,

Kinds, that are of Great

;

Name

a-

broad

that

he may be able to mark,

Afpeft, and

how

their Face,

Linea-

ments and Motions of their Body, agree with the Report.

for Quarrels

and private Animoarife

fities,

they are with Care and Dihgence

to be avoided.

They

moft com-

monly upon the Account of MiflrefTes Healths; Place; and Words. And let
a Man beware efpecially, how he keeps Company with Cholerick and Quarrel-

fome

Foreign Parts.

109

fome Perfons; for they will engage him in their own Quarrels. e n a Tr a V e l l e r returns Mome, let him neverthelefs not leave the Countries, where he hath Travelled, altogether behind him; but preferve and cultivate the let him

Wh

Friendlhip of thofe, with

whom he has contraded Acquaintance ( thofe I mean that are of molt Worth) by Letters.
let

And

his

Travel

appear rather in

his Difcourfe,

than in his Apparel or

his Difcourfe, let him what to anfwer advitell Stories.

Geftui'e

And in

rather confider
fedly,

than be forward to

Let

this alfo

he has Manners for thofe of Foreign Parts But rather that he has interfpers'd the Cuftoms of his own Country with fome
Flowers, as
iearn'd
it

be apparent in him, that not changed his Country-

were, of what he has

Abroad.

XIX.

no

0/ E MP

RT.

XIX. 0/
is

EMPIR
:

E.

IT a miferable State doubtlefs, to have few

Defire,
this

of Mind,

Things to

and many to Fear

is

And

yet

commonly

the

very Cafe of

Kings; who

being at the Highcft,

want Matter of Afpiring; which makes their Minds more languiihing: And on the other hand have many Phantafms of Perils and flying Shadows; which

makes
this is

their

Minds the

lefs ferene.

And
to
in-

one Reafon
the

alfo

of that EfFedl,
attributes

which

Scripture
the K'tn^s

Kings, That
fcrutable.

Heart

is

For a Multitude of Jealoulies, and the want of fome predominant Defire to Command and Marlhal the reft, maketh any Man's Heart
hard to
find,

Hence it comes to pafs Hkewife, that Kings, many Times, make themfelves Defires,
or found.

and

fet

their

Hearts

upon

Trifles:

Some-

0/

Empire.

Sometimes upon Erefting Buildings

fometimes upon Inftituting an Order or
College;

fometimes upon the Advancing of aPerfon ; fometimes upon exercifing fome Mechanical Art, or Feat of

Hand: As Nero ftudied Playing upon the Harp; 'Domitiany Shooting;

the
riot-Driving.

Commodus^ Fencing ; Caracallay ChaThis may feem incre-

dible to fuch as are unacquainted with

That the Mind of Alan is more cheared and refrejhed by Advan^

that

Axiom

cing in /mall Thiftgs^ than by /landing

at a Stay in great ones.

that
their

We

fee alfo

Kings, who,

in the Beginning of

Empire,

have been exceeding

Fortunate in Viftories, and

fubduing

Provinces, (it being fcarce poflible for

them

to

make

perpetual Advances, but

fome Time or other meet with Crofs, Retrograde Fortune) have, in the End, turn'd Superftitious and Melancholy as did Alexander the Great T>iocle/ian\ and, in our Methat they mufl
;
'^

mory, Charles the Fifth-, and others. For he that has been always ufed to go
for-

112

Of

Em?

IK

t.

laft with a Stop^ Favour with himfelf, and is falls out of no longer the Thing he was.

forward, and meets at

Let

us fpeak

now
;

of the true

Tem-

which is a Thing For both Temrare and hard to keep. per and Diltemper confift of Contraries. But it is one Thing to mingle Contraperature of
ries,

EMpIRE

another to interchange them.

is full

The

Anfwer oi AfQllonius

of excellent

Wifdom: Veffafian ask'd him, What was Nero's Overthrow? He anfwer 'd; Nero knew how to touch and tune the Harp well'. But in Government hefometimes Jirain'd the Strings too much^ fometimes relaxed them too much. And moft certain it is, that nothing deftroys

Authority fo much, as an unequal, and

as
it

were

fubfultory,

and unfeafonable

Interchange of Power, fometimes

up too
low.

high, fometimes let

wound down too

true,

Nevertheless
that the
as to
fairs,

this alfo is

"Wifdom of the Modern Times, the Management of Princes Afabout

confifls chiefly in this, the cafting

Of
about
dies
gers,
for,

Eh p

IK

t,
of,

and the

fitting

113 Reme-

and Efcapes of Mifchiefs and Dan-

when

they are near

off,

rather than

and the keeping of them aloof by a folid and gi*ounded Courfe of Wifdom, before they impend. But this is but to try Maiteries with Fortune. But let Men beware
the beating

how

they negle^l the

firfl

Materials and

Beginnings of Troubles: For no

Fire,

Man

can forbid the Spark that kindles the nor tell from what Quarter it

may break forth. The Difficulties and Impediments in the Affairs of Princes are no doubt many and great but many Times the greatelt Impediments are, the Paffions and Manners of the Princes For it is common with themfelves.
;

Princes,

as

Tacitus well oblerves

to

will Contraries.

Sunt jpkrum que Regum

voluntates vehement es^

traria.

&

inter fe con^

For

it

is

the Solecifm of great

Power, to think to command the End, and yet not endure the Means. Kings have to deal with their

Neighbours;
Vol.
I.

their
I

Wives;

their

Chil-

Of Empire. Children; their Prelates and Clergy; their Nobles; their Second Nobles or Gentlemen; their Merchants; their Commons;
XI4
and
all

their

Men

of

War;

thefe arife Dangers, if

and from Care and Cirthere

cumfpeftion be not ufed.

As

for their

Neighbours;
(

can no general Rule be given

cafions
are
fo
variable,)
It
is

the

Ocone,

fave
this,

That Princes be perpetually upon the Watch, that none of their Neighbours do overgrow fo, (whether by Encreafe of Territory, or by Embracing of Trade, or by nearer Approaches, and the like) as to become more able to annoy them, than they were before. And this is gewhich ever holdeth.
nerally the

Work

of Standing Counfels

to forefee and hinder. Certainly, during

that Triumvirate of

Kings, {Henry

the Vlllth of England^ Francis the Id

of France, and Charles the IVth of Spain) there was fuch Vigilance among

none of the Three could win a Span of Ground, but the other
them,
that

two

CyEMPIRE.
two would
ther

IIJ
it,

ftraightway balance

ei-

by Confederation, or, if need were, by a War: And would not in any wife take up Peace at Intefeft. And the like was done by that League (which Guicciard'tne faith was the Se^ curity of Italy) made between Ferdtnando King of Naples-, Lorenzms de Medices ; and Lndovicus Sforza^ Potentates,

the one of Florence^ the other of

Milan.

Neither

is

the Opinion of fome

of the School-men to be receiv'd ; That a War cannot jnfily be undertaken^ but

upon a precedent Injury^
tion.

or Trovoca-

For there

is

no Queflion, but a

jufl

Fear of an Imminent Danger, tho' there be no Blow given, is a competent

and lawful Caufe of a War.

For

their

Wives;

there are cruel

and barbarous Examples of that Kind. Livia is infamed for the Poyfoning of Roxolana^ Solyman% her Husband
;

Wife, was the Deftruftion of that renowned Prince Mujiapha-, and otherwife troubled the Succeffion, and Houfe

of her Husband,

Ed-jiard the Second

I

of

II^
cipal

0/ E M
his

E.

of England^

Queen, had the prin-

Depoling and Murther of her Husband. This kind of Danger is then chiefly to be feared, when the Queens have Plots for raifmg
in the

Hand

their Children

by a former Husband;
the Trageby them, have

or

elfe that

they live in Adultery.

For

their

Children;

dies likewife occafion'd

been many. And generally, Sufpicions taken up by Fathers againll their Children have been unfortunate. The Murder of Mufiafha
fore)
(

that

we named

be-

Solyman\ Line, that the SuccefRon of the Turks from Solyman, until this Day, is held fufpeded, as untrue, and of (trange Blood; Second w^as for that Solyman the thought to be Suppofititious. The De-

was

fo fatal to

llru6lion

alfo

of

Crijpus^

Young

Prince of rare Towardnefs, hy Conjiantinus the Greats his Father, was in like

manner

fatal to

his

Houfe;

for both
his Sons,

Conjfantinus and Conjiance,

died violent Deaths;

his

and Conftanttus^ furviving Son, died indeed of Sicknefs.

Of
nefs,

Em?
till

t ?v E.

117

but not
againlt

'Jtdlan

had taken up

Arms

him.

The Deftrudion
Son
to Thlllf

likewife of T>emetritis^

the Second, of Macedon, turn'd

upon

the Father,

pentance.
there are:

who died of Grief and ReAnd many like Examples

But few, or none, where
except
it

the Fathers have reap'd any good by

fuch Diftrufts;
the Fathers

were, where

the Sons were up in open

;

Arms

againfi

was Selymus the Firfl, againft his Father Bajazet; and the three Sons of Henry the Second, King of England.
as

For

their

Pre lates;

there

is

Danger from them alfo, when they are Great and Proud. As it was in the Times o^ Anfelmus, and Thomas Becket.,
Arch-Biihops of Canterbury
ftery
;

who
;

with

their Crofiers did almoit try for the

Ma-

with the King's Sword and yet they had to deal with ftout and haughty Kings, JVtlUam Rtifus, Henry the Firfl, and Henry the Second. But Danger of
this

much

Kind from the Prelates is not to be fear'd, unlefs where the

I

Clerg)/

;; ;

0/ E M

E,

Clergy depend upon the Authority of a

Foreign Jurifdiftion ; or where the Churchmen are eleded by the People

and not by the King, or

trons.

particular Pa-

For

their

Nobles;

to reflrain

keep them at a juft Dithem, and flance as it were from the Royal Throne,
to
is

not amifs
a

but to deprefs them,

may

make

King

perhaps more Abfolute,

but in the mean Time lefs fafe, and lefs able to perform any Thing that he de-r This I have noted in my Hiltory fires.

of King Henry the Seventh, who always deprefled hisNoBiLiXYiW hereupon it came to pafs, that his Times were full of Difficulties and Troubles, For the Nobility, though they continued Loyal unto him, yet did they not co-operate with him in his Builnefs fo that in Effed: he was fain to do all Things himfelf.

For their Second Nobles;

is

there

much Danger from them, being Body difperfed. They may fomenot
little

times talk big, but that doth

Hurt

Befides^

Of E

hip IKE,

XI9
that
laftly,

Befides, they are a Counterpoize to the

Higher Nobility,
grow
not too Potent:

they
hav-

And

ing immediate Authority over the com-

mon

People, they do beft teniper Potheir

pular Commotions.

For

Merchants;

they are

and if they flourifh not, a Kingdom may have good Limbs, but will have empty Veins, and nourifli Taxes, and exceffive Impofts, little. feldom encreafe the King*s Revenue. For what he wins in the Hundred, he
lofes in the Shire
;

Vena Torfa;

the particular Rates

being encreafed, but the total Bulk of

Trading rather decreafed.

For their Commons; there dom Danger from them, except

is felit

be,

where they have Great and Potent Heads; or where you introduce a Change in point of Religion; or in their antient Cuftoms or in impofmg heavy Taxes or other Things that cur;
;

tail

their Livelihood.

Lastly,
it

for their

Men

of

War;
united

is

very dangerous where they are

I

20

0/ E M
Garrifon.

E.
ojf

united into one Body, whether

Ar-

my or
nifeit

Whereof we

fee

ma-

Examples in the Janizaries^ and Bands of Rome. But Raifmg of Men, and Training them to Arms, both in feveral Places, and under feveral Commanders, and without Donatives, are Things of Defence, and no

Tret or Ian

Danger.
are like to Heavenly Bowhich caufe good or evil Times and which have by their Influence much Veneration, but no Reft. All Precepts concerning Kings are comprehended inthofe two Remembrances:
dies
;

Princes

Remember that thou Remember that thou

God's Vke-gerent :

art a

Man

and.

art a

God^ or,

The one

of which

tends to the bridling of their

Power

the other, to the ruling of their Will,

XX,

(9/

0/

C O U N S E L.

121

XX. 0/ C

O U N S E L.

THE Man,
fidence

greatefl Truft between Man is that of giving Counand sel. For in every other Sort of Con-

we commit
;

to others, only the

Parts of Life

as

Lands, Goods, Chilas

dren, Reputation, and other particular

Affairs
;

but to fuch

we make

our

commit the Whole. By how much the more are thofe

that
fuftain

Counsellors, we
the
oblig'd to

Part of
all

Counseland Sin-

lors
cerity.

Integrity

Even
think
rity,
it

the Wifeft Princes need not any Diminution of their Authoto ufe the Counsel of Choice

Perfons.

Nay,

God

himfelf

is it

not

without

Counsel;

but makes

one

of the great Names of his

Son,
fel

to be call'd the

Blessed Counsellor.
/;/

Solomon hath pronounc'd, that

ts Stability,

Qonn-

Human

Affairs,

doubtlefs.

xi%
lefs, will

Of

Counsel.
Firfl,

have either their

or their

Second Agitation: If they are not tofs*d upon the Arguments of C o u n s e l, they wiU at leaft be tofs'd upon the

Waves of Fortune; and will be full of Inconftancy and Change, doing and undoing, like the Reeling of a drunken
Man.
the Force of
the beloved

Certainly, Solomotis Son found Counsel, as his Father

it.

faw the NeceiTity and Ufe of

For
firfl

Kingdom of
ill

God

was

rent and broken by

Counsel;

up*

on which Counsel there are fet, for our Inilrudion, the two Marks whereby Bad Counsel may for evr be
difcerned;

The
it

one, that

it

Counsel,
other, that

for the Perfons;

was young and the

was violent Counsel,

of the Antients hath

for the Matter.

The Wifdom

Ihadowed forth in a Parable, as well the Union, and infeparable Conjundion of Counsel with Kings; as the wife and politique Ufe thereof to be made by
Kings:

The

one, in that they tdl us,

that

Of Counsel.
that Jupiter

123
(which
inllead of

married Metis

Word

iignifies

Counsel:) Whereby

they hint, that

Counsel

is

The other, in that which follows: Which is a Fi^ion to this Effed. They fay, that,
a Spoufe to Sovereignty.
after

Metis was married to Jufiter^

flie

was with Child by him: But that Ju-^ pter waited not till fhe brought forth,

whereby he became and was delivered of Tallas Armed, out of his Head.
but cat her up;
himfelf with Child
;

Which

monfti'ous Fable has a Secret of

p MP IRE couch'd under it: Namely This; After what Manner Kings ought to carry themfelves towards their
Cabinet
is as it

Council:
firft

Firfl,

to propofe

Matters to their Confideration ; whicl|

were the

Conception

Next,

when

they have

been

well-labour'd,

moulded, and fhap'd in the Womb as it were of their Council, and are

grown

ripe,

and ready to be brought

their
as
finifli

forth; that then they fuffer not

Council
if the

to

the Refolution,
their

Thing depended upon

Au-

thority,

124
their

Of Counsel.
Matter back into
it

thbrity, but take the

own Hands, and make

appear

to the World, that the final Decrees and Refolves (which becaufe they come forth with Prudence and Power, are

refembled to

T alias Armed)
and
ilTue

proceed
only

from themfelves; from

not

their Authority,

but (the more

to raife their Reputation)

from

their

and Ingenuity. usfpeak now of thelNcoNVELet NiENCiEs of Counsel, and of the

own Head

Remedies
NiENciEs
ufing
that
it

thereof

The Inconvecalling

that appear in

and

Counsel,
reveals Affairs,

are Three.

Firft,

lefs fecret.

and renders then^ it feems to derogate from the Authority of Princes,

Secondly, that
as
if

they "-were
that there

lefs
is

Independent.

Thirdly^
faithful

Danger of Un-

Counsel, fuch as tends more to the Good of h}m that Counsels, than of the Prince himfelf To remedy which Inconveniencies, the
podrine of
Italy^

and
s

^francey in certain

K in g

Praftice of Times, hath

intro-

Of Counsel.
introduced

Jiy

Privy-Councils, com-

monly
a

called

Cabinet-Councils;
Princes are not
all

Remedy

worfe than the Difeafe.

As
bound
all

to
to

Secrecy;
communicate

Matters with

Counsellors;
feledl,
is it

but

may

extraft

and

as well Perfons, as Affairs.

Neither
clare

neceiTary for a Prince that

confulteth

at the

what he fhould do, to defame Time what he will

Princes beware, that the

do.

But

let

Disclosing

of their Secrets

not from Themfelves.

And
it

as

come for Ca-

may be their Motto; Tlenus rimarum fum \1 am 'very Ch'mky.'] One futile Perfon that maketh it his Glory to Te l l, will do more Hurt than many, that know it

binet-Councils,

their

Duty

to

Conceal.
fome

It

is

true,

there happen

Affairs of fuch

Nature, as to require the utmoft Se-

crecy ; fuch as iliould hardly go beyond

the Knowledge of one or
befides the

two Perfons,

King

himfelf

And

thofe

Counsels
For

are ufually Profperous

befides the Secrecy, they generally

go

1x6
go on

Of Counsel.
fleadily,

and in one Spirit of Diredion, without Contention. But then

only this fucceeds well,
is

when

the

Kin g

Grind with Hand-Mill and thofe Inward Couna sellors had need alfo be fagacious Men, and, above all Things, true and trufty to the King's Ends; as it was with King Henry the Seventh of Eng^
a

Wife Man, and

;

able to

land^

who

imparted

his Secrets

of Im-

portance to but two Counfellors, Mor*

ton and Fox.

As
it I

for

TY ; Nay, the Majelty of

of Authothe Fable flieweth the Remedy!

Weakning

Kings

is

rather
fit

exalted, than diminiflied,

when

they

in the Chair of

Counsel.

Neither

was there ever Prince that loft Authority by his Council; except where there hath happened an Over-greatnefs in one Counsellor; or an OverWhich ftrid: Combination in divers: two Mifchiefs are foonf found, and
holpen.

For thelaftlNCONrvENiENCE, vi:^^ That Men will Counfel with an Eye to

them--

Of Counsel.
themfelves
;

^^f
is

doubtlefs that Scripture,

He jhall

not find Faith upon Earthy

to be underflood of the Nature of the

Times, and not of

fons.

all

particular Per

There

are

Men

to be found that

and and Dired ; not Crafty and Involved. Let Princes, above all Things^
Plain,

are in Nature Faithful, and Sincere,

draw
fides,

to themfelves fuch Natures.

Be-

Counsellors are feldom fo united, but that one Counsellor

if

keepeth Centinel over another; fo that any one gives Counsel out of Faor private Ends,
it

dion,

prefently
beit

comes to the King's Ear.

But the

Remedy
to

is,

for Princes to endeavour

know
to

their

Counsellors
Counsel-

throughly; as well as their

lor s

know them
eft

Trincips

Virtus maxima
it

nojfe /uos.

But, on the other fide,

becomes not

Counsellors
Compofition

to be too prying into

their Sovereign's Perfon.

For the true

is,

of a

Counsellor

rather to be skilful in

their Mafter's

Bu-

13^8

Of Counsel,

Bufinefs, than in his Nature.

he
ly,

For then hke to advife diredly and honeft< and not to fuit himfelf to his Prince's
is

Humour,
It
is

in order to Pleafe.
alfo to Princes,

of fingular Ufe

to take the Opinions of their Council,

both Separately, and Together. For Private Opinion is nigre free ; but Opinion before others, is more Reverend.

For

in Private,

their

and in Confort, Men are more obnoxious to others Humours Therefore it is good to take
;
:

Men own Humours

are

more bold

in

both

And

of the inferior Sort,

preferve

rather

in Private, to

Freedom; of

the Greater, rather in Confort, to preferve Refpeft.

It

is

in vain for

Princes

to take
if

Counsel
cerning

concerning

Th in gs,
all

they take no

Counsel
;

likewife con-

Persons: For

Things

are as dead Images

and the Life of the

Execution of Affairs confilleth chiefly in the good Choice of Persons. Neither is it fufficient to confult concerning

Persons, Secundum

genera^
as

;; ;

Of Counsel.
as in

izp
Kind and

an Idea, or Mathematical De;

fcription

to wit, what the

Charader of the Pe r s o n ought to be

for the greatefl: Errors are committed,

and the moil Judgment is ihewn, in the Choice of Individuals.

That Saying alfo fhould not

Optimi
fpare
Confil'tarn morttii
;

be forgot

Books don't
flide

to

fpeak Truth,

when Living
it is

Counsellors perhaps are apt to

into Flattery.

Therefore
as

good to

turn over Books much, efpecially of

fuch Authors
at the

have themfelves been

at this

Helm.
Day, in moil
elfe

Counsels,
Places,

are hardly any

Thing

but

Meetings, and FamiUar Converfations

where Matters

are rather

talkt

over,

than debated with due Arguments.

And

they generally run too precipitately to

the Order, or Ad of C o u n ci l. It were better, that, in Caufes of Weight, the Matter were propounded one Day, and fpoken to the next /;/ noEie conjiHum, So was it appointed in the Commiffion of U N ION between g/^/^^ and
;

Vol.

I.

Scot^

130
Scotland'^

Of Counsel.
which was
a

Grave and Or;

derly AlTembly.

Fo R
Days
ners
:

private Petitions

approve

fet

For

this

both gives the Petitiofor

their Attenfrees

more Certainty
;

and disburdens the more folemn Meetings for Matters of

dance

and

it

State, that they

may be

the better able

Hoc

agere'r Ito attend the {refent Bu^

Jinefs.']

Ln Choice of Committees for ripening Bufmefs for the Council, it is better to chufe indifferent Perfons, that
incHne to neither Side, than to make a kind of Equality, by putting in thofe that ftrongly favour both Sides.

commend alfo Standing Commissions; fuch, for Inflance, as fhall

I

feparately take care of Trade

the Trea-

fury;

War;

Suits; particular Provinces:

For where there

are divers particular

Counsels, and
State (as
it

but one

Council of
they are in

is

in Spain)

Effed:

no more than Standing

Com^

missions;
Authority.

fave that thef have greater

Let

Of Counsel.
Let

131

fuch as are to inform Councils

but of their particular Profeffions, (as

Lawyers, Sea-men, Mint-men, and the like) be firft heard before Committees; and thenj as Occafion ferves,
before the

Council.
;

And

let

them

not

come

in Multitudes, or in a Tri-

bunitious

Manner

for that

is

to cla-

mour
them,

Councils,

not to

inform

Long

Table, and a Square Table,

Council-Chamber, feem Things of Form,

or Seats about the Walls of the

but are Things of Subftance

for at a

long Table, a few

EfFe6l,

fway

all

upper End, in the Bufmefs ; but in the

at the
is

other Form,

there

more

ufe of the
fit

Counsellors
lower.

Opinions that
prefides in

AK
cil,
his
this,

N G,

when he

C o u ndeclares

let

him beware how he

too foon
:

own Opinion
the

If

he does

Counsellors
will

will tal^e the

Wind

of him, and, inftead of a Free

Counsel,
"Placeh.

fmg him

Song

oft

XXL

132-

0/

Delays.

XXL
ket
;

0/

DELAY
is
( if

S.

FORTUNE
can flay a
Again,
it is

not unlike the Mar-

where many Times

little)

you
fall.

the

Price will

fometimes likened to Sibyl-

las Offer;

who

at firft

prefents the

Commodity
Parts,

entire,

then confumes fome

Price.

demands the whole flill For Occafion ( as we have it in the common Verfe) turns us a bald
and
Noddle^ after jhe
has frefented her

Locks
taken
:

in

Fronts

and

Or

at leaft turns
firft

Hold is the Handle of

no
;

the Bottle

to be received
is

and

after

the Belly, which

hard to

clafp.

There
longer hght,

is

furely

no greater WifDangers are no

dom,. than well to time the Beginnings

and Onfets of Things.

if

they once feem hght:

And more Dangers

have deceiv'd, than

have offer'd Violence.

Nay,

it

were
better

0/
better to
as
it

Delays.

133

meet fome Dangers half-way,

were, than to be perpetually en-

quiring into, and watching their

tions

Mo-

and Approaches. For he that over-watches himfelf, fometimes falls

aileep.

On

the other Side, to be de-

ceiv'd with too long Shadow^s,

have been when the

Moon

and fhone

on

their

( as fome was low, Enemies Back)

and fo to Shoot off before the Time; or to teach Dangers to come on by over-early Buckling againft them, is another Extreme. For the Ripenefs, or
Unripenefs

of the Occafion,

(as

we

faid) muft ever

be exactly weighed.

And generally,
with
his

it is

good
;

to

commit the

Beginnings of all great Anions to Argus

Flundred Eyes and the Ends to Briareus with his Hundred Hands
:

Firfl to

Watch,

For the truly makes the Politick

is

Helmet

and then to Speed. of Tluto^ which

Man Invifible,

Secrecy

in Counfel,

in Execution.

and Celerity For when Things are

once come to the Execution, there is no Secrecy comparable to C e l e-

rjty:

134
rity;
Bullet,

0/
which

C U NN
flies

G.

like the

Motion of

Cannonit

fo fwift, that

outr

runs the Eye.

XXII.O/CUNNING,
BYCuNNiNG
Sinifler,

we

mean, a certain

and Crooked
it
is,

Wifdom,
is

And

certain

that there

a great

Difference between a

Cunning Man

and a Wi s e Man ; not only in Point of Honelty, but alfo in Point of Ability. There are ibme that know how to pack the Cards, and yet cannot play well? fo there are fome, that have a good

Knack
Again,

at

managing CanvaiTes and Faare otherwife

ftions, that
it is

weak Men.

one Thing to underiland the Natures and Manners of Perfons, and another Thing to underitand Bu^
fmefs;
for

many

are perfeft in

Men's
is

Humours,
pf the

that are not greatly capable

real Part

of Bufmefs

which

the

Of C U
Itudied

N N

G.

3 J

the very Conilitution of one, that hath

Men more

than Books.

Such

Men
their

are fitter for

Pradice, than for

Counlel;

and they are good only in

Walks.

own

Turn them
loft

to

Men, and

they have

their

new Aim;

know a Fool from Send them bcth to Strangersy and you Jhali fee ; ) doth fcarce
fo as the old Rule, to

a wife Man,

Men And becaufe thefe Cunning Men are hke Haberdalhers

hold in thofe
:

of Small Wares, 'twill not be amjfs to examine their Shops. It may be reckon'd a Point of Cunning, for a Man to obferve nicely the Countenance of him with whom he fpeaks A Rule which the Jefuits alfo give. For there are many Men, and
:

thofe Wife too, that have Secret Hearts, and Tranfparent Countenances. But this ihould be done with a demure Calling down of the Eye by Turns, as the

Jefuits alfo ufe to do.

Another
that,

Piece of

Cunning
it

is^

when you defire to Thing cafily, and to have

obtain any
prefently
^if-

13(5

0/

Cu NN ING.
detain,

difpatch'd,

you

the Party with

whom

and pre-engage you Treat, by

bringing in Difcourfe about fome other

Bulinels;
left

he ihould be too

much

awake

knew
tary,

and Scruples. I and Secrethat never came to Queen Elizato Objections

a certain Counfellor

beth with Bills to Sign, but he

firft

would

draw her into Difcourfe about fome weighty State- Affairs, to the End that being intent upon thefe, ihe might the lefs mind the Bills.

The

fame Effect has

prize, viz. the

moving a
is

fudden SurThing, when

hafting to
o-.

the Party treated with,

ther Things,

and cannot allow Time to confider the Matter accurately.

If
that
a

Man would
effedually
it

crofs

a Bufmefs,

he doubts fome other would handwell,

fomly and

pretend to wiih
the Succefs of

move, let him and move it

deftroy

himfelf, but in fuch

it.

Manner as to

Th e

Difcourfe, as if a

Breaking off in the Middle of Man took himfelf up,

breeds a greater Appetite in him with

whon^

0/"

CU N N

G.

137

whom you
And

confer,

to inquire further.

makes a flronger hnpreflion that is got from you by Queftion, than what you offer of your felf you may lay a Bait for a Queition, by putting on an unufualVifage; whereby an Occafion may be given to the other to ask; What that Change of Countenance means; as Nehemiab did: And I had not before that Tme been fad
becaufe that
;

before the King.

In Things that are tender and unit is good to break the Ice by fome whofe Words are of lefs Weight, and to referve the more weighty Voice to come in as by Chance upon the opleafing,
ther's

Speech.

As

Narctffits did, in re-

lating to Claudius the

Marriage of Mef
not be

faltna and
I

S'tlius,

N Things
the

that a

Man w^ould
World
;
:

feen in himfelf,

it is

not amifs to bor-

row

Name

of the

As

if a

Man
this
:

fhould ufe fome fuch

Form
There
is

as

The World fays

or,

S}>eecb abroad.

Of Cbi^ NIN G. 138 I knew one, that, when he wrote

Letter,

would always put

that

which

was mod Material in the Poflfcript, as a Thing that he had almoft forgot. I knew another, that, when he came
to have Speech with any one, ufed to
pafs over that

which he was moft concerned for, and to go away, and to come back again, and then at laft to mention the Thing, as if it had almoft llipt out of his Mind. Others procure themfdves to be
furpriz'd at fuch a

Time

as

'tis

hkely

the Party they

lay wait for, will fud-

denly

to be Hand, or found with a Paper doing fomething contrary to Cuftom; to the end they may be ask'd about thofe Things, which in Reality they

come upon them;

and

in their

are defirous of themfelves to utter.

It is a good Piece of Cunning enough, to let fall thofe Words in a Man's own Name, which he would
have another

Man

lay

hold

of,

and
en~

make

ufe of, that thereby he

may

Cnare and ruin the other.

I

0/*
I

CU N N
that
;

N G.

391

knew two

were Competitors

fpr the Secretary's Place in

Queen Eli-

zabeth\ Time

who

neverthelefs treat-

ed one another amicably ; for they often

conferr'd together about the Bufmefs

of their Competition.

And one of
Secretary in the

them

faid,

That

to be

^eclenfion of a Monarchy^ was a Thing of no fmall Danger; and that he for his Part did by no means affed an Ho-

nour of that Kind.

The
craftily

other Ibaight

caught up, in Simplicity of Heart, thofe

Words

that

were

and difcours'd freely with

Friends,
that

thrown out, fome of iiis he had no Reafon to be

ambitious of the Secretary's Place ia the l^eclenjion of a Moitarchy, The

firft

mack Advantage of this, and took care to have thofe Words brought to
the Queen, as tho' utter'd by his
petitor:

Com-

Who

refenting the ExprefTion,

of a Monarchy^ when ihe thought her felf in Vigour, would never after hear of the other's Suit.
in the ^eclenfion

There
in

is

Cunning, which we
The Turning Cat in Tan;

England

caJJ,

140
"Pan-y

Of
which

Cunning.
is,

when
it

that

which a
if

Man

fays to another,

he

lays it as
;

another had faid

to

him

and to fay

not eafy when fuch a Matbetween two, to make it appear, from which of them it firll moved and began.

Truth,

it is

ter palTed

There

is

an Artifice in Ufe, of Glanat others,

:

cing and Darting

by

juftify-

ing one's felf by Negatives

As

to fay.

This I do not do

bing Burrhus\ fed Incolumitatem

citer fpeBare.

Ttgellmus did. RubSe non diverfas Jpes^

as

Imjperatoris, Jimj^liin the

And ^armeno,
qui
:

Eunuch.' Atque hac

foil fofiulat fe vivere

mijit.,

non fibi

Neque fugnas

narrate neque cicatrices fuas ojientatj

neque

tibi objiaty

quod Quidam facity

fo
is

verum

ubi,

&c.

Some

have in Readhiefs

many

Tales and Stories, that there

nothing

they would infinuate, but they can wrap

it

up in

Tale

whence theV both keep

in

themfelves

more

Guard,

as affirming

nothing exprefly, and caufq the Thing

it

felf to

be fpread with greater Delight. It

Of
It
a
is

Cunning,

141

Man

good Point of Cunning, for to Ihape the Anfwer he would

a

have, in his
tions;
for

own Words and

it

Propofi-

makes the other Party

to fee

flick the lefs.

It

is

ftrange
lie

how

long fome

Men will
they'll

in wait to fpeak

fomewhat
other

they defire to fay ; and what a Compafs

fetch;
they'll

and
beat

how many
over,

Matters

that they
at.

may come

to the Point they aim

This certainly is a Thing of great Patience, but of much \J{q. An unexpefted Bold Queftion, fometimes

open.
to a

Man, and lays him Something like this happened Man, that had changed his Name,
furprizes a
in

and walking

Taul's^ another
call'd

came

behind him, and

him by

his true

Name
back.

whereat immediately he looked

thefe fmall

But
it

Wares,

and petty

Points of

C u N N I N G, are

infinite.

And

good Deed, to make a large Lift of them; becaufe nothing does more Hurt in a State, than that Cunning
a

were

Men

pais for

Wife.

But

1^1

Of

CUNN

C^.

But certainly fome know the Periods and

Heart and Bottom of
but never a
fiiall

there are, that

Paufes of Bufi-

nefs, that are not able to enter into the

it
:

that have convenient Stairs

fair

Room.

Like Houfes, and Entries, Therefore you

fee fuch

Men

find out pretty IlTues

or Out-lets in the Conclufion of Deliberations, but are

no ways

able to examitt

or debate

Matters.

And

yet

many

Times they
Inability,

take Advantage of their

fitter to Dired:

and would be thought Wits and Determine, thatt

to Difpute.

Some build rather upon the

Abufing of others, and (as we

putting Tricks upon them^

now

fay)

than upon

the Soundnefs of their own Proceedings. But Solomon faith ; The IVifdo?n of
the Trudent is to nnderftand his fVayi but the Folly of Fools is "Deceit: Prov,
14. 8,

**^ **

Of

Wisdom,

&c.

143

XXIILO/WisDOM/^r^ Man'x Self.

AN
in an
tainly

Ant

is

Wise
it
is

Creature for
a

it

felf;

but

bafe

Thing
cer-

Orchard or Garden.

And

Men

that are

too great Lovers

the Pub-

of

Themselves, damage
Divide

lick.

therefore with

Reafon

between Self-Love, and the

Levi
own

OF THE Publick: And be

beft Friend,
in-

thy

fuch Sort as not to be

efpecially to thy

injurious to others;

King or Country. It is a poor Center of a Man's Aftions, Himself. It is right Earth. For the Earth ftands faft upon its own Center ; whereas all Things, that have Affinity with the Heavens, move upon the Center of another, which
they benefit.

The
Self
is

referring of

all

to

Man's

more

tolerable in Sovereign

Princes

44
Princes;

0/

W
is

I s

D o

M
or Evil

becaufe they are more than

Themselves;
tune.

and the

Good

they do extends to the PubUck For-

But

it

a defperate Evil in a

Servant to a Prince, or a Citizen in a

For whatfoever Affairs Man's Hands, he crooketh them to his own Ends; which muft needs be often Eccentrick to the Ends of his Mailer, or the State. Therefore let Princes and States chufe fuch Minifters and Servants, as have not this Mark upon them; unlefs they mean
Repubiick.
pafs fuch a
their

own

Affairs iliould

be made but

That which maketh this Effed: the more pernicious, is this For it were that all Proportion is loH. Difproportion enough for the Servant's
an Acceffary.

Good
iler's
;

to be preferred before the

Mafhall

but yet
a little

it

is

a greater

Extreme,

when

Good

of the Servant
yet that

carry Things againfl a great

the Mailer's.

Good of
the Cafe

And
;

is

of bad Officers
fadors.

as Treafurers,

Ambafand

Generals,

and other

falfe

corrupt Servants ;

who

fet a Bias

upon
their

for a
their

Man's Self.
their

14J
Ends

Bowl, of

own

petty

and Envies, to the Overthrow of their Mafters Great and Important Affairs.

And
their

for the

mod

Part, the
is
;

Good

fuch

Servants receive,

after

the Model of

own Fortune
Exchange

but the

give, in
ter the

for that

Hurt Good,

the^r
is

af-

Model of

their Mafters Fortune.

For the Nature of thefe Self -Lovers

is

fuch, that they will fet a Neighbour's

Fire,
if it

Houfe on
their Eggs.

be but to roafl
fuch Servants ma-

And yet

ny Times hold Credit with their Mailers; becaufe their Study is but to pleafe Them, and profit Themselves;
and for either Refpeft they will betray the Fortune of their Mailer.

Wisdom
is,

for a

Man's Self

only,

in

depraved Thing.
to the fure to leave a
falls:

many Branches thereof, a moil It may be compared

Wisdom
To
the

of Rats, that
a
little

w^ill

be
it

Houfe

before

Wisdom of the Fox, Badger out of the Houfe that he dug for himfelf, not for him
that thruils the

To

the

Wisdom
I.

of the Crocodile,

Vol.

that

i4<^

Of Innovations.
when he would Debe ob-

that flreds Tears,

vour.
ferv'd;

But

this is particularly to

that thofe Sort of

Men, who

(ks Cicero fays of

Tom^vy) ate Lovert

:

cf them/elves 'without a Rival; are many Times Unfortunate And whereas they have,
all

their Life,

Sacrificed

to

ThemseLVeS)

the

End

they

Sacrifice to the Inconllancy of Fortune,

whofe Wings they thought they had

dipt by that notable

Self-Wisdom

ef theirs.

XXIV. Of Innovations.

As

Living Gi^atures,
ill

nt their fir ft
a^l

Births, Utt

fhapen: So ^re

Innovations, which are the Births Yet notwithflanding, as of Time.

thofe that
firft

Family,

ai-e

bring Honour into their commonly more worthy

:

than their SuccefFors

terns

So the firft Patand Precedents of Things (when

they ^re happily caft) are generally be-

yond

Of Innovations.
yond the Power of the fucceeding
to Imitate.

147
Age
Na-

For

111,

in the perverted

ture of

Man,

hasaNATURAL Motion

which grows llronger and ftronger by Continuance: But Good, as in all

For
firft.

c ed

Motions,

is

ftrongefl

at

Certainly, every Medicine is an Innovation; and he that w^ill not

Remedies, muft expeft New For Time is the greateft I n n oV A T o r And if Time, of Courfe, alter Things for the worfe; and Wifdom and Counfel ihall not labour to alter them for the better what will be the End? It mufl be granted, that what is fettled by Cuftom, though it be not good, yet at lead it is fit for the Times ; and that thofe Things, which have long gone together, are joined to one another by a Kind of Confederacy whereas, on the other Side , New Things do not fo w^ell agree with Old For though they help by their Utility, yet they trouble by their Novelty and Inconforapply
Evils
: :

New

mity.

Befides, they are like Strangers

and

148

OJ Innovations.

and Foreigners, more Admired, and All this is true indeed, if lefs Loved.

Time
hence

flood

flill;

which contrariwife

runs round inceffantly in a Circle.

it is,

And
a

that a lliff

and froward Reas

tention of

Cuflom

is

turbulent

Thing

as

an

Innovation;

and they
too fu-

that reverence antient Ufages

perftitioufly, are the

Scorn of the pre-

were prudent therefore, if Men in their Innovations would follow the Example of Time it felf for Time Innovates more than any Thing but does it quietly, and by Degrees fcarce to be perceived. For this is furc, that whatfoever is New, comes unexpected and unlooked for; and adds fomething to one, and takes from another: Now he that is bettered by an Innovation, thanks Fortune, and
ient

Age.

It

the

Time

but he that

is

hurt, accufes

the Author of the

Innovation

of

doing him wrong.

It
is

good

alfo,

not to try

new Exexcept
evi-

periments in Bodies Politick;

the Neceffity be urgent, or the Utility

evident

149 Of Dispatch. And to take good care, that it be

the Defire of Reformation that draweth on the Change ; and not the Delire of

Change

that pretendeth the

Reforma-

Furthermore, all Novelty, tion. though perhaps it muft not be rejefted, yet ought ever to be held fufpefted. And lafliy, as the Scripture direfts.

Let

make a ftand upon the antient fVays, and then look about us and difcovevy what is the ftraight and right Way^ and fo walk in it.
its

^vjiT^'.-rz:

XXV. Of DISPATCH. OVER- GREAT and AfFecled

Dispatch is generally
It is

of Bufmefs.
Phyficians call

like that,

the Ruin which the

g e s t i o n, or Hasty-Digestion; which is wont to fill the Body with Crudities, and feTherefore meacret Seeds of Difeafes.

Pr e

sure not

Dispatch

by the Times of
fitting

tj6

0/

S P

AT C
it ielf.

H.

fitting to

Bufmefs, but by the AdvanceBufinefs

ment of the

And

as in

a Race, it is high Lift of the Feet, but the low and even Motion of the fame, that makes

not the large Stride, or

the Speed

So

in Bufmefs, the keeping

clofe to the Matter, and not greedily taking too much of it at one Time, pro*

cureth

Dispatch.
the only Concern of fome, to

It

is

feem to

have done

much

in a Uttle
falfe

Time;

or to contrive fome

Pe-

riods of Bufmefs, to the

be thought Men it is one Thing to Abbreviate by Con trading, another by Cutting off: And
Bufmefs fo handled, that is, at feveral Sittings or Meetings, goeth commonly

End they may of Dispatch. But

backward and forward,

fteady manner.
that
I

in

a very uni s

knew a

Ma

n,

had

it

always in his Mouth,

haften too
little^

when

he faw
clufion

Men
;

much

to a

Stay a

that 'we

Conmay make

an

End the fooner.

On

the
is

other Side,
a

spatch

Diprecious Thing. For Time

is

True

Of
is

Dispatch.

ij i

the Meafure of Bufinefs, as

Money is

of Wares. Therefore Bufmefs is bought at a dear Rate, where there is too much Delay. The Sfartans and Spaniards have been noted to be of fmall Di-

spatch; Mf

venga

la

Mnerte de

Spagna\ Let m)T>eath come fromS^din: then, Tm fure, 'twill be long a coming.

Give
in

fair

Hearing to thofe that are

fii'ft

appointed to give the

Information

them in the Beginning, than interrupt them often in the Thread of their Speeches: For he that is put out of the Order he prefcribed himfelf, will go forward and backward, and become more prolix,
Bufmefs;

and rather direft

whilit he recoUeds his

Memory,

than
if

he would have been otheruife, had gone on in his own Method.

fometimes
tor
tor.
is
it

he

is

feen, that

But the Moderathe Ora-

more troublefome than

are

Repetitions
-Gain of

commonly Lofs
is

of Time: Neverthelefs there

no fuch
the

Time,

as to repeat oft^n

State

lyi

0/
many

I S

For it Speech to mifcarry in the very Birth. Long and curious Speeches are as fit for Dispatch, as a long Robe trailing upon the Ground Prefaces, fine Tranfitiis for a Race. ons. Apologies, and other Speeches referring to the Perlon of the Speaker,
of the
caufes
a frivolous

State

AT CH. Question:
P

are great

afters

of

they
fty,

may feem

to proceed

Time; and tho* from Mode-

yet in Truth their Aim is Glory. Yet beware of falling point-blank upon

the Matter at firft, when there is found any Impediment or Obftruftion in Men's

Wills ; for Pre-occupation of Mind ever

requireth Preface of Speech; like a Fo-

mentation before-hand,

to

make

the

Unguent enter the more

kindly,

Above
ftribution,

Parts,

is

Things, Order, and Diand an apt Singling out of the Life as it were of Diall

spatch;

yet fo as that the Dillribu-

tion be not too fubtil.

For he

that does

not Divide, will never enter cleverly

into Builnefs

and he that Divideth too much, will fcarce come out of it clear;

0/
ly.

I S

A T C H.

153

of Times, faves Abundance of Time; and

a

To make

prudent Choice

an unreafonable Motion

is

but beating

the Air, and mifpending Time.

are three Parts of Bufmefs:

There

The Preparation; the Debate or Examination; and the Perfection.

(if you look for Expedition) Middlemoft be the Work of Many ; but the Firft and the Laft the Work of Few. To (a) enter upon Bufmefs from fomewhat conceived in Writing, doth for the mofl part promote Dispatch: For tho' it fhould happen to be wholly
let the

Whereof

rejected,

yet that

Negative

is

more

pregnant of Direftion, than an Inde-

finite;
than Duft.
(a) Lat.
i/Sy

as

Aihes are more generative

Procedendt / negotiis Initium fumere ah

quce fcrifto compreheKfa fuKt, flerumque expediilia in

tionem promovet: Licet enim contigerit

rejici,

tottim

nihilominus Negativa

ilia

plus valebit ad con-

fiha educenda^

quam

lndefinita\

QuemadmodHm^ &c.

2V

XXVL

154

^/ Seeming Wise.

XXV^L Of Seeming Wise.

that the IT a received Opinion,they feem; French are W'ifer than
is

and the Spaniards feem wifer than they are. But howfoever it be between Nations;
it is

certainly fo
as the

between

Man

and Man. For

Apostle
Tower

fpeak-

eth of Godlinefs,

Having a Shew of
there^

Godlinefsy but denying the

of:

So

certainly there are

fome to be

found, that

ing by no means Wife

conatu nugas.
Surely

Trifle Solemly, beMen; Magna

it

is

a ridiculous
fit

Thing
for

to Perfons of Judgment, and

Satyr,

to fee into

how many
as it

Shapes thefe AfFedators will turn themfelves,

and what Profpedives

were

they ufe, to

make Superficies feem

hath Depth and Bulk.
|

Body, which
So

e are fo Clofe and Referved, that they will not fhew their Wares but by a half Light; and would always

feem

Of Seeming Wisf,

lyy
to

feem to keep back fomevvhat, and

Hint, rather than to Spear: And when they know within themlclves,
that they are ipeakirg of that they

do

not well
lefs

know

they would neverchethat

feem to others to know

which

they cannot fafely fpeak.

Some
it

help themfelves with

Counas

tenance and Gefture,

and are Wile

were by Signs

as Cicero faith

of Ti/d,
fetched

that

when he anfwered him, he

one of his Brows up to his Forehead, and bent the other down to his Chin:
Re/pondes^ altera
altera

ad frontem fublato^ ad mentum deprejfo Ju_perciliOy

think to Carry
it,

crude lit at em tibi non flacere.

Others
ing a great

by fpeak-

Word, and
:

that in a pe-

remptory
not

Stile

And

fo

on they go, and

take for granted that, which they can-

make good.
whatfoever
is

Others,
light

above their

Capacity, will feem to defpife or

make
upon

of

it,

as

Impertinent or Curious
pafs their Ignorance

and fo would
ps for

exad Judgment.

Others

ij(5

Of Seeming Wise.
are ever ready with

Others
;

fome

and for the moil Part by Diftinftion Amufing Men with a Subtil ty, Hide over the Matter. Of which fort of
Perfons A. Gellius faith
:

A kalf-'witted

Man, that breaks the Weight of Things by the Niceties of Words. Of which
Kind alfo, Tlato in his Pr o x a g o r a s, by way of Banter, brings in Trodicus making a Speech that confifteth of Diilindions from the Beginning to the End.

Generally,
Side,

fuch

Men in

all

Deli-

berations love to be

of the Negative

and

and

foretelling
;

culties

Credit by Itarting Impediments and Diffifor when a Proportion is utaffeft a

terly rejeded,

there

is

an

End

of

it;

but

if it

be allowed,

it

requireth a

new

Work: Which fpurious Kind ofWifdom is the very Bane of Bufmefs.

To

conclude, there

is

no deeply

in-

debted Merchant, nor fecret Bankrupt, hath fo many Tricks to make a Shew of

Wealth,

as thefe

empty Perfons have,

cy.

to uphold the Credit of their Sufficien-

Of
cy.

Friendship.
Men
may
eafily get

1J7
Vogue
let

Certainly,

of fuch a Standard
the

of Wifdom, of the

Common
:

People:

But

no

Man

chufe them for weighty Employ-

ments

take for

Bufmefs a

For doubtlefs you had better Man fomewhat Ab-

furd, than fuch a naufeous Formalift.

XXVII. 0/ Friendship.
been IT hadfpake that
very hard, even for him
it,

to have put

more
in

Truth and Untruth together, and

few

Words
is either
it is

too,
is

than

in

that

Sentence:

fVhofiever

delighted with Solitude^

mofl

a wild Beafty or a God. For true, that a natural and fecret

or an Averfion to. Society

Hatred
in any

of,

Man, hath fomewhat of the Savage Bead But it is mod untrue, on the
:

other Side,

that
all

it

ihould have

any

Charafter at
unlefs
it

of the Divine Nature

proceed not barely from a Love of

158

0/

Friendship.
felf,

of Solitude, but from a Defire of fe-i

queflring a Man*s
in order to attend
:

higher

Contemplations

Such

as

is

found to have been, but affededly and

feignedly, in

fome of the Heathen

as

Epmemdes the Candian^ Numa the Romany Em^e docks the Sicilian^ and Apollonlus of Tyana: And truly and
in
really in divers

mits,

of the Antient Herand Holy Fathers of the Church.

little

do Men perceive in the mean Time what that is which is called Solitude, and what are the Limits thereof For a Crowd muft not be

But

and Faces are but a Gallery of Pidures ; and Talk, where there is no Love, is no better than a
called
;

Company

Tinkling Cymbal.
Adagy
hints as

The

Latin

much

A great City is
is

a great fVildernefs; becaufe in great Towns Friends and Acquaintance

are remotely difperfed, fo that there

not that Feliowfhip, for the moft Part, which is in -lefs Neighbourhoods. But we may go further ftill, and affirm moft
truly,

that

it is

a meer and miferable

So.

0/*

Friendship,
to

ijp

Solitude,
dernefs
:

want true

Frien d s;
is

without which the World

but a Wil-

even in this Senfe alfo of Solitude, whofoever in the Frame df his Nature is averfe to Friendship, takes
Beaft,
this Difpofition from the and not from the Man. The greatefl Fruit of Friendship is the Eafe and Difcharge of the Anxiety and Swellings of the Heart, which the PaiTions, of what Kind fo-

And

ever

are

wont

to caufe.

We
not

know,

that thofe Difeafes in the

Body
it is

are moft

Dangerous, which

arife

from Stoppages

and Suffocations:

And

much

otherwife in Difeafes of the Soul.

You

may

take Sarza to optn the Liver ; pre;

par'd Steel to open the Spleen

Flower

of Sulphur for the Lungs; Caftor for

But there is no Opening Medicine found for the Obflruftions of the Heart, befides a Faithful Friend ; to whom you may impart Griefs, Joys, Fears, Hopes, Sufpicions, Cares, Counfels, and in ihort whatsoever lies upon
the Brain:
the Heart, under the Seal as a Civil ConfeiTion.
it

were of
I

i6o
It
is

Of Friendship.
ftrange to confider,

how

higl^

a Rate the Greateil Princes and Mo-<

narchs fet upon this Fruit of Friend-i

SHIP,

of which

we

are fpeaking:
it

So:

great, that they purchafe

at the

fometimes

Hazard both of

their

own

Safety

and Greatnefs. For Princes, in regard of the Diftance and Sublimity of their Fortune, from that of their Servants

and Subjeds, cannot gather

uniefs perchance (to gather
it

this

Fruit,

the better)

they raife and advance fome Perfons, to

be

as it

to themfelves

were Companions and Equals Which, many Times, is

:

not without Inconvenience.

the

The moor

dern Languages give unto fuch Perfons

PriV ado's; as if it were a Matter of Grace or Converfation But the Roman Name better exprefTes the true Ufe and Caufe thereof naming them Tar{Tartakers of their tidies Curarum Cares ) For this is That which ties the
of
:

Name

Favourites,

Knot.

And we

fee

plainly

this

hath

been done, not by Soft and Weak Princes only, but by the Wifefl and moft
Poli-

Of Friendship.
Politick that ever

i6i
have

Reigned

Who

often joined to themfelves fome of their

Servants ;
called

whom

both themfelves have

Friends, and allowed others Uto honour them with that Name fing no other Word, than what is received between private Men.
:

L, STL LA, after he had feiz'dthe Roman Empire, rais'd Tomfey (after Surnamed the Great ) to that Height,

Tomfey gave himfelf Airs as if he were now become Sylla\ Superior. For when he had made a Friend of his Conful, in Oppofition to Sylla\ and that Sylla took it amifs, and fpoke fome Words of high Refentment; Tompey could not brook this, but in exprefs Words almofl, bad him be quiet; adthat

ding, that more

Men

adored the Sun-

Rtjing

than

the

Sun-Setting.

With

Julius Cafar, 'Deeimus Brutus had that

Intereft, that

Remainder

after his

Cafar made him Heir in Nephew O^avius,

And

this

to his

Death.

was the Man that lur'd Cafar For when Cafar in-

tended to have difcharg'd the Senate,

Vo L.

I.

in

l6z
ally a

0/ Fk

E N
ill

p.
(

in regard of

fome

Prefages

efpeci-

Dream of
lifting

his

Wife Calpurnia)

Brutus

him gently by the

little^

Arm
as to

out of his Chair, told him, he hoped he

did not value a Senate fo

think of dijfolving
it,

fuch Time as his JVife had dreamt a better T^ream. And he feems indeed to have been fo highly in Favour with Cafar, that Antill

tony, in a Letter,

which

is

recited Ver-

his Philippicks, called him Witch; as if he had enchanted Cafar. Auguftus X2^.{t^ Agrifpa ( tho' of mean Birth ) to that Pleight, that when he confulted with

batim by Cicero in one of

Macenas about

the Marriage of his Daughter Julia, Macenas took the LiThat he muft either berty to tell him make Agrippa his Son-in-Law, or take away his Life That there was no Third
;
;

Way,

Jince he

had made him fo Great.

C^efar advanc'd

TIBERIVS
Tiberius,
'tis

^^-

janus to fuch Honours, that they two were reckon'd as a Pair of Friends:
certain,

in a Letter

to
I

him, writes thus:

Thefe Things, in re-

gard

0/*

Fr IE N D SH

p.

i6^

gardofour Frtendjhip^ I have not concealedfrom you. And the whole Senate dedicated an Altar to Friendship, as
to a Goddefs,
in refpeft of the great

Dearnefs of

Friend ship
like,

between
or even
is

them.

AN
greater

Inflance of the

Friends hip

than that,

feen

between Septimius Severus and ^lantianus. For he forced his Eldeft Son to marry Tlantianus's Daughter And he often honoured Tlantianus^ even to the Aftronting of his Son. Nay more, he wrote to the Senate in thefe Words:
:

/ love the Man Jo may furvive 7ne.

Aurel'tusy

welly that

I wijh he
Prina

Now had thefe

or

ces been like a Trajan^

Marcus

this might have been attributed to an immenfe Goodnefs of Nature in them: But being Menfo Wife,

and of fuch Strength and Severity of Mind, and fuch mighty Lovers of
themfelves ; it proves clearly, that they looked upon their own Happinefs (tho"
greater had fcarce

ever happened to
defedive,

Mortal

Men )

as

maimed and

2.

un-

1^4
unlefs

0/ Fr

EN D

I p.

by fuch Friendships

it

had

become Entire and Perfeft. And yet, which is more, they were Princes, that had Wives, Sons, Nephews; and yet
all

thefe Things could not fupply the Comforts of Friendship. It is by no Means to be forgot, the Obfervation that Commines hath left of
his firft

Mafler,

Duke
;

Charles^

Sur-

named the Hardy namely, that he communicate his Secrets with would
no one
;

and

leaft

of

all,

thofe Secrets

him moft. And he goes on and fays; That that Clofenefs, in his latter Years, did a little impair and perifli his Underftanding. Surely Com^
that troubled

mines might,

if

he had

pleas'd,
his
;

have

made

the fame

Judgment of

Mailer, Lewis the Eleventh

Clofenefs was his Torment.
rable of Tythagoras
lent
:

Second whofe

The Pa-

is

dark, but excelCertainly, if

Eat

not thy Heart.

Man would

give

it

hard

Phrafe,

want Friends to impart their Thoughts and Anxieties freely to, are Cannibals of their own Hearts.
thofe that

But

Cy F R
But
which
s

E N

I p.

I (?

this
I

is

very wonderful,

(with

will

conclude
firfl

my

Difcourfe,

concerning the

Fr u i t
this

of Fr i e n d-

HI p) namely, that
felf

communicating
for
it

of a Man's

to his

Friend, works
redoubles
in half

two contrary EfFeds;

Joys, and cuts Sorrows

For no

Man

imparts his Joys to a

:

Friend, but

he joyeth the more And no one communicates his Sorrows to a Friend, but he forroweth the lefs. So that in Truth it has the fame Virtue and Operation upon a Man's Mind, as the AIchymifts ufe to attribute to their Stone

upon Man's Body;

contrary EfFeds, but

that
flill

is,

to

work

to the
yet,

Good
within the

and Benefit of Nature.

there
is

But

out calling in the Aid of

a manifeft

Chymifls,

Image qf this,

ordinary Courfe of Nature.

dies,
all

For

in

Bo-

natural

Side,

Union cheriihes and Itrengthens Anions and, on the other weakens and dulls any violent
;
:

Impreffion

And even

fo

it

is

in

Minds.

The

: ;

i66
ship,

Of Frien DSHip.
Second Fruit of Friendhealthful to the Underftandis

The

ing, as the Firft, to the AfFedions.

For

Friends HIP

induces a Serenity in the

Affedions from Storms and Tempefts

But in the Underltandin g it even drives away Darknefs, and infufes Light, by diilipating Confufion of Thought. Nor
is this

to be underftood of
only,
;

Faithful

Counsel
ufe to give

fueh
that

as

Friends
we
fpeak of

but before
it
is,

that, certain

whofoever has

his
his
it

Mind fraught with many Thoughts, Wit and Underftanding clear up as

tifcourfing with

were into Day-Light, by communi-

cating Counfels, and

another.

For he tofles his Thoughts more eafily, and turns them all Ways he marfhals them more orderly; he looks them as it were in the Face, when
they are turned into

Words

Finally,

he becomes Wifer than himfelf: Arid that more by one Hour's Difcourfe, than by a whole Day's Meditation. It was well faid by Themijiocles to the King of Terjia; That Conference was
like

0/"

Friendship.
;

167

[ike Ta^eftry^

opened and unfolded^ 'where'whereas

by the Figures apfeaf diftincfly

Thoughts^ like Tacks^

are complicated

and involvd.

Nor
ing
the

ts

this

fecond

Fruit

of

Friendship
iknding)

(which

coniilts in

openfuch

Obilru6iions of the
reflrained
as

Underto

only

Friends
(

are

Able
;

Counfellors,

they doubtlefs are bell

but even let-

ting that alide, a

Man

certainly learns

of himfelf, and brings

to Light;
gainft a Stone,

his

and whets
a

his

own Thoughts Wit as a-

In a

Word,
his

Man

which it felT cuts not. had better impart

or Pidure, than
in Silence.

himfelf to a Statue

fmother

Thoughts
(to
this

Add now
concerning

make our Difcourfe

Fr iendship more

Thing but now more obvious, and falls within vulgar Obfervation; I mean Faithful Connf el from a Friend. Heraclitus afferts well in one of his jEnigmas That dry
;
;

Fruit of complete) the mentioned which is

Second

Light

is beft.

And mod

certain

it is,

that

l68
that

0/ Fr
the Light

E N

p.

which proceeds from

way of Counfel, is drier and purer than that, which iflues from a Man's own Judgment and Underftanding which is ever infufed and drenched in his AfTedions. So that there is
another by
;

as
fel

much
of a

Difference between the

Coun-

F r ie n D, and
as

that a

Man gives

himfelf,

between the Counfel of a Friend and a Flatterer. For there is not a more deadly Flatterer than a Man's felf nor, again, a more Sovereign Remedy againfl Flattery of a Man's felf,
;

than the Liberty of a

Friend.
:

C o u N s E L is of two Sorts The one concerning Manners; the other concerning Business. For the Firit;
The beft Prefervative to keep the Mind in Health, is the Admonition of The calling of a a Faithful Friend. Man's felf to a Itrift Account, is a Medicine fometimes too piercing and corr
rofive.
is

Reading Books of Morality Obferving Flat and Dead. our own Defeds in Others, as in a
a
little
it

Looking-glafsj fometimes, as

happens
alfo

Of Fr
alfo in GlafTes,
ly.

EN DSHI

p.

1^9

does not anfwer exaft-

But (aslfaid) the beit Medicine, (beft to take, and beft to work) is the Admonition of a Friend. It is ftrange to behold, what grofs Errors and extreme Abfurdities, fome
(efpecially of the greater Sort) do eommit, for want of a Friend to tell them of them, to the great Damage both of their Reputation and Fortune. For they are (as the Apoftle St. James fays) as Men that look into a Glafi^

and frefently forget

find

their

own Shafe

Favour.
for Bufmefs,
'tis

As
l^hat
is

an old Saying,

two Eyes fee better than one. It alfo well faid, That a Looker-on often

fees more than a

a

T layer

Furthermore,

Musket is fhot off with more Certainty upon a Reft than upon the Arm tho' fome are fo highly conceited, as to
think themfelves All in All.

But, what'tis

ever

may be

faid to the contrary,

certain that Counfel direds

iDlilhes

and

efta-

Bufmefs.

Now

I70

Cy Fr lENDS H
if

IP.

Now
Pieces
;

any think with himfelf, to

it fhall

take Counfel indeed, but

be by

asking Counfel in one Bufinefs

of one Man, and in another Bulinefs of

another
fay,

Man;
;

it

is

well,

(that
if

is

to

better perhaps
at all

than

he asked

) but he runneth two DanOne, that he will fcarce meet with faithful Counfel; (for it is a rare Thing, except it be from a perfedand entire Friend, to have Counlcl given that is not bowed and crooked to fome Ends which he hath that giveth it:)

none

gers:

The other, that the Counfels coming from divers Perfons, (tho' given honeftly, and with good Intention ) will be often hurtful and unfafe ; and mixt and made up partly of Mifchief, and partly of Remedy: Even as if you
Ihould fend
for
a

Phyfician,

that

is

thought good for the Cure

eafe

of the Dif-

you complain of, but is unacquainted with your Condition; and therefore may put you in a Way for prefent Cure, but with Danger of prejudicing your Health in the main; and fo cure

Of Fr IE>5D SH
a

IP.

171
But

the Difeafe, and kill the Patient.

Friend, who

is

perfedly acquainted

with a Man's Eftate, will beware, by furthering any prefent Bufinefs, how

he daihes upon a future Inconvenienjce. And therefore (as was faid) I would not advife you to reft upon Scatter-

ed Counsels: For they

fettle.

will rather

diftrad and mif-lead, than direft

and

After

thefe

two Noble Fruits

of Friendship, (I mean "Peace the AffeEflons^ and Sufprt of the

m
is

Judgment) follows the like the Pomegranate

;

laft,

which

Kernels:

Part in the
Life.

of many full mean Aid, and bearing a Adions and Occafions of

the

And
Way
the

here,

moft
to

expeditious
the

of

reprefenting

Life

manifold
is

ship,

Ufe of Friendto look about and fee how

there are,

many Things
then
it

which a
himfelf:
it

Man
And

cannot handfomly
will appear,

do
that

perboHcal, but a

was not hyfober Speech of the

An^

17^

0/*

Fr lEN D
to
fay;

IP.
is

Antients,

That a Friend
the
Offices

a
a

Second Self: Since, if a

the

Man confiders
of

Thing

truly,

Friend

furpafs a
;

Men

are mortal

Man's own Strength. and die many Times

in the midft of certain

they have principally

Works, which As in the at Heart

:

marrying of a Son; the confummating of their Attempts and Defires, and

the Hke.

Now

if

Man has

a Faithful

Friend,

he has a Security given him,

that thofe Things will be finifli'd by the Care and Labour of his Friend, after So that an Untimely Death his Death
:

is

and a Man has (to fpeak after the manner q{ Farmers) not one, but two Lives in his Defires, Man is confined to a Body, and that
fcarce any Prejudice
;

Body confined to a Place Friendship is at Hand,

puty.

but where
Offices of

all

Life are granted to him, and his De-

How
a

many Things

are there,

which

Man cannot do himfelf with any Grace or Decorum ? He cannot recite much his own Merits with Modefty
;

leis

O/'Friendship,
lefs

173
an

extol them:

Man

cannot brook
there's

to Supplicate or Beg.
Infinity

And
this

of Things of

Kind.

But

thefe Things, and the like, are Grace-

enough in a Friend's Mouth, which are Blufhing in a Man's Own. Again, a Man's Perfon or Charader
ful

with it many Concomitants, Man can't he cannot put off. which

carries

fpeak to a Son, but as a Father

to a

Wife, but as a Husband ; to an Enemy, but with a Referve; whereas 'tis alio w'd a Friend to fpeak, as the Cafe requires nor is he tied up to any Regards of Perfon or Character. But to enumerate thefe Things were endlefs.
;

I
is

have given the Rule

not able to

ad

his

Where own Part

:

Man
bet-

in the

Play, if he has not a

ter for

Friend,

'tis

him

to quit the Stage.

xxvni.

174

^f Regiment

XXVIILO/Regiment of Health.
IN
is

the ordering of
a

Health,

there

Wifdom

to be

the Rules of Phyfick:

found beyond A Man's own

Obfervation, what he finds

Good

of,

and what he
is

finds

Hurt

of, is

the befl
it

Phyfick to preferve

Health. But
to fay
;

a fafer Conclufion
this^
;

found Hurt by
not
continue
it

therefore
this,

/ have I will

/ find no I may ufe it. Offence of For Strength of Nature in Youth covers many ExceiTes, which are owing a Man till his Age. Difcern the coming on of
than
this^ therefore

Years, and venture not to continue the

fame Things always: For there is no defying Age. Beware of a fudden Change in any
principal Point of

Regiment;
it,

and

if
it.

Neceflity inforce

fit

the

reft to

For

of
For
it is

Health.
it is

175
and
change

a Secret both in Nature

;

Politicks

That

fafer t$

many Things^ than One great amine thy Cuftoms of Diet,

ercife, Apparel,

one.

Sleep,
:

ExEx-

and the like And try, in any Thing thou judgefl hurtful, to difcontinue it by little and Httle ; yet
fo as to return to
eft

again, if thou findany Inconvenience by the Change: For it is hard to diflinguifli that which
it

is

generally

good and wholfome, from

fuits

that

which

thy particular Confti-

tution.

To

be free minded and chearfully-

difpofed at
Exercife,

Hours of Meat,
one of the

Sleep,

and

is

befl Precepts

for Prolongation of Life.

As

for the

Paflions of the

Mind and

Studies; a-

void Envy
in
;

anxious Fears

fubtil

; Anger kept and knotty Difquifitions

Joys and Exhilerations in Excefs

nefs fmothered,
ed.

Sadand not communicat;

Entertain

Hopes;

Mirth rather

than Joy; Variety of Dehghts, rather than Satiety; Wonder and Admiration,

and therefore Novelties; Studies that

fill

jy6
fill

Of

Regiment
fplcndid and
illu-

the

Mind with
Objefts;

llrious

as Hiftories, Fables,

and Contemplations of Nature. If you fly Phyfick in Health

together,
it

al-

will

be too ftrange to your

Body when there is a Neceflity of it. If you make it too familiar, it will work no extraordinary EfFed when
Sicknefs

cometh.

approve

rather

certain Diets, at certain Seafons, than

frequent Ufe of Phyfick

unlefs

it

be

grown into a Cuflom. For thofe Diets alter the Body more, and trouble it
lefs.

Despise
vice about

not any

new and

unufual

Accident in your Body, but take Adit.

In Sicknefs refpeft

Health

prin-

cipally ; and in Health make ufe of your Body, and be not over-indulgent to it. For thofe that put their Bodies to Endure, in Health, may, in moft
IllnefTes,

fuch

mean

as are

not very

acute, be cured by Diet only, and good Tending, without much Phyfick.

CELSVS

<?/

A L T H.

177

CELSVS cou'd never have given that

Direftion of
his, as a

Phyiician, had he

not been a Wife Man withal:

it,

He advifes
then,

as a

Secret of

H e a l t h and long Life,

now and
;

that a

Man

vary, and,

interchange Contraries
clination to the

but with an In-

more benign Extreme.

Diet
;

For

Inftance

ufe a fpare and a full Diet,

but oftner a
felf to

full

accullom your
full Sleep,

Watching, and

but

rather Sleep; to Sitting, and Exercife^

but rather Exercife.

For

fo ihall

Na-

ture be both cherilhed, and llrengthen-

ed

at

once.
are

Physicians
mour of
not the
Stiff in

fome of them fo

pleafmg and conformable to the

the Patient,
true
that

Hu-

they prefs

Cure of the Diieafe; and fome others are fo Regular and

the

Cure of the

proceeding according to Art, in Difeafe, that they do

Hot fufficiently regard the Condition

and Nature of the Patient. Take a Phyfician of a middle Compofition or

;

if this

fucceed not to your Defire in

ei-

any one Phyfician, combine two of

ther

17?

Of Suspicion.
:

ther Sort

And

forget not to fend for,

as well the

bed acquainted with your

Body,

as

the belt appi*oved-of in his

Faculty.

XXIX. Of Suspicion.
SUSPICIONS
are like

amongft Thoughts, Bats amongft Birds; they

Certainly,

never

fly

but by Twilight.

they ought to be reprelTed, or at leaft For they to be carefully guarded:

cloud the Underflanding

they alienate

Friends

and interrupt Bufinefs, fo that it can neither be carried on chearfully nor fleadily. They difpofe Kings to Tyranny; Husbands tojealoufy; even Wife Men to Irrefolution and Melan;

They are Defeds, not fo choly. much of the Heart as of the Brain
For they
eft

find
;

Room

even in the ftout-

Natures

as in the

Example of Hen^

ry the Seventh oi England \ than

whom
there

0/^ S

S P

N.

179

there was not a more Suspicious Man, nor yet a more Stout. And in fuch a Compofition they do little Hurt for commonly they are not admitted, but

with Examination, whether they are Probable or no.

But

in

fearful Natures
faft.

they gain
cIou

Ground
s,

a great deal too

Certainly nothing makes a

s p I

Man

fo S u-

as to

fore the

bell:

know little. ThereRemedy againll Suspici-

ons,
quiry.

is

for a

Man

to

What

ijuould

der ? T>o they think

they

make good Inhave^ I 'jvonthat all Men^ that

Men

employ and conve7^fe

T)on't

with,
they

are

Angels or Saints?
that
they
;

know,

labour

their

oiun p^ivate

and that every Man is nearer a-kin to himfelf than to another ? Therefore there is no better Way to moderate Suspicions, than to provide Remedies, as if the Suspicions were true and to bridle them, as tho' they were falfe. For fo far S u s p i c i o n s may be of Ufe, viz. in putting us upon making fuch Provifion, as that, tho' the Thing we fufped be true, yet it may S udo us no Hurt. Nx

Ends

i8o
it

0/

N.

Suspicions, which
felf gathers, are
:

the

Mind of

nothing but empty

Buzzes But fuch as are nourilhed by outward Artifice, and put into Men's Heads by the Stories of Whifperers and Tale- Bearers, have Stings. Certainly the

intricate

bed Way to get clear of Wood of Suspicions,

this
is

frank and open Declaration of

the Parties

we Suspect.

by we can't fail the Truth of them than we did before:

them to For thereof knowing more of

the Party

And withal this will make Suspect more cautious

fpe61,
sp
I

we

and circum-

not to give further Caufe of S uI

o N.

But

this

mull not be done

to

Men

of bafe,

degenerate Natures.

For

they, if they find thcmfelves

once

Suspected, will never be true afterwards. The Italians have a By- word
Soffetto Ikentia fede
:

As

if
;

ci
as
it

N gave a Pafport to Faith

S u s p iwherein order

ought rather to kindle

it,

to clear itfeif

XXX.

0/

Discourse.

i8i

XXX. Of Discourse. ^ OME in their Discourse affcdt

C5
rather

Commendation of Wit,
all

in

being able to hold

Arguments, than

Truth As if it were a Praife, to know what may be Said, and not what ought to be Conceal D. Some have in Reacertain common Places and dinefs
of Judgment,
in picking out the

Themes wherein they

jejune:

are

luxuriant,

being as to other Subjects barren and Which kind of Poverty is for

the moil part tedious,

and,

when
of

it is

once obferv'd, ridiculous. The Honourablefl Part

scourse is this: To for the Discourse;

moderate

give a

DiHandle
to
to

and again
to pafs

the fame, and

elfe
:

fomewhat
the Dance.

For
s

then a
in
e,

Man

leads

It is

good,
cours

Converiation
to vary every

and

familiar

now and

then,

and

to

intermingle

Speech

8 I

0/

G O

UH

S E.

speech of the prefent Occafion with Dilputes; Stories with Arguments;

asking of Queftions with teUing of
pinions
is
;

Oit

and
far

Jefl with Earned

For

Cloying and Naufeous to Jade any

Thing too

there are certain Things which ought to be exempted from it, by a kind of Privilege namely, Relifor
Jell:,
;

As

gion, Matters of State, Great Perfons,

private Men's Bufmefs of Importance

finally,

any Cafe that deferveth Pity.

Yet youll meet with fome, that think their Wits have been aflcep, unlefs they have darted out fome Piquant and Biting Sarcafm at a Man. That is a
Habit that
ftrain'd;
fliould

by

all

means be

re-

Tarce pier

fiimtdiSy

fo'rtius utere

loris.
I

ihort, the Difference is to

be ob^

ferv'd

between

Saltnefs
is

and Bitternefs.

Certainly, he that

fond of a Satyrical

Vein,
thers

as he makes others afraid of his Wit, fo he had need be afraid of o-

Memory.

He

0/*

C O U R

S E.

183
fliall

He

that

interrogates

much,

both Learn much,

efpecially if

and Pleafe much;

his

he adapt
Sl^ill

Queilions to

the Capacity and

of the Refpon-

dent
will

for he will give

to ihew his

him an Occafion Knowledge; and himfelf

creafe of
ftiofts
fit

be continually gathering a new InKnowledge. But let his Quenot be troublefome

;

for that

is

for a Pofer.

Further,
the
let

he that would keep up

familiar

Decorum of
him
Nay,
all

Discourse,
their

leave other
if

Men

Turns

to Speak.

there be any that

affed to Reign in
to

Discourse, and

Time, let him find fome Art to take them off, and to bring others on; as the Mufick is wont to
take up
the

moderate the Dancers. If you diilemble fometimes your Knowledge of that you are thought to

Know, you

iliall

be thought another

Time to know That you know not. Speech of a Man's felf ought to be rare, and with Judgment. I knew one, who wou'd often lay, by way of Irony
'

N4

lie

184 Of Discourse. He muft needs be an exceeding Wife

Man^
is

he talks fo much ofhimfelf.

There

fcarcely

any Cafe,

can

commend

wherein a Man himfelf with good Grace,

excepting one:

And

that

is,

in

combut
I

mending Virtue in another; mean fuch a Virtue whereunto

afpires.

himfelf

and girds others, fliould be fparingly ufed For familiar Discourse ought to be as an open
that flings
:

Speech

Field, wherein a Man may expatiate ;, not like the High-Road, that leads

Home.
Wefl
indulg'd

Part of England:

knew two Noblemen of the One of which himfelf too much in Scoffing,
I

but was exceeding Hofpitable ; and the other would ask thofe that had been at
the Table of the Former; Tell truly

was
given

there never a Flout or dry

to

Bob
the

any Body ?

To whom

would perhaps anfwer ; Snch and a Thir.g paffed. Upon this He, as fuch being the Other's Rival, wou'd fay; / k-. rzv well enough, he would Jpoil a gGGd'Bihher -jLitb bad Sauce,
Guefi.

Di-

185 0/ Discourse. of Speech is beyond Discretion

Eloquence;
fuitably to the

and to fpeak aptly and Perlbn with whom we

Talk, is more effeftual than to affed the Ornament of Words or Method. A good continued Speech, without a good Speech of Interlocution, fliews And a good Reply, or feSlownefs cond Speech, without an Ability of making a continued Speech, difcovers Poverty and Shallownefs of Knowledge As we fee in Beafls, that thofe that are weak in the Courfc, are nimblefl in the Turn; as it is between the Greyhound and the Hare. To ufe too many Circumilances e're one come to the Mat:

ter,

is

tedious;
harfli.

to ufe

none

at all, is

blunt and

.XXXI.

0/EXPENCE.
of Riches
is

THE End The End

Expence:
Honour,
Tnerefore

of

E x p e n c e.

and Honourable Actions.

Ex-

8^

0/*

Ex

P E

N C

E.

Extraordinary Ex pence

mull

be limited by the Worth of the OccaFor voluntary Poverty is a Debt fion. fometimes to a Man's Country, as well
as to the

Kingdom of Heaven

but or-

dinary

Ex PENCE ought to be Umited Man's Eftate; and to be fo governed as not to exceed his Income; and not fubjecl to Impofition or Carelefnefs of Servants: Furthermore, to be ordered and managed to the bed
by
a

Shew,
be
lefs

fo as that the Disburfements

may

than the Generality of the World

Certainly, if a

thinks.

run out, his ought to be but to the Half of his Receipts And if he think to increafe his Eftate, but to the Third Part. It is no Meannefs, even in the
:

Man would not Ordinary Expences

greateft

Men,

to condefcend

and look

into their Eflates.

Many

forbear this,

not fo

much

out of Negligence, as out

of a Fear of Chagrining themfelves, if they lliould find Matters in an ill State.

But Wounds cannot be cured without

Searching,

He

that does not look into

iiis

0/ E X
liis

P E

N C

E.

187

Eflate himfelf, had

well

the Servants he employeth,

need both chufe and

change them often: For New ones are more timorous, and lefs fubtil. If a Man can look into his Accounts but
feldom,
it

bchoveth him to turn

all

to

Certainty.

A Man

had need,

if

he be

Expen-

sive in one kind, to be as Saving again For Example, If he be in fome other. in Diet, to be Saving in ApPlentiful
parel
:

If

to be Saving in the

he be Plentiful in the Hall, Stable; and the

that
is

hke.

For he

profufe

in

all

kinds of

Ex FENCES,

will hardly

be
as

preferved from Ruin.

I

N clearing an Eftate,

Man may
much

well hurt himfelf by too

as

Halle,
Sel-

by too much Delay,

is

For haity

ling

commonly
taken up
clears at

as

difadvantageous as
Befides,

Money
he that
Relapfe.

at Interell.
is

once

in

Danger of a

For finding himfelf out of Streights, he will return to his old Ways But he that extricates himfelf by Pegrees, induces a Habit of Frugality and
:

i88
once.

0/

Kingdoms
Mind and
Ellate
at

and cures

his

Certainly,
a decay'd Eftate,

he that would repair

muit not defpife even

:

the minutefl Things

is lefs

And commonly it
to cut off petty

diflionourable

Charges, than to ftoop to petty Gains.

Man

ought to be very wary in be-

ginning Charges, which once begun

will continue:

But

in

Ex fences

that

are not hkely to Return, he

may be

more Splendid and

Magnificent.

XXXIL Of
Bounds of

Marging

the

Kingdoms

and States.
Speech of Themlftocles^ apto himfelf, was indeed fomewhat Haughty and Arrogant; but had it been ipoken of others, and in general, it may feem to have compreplied

THE

hended

and
hended
grave Cenfure.

States.

189
and

a very wife Obfervation,

Defired at a Feafl to

7iot

touch a Lute, he anfvvered, He could Fiddle^ but yet he could make a

Toijun a great City.

fmall

drawn

to a PoHtick Senfe,

Thefe Words do excel-

lently exprefs

and

diflinguilli

two
fit

dif-

fering Abilities in thofe that

at

the

Helm

of States.
all

For

if a true

Sur-

the Counfellors of and Statefmen that ever were, there will be found doubtPrinces, Senators,
lefs

vey be taken of

(tho' very rarely)

a

thofe that can

make
cannot

Small State Great,

Fiddle:
wondrous
As, on

yec

the other

hand, there will be found a great many,

that are
skilful

upon the Citis

tern

or

Lute
but

(that

in

Courtfrom

Trifles)

yet are fo far

being able to make a

Small State

Great,
to

that their Talent feems rather

He the other Way ; to bring a great and flourifhing State to Ruin and Decay. And certainly, thofe degenerate

Arts and

Shifts,

whereby many
Minifters of
State

Times Counfellors

and

tpo
ilers,

Uf

Kingdoms
Ma-

State gain both Favour with their

and Efleem with the Vulgar, deferve no better Name than Fi d d l i n g ; being Things rather plealing for the prefent, and ornamental to the Artiits
themfelves, than tending to the

Weal

and Advancement of the States which they ferve. There are alfo ( na doubt) other Counfellors and Governors, by no means to be defpifed, that
are fufficient and equal to their Bufi-

and that can m.anage Affairs dex-* and keep them from Precimanifeft Inconveniences; pices and who, neverthelefs, are far from the Anefs,

troufly,

bility to raife

But
will,
let

be the

and enlarge a State. Workmen what they

upon the Work; that is to fay, what may be judged the true Greatness of Kingdoms and States, and by
us caft our Eyes

what

Means
fit

it

may be
great

obtained

An
to

Argument
gently to

for

Princes

have perpetually in Hand, and dili_ meditate; to the end that

they

neither by over-meafuring their Forces,

and
they

States.

19 i

may

intangle

themfelves in vain

and too

difficult

Enterprizes; nor, on

the other fide, by undervaluing them,

defcend to fearful and

Counfels.

puliUanimous
as to

Th e

Greatnefs of

Empires,

Bulk and Territory, falls under Meafure; as to Revenues, it falls under The Population and Computation. Number of Citizens may be taken by Muitcrs; the Number and Greatof Cities and Towns, nefs by But yet there is not any Thing Maps. among Civil Affairs more fubjed to Error, than the right Valuation, and true Judgment, concerning the Power and Strength of an E m p r e. The Kingdom of Heaven is compared not
to any great Kernel or Nut, but
to a

Grain
is
it

of

Mustard-Seed, which
leaft

one of the
a

Grains, but hath in

haftily to get

Property and
fpread.

Spirit,

up and

So are there Kingdoms and States in Compafs and Territory very great, and yet not fo apt to inlarge their Bounds, or extend
their

ipi
their

Of Kingdoms Command and fome, on

;

the o-

ther fide, that have but a fmall

fion

Dimen-

of Stem,

and yet apt to be the

itored Arfenals

Foundations of great Monarchies.

Fortified Towns,
Chariots of

and Armories, goodly Breeds of Horfe,

War,

Elephants,

Ordiall this

nance, Artillery, and the like;

is

but a Sheep in a Ltotis Skin, unlefs

the Breed and Difpofition of the People

be flout and warlike.

it

Nay, Number
not much,

felf in

Armies

fignifies

where the

Soldiers are of a faint

and
the

wxak Courage.
Sheep
be.

For Virgil

fays well:

It never troubles a

Wolf how many

The Army

of the TerfianSy

in the Plains of Arbela^ lay

under the
as

Eye of

the Macedonimis, like a vaft

Sea of People,

infomuch

Alexanat

ders Commanders,

aitoniilied

the

Spedacle, came to the King, and wifh'd

him

to attack

them by Night

But he

anfwered,
Bory.

could

He would not pilfer the Vi^ And the Defeat was eafier than be imagined. When Tigranes
Hill,

the Armenian^ being incamped upon a li ^

and States.
Hill,

193

Men, difcovered
fand,

with Four Hundred Tihoufand the Army of the Rc^

mans^ being not above Fourteen Thou-

marching towards him, he made himfelf merry with it, and faid, Tonder nre Men too many for an Amhaffage^ and
too

few for
fet,

a Fight.

But before the

Sun him

he found them enow to give the Chace with infinite Slaughter, Innumerable are the Examples of the great Odds between Number and Cou-

rage.
firfl

Let

it

be

laid

down

then in the

Place, for a moft certain and un-

doubted Maxim, That of all Things tending to the Greathefs of any King-

dom

or

State,
this

the Principal

is,

tO

have a Race of Military Men.

more trite than true Saying, That Money is the Sinewi of War^ where the Sinews of Men's
alfo is a

And

Arms,

in a bafe

are wanting.
Croefus^

and effeminate People^ For Solon faid well to

when
Gold
:

in Oflentation

him

his

But

if any one

he lliew'd (O King)

Jhould come^ that hath better Iron than

youi he will be Majler of all this Gold.

VoL.L

Where--

194

0/

Kingdoms

||^

Wherefore let any Prince or Stat b, whofe Natives or Subjeds are not good
Soldiers, think foberly of their Forces

And
that
tion,

let

Princes,

on the other hand,

have Subjects of Martial Difpofi-

know
As
is

their

own

Strength, unlefs

they are otherwife wanting to themfelves.

to

Mercenary
all

Forces,

(which

the ufual
fail)

Remedy where
Times
it

Native Forces
pears,
that

are full

of Examples whereby

manifeilly ap-

whatfoever

State

or

them, he may his Feathers for a Time hejyond Jpread the Compafs of his Nejiy but he will

Prince depends upon

mew them foon after. The Blessing o^ Judah

fachar
Lion's
will never

and If meet ; That the fame

Tribe or

IVhelfy

Nation jhould be both the and the Afs between

Neither will
it

Burthens.

be, that ^

People over-laid with Taxes Ihould ever

become Valiant and Martial. It is true, that Taxes levied by publick Confent of the State do deprefs and abate Men's Courage kfs; as a Man may
plainly

and
{jlainly fee in

States.

t^j Low-

the Tributes of the

which they call Excises; and in fome degree in thofe Contributions which they call Subsidies in England. For it is to be noted, that we fpeak now of the Heart, and not of the Purfe fo that although the fame Tribute and Tax given by Confent, or impofed by Command, be all one to the Purfe, yet it works diverfly on the
Qountries^
;

Courage.

down

for a Principle,

Therefore be this alfo laid That no Teo^le

is fit

over-chdrgd with Tribute,

Empire.

for

Let States and Kingdoms that aim at G R E A T N E s s, by all means take heed how the Nobility and Grandees, and thofe we call Gen t l eme Nj multiply too faft. For that makes the common Subjeds become mean, abject Things, and in Effe6l nothing better than the Noblemen's Bond-Slaves and Labourers, Even as you may fee in Copfes, if you leave your Staddles and larger Trees too thicks you fhall never
have clean Underwood
;

but the greatefl

1^6
eft

Of

Kingdoms

Part will degenerate into Shrubs and Bullies: So in a Country, if the Nobility be too many, the Commons will be bafe and heartlefs, and Matters
will be brought to that pafs, that not
lit

the Hundredth Pole will be

for an

Helmet; efpecially as to the Infantry, which is the principal Strength of an Army and fo there will be a great PoThis which pulacy, and little Strength. I fpeak of, hath been in no Nations of the World more clearly proved, than by the Examples of England and
;

Frances
of

in regard the

Middle-People

England make good Soldiers, which And in the Peafants of France do not. this Particular, the Device oi Henry the Seventh of England, (whereof I have
ipoken largely
in the Hiftory

of his Life)

was profound and admirable, in making Farms and Houfes of Husbandry, of a

Standard
;

that

is,

maintain'd with fuch

a Proportion of

Land unto them,

as

may breed
tion;

a Subject to live in conve-

nient Plenty,

and no fervile Condiand to keep the Plough in the

Hands

and States.
Hands of
the

197

Owners, or at lead Ufufruduaries, and not Hirelings and Mercenaries. And thus indeed a Country fhall attain to Virgtl\ Character, which he gives to Antient Italjy:
Eft
loctis^

Hefperiam Gratt cognomine

dicunt.

Terra ant'tqiia^ potejts armiSj at que ubere

gleb.

^n.
is,

I.

434,5'.

A Land there
The
Soil

Hefferta nam'd of old.

is fruitful,

and the

Men

are

bold.

T>ryden.
is

Neither
Thing where
I

that

State (which
to be

is

almoil peculiar to England, and for any

know, not
except
it

elfe,

found any be perhaps in ToI

land) to be pafTed over;

Free-Servants

mean the

and Attendants of the Noblemen and Gentlemen of which Sort, even they of inferior Condition, do
;

no way yield to the Yeomanry, as to FootSoldiers.

And therefore

outofallQuefti-

on, the Splendor, and Magnificence, and

great Retinues, and Hofpitality of Noble-

men

ipS

Of

Kingdoms
whereas, on the conr

men and Gentlemen,

tial

cuflomary in Eng-^ doth fmgularly conduce to Marland^

Greatnels;
trary, the clofe, referved

and contraftr pd Living of Noblemen and Gentlemen, caufeth a Penury of Military

Forces.

By
tliat

all

means Care mufl be taken,

the

Trunk of Nebuchadnezzar^

Tree of

Monarchy
;

be large and

llrong enough to bear the Branches an4 ax ural that is, that the the Boughs

Subjects
bear
a

of the

Crown

or

State
the

fufficient

Proportion to

Foreign Subjects that they govern. Thofe States therefore that are hberal

of Naturalization towards Strangers,

feem to be well made for Largenefs of Empire. For it is a vain Opinion to, think that a Handful of People ihould be able, with the greateft Courage and Policy in the World, to embrace and 'keep under too large an Extent of Dominion. This they may do for a Time^
but
it

can never hold long.

The

Spariq

tans

were a fparing and nice People

point

; :

199 Whence fo point of Naturalization. fmall ComJong as they Ruled within a but when they pafs, they Hood firm
;

and

States.

began to fpread and inlarge their Dominion, and that their Boughs were

become too

Stem of the Sfartans to keep in order, they became Never a Wind-fall upon the fudden. fo open to receive was any S T A T E Strangers into their Body, as were the Romans. And their Succefs was equal to fo wife an Inflitution; for they grew to the greateil Monarchy in the World.
great for the

Their manner was to gi'ant Naturalization, (which they called Jus CrJ it at is) and to grant it in the higheft Degree
that
is,

Right

not only Right of Commerce, of Marriage, Right of Inheri-

tance, but alfo Right of Suffrage,

and

Right of Canvafmg or Standing for

Places;

And

this,

not only to fmgle

;

Perfons, but to whole Families

yea, to

Cities, and fometimes to whole Nations, Add to this, their Cuftom of planting

Colonies,

whereby the RornanVX^nX. was

into the Soil of other Nations

removed

And

loo

Of
you

Kingdoms

And
ther,

putting both Conflitutions togethat

it was not the fpread upon the whole but, contrariwife, it was the

will fay, that

Romans

World, whole World that fpread upon the Ro^ mans: Which is the fureft Way of en^ Urging the Bounds of Emftre, I have wonder'd often at the Spanijh Monarchy,

how

they clafp and curb fo

many
few
the

Kingdoms and Provinces with

natural

fo

Spaniards.

But

furely

Spains of themfelves

may be

lookt up-

on

as a

good handfom Stem; fmcethey

contain a far larger Trad of Country, than Rome or Sparta, at their firft Rife.

And

befides, though the Spaniards are fparing enough of NaturaHzation, yet

they have that which is next to it; that promifcuoufly to employ in their ordinary Militia all Nations whatfoever; yea, and often they confer their
is,

higheft

Commands of War upon Lead-

no Natural Spaniards. Yet they feem, not long fmce, to have been fenfible of this want of Natives, and to have fought a Remedy
thereof, as ap-

ers that are

pears

and
pears
lifh'd this

States.

201

by the Pragmatical Sancton pubYear.

is

It

mofl certain, that Mechanical,

Sedentary Arts, that are exercifed, not Abroad, but within Doors; and delicate Manufadures, that require rather

the Finger than the Arm, have in their Nature a Contrariety to a Mihtary Difpofition.

And

generally

People are a
ger
lefs

little idle,

Warlike and fear Danall

than Labour.
preferve

And

this

Tem-

per of theirs muft not be

if

much
their

checkt,

we would
it

Vigour.

Therefore
tient ly

was

a great

Advantage to
had common-

Sfarta^ Athens^ Rome^ and other an-

States,

that they

not Freemen, but Slaves, to difpatch

thofe Manufadures.
Slaves,
flian

But the Ufe of fmce the receiving of the Chri-

Law, is in greateft Part aboUlh'd. That which cometh nearefl to it is, to

leave thofe Arts to Strangers only ;

who

for that Purpofe are to be courted to

come among
ed
eafily.

us, or at leaf! to

be receivTillers

The
Three

Vulgar Natives fhould

Sorts of

confilt of

Men,

of

202

Of

Kingdoms

of the Ground, Free-Servants, and Handy-Crafts-Men of flrong and manly Arts; as Smiths, Mafons, Carpenters, l^c. not reckoning profeffed Soldiers.

But above Greatness

a Nation

all,

for

Empire
moft,

and
that

it

imports

Arms, as their principal Glory and OccupaFor the Things which we have tion.

do

profefs the Study of

hitherto fpoken of, are but Inablements

towards
is it felf

Arms

and to what Purpofe

it

Inablement, without plying the

to produce
into

Ad

(as

they report, or feign) after

Thing Romulus his Death

fent this as a Legacy to his Countrymen, that above all they iliould intend Arms, and then they fliould prove the greatefl Empire of the World. The whole Fabrick of the State of Sparta^ was ( tho' not over- wifely, yet induilrioufly ) compofed and framed to that Scope and End, of being The Terjiaus and Macedo^ Warriors.

mans had
conilant

the fame Ufage, but not fa

or

lafting.

The Britamsy
Normansj

Gauls, Germans^ Goths^ Saxons^

and
mam,
principally to

States.
for a Flafli.
little

205

and fome others, gave themfelves

Arms

The

Turks, fpurr'd on not a

Law,
tho'

retain

by their the fame Ufage to this Day,

pra(^tifed)

(as

now

in great

Deand

clenfion of their Militia.

Europe, the Nation that
profelTes
it,

Of

Chriftian

ftill

retains

are

only the

Spaniards,

But it is a Thing fo clear and manifeil. That every Man profits moft in that
be moft intends, that it needeth not to be flood upon. But it may be fufficient
to have hinted, that no Nation, that does not dire^ly profefs Arms, can

look to have any confiderable

NEs
as
it

GreatMouths
fide, that

of E M p I R E
:

fall

into their

it is

were And moft certain Oracle of Time,

on the other

that thofe Nations, that have continued

long in the Profeffion and Study of Arms ( as the Romans and Turks- principally

have done) work

the Propagation
thofe that

of

Wonders in Empire. Nay,

Military

have flourifh'd in

Glory but for the Space only of one Age, have, notwithftanding, in that
one-

:|io4

Of

Kingdoms

one Age, attain'd that Greatness of Dominion, which they have kept a long Time after, even when the Difciphne
of Arms hath grown to Decay. I T falls in with the foregoing Precept, for a

State
as

to have fuch

Laws

and Cufloms

may reach
up Arms.

forth unto

them
is

juft Occafions,

or at leaft Pre-

For there Nature of Men, that they forbear making War, (upon which fo many Calamities enfue) but upon fome weighty, or at leaft fpeThe Turk hath always at cious Caufe. hand, and at Command, for Caufe of
tences, of taking
that Juftice imprinted in the

War,
Seft.

the Propagation of his

Law

or

The Romans^

tho' they

efleemed
to their

the extending of the Limits of their

Empire
Generals,

to be great

Honour

yet they never refted

upon

that alone to begin a

War,

Therefore

a Nation that afpires to Empire ihould have this Quality ; to have a lively and

quick Senfe of any Wrongs, either upon bordering Subjeds, or Merchants or publick Minifters ; and let them not
fit

and
fit

States.
firit

loy

too long upon the

let

Provocation.

Next,

them be forward and ready

and Succours to their Aland Confederates, as it ever was with the Romans : Infomuch, as if a
to fend Aids
lies

were made upon a which alfo had Leagues Defenfive with other States; and the fame implored Aid of feveral, the Romans would ever be the foremofl, and leave it to no other to have the
Hoitile
Invafion

Confederate,

Honour of the Kindnefs. As for the Wars which were antiently made upon
the Account of a kind of Conformity,

or tacit Correfpondcnce between State and State, I do not fee how they can be juftified. Such were the Wars undertaken by the Romans for the Liberty of Greece : Such, thofe of the Lacedemonians and Athenians, to fet up or
pull

down Democracies and Oligarchies: are the Wars made fometimes by States or Princes, under Pretence
Such

of proteding the Subjefts of others, and delivering them from Tyranny and Oppreffion, and the like. Let it fuffice

upon

to6
upon
this

Of

Kingdoms

Head, That no State ex^eH to be Greats that is not tnjiantly awake upon any jtift Occafion of Arming.

No Body,
can preferve
cife.

be
its

it

Natural or Politickj

Health without Exer-

And

to a

Kingdom

or

State^
is

juft

and honourable
is

War

in the

Place of wholfome Exercife.

Civil

Uke the Heat of a FeWar ver; but a Foreign War is like Heat from Motion, which conduces much to Health. For in a ilothful, drowfy Peace both the Courage effeminates^ and the Manners corrupt. But howfo*
indeed
ever
a
it

queftion

be for Happinefs, without all it makes for Greatness, that

State be flill as it were under Arms^ And a Veteran Army (though it be a

chargeable Bufmefs ) always on Foot,
that
is

which gives the Law, or

all
;

at leaft

the Reputation amongft

States
as is

Neighbour-

remarkably i^tn in S^ain^

which hath kept up, in one Part or o^ ther, a Veteran Army^ now for th^
Space of Six-fcore Years.

and

States.
of the Sea
is

207
a kind

The Command of Epitome of

ration againft
(fays he)
is

Monarchy.

Cicero

writing to Atticus of

Tompey\ PrepaC^far ; PompeyV Qounfel ^'r/i^/y Themiftoclean ; for

is

he thinks that he that

Sea^
is

Mafier of tht Mafter of the World. And without doubt Tompey had tired out,
if,

and broke the Heart of Cafar^ vain Confidence, he had not

upon
that

left

Way.

We

fee

the great Effeds

of

Battels by Sea, in

many Examples. The

the

Battel of Aciittm decided

Empire

of the World.

The

Battel of Lepanto

put a Ring in the Nofe of the Turk. Certainly it hath often fallen out, that
Viftories

by Sea have been

;

final

to

the

War

but

this has

been,

when

the

Fortune of the whole

put upon fuch Battels.
is certain, that

War

has been

But thus much he that commands the

Sea,
as

and can take much, and as Httle of the War, as he will: Whereas, on the contrary, he that is ftrongeft by Land, is many Times, neverthelefs, in great Streights. But
is

at great Liberty,

at

io8
at this

Of

Kingdoms

Day, and with us of Europe^ Na( which is the Dower of this Kingdom of Britain ) is of huge Moment towards Sovereignty; both
val Strength

becaufe moft of the

Kingdoms

of Eu-

rope are not merely In-land,

but girt

with the Sea, moft part of their Compafs; and becaufe the Treafures and Wealth of both Indies are a kind of

Appurtenance to the
Seas.

Command

of the
to be

Modern
made
ilre,

Wars may feem

as it

in the

Dark,

were, in

ComLu-

parifon of the Glory and various

in

which refleded upon Military Men antient Times from Warlike At-

We have at prefent, perEncouragement, fome honouhaps, for rable Degrees and Orders of Chivalry
chievements.

which, neverthlefs, are conferred prdmifcuoufly upon Soldiers, and no Soldiers:

We

have

alfo a

itvf Pedigrees
:

Likewife, upon Family-Scutcheons fome publick Hofpitals for difcharged and maimed Soldiers, and fuch like

Things,

But amongft the ^ntients^ the Trophies

and
ftory;

States.

209

Trophies ereded upon the Place of Vithe Funeral Laudatives; and Stately Monuments for thofe that died
in

War;

the Civick
;

lands Perfonal

the Style of

Crowns and GarEmperor,

which the greateft Kings afterwards borrowed of the Commanders in War the celebrated Triumphs of the Generals

upon their Return, were fuccefsfuUy ended

natives

after the
;

the vaft

Wars Do-

and LargefTes to the Soldiers, upon the disbanding of the Armies: Thefe, I fay, were things fo many, and fo
great,

and of fuch glorious Luflre,

as

were able to fire the mod frozen Breails, and inflame them to War. But, above all, That of the Triumph, amongft the Romans^ was not a Matter of Pomp,
or
vain Pageantry,

but one of

the

wifefl and noblefl Inftitutions that ever

was For it contained in it thefe three Things; Honour and Glory to the General; Riches to the Treafury out of the Spoil; and Donatives to the Army. But the Honour of Triumph perhaps were not fit for Monarchies,'
:

Vol

I.

except

2,io

0/
it

N G D o

s,

&:c.

except
alfo, in

be in the Perfon of the King

;

himfelf, or of the King's Sons

which

the

Time

of the Emperors, ob-

tained at

Rome\ who did appropriate

the adual Triumphs to themfelves and

their Sons, for fuch
as they had and indulg'd only Triumphal Garments and Enfigns to the

Wars

atchiev'd in Perfon

other Commanders.

But
There
pture
is

to

conclude

this

Difcourfe

no

Man
that
to

(as the

Holy

Scri-

teflifies)

by Care-taking can
that
is

add one Cubit

to fay, in this
:

his Stature \

Model of Man's But in the great Frame of Body Kingdoms and Common- wealths, it is in the Pow^r of Princes and
little

States

and extend

K i n g d o m s, Bounds. For by introducing fuch Laws, Conflitutions and Cuiloms, as we have now propounded,
to amplify their
their

and others of
they
Poilerity,

like

Nature with thefe,

to their

may fow Greatness

and future Ages.
Mattp'
is

But thefe

Counfels are feldom confider'd by Princes, but the

take

its

Chance.

commonly left to XXXIII.

Of Plantations,

zit

XXXIII.

Plantation
6)/
s.

PLANTATIONS
mongft
Antient

are eminent a-

and

Heroical

Works. The World, when it was Young, begat more Children ; but now it is Old, it begets fewer: For I may
well reckon

new Colonies
it

to be the

Children, as
tions.
I

were,

of former Nain

like
;

Plantation

mean, where one People is not DisPLANTED, to the end of Planting another. For where this

Pure

Soil

is

done,

it is

plainly an Extirpation, not

Plantation.

Planting
Planting
of

of Countries

is

like

Woods: Wherein you

muft make Account to lofe almoft Twenty Years Profit, and expeft your

Recompence in the End

cipal

For the prinftrudion

Thing, that hath been the De-

OfyP:LAKT ^^lOKs. llrudion of mod Plantations

ttz
(which otherwife wou'd have fucceeded well) hath been that fordid and hally drawing of Profit in the firll
Years.
Profit
is

It is

true, a

fpeedy Harvefl of
as far as

not to be negleded,

may confifl with the Good of Plantation, but no further.

the

It is a Shameful and Unblefied Thing, to take the Scum of the People, Baniihed and Condemned Men, to be the Seminary of a Pl a n t a t i o n ;

And

not only

lb,

but

it

fpoileth

ruineth the

Plantation.
ever
to
fall

and For fuch

live like

profligate Fellows will

work, but give themfclves up to Lazinefs, and commit Villanies, and confume Victuals, and be quickly weary, and then
Vagabonds, and not
Certify over to their Country, to the

Prejudice and Difcredit of the

Planyou

tation.

Let
Pl a n t,

the

People

wherewith
Artil'ans

be efpecially

of the

Kinds that follow: Gar diners. Plough-*

men, Labourers,

Smiths,.

Carpenters,
Joyne'rs^

Of Plantations,
Joyners,

iij
Sur-

Fiiher-men,

Fowlers,

geons,

Apothecaries, Cooks,
like.

Bakers,

Brewers, and the

I

N the Country where you intend

to

Pl a n t,

firfl

look about what kind

of Eatables and Drinbibles the Coun-. try yields of it felf without Culture

As

Chef-nuts, Wall-nuts, Pine- Apples,

Olives, Dates, Plums, Cherries,

Wild-

Honey, and the

them, as
is

like

and make ufe of

confider,

meet.

Then

what

kind of Efculent Things the Soil may produce fpeedily within the Year: As
Parfnips, Carrots,
Radiflies,

Cabbages, Onyons,
Artichokes
of

Cucumbers,

Jerufalem, Melons, Maiz, and the

like.:

As

for

Wheat,

Barley, and
:

Oats,

they ask too

Peafe and Beans you

becaufe they ask
Bread.

much Labour But with may begin both

;

Labour, and becaufe they ferve for Meat, as w^ell as

lefs

for

Of Rice hkewife
and

there
it is

cometh

a great Encreafe,

kind of Meat alfo. Above all, there ought to be tranfported good Store of
Bisket, Oat-meal, Flower,

Meal of

all

Sorts,

214
Sorts,

Of Plantations.

and the like, that they may be at hand in the Beginning, till Bread may be had. For Beafls and Birds, take chiefly fuch as are leafl fubjed to Difeafes, and
multiply
faiteft As Swine, Goats, Cocks, Hens, Turkies, Geefe, Houfe^ Doves, Conies, and the Hke. Fishing muit be efpecially plied, both for the Support of the Colony,
:

and for the Gain of Exporting. The Viduals in Plantations ought to be expended with as fparing a Hand
almoft as in a Befieged

Town

that

is,

with certain Allowance. And let the main Part of the Ground converted to Gardens or Corn, be afligned to publick Granaries, wherein the Fruits may be ftored up, and deUvered out in Proyet fo as that fome Spots of portion
;

Ground may be
lar

referved for particu-

Perfons to exercife their Induflry

upon.

Consider
dities

likewife,

what

Common
thereof,

the Country doth naturally pro*

that

duce,

the

Exportation

into

Of Plantations,
into Places

where they are

it

iiy much va-

lued, may help to defray of the Pl A N T A T I o N as

;

the Charges

hath fared
it

with

Tobacco
was
the

in Virginia-^ fo

be
felf.

not, as

faid, to

the untimely Preit

judice of

Plantation

Wood
is fit

in Defert Countries

commonly

abounds;
Ufes,
cipal

and therefore Timber, that

Ships, and fuch-like

for Houfes,

may be reckoned one of the prinCommodities. If there be a Vein

fet

of Iron, and Streams whereupon to

the Iron-Mills;

Iron

is

a brave

modity
if

in

Wooddy

Countries,

ComMak-

ing of Bay-Salt in the

the Climate be proper for

Heat of the Sun, it, would

any be?

be a Thing worth Trying.

Growing
is

Silk likewife, if

Commodity. Pitch of all Sorts, where there are Store of Firs and Pines, will not fail. So Drugs, and fweet Woods, where they are,
a likely
yield

great Profit.
will

Soap-Aihes

like-

wife

be-rery gainful, and other

Things that may be enquired after. But moil not too much under Ground,

efpe-

ii6

Of Plantations.
Mines
;

efpecially at the Beginning; for

are fallacious, and expenfive

and feed-'

ing the

Planters
the

with goodly Hopes,

the

make them

lazy in other Things.

Let

Government of
the

Plan-

tation

be put into

Hands of

fome One, but aflifted with Counfel: And let them have Commiffion to exercife Martial Law, but with fome Limitation.

And

above

all,

let

Men

make

this

Advantage of

living in the

Wildernefs; to have

God

always, and

his Service, before their Eyes.

Again,

let

not the

Colony

de-

pend upon too many Counfellors and I mean, in the Country that Planteth) but upon a moderate Number And let thofe be Noblemen and Gentlemen, than rather for Thefe are too greedy Merchants of prefent Gain. Let there be an abfolute Freedom from Cuftom, till the
Managers, (Refiding,
;
;

Plantation
Liberty
dities

be grown llrong
export their
Parts

And

not only Freedom from Cullom, but a

alfo to

Commothey
pleafe

into

what

foever

Of Plantations.
pleafe;

217

unlefs there be

fome weighty

Reafon to the contrary.

Do not over-charge the Plantation by cramming in People, and fending

too
fafl,

Company
to a

after

Company: But
to

rather hearken

dihgent Information,

how

they wafle from

Time

Time,
;

and fend Supplies proportionably

fo as that the

yet

Colony may

live well,

and not be

afflifted

with Penury.
to

It hath been a great Detriment

the Health of divers
their Building near the Sea

Plantations,

and Rivers, and unwholfome Grounds. Therefore, though you begin in fuch
in marfliy

for the Convenience of Carand other like Things, yet byDegrees afcend to the upper Parts of the Country, and that are at fome Di--

Places,

riage,

from the Waters. of Concern likewife to the Health of the Pl a n t a t i o n, that they have good Store of Salt with them, to
ftance

It

is

feafon their

Meat

with, which other-

wife would likely corrupt.

2i8
If

Of Plantations. you Plant where Savages

;

are,

do not win them with Trifles Gugaws but oblige them by

gracious Ufage
;
:

only and
juft

and

yet without abating

any neceflary Guard And do not court their Favour by helping them to invade
their

Enemies

but to lend them Aid

for their Defence,

It is

may not be

amifs.

of Ufe Ukewife to fend often fome

of the Natives over to the Country, from whence the Colony came; to the end they may fee there a much better Condition than their own, and
publilh
it

to

their

Countrymen when
is

they return.

When
to

the

Plantation

grown
fea-

fome Strength, then it will be fonable to put to them Women

Increafe, that the

for

Plantation may

propagate and fpread into Generations

from it felf and not be ever depending upon Foreign Supplies. I T is the wickedefl Thiag in the World to forfake and abandon a Plantation, once in Forwardnefs; for heTides the Dilhonour, it is no other than mere
;

Of
fion of the

C K E

$,

219

mere Treachery, and a mercilefs EffuBlood of many mifcrabie

Creatures.

XXXIV. Of Riches.
1 Cannot call Riches by a more proper Name, than to flyle them the
Baggage of Vntue.
gage
is

For
fo are

as

the Bagto

to an

Army,

Riches
it

Virtue.

They
;

are necelTary, but

cumoften

berfome
lofeth,

nay, and the Care of

or diflurbeth the Victory.

there
is

Of

great

Riches

no Ufe, but in
:

the Expending of

them
/V,

The

reft is

but Conceit.

Solomon fays the

there are

fame

Thing
to

Where much
;

many

and what hath the confume it Owner, but the Sight of it with his Eyes? The PolTeflion of Riches gives the Mafter no fenfible Pleafure. There is indeed a Cuftody of them there is
;

alfo a

Power of Donative,

or Diflribution

20

0/
;

H
;

S.

there is hkewife a Fame, tion of them and a Pride from them but there is no foHd Ufe of them in themfelves, reaching to the Mafler. Do you not fee,

what feigned Prices are fet upon Jewels, and fuch Hke Rarities; and what empty Works are undertaken, out of mere Oftentation, to the end there may feem to be fome Ufe of great Riches? But fome One will fay, that the Ufe of them
the RedeemOwners out of Dangers and Calamities As Solomon fays The Subfiance of the Rich is his ftrong Hold, and as a high Wall in his Imagination, But
is

feen in this efpecially

ing their

Solomon cautioully
fo in

fays,

that they

are

not in Fact. For more Men, doubtlefs, have been fold by their Riches, than bought
off.

Imagination,

Seek, not to
but fuch
as

raife

great

Riches,
Juflly, ufe

thou may'll get

Soberly, diftribute Chearfully, and leave

Contentedly.

Yet entertain no Friar ly^ Monkijh Contempt of them, but diftinguiih as to the Ufe ; as Qic^ro fays excellently

0/
cellently well

S.

121
;

oiRablr'ms Tofthiimtis

In

Jludio ret amflificanda^

affarebaty non

Avarit'ta {rtedam^
bojtitatl^

fed tnfiriimenttim

quart.
fet

and don't
lating

Hearken alfo to Solomon^ your Heart upon accumutoo haftily

:

Riches

^i fefiinat
The
Poets

adT)ivitias,
feign

7ion erit in fins.

(

which fignifies from Ju^iter, Hmps, and goes llovvly But when he is fent from Thtto., he runs, and is

that Tlutus

Riches) when

he

is

fent

fwift of Foot:

Hinting, that
but

Riches
come

gotten by good Means, and juft Labour,

advance llowly
"

when

they

by the Death of others (as by the Courfe of Inheritance, Teftaments, or

the like)
they

come tumbUng upon

as well

Man.
for

This Fable might

Devil.

be un-

derflood hkewife of Tkto, taking him

the

For when

Riches

flow from the Devil, (as by Fraud, OppreiTion, Injuflice, and Wickednefs)
they

come with

a violent Courfe.

The Ways to grow Rich are

various,

and moil of them foul. Parfimony may be reckon'd one of the befl, and yet even

212
yet even

Of
That
it
;

K
is

IC

HE

S.

not altogether Inno-

cent

for

cuts fhort the

Liberality and Charity.

Works of The Improveto be the

as

ment of

the

Ground feems

moft natural
the Earth
yet

Way

to

Riches;

be-

ing the Bleffing of our Great Mother

But this Way is flow. And Men of eminent Wealth ftoop where
:

to Husbandry, and Country Gains, they

grow immenfeiy Rich. I knew a Nobleman of England, that had the greatefl Revenues from Country x^ffairs, of any

He

was rich

in

Subjed in my Time. Herds, Sheep, Woods,

as

as well Copfes,

thofe of a

larger

kind; Coals; Corn;

;

Mines and a dudions of Husbandry. So that the Earth was to him as a Sea, perpetually importing Commodities. I T was rightly obferv'd by One, that he came with great Pains to a fmall Eflate, and with none at all almoit, to a great One. For when a Man's Stock of Money is grown to this, that he can wait the Advantages of Fairs and Markets;

Lead and IronNumber of the like Pro-

0/
kets
;

s.

223

and can fur mount thofe Bargains,

which, becaufe of the Greatnefs of the

Sum, very few

partake likewife

Men

can reach; and

in other

Men's La-

bours, that do not abound in Money; he muft needs grow exceeding Rich/ The Gains of ordinary Trades and

undoubtedly Honeft; and are furthered by two Things chiefly: DiUgence, and a good Name
Profeflions
are
for honeft

and

fair

Dealing.

But
ful

the Gains accruing from con-

fiderable Contrafts are of a

more doubta

Nature ; namely,

when

Man

lies

in wait for,
ties

and watches the Neceiliand Straits of other People ; bribes

other

Men s
and

Servants and Managers to

artifi-

the Prejudice of their Mailers;

cially

cunningly puts off

that

other

Chapmen,

would,
;

perhaps, have

confented to give more

pable.

with the like

all

fraudulent Pr aft ices, which are

cul-

As
fell

for

EMp

o N

s,

when

Man

buys, with a Defign not to hold,

again, they
as well

but to

commonly grind
Seller as

both Ways,

upon the

Buyer.

2Z4
Buyer.
inrich,

Of R I C H E Si Partnerships do
if

greatly

the Perfons be well cholen

with whom we go Pa r t n e r s. Usury is one of the certaineft Means of Gain, as That, wheretho' one of the worll: doth eat his Bread /// the by a Man Sweat of Another s Brow, befides, it ceafeth not to Plough upon Sundays.
;

But yet Certain tho' it be, it hath its Flaws: For Scriveners and Broakers
* will fometimes extol

Men

of doubtful

Fortunes for their own Advantage. Th e good Fortune of being the Firfl
in

fome new Invention, or

Privilege,

doth fometimes caufe an Inundation of

Wealth; as it was with the firft SugarBaker in the Canaries. Th^rt^ovQ if a Man
can play the true Logician, to have as
well Judgment as Invention, doubtlefs

he may do great Matters

the

efpecially if

Times be
that

favourable.

depends wholly upon Gains Certain, will hardly rife to great Riches:

He

On
* In the Original Englip
;

do value unfound Men,

to fcrve their

own Turn.

Of Riches.
On
on
is

iij
all

the other hand, he that puts

upIt

Adventures,

will

hardly

efcape

Breaking, and coming to nothing.

good therefore

to guard

Adventures
uphold

with Certainties, whereby to

Lolles.

Monopolies,
Wares
ftrain'd

and Coemption of

for Refale,

where they are reby no Law, are a ready Way

Riches; efpecially if the Party can forefee, what Commodities are hke
to

to

come

into Requeft,

and to flock

himfelf well with them before hand.

Riches by the Serand great PerfonSj carries a kind of Dignity with it; yet when they are got by Flattery, and foothing and fervile Artifices, and bending to every Nod, it may be reckoned one of the word Ways, As
acquiring
vice of Kings,
for fifhing for
torlhips,

The

Teflaments and ExecuTacitus charges Senecai

(as

Teftamenta
;

&

Orbos tanoiuam Indagtne

cafi ) it is yet worfe, by how much meaner the Perfons are we have to deal

uith, than in Service.

Vol. L

DoN*t

0/ R I C H E s. Il6 Don't much believe them, who make a Shew of defpifmg Riches:
For they defpife them that defpair of them ; and none more clofe-fiiled when
they

come

to them.

Be

not Penny-wife:

Riches
fly

have

Wings, and fometimes they

away

f themfelves ; fometimes they muft be fet flying to bring in more. Men when
they dye leave their

Riches,

either

to a Publick Ufe, or to their Children,-

Kindred, and Friends. In both Cafes, moderate Legacies profper beft. Great Riches left to an Heir, are a Lure to
all

the Birds of Prey round about to

unlefs the

fly to;

Heir be well

efla-

blilh'd in

Years and Judgment. Likewife glorious and fplendid Foundation

to publick Ufes,
v^'ithont Salty

are like

Sacrifices'

and but the 'whtted Se^pilchres of Alms^ which will foon puThere* trify, and cornipt inwardly. fore itieafure not thy Gifts by Quantity,^ but by Ufefulnefs ; and reduce them lo
al

due Meafure: And defer not ChariFor, if a Man weigh it ties till Death,
rightly.

Of Prophecies.'
rightly,

ji/

beral

he that does fo, is rather Liof another Man's, than of his

Own.

XXXV.O/PROPHECIES.
IMean
not to fpeak of Divine Pro
p H E c I E s ; nor of Heathen Oracles nor of Natural Predidions; but only of Prophecies that have been of

certain

Memory, and

from hidden

Caufes.

Saith the Tjthonijfa to Sault

To Morrow thou and thy Son Jhall be

'with me,

Virgil hath thefe

Verfes,^

Mn,

3.

97.

Hie T>omus
oris^

Mnea

cunEiis domtnabittif

Et

nati natorunff
illis
:

&
it

qui nafeentur db

A Pr o f
Empire.

ri

EcY

Seneca the

feems of the Roma^ Tragedian hath

thefe Verfes:

2l8

Of pROPHECIEit;
-"^^^ Ventent

Annis

Secula ferhy quibus Oceanus

VtnciUa

Rerum

laxet^

ingens

Tat eat

Tellusy Tij>hyfque novos

T^etegat Orbes\ nee Jit Terr is

Ultima Tlmle:

A Prophecy
merica.

of the Difcovery of yf-

Th e Daughter

of Toly crates dream'd

her Father,
:

that JiApter bathed

and

Apllo anointed him

pafs, that

And

it

came to
his

he was crucitied in an open

Place,

where the Sun made

Body

run with Sweat, and the Rain wafhed Thilip of Macedon dreamed, he it.

fealedup his Wife's Belly: Whereby he did expound \l^ that his Wife fliould be barren: But Ariftander the Soothfay er told him, his Wife was with .Child, becaufe Men do not ufe to feal Vellels that are empty. A Phantafm that appeared to M. Brutus in his Tent, faid to him ; Thilij?j?is iterum me vide*
hisi

Tiberius faid to Galba^

.

Tu quo que

Galba degufiabis Imprinm.

Of Prophecies.
In Vefpafian\

zzp

Time

there went a

Prophecy
that lliould

in the Eaft-,

That thofe
though,

come

forth of Judea^ fliou'd

reign over the \\'orld:

it

Which

was meant of our Saviour, yet Tacitus expounds it of Vef^ajian, T>omitian dreamed the Night before he was flain, that a Golden Head was

may

be,

growing out of the Nape of

his

Neck

And

indeed the Succeilion that followfor

ed him, Times.

many Years, made golden

HENRTiht Sixth oi England, faid

of Henry the Seventh, when he was a Lad, and gave him Water; This is the Lad
that jhall enjoy the
Cro'-jun,

for

'juhich

we

ftrive.

\V H E N I was in France, I heard from one Dr. Tena, that; the ^.e enArts,

Mother, w^ho was given to Curious caufed the King her Husband's Nativity to be calculated, under a falfe and the Aitrologer gave a Name
;

Judgment, that he ihould be killed in at which the Queen laugh'd, a Duel thinking her Husband to be above
;

Chal^

i^o
upon

Of Prophecies.
{lain

Challenges and Duels: But he was

a Courfe at Tilt, the Splinters of

the Staff of Mongomery going in at his

Bever.

Th e

trivial

Prophecy,

which

heard when I was a Child, and Queen Elizabeth was in the Flower of her
Years, was;

When Hempe
EnglandV

is

fpnne^

done.

Whereby
fhat
after

it

the

was generally conceived, Princes had reigned,

which had the principal Letters of that Word Hempe^ (which were Henry J^dwardy Mary^ Thili^fy and Elizabeth) England iliould come to utter Confufion: Which, Thanks be to God, is verified only in the Change of the Name For that the King's Style is now no more of England, but of Britain. There was alfo another Prophecy before the Year 88, which I do not
'^

well underftandr

There

Of Prophecies.
There /hall be feen upon a T^ay^

231

Between the Baiigh and the May^ The Black Fleet of Norway. When that is come and gone, England huildHoufes of Lime andStone^ For after Wars jhall you harjenone.
I T was generally conc^iv'd to be meant of thq S^anijh Fleet, that came in 88 For that the King of Sfain'% Sirname, as they fay, is Norway. The
:

Prediftion of RegiomontmaSf
OifogeJJtmus Ocfavus mirabilis

Annus ;

was diought likewife accpmplillied, in

the fending of that great fleet, being

the

gi'catefl:

in Strength,

tho' not

in

Number,
Sea.

that

ever

fw^m upon
I tj)ink it

the

As
a Jeft.

for Cleoiis
It

Dream,
;

was

was, that he was devoured

of a long Dragon

and

it

was expoundare

ed of a Maker of Saufages, that troubled

him exceedingly.
of the
like

There

Numbers

you inand Predidions of Aclude Dreams,

kind
;

efpecially, if

Urology.

231

Of Prophecies.

But I have fet down thefe ftrology. few pnly of certain Credit, for Exr
ample.

M Y Judgment
to be defpifed
;

is,

that they ought

all

and ought to ferve but

for Winter-talk by the Fire-fide.

Tho*
as for

when
Belief:

fay Defpifed^

mean

it

For otherwife, the Spreading or Publiihing of them, is in no fort to be defpifed for they have done much
;
:

I fee many fevere Laws made to fupprefs them. That, that hath given them Grace,

Mifchief

And

and fpme Credit,

Things.
Firft,
hit,

confifteth

in three

that

Men mark them

generally alfq
is,

when

they

and never mark when

that pro-

they mifs:

As they do

of Dreams.
tions,

The fecond

bable Conje(5hires,

or obfcure Tradi-

many Times
w^hich

turn themfelves in-

to

Prophecies: While
it

the Nature

of Man,
thinks

coveteth Divination,

no

Peril to Foretel that,

which

indeed they do but Colleft. As that of Seneca's Verfe For fo much was:

then fubjed to Demonftration, that the

Globe

0/

AmB

T
;

N.

233

Globe of the Earth had great Parts beyond the AtUntick which might be probably conceiv'd not to be all Sea:

And

adding thereto the Tradition in

Tlato\ Timeus, and his Atlanticus^ it might encourage one to turn it to a Prediction. The third and laft (which is the Great one) is, that al-

mofl

all

of them, being

infinite in

Num-

been Impoftures, and by idle and crafty Brains merely contrived and feigned, after the Event paft.
ber, have

XXXVI.O/Ambition.

AMBITION
Which
is

is

like

Choler

Humour that maketh

Chearful,

Men
:

Aftive,
it

Stirring; if

and meet with no Obitru6HEarneft,

on But if it be flopped, fo as not to have a free Courfe, it becometh Aduft, and thereby Malign and VenomousIn like

manner

Ambitious Men,

if

they

t^4-

Of

Am b

t fojf.

they find no Repulfe in their Purfuit of Honours, but arq flill getting forvvardi
are rather

Bufy than Dangerous

But

if

they are checkt in their Defires, and

difappointed often, they harbour
Ill-will

and Envy

in their Hearts,

and look

upon Men and Things with a very evil Eye and are then inwardly delighted, when Things go backward Which is
;
:

the worft Property in a Servant of a

Prince or State.
for Princes
( if

Therefore
they

it is

good

make

ufe of
it

A mthat

BiTious
they be

Men)

to order

fo,

flill

Advancing, and never go

backwards.

Which, becaufe

it

cannot

be without Inconvenience, it were betFor ter not to ufe fuch Natures at all.
if

they

rife

not together with their Ser-

vice, they will take care to

make

their

Service fall with them. But fmce we have faid, it were good not to ufe Ambitious Men, except it be upon Neceffity; it will be worth while to fpeak, in what Cafes they are of Ne^
eeffity.

Good

0/

AM B
all

N.

13y

Good Commanders and

War, muft by

Generals in

means be taken, be they never fo Ambitious: For their Ufefulnefs, in being let at the Head,
compenfates for the
a Soldier

without
Spurs.

rell And to chufe Ambition, is to

:

pull off his

There

is

another
in be-

Ufe

alfo

of

AMB

TIous

Men,
againlt

ing Skreens to Princes

Peril

and Envy

For no

Man

will take that

Part upon him, unlefs he be like a feal'd Dove, that mounts and mounts, only becaufe he cannot fee about him. There is another confiderable Ufe alfo

of Ambitious

Men,

in clipping the

Wings of
pulling

thofe

that over-top,

and in
as

down

their Greatnefs;

TU

bersus

made ufe of Macro

to

overthrow

Sejanus.

Since
iliew,

therefore they are necefTarv

it

in the Cafes mentioned,

remains to
the

how

they are to be bridled and

that they

reftrained,

may be
lefs

lefs

dangerous.

There
they are
are

is

Danger of
Birth,

them,
than
if

if

of

mean

they

Noble;

and of a Nature

1^6

Of

Am b

n.

Nature fomewhat harih and than if gracious and popular ;

they are

rugged,
laftly, if

New Raifed,
It
is

than

if

they are

grown Cunning, and

Greatnefs.

Fortified in their

generally counted a

rites

have Favouand Bofom-Friends Yet, to fpeak Truth, there is no better Remedy againfl the exceflive Greatnefs of NoFor when the bles and Miniflers.

Weaknefs

in Princes to

Power of
lies

Pleafuring or Difpleafuring
it is

in the Favourite,

hardly pof-

iible

any Other Ihould be Over-great. Another good Way to curb them,

toBallance them by others as Ambitious and Proud as They. But then there had need be fome moderate Coun^
is

fellors, to interpofe,

and keep Things even between them: For without that Ballait the Ship will roul too much. At lead Princes may encourage and a^ nimate fome Perfons of meaner Gondii
tion, to

be

as it

were Scourges to

Am-

BiTious Men. As for creating an Opinion in the Minds of Ambitious

Men,

that they are

upon the Brink of

Ruin,

0/

Am B
;

N.

237

Ruin, and to keep them in Awe that Way ; if they are of fearful Natures, it

may do
Daring,

well
it

but

if

they are Stout and

will precipitate their Defigns

;

and Machinations
in
it.

and there
that

is

Danger
not fafe

If there

be a Neceffity of pulit is

ling

them down, and

it all at

to do

once;

the only

Way

is,

a continual Interchange of Favours and

Difgraces,

whereby they may be amazed

and confounded, not knowing what to expect:, and be as it were in a Wood.

Of Ambitions, the Ambition to

dling in every

it is lefs

hurtful

prevail

in

great

Thiiigs, than that other of Intermed-

Thing
is

Confufion, and

the

But yet there

is lefs

For that breeds Ruin of Bufmefs. Danger from an

in Bufmefs,

Ambitious MANaftive
Dependencies.
ring and Able
great

than great and powerful in Intereft and

He

that

makes

it

his

Bufmefs to be Eminent amongft

Stir-

Task

Men, undertakes a very but that is ever good for

that plots, to

the Publick

But he

keep
to be

down Men of Underftanding, and

the

238

Of

Mfe

N*
\i

the Only Figure amongft Cyphers,

the Bane and Calamity of an Age.

H 01^ OUR
oblige
\

is

attended with three

re-*

markable Advantages:

Power

to
j;

An

eafy

and the

raifing

Approach to Princes of a Man's own Fortune.

He

that hath the beft of thefe thred

when he Afpireth, is art Honeft M^nr And that Prince^ that

Intentions,

Can difcern and

But,
in

diftinguifli
is

fuch Inten-^

tions in his Servants,

a wife Prince*

general,

Princes and Statea

ihould chufe fuch Minift^rs, as are led

more by Duty, than AMBiti0>f

fuch
as

and
ra-

embrace and love Bufmefs

Confcience,
let

ther tipon
tion.

than Oftenta-

In fine,

Princes judicioufly

between Bufy Natures, that will be meddling in every Thing, and % willing or chearful Mind.
diltinguifli

m'm

mvQf\

xxxvit

Of MaskSj

fefc.

13^

XXXVII. Of Masvls and Triumphs.

THESE Things come amongft

to

are

but Toys,
fuch
ferious

Obfervations.

But

yet,

fmce Princes

will have fuch Things,

lliould

it is better they be graced with Elegancy, than daubed with Coft. Trancing to Song^

is a
I

Thing of

great State and Pleafure.

it,

Choir, placed

Song be in and accompanied with fome broken Mufick: And the

underftand
that the
aloft,

Ditty fitted to the Device.

Song^^

AEiing hi

efpecially in Dialogues, hath

I

an

extreme good Grace:

fay

Ac ting,

not Dancing, ( For that is a mean and vulgar Thing ; ) and the Voices of fhe Dialogue fhould be flrong and manly, (a Bafe, and a Tenour, no Treble ) and the Ditty High and Tra;

gical,

not Nice

or

Dainty.

Several

Choirs

x^o

Of

Masks
Pleafure.

Choirs placed one againft another, and taking the Voice by Catches, Anthemwife,

give

great

Turning

Dances into Figure is a Childifli Curioand generally let it be noted, that iity thofe Things, which I here fet down,
;

are fuch as

do

naturally take the Senfe,

and
it

refpeft

not

petty

Wonderments.

It is true,

the Alterations of Scenes, fo

be quietly, and without Noife, are Things of great Beauty and Pleafure: For they feed and relieve the Eye, before it be fated with the fame Object. Let the Scenes abound with Light, eAnd let fpecially coloured and varied
:

the

Maskers,

or any other that are

the Scene,

to

come down from

have

fome Motions upon the Scene it felf^ before their coming down for it draws the Eye ilrangely, and makes it with great Pleafure defire to fee what it cannot perfedly difcern. Let the Songs
;

be loud and chearful, and not Chirpings or Pulings. Let the Mufick Ukewife be Iharp and loud, and well placed. The Colours that Ihew beft by Candlelight,

and
light, are

Triumphs.
;

241

White Carnation, and

of Sea-water Green

a kind and Spangles, as

they are of no great Coil, fo they are

of moil Glory.
dery,
it is loft,

As

for rich

Embroibe

and not difcerned.

Let
fon

the Suits of the

Maskers

graceful,

and fuch

as

become

the Per-

when

the Vizars are off; not after

the Examples of

known Attires
;

Turks^

Soldiers, Mariners, and the like.

Let

Antimasks not be long they have been commonly of Fools, Satyrs, Baboons^

Wild-men^

Antiques, Beafts,

Spirits,-

Witches, Ethiops, Pigmies, Turquets,

Nymphs,

Rufticks,

Cuftds^

Statues

moving, and the like. As for Angels, it is not Comical enough, to put theiA into Anti-masks; and any thing that
is

hideous, as Devils, Giantsj

is,

on

the.
let

other fide, as unfit.

the

But

chiefly,

Mufick of them be Recreating, and with fome ftrange Changes. Some Sweet Odours fuddenly coming forth, without any Drops falling, are in fuch a Company, where is Steam and Heat, Things of great Pleafure and Rcfrefli-

Vol L

ment.

242^

Of

N A T u R E,
But
all
is

and

ment.
Variety.
the

Double Masks, one of Men^^

addeth State and
nothing,

another of Ladies,

except

Room be For Jufts,

;

kept clean and neat.

and Turneys,

and Bar-chiefly

riers

the Glories of
Chariots,

Them are
;

wherein the Chal-S lengers make their Entry efpecially if^' they are drawn with ftrange Beaits, asin the

Lions, Bears, Camels, and the like

Or

in the Devices of their Entrance, or in

the Finery of their Liveries, or in the-v

goodly Furniture of their Horfes and' Armour. But enough of thefe Toys.

XXXVIIL

0/

Nature,
DtJpofittoK^

and Natural in Men.

NATURE
Force makes

is

often hid

fometimes-

overcome 5 feldom extinguiihed

Nature more impetuousin-

Natural Difpofttion
in the

in

Men,
lefs

243
im-

Return

Dodrine and Precepts

render the EfFefts of Nature

portune indeed, but do not remove them ; But Cuftom alone is that, which perfedly changes and fubdues Nature.

He

that defires
let

Conquefl over
fet

his

Nature,
too great,

him neither

himfelf

not too fmall Tasks:

For

the Firft will dejed: him, by reafon of

frequent FaiUngs ; and the Second

wiU not encourage him much, though he

ihouJd often prevail.

And

at firft let

him pradife with Helps, as young Swimmers with Bladders or Ruihes

and afterward, with Difadvantages, as Dancers are wont, with thick Shoes, For it breeds Perfedion in any thing, if the Pradice be harder than the Ufe.

Wh'e re Nature

is

very powerful,;

ind therefore the Vidory hard, 'twill be neceJGTary to proceed by certain Degrees.

Which may be
for

fuch: Firft, to

ftop

Nature

to him,

fome Times' like who, when he was Angry,

Se-

ufed to fay over the Letters of the Alphabet, before he did any thing.

cohdlVj

244

Of

Nature,
down

and
and

condly, to moderate

Nature,

bring her
as if a

to fmallei* Portions;

Man, in Forbearing Wine, Ihould come from Large Draughts to LelTer:

And
Quell
fo

laftly,
it,

to Subjugate

Nature, and
if a

altogether.

But

Man has
Refolu-

much

Strength of

Mind and
at

tion, as to

be able

to difengage,
all

and
is

enfranchife himfelf

once, that

O^tmus

tile

animi vindex, ladentia

feEius Vincula qui rupt^ dedoluitque femeh

Reje6led:

Neither is the antient Rule to be To bend Nature, like a

it

Wand, to the contrary Extreme; that may come flrait at laft. Underftandit

ing

thus,

where the other Extreme

Furthermore,

does not lead to Vice.

6lory over

Sing nor a Song of Triumph for Vifor NaTime, and yet revive upon Occafion: As it was with JEfop\ Damfel, turn'd from a Cat

Nature,

too foon

TURE

will lie buried a long

into a

Woman who
;

fat

very demurely
at

y ;

Natural D'tfpofitton in Men.

It the

24
to

Table,

till

Moufe happened

run before her.

Therefore either avoid

them, that you

fuch Occafions altogether, or accuftom

your

felf frequently to

may be the lefs aifefted with them. EveryMan'sNATURALDis POSITION

is

beft perceiv'd in familiar

Converfe

for here

there

is

no Affeftation: In
Finally, in

Paflions

for they utterly call off Pre-

cepts and Rules:

any

new

and unufual Cafe; for there Cultom leaves him. I may call them happy Men, whofe Natural Dispositions fort with their Vocations: Otherwife they may truly fay, Multum incola fuit anima mea: When they converfe with thofe things they do not AfFeft. In Studies, whatever you find your Nature averfe to, fet your felf ftated Times of Pra(^tifmg and Studying the fame But if it fuits your Genius, you need not trouble your felf about fet Hours for your Thoughts will fly to
: ;

it

according as other Bufmefs and Studies iliall permit. Every Man's Nature, from an inbred Fa-

of themfelves,

culty

^4<J
culty,

(?/

CU

T O

produces either good or bad Herbs: Therefore let him diligently and feafonably water the One, and pull

up the Othen

XXXIX. 0/ C U S T O M and Education.

MEN'S

Thoughts are commonly

according to their Inclinations:

Their Difcourfe, according to their Learning, and the Opinions they have But their Adions hold on, imbib'd: moft an end, according as they have been accultomed. And therefore, as 24achiavel well obferves (tho' in an
ill-favoured
Inftance,)

Truiling either to
ture, or to the
lefs

no the Violence of Na-

There

is

Bravery of

Words

un-

they be corroborated by
is this
:

C u s t o m.
At-

His Inftance

That

for the

chieving of feme defperate and ^ruel

>iAa,

and

Education.
much
lefs

247

A(^, a Fiercenefs of any Man's Nature, or his

refolute

Man

Hiould not reft upon the

Promifes,

Oaths;

but that the Villany iliould be committed to fuch as have had their

Hands

formerly in Blood.

But

Machiavel

knew

Rav lilac

nothing of a Friar Clement^ nor a nor a Jauregny^ nor a Bal^

tazar Gerard^ nor a Gu'ido Faux. Yet his Rule holdeth, That neither Nature, nor Refolutenefs of Engagement, are of equal Force with Custom. Only, Superftition is in our Times fo well
advanc'd,
that
* AftafTms

of the

firft

Rank

are nothing inferior to harden'd

;

and Votary Refolutions, even in Matter of Blood, are EquivaIn all other Things^ lent to C u s T o M. the Predominancy of Custom is very infomuch as it is miraculous, manifeft
Butchers
;

to hear what Profeflions, Proteftations,

Promifes, Great

Words Men will give

all

and

yet,

negleding

this,

do

juft as

they ufed to do, as

if

they were Images

R
* In the Original Engllfh
;

4
That

and
Men
of the
firji

Blood are as Ftrm^ as Butchers by Occupation.

248

Of

Custom

and Engines, perfedly inanimate, and moved and aded by the Wheels of

Custom
ranny of
things.

only.

We

fee alfo the

Ty-

Custom

in

many

other

T\iQ Indians

(I fpeak of the

Gymnofofhifts^ both Antient and

Mo-

dern) lay themfelves quietly upon a Stack of Wood, and fo Sacrifice themfelves by Fire. Nay, the Women are in hafle to be thrown upon the Funeral Pile with their Husbands. The Lads of Sj>arta, of Antient Time, ufed to bear Scourging upon the Altar oiT>iana without a Squeek or a Groan. I remember in the Beginning of Queen Elizabeth's Time, an Irijh Rebel that

was condemned put up a Petition to

the Deputy, that he might be
caufe that had been

Hanged

in a VVith, and not in a Halter; be-

Rebels.

There

are

more ufual with Monks found in

RtiJJia^ that, to

will not refufe to

compleat their Penance, fit a whole Winter-

ingaged

Night in a Veflel of Water, till they are with hard Ice. In ihort, a j World of Examples may be brought, of

and EoucATioif.

249

of the Force of Custom, even to Amazement, as well upon the Mind as Body. Therefore, fince C u s t o m is, as it were, the principal Moderator and Magiftrate of Man's Life, let us by all means take Care to ingraft good Customs. Certainly Custom is moft ftrong, when it begins with Childhood: This we call Education; which is nothing elfe but a
one'^s

C u s T o M imbib'd from
So we
all

tender Years.
to

fee, that,
it

in

learning Languages, the

is

Tongue

felf

more

pliant

Expreifions and

Sounds; the Joints alfo more nimble and fupple to all Poflures and Motions, in Childhood or Youth, than afterwards. For it is mod true, that thofe late Learners do not fo well take a new Bent Except it be in fome Men, whofe Minds are not yet fixt, and that have kept themfelves open and prepared for all forts of Learning, to the end they may receive continual Improvement ; which is exceeding rare.
:

Force of C u s t o m Simple and Separate be fo great ; the Force of

if the

BuT

Cu-

a JO

(^Fortune.
Copulate,
is

Custom
Example

and

Conjoined,
:

and Collegiate,

far greater

For there
relieves.

teaches,

Company

Emulation quickens. Glory animates: So that in fuch Places the Force and
Influence of

C us t o m

is,

as it

were, in

MultipHcation of Virtues upon Human Nature depends upon Societies well OrFor welldered and Difciplined. Common- wealths, and good adminiftred
its Exaltation. Certainly, the great

Laws nouriih Virtue do not much amend

of.

in the Blade, but

the Seeds therethis

But the World has

Unhappi-

nefs, that the moil efFeftual

fometimes applied to
be defired.

Means are the Ends leaft to

XL. Of F O R T V N

E.

outward IT cannot be denied, but Stroke in Accidents have a mighty

railing or

fmking a Man's

Fortune: The

Of Fo
The Favour
tunity,

R T U N

E.

251

of the Great Ones, OpporDeath of others, Occafion fuiting a Man's Virtue. But chiefly, the Mould of a Man's Fortune is in his own Hands. Faber quifque Fortune fua^ faith the Comedian. And the moft

frequent of External Caufes

the Folly of one

is,

That
fud-

Man

is

the

Fortune

of another.

For no

Man
the

rifes fo

denly as by the Occafion of Another's

Errors; according to

Adagy;

Serfent^ till he has devoured a Serjpent,

becomes not a dragon.

Open

forth Praife;

and apparent Virtues bring but they arc fecret and

hidden Virtues that bring forth Fortune. Certain Deliveries of a Man's felf, which have no Name. The Sf/trntjh

Word

{"Defemboltura)

partly

exprefleth them:
are

That

is,

when

there

no Knots or Impediments in a Man's Nature; but that the Wheels of his Mind keep pace with the Wheels of his Fo R T u N E. For fo Livy^ ( after he had defcribed Cato Major in thefe ^Vords This Man had fuch a Strength
;

of

2JX

Of

Fortune.

of Body and Mind, that wherefiever he had been born, he feems to have been one that would have made his own Fo r-

TUNE;)adds

this exprefly, that

he had
a

a Verfatil Wit.

Therefore
intently,

if

Man

look iharply and

he

Ihall fee

Fortune: For
fhe
is

tho' fhe

be Blind, yet

not

Invifible.

For the

Way

of
in

Fortune is
the Sky
;

like the
is

Milky Way

which

Meeting, or a Knot
Stars, Invifible
all

of a great many fmall

afunder, but lUuftrious
are there a

together.

So

Number of

fmall

and fcarce

difcernible Virtues, or rather Faculties

and Cufloms, that render

Men Forfome of
httle think.

tunate.
them, fuch

The
as a

Italians note

Man would

W^hen they fpeak of one, whofe good

Fortune

they undertake for, they will

his

throw in, into he hath ^oco

other Quahties, that

di matto.

And

certain-

ly there are not to

be found two more

than to have

Fortunate
a
little

Properties,

of the Fool, and not too

much

of the

Honest.
their

Therefore Extreme
Country, or Prince,

Lovers of

were

were

Of FO R T UN never Fortunate^
For when

E.

253

nor indeed
a

can they be. cannot well go

*

Man

hath

placed his Thoughts out of himfelf, he

A Hafty
it

terprifer,

an EnRemover; (the Prench and

Entrefrenant^ or Re^

his own Way. Fort uise maketh

hath

better,

muant^) but the Exercifed

Fortune
is

maketh the Able Man.

Certainly, Fortune
honoured and refpeded,
for her Daughters,

to be

if it

be but

Confidence and Reputation: For thefe two Felicity breedeth; The Firfl, within a Man's
felf ;

the

Latter,

in Others towards

Him.

All wife Men,

of their

to keep off the

Envy
to a-

own

Virtues, are

wont

fcribe All to

Providence

and For-

tune;
* I haive here followed the Original Engllp.

The

hatin runs thus : Fortuna prapropera, magna molten"

tes^

nonnihil tHrbalentes

ejficit

at FortHna. exer-

cita ea eji^ quce efficit pru dent e sis' cordatos:

An

over-

hafty Forcunc

is

apt to put

Men

upon Enterprizes,
and turbu-

and to render them fomewhat

lent; but
it is

feditioiis

an Eiereifcd Fortune that makes Mea

Wife and Prudent.

iy4
tune;

(^f

Fo

R T

UNE.
better
it

for fo they

may with

Grace afTume them.

the Care

And

befides,

adds a kind of Majefty to a Man, to be

of
:

the

Higher Powers. and

So
bis

CafdTy to encom-age the Pilot in a Temped, faid

Fortune,
T'hou carrleft Caefar

Thus
it

Sylla chofe the

Name
That

of

HAPPY,
And
to their

and not of

GREAT.

hath been obferved.

thofe that have profefledly afcribed too

much

own Wifdom and PoUcy,

have ended Unfortunate. Itisrelated of Timotheus the Athenian^ that

after

he had, in the Account he gave ta

the State of his Government, inferted,

even to Naufeoufnefs, this Claufe ; And had no Tart% never profpered in any Thing he undertook
In This Fortune

afterwards.

Certainly there are thofe, whofe Fortune is Uke Homer's Verfes, that
Verfes of other Po^ts:
faith

have a Slide and Eafmefs beyond the As' Tlutarch

of Tmoleon\

Fortune,
bring

in

ComEpaaboutj,

parifon with that of Agefilaus^ or

minondas.

And

to'

this

doubt'

: ;

Of
doubtlefs
it lies

Usu R T^
very

lyf
in a

much

Man's

own Power.

XLI.

Of

U R Y.
They
fay^

MANY
it is

have made witty Invedivea

againlt

Usurers.
is

Pity the Devil iliould invade God's

Part,

which

the Tithe. the

greateft

That the
Sabbath-

Usurer
Breaker;

is

For

that his

Plough goeth
is

tpon Sundays. That the Usurer the Drone that Virgil fpeaketh of:

Agmine fa&o
Ignavumfucos^ecus aprafepibus arcent
Ally with united Force, combine to drive

The lazy T>rones from the

Hive.

laborious

Dryden.
the
that

That
Firll

Usurer

breaketh the

Law

which was, in Jhalt Thou eat Bread-, and

was made after the Fall the Sweat of thy Face

not, in the

Sweat

; :

jj(?

Of

Usury.

Sweat of Another's Face. That UsuIhould wear Orange-Tawney Bonnets, becaufe they Judaize. That it is a Thing contrary to Nature, for

rers

Money
But I

to beget

Money

and the hke.

is

fay this only, that

Usury

one

of the things that are allowed^ becaufe of the Hardnefs of our Hearts For
fince there is a

NecefRty of Borrowing and Lending ; and Men are fo hard of

Heart, that they will not Lend freely it follows, that Usury muft be permitted.

tain

Some others have advanced cercunning and fufpicious PropofiExthe

tions concerning Bankers, publick

changes,

Difcovery of particular

Men's Eftates, and fuch like Artifices But few have difcourfed of Usury foUdly and ufefully. The befl Way would be, to fet before us the Inconveniences and Conveniences of

Usury;
Weighed

that the

Good may

be cither
again,

out, or ^Culled out;

warily to provide, that while by

Usury

wc are carried on ter, we be not

to that

which is betintercepted by the

Way,

0/
Way,
worfe.

U R

Y.

2^f
which
is

and

fall

into

that

The Inconveniences
are thefe
:

of Usury
the

Firfl, that it lefTens

Numit

ber

of Merchants:

For were

not

Trade of Usury, Money would not lie ilill, but would in great meafure be employed upon Merchandizing; which is the P^e//a Torta to a
for this lazy

Kingdom
cond,
chants:

to

let
it

in

Wealth.

The

Se-

that

impoverilhes the

Mer-

For as a Farmer cannot make fuch an Advantage of husbanding his Ground, if he fit at a great Rent ; fo the Merchant cannot drive his Trade fo well and gainfully, if he Negotiate with Money taken up at Intereft. The Third Inconvenience is a kind of

Appendix
that
pofts
is,

and Imand Cuftoms, which Ebb and

the
a LefTening of the publick

of

other two;

Flow

in proportion to
it

Commerce. The

Fourth, that

bringeth the Treaiure

and Monies of a Kingdom or State into a few Hands: For the Usurer being
at

Certainties,

and others

at

Uncertainties.

VoL. L

258
tainties,

0/
at the

USUR Y.

end of the Game, mofl of the Money will be in the Box. And
this
is

to be held for an unfaihng Maxim,

when its The is fpread, not hoarded. Fifth, that it beats down the Price of Land: For the Employment of Money
That a Wealth
State flourillies moft,
is

either Merchandizing, or

Purchafmg

and
that

Usury
it

way- lays both

The

Sixth,

dulls

and damps

all

Labours, Im-

provements, and new Inventions ; wherein

Money would

be Stirring,

if it

w^re
it is^

not for this Slug.

The
in

Laft, that

the Canker and Ruin of

many Men's
Time,

Mates, which,

procefs of

breeds a Publick Poverty.

On of U

the other fide, the CoNVENiiiNCEs

u R Y are thefe

Fir id, that

howit

foever

Usury
it:

in

fome
it

refpefts hurteth

Merchandizing, yet in fome other

advanceth

For

is

mofl certain,
is

that the greateil Part

of Trade

driven
bor-

by young Merchants, with

Money
his

rowed

at Intereil

fo as if the

U s urer
Money,
of

either call in, or

keep back

there will enfue prefenrly a great Stand

Of
of Trade.
eafy

Usury.

259

The Second is, that if this Borrowing upon Intereft did not relieve Men s Necellities, they would
foon be reduced to the utmolt Straits in that they would be forced to fell

Means (be it Land or Goods) at And fo whereas low a Rate UsuRy doth but Gnaw upon them, Hafly and Bad Markets would fwallow them quite up. As for Mortgaging, or Pawning, it will httle mend the Matter: For either Men will not take Pawns
their

too

without

Use;

or

if

they do, in Cafe

Payment be not made upon the very

Day, they will go to the Rigour, and keep
the Forfeiture,
I

remember

hard-^

hearted Money'd Man, that lived in the

Country, ufed to fay; The Tievil take

this

Usury,

it

keeps us

tures of Mortgages

Third, and Lafl

to conceive,

is

from Forfeit and Bonds. The That it is a Vanity

can be eafy

that

there

Borrowing without Use: Nor, again, were it pofEble to conceive the innumerable Inconveniences that would enfue, if thofe

mutual Contra<fts of Bor-

S X

rowing

26o

Of

UR

Y.

rowing and Lending were taken away. Therefore to fpeak of the utter aboAll Jilhing of Usury w^ould be Idle. Rate, States tolerate it in one Kind or or other; fo that That Opinion mull
be
:.

fen-t

to Vtofia.

now of the Reforma,tion and Regulating ofUsuRv; that is, how the Inconveniences of it may
fpeak

Lexus

be bell avoided, and the Conveniences

retained.
It

appears by the Ballancing

the Conveniences and Inconveniences,

are

(which I have now done) that there two Things to be Reconciled. The One, that the Teeth of Usury be
that
it

grinded,

bite not too

much

The

Other,

that there be

opened a
to lend

Way

to invite

Moneyed Men

to the Merchants, for the Continuing

and Quickening of Trade. And this cannot be done, unlefs you introduce

two
and

feveral Sorts of
a

Usury; aLESS,
if

Greater.

For

Usury to one only Rate, Low one, you will eafe the
a
little;

you reduce and that a Borrower

feek

but the Merchant will be to

Of

Usury.
And
the
at a

161
it is

feek for Money.

further

to

be noted, that the Trade of Merchandize,

being of
bear

all

moil Gainful,

may

Usury

good Rate; O-

ther Contracts not fo.

To

ferve both thefe Intentions, the

Let there be two Free and General to All; the Other with Licence to certain Perfons only, and in certain Places of great Merchandize. Firii therefore let U s u r y in general be reduced to Five in the Hundred And let that Rate be Proclaimed, that it may be Free to All And for receiving the fame, let the King or State renounce This will preferve Borall; Penalty. rowing from any general Stop or Diffibe
this.

Way may

Rates of

Usury: The One

culty.

TJiis will be an Eafe to infinite

Borrowers in the Country, and elfewhere. This will in great meafure raife
the Price of

Land

*
3

becaufe the Annual

Becaufe Land purwill yield Six in

* Jn the Original Ef7glip3

chafed
the

at

Sixteen Years Purchafe,

Hundred, and fomewhat more; Rate of Intereft yields but Five.

whereas

this

l6i
fiual

Of

Usury.
Use
re-

Value of Land here with us in

to this Rate, as

England^ will exceed that of

duced

much

as the

An-

nual Value of Six Pounds exceeds that

of Five only.

Finally,

this will

whet

and encourage the Induftry of Men to the making profitable and gainful Improvements; bccaufe many will rather venture in this Kind, than take up with
Five in the Hundred
;

efpecially having

been ufed to greater

Profit.

Secondly,
Perfons
ever:

let

there

be

certain

Licenced
let this

to lend to
elfe

known

Merchants, and to none

whomfo-

be done with the Let the Rate Cautions following. (even with the Merchant himfelf) be fomewhat lovt^er than what he ufed

And

fwmerly
tfeers, will

to pay.

By

this

means,

all

Borrowers, be they Merchants, or Ohave Eafe by

this

Reforma-

tio.

Let

the Prince, or State, have

Matter for each Licence; and the refl go to the Lender. For if
ftMiie fmall

the

Abatement
it

be

but fmall

to

the
at
all

Lender,

will not difcourage

him

Of
all

V KY,

i6i

Trade of Usury: For Inftance, he that took before Ten or Nine in the Hundred, will rather be contented with Eight in the Hundred, than
from
his

give over his Trade,

tainties

or change Cer-

for

Uncertainties.
let

Of
let

thefe

Licenced Lenders
terminate

there be no de-

Number;
to

but yet
certain

them
and
:

be retrained

Cities

Towns, where Merchandize

flourifhes

For then they will not have an Opportunity, under Colour of L i c e n c e s, to lend other Men's Monies for their own; nor will the Licenced Rate of Nine or Eight fwallow up the general current Rate of Five; fmce no one will chufe to lend his Monies far off, or to truil them in unknown Hanas. If it be Objeded, that this doth, in a fort, Authorize Usury, which before was, in fome Places, but Permiffive The Anfwer is. That it is better to mitigate Usury by Declaration,
:

than to fuffer

it

to rage by Connivance.

S 4

XLII.

i^4

^f

Youth

XLII.

6?/

YO U T

H
may
loft

and

AGE.
is

A
li'o

Man

that

Young
this

in Years,
if

be Old in Hours,

he has
the

Time.

But

happens
is

rarely.
fir ft

Generally,

Youth
Ages.

like

Thoughts, not fo wife For there is a Yo u t h

vrell as in

as the

Second.
as

in

Thoughts,

And

yet the Inven-

tion of

Yo u N
of

than that

G Men is more lively Old; and Imaginations

ftream into their Minds better, and, as

it

were, more divinely.

Natures
and
lent Defires

that

have

that are driven to

much Heat, and fro by vio-

and Perturbations, are not ripe for Adion, till they have reached the Meridian of their Age. As we fee in Julius Cafar^ and Sepmhts Severiis. Of the latter of whom it is faid Juventutem egit^ erroribtis^ Imo furo;

rihus,

and
ribus,

Age.
yet he
all

265
was the

plenam.

And

famoufeil almofl in

the Lift of the

But Sedate and Compofed Flourifh even in Yo u t h. Examples of which Thing are feen in Augujlus Cafar^ and Cofmus Duke Florence^ and fome Others. On the other fide. Heat and Vivacity, if they are found in Old Age, make an Excellent Compofition for Bufinefs.
Emperors.
Natures

may

Young Men
to Judge
;

are fitter to Invent, than

and good at Execution, rather than Counfel: and are fitter to be employ'd in new Projefts, than in comperience of Old

For the ExThings that fall within their Compafs, direds them But in New Things, it leads them aordinary Bufmefs.

mon

Men,

in

ftray.

The

Errors of

Young Men
But the amount com:

are often the

Ruin of

Bufinefs

Errors of

Old Men
to this,

monly but

That

More

have been done, or

Sooner.

might Yo u n g

Men,
of

in the

Affairs,

Conduft and Management embrace Greater Things

than they are able to

Hold

Stir

more
than

: ;

i66
than they

Of

Youth
;

to Quiet ag-ain: Fly to the End, t^ithout well confidering the Degrees and Means Purfue

know how

abfurdly c^taiti Rules,

lighted

that they have

upon by Chance: Ufe extreme Remedies at firfl: And, in fine, thit which doubles Errors, will not Acknowledge,
like

or Retraft their Errors

that will nei-

Ill-broken Horfes,

ther Stop, nor Turn.

Gbjec^r too

Men

of

Agb
Con-

much

arc too long in

iulting:Fear Dangers, moi-e than is Expedient; waver, and are unfleady by a

too

1iaf!y

Repentance

and very feldom

drive Bulinefs

home

to the full Period';

contenting themfelv^s to enjoy a Mediocrity of 'Succefs. Certainly, it were

good in Buirnefs to Compound botll For that will be good for the Prefent, to the end the Virtues of both Ages
Defers of each: And Future, that Yb u n g Me n may L'cal-n, while Men in Age Govern: And laflly, better for the compofing and
th'e

may

coiTeft

good for

t'he

quieting of external Accidents, becaufc Authority followeth Men, and

Old

'

Favour and Popularity

Yo u x h.

.\

167 and Age. In Morals, Youth, perhaps, will have the Preheminence, as Old Age,
in

Politicks.

certain

Rahby'y

upon

Tour Toting Men /hall fee and your Old Men Jhall dream T>reamsy inferreth thus; That God
the Text,
Vifionsy

YouxNg Men a nearer Approach to him than Old Men: Becaufe Vision is a clearer and more
vouchfafes
manifeft Revelation

than a

Dream.

And certainly, the more a Man drinks of the World, the more he is intoxicated with it: Befides, Old Age improves rather in the Powers of the Underftanding, than in the Virtues of the

There are Will and the Affeftions. fome, who have an over-early Ripenefs and Forwardnefs in their Youth, but
in the

Courfe of Years fade foon, and turn Infipids. Thefe are firfl, fuch as
brittle

have

Wits, the
;

Edge

w^hereof

is

foon turn'd

fuch as was Hermogenes

Books are exceeding fubtil, but the Author foon afA Second Sort is ter became Stupid. of thofe, that have fome Natural Fathe Rhetorician, whofe
culties,

: ,

2^8

Of
than

Beauty.
more
becoming
is

cukies, that

are

in

Youth,
mended
an

Age: Such
;

as a fluent

and luxuriant Speech; which

in a

comof

Young Man
Thus

but not in
fays

Old

Man.
:

Cicero

Idemmanebat^ neque idem' The Third is of fuch, as take decehat. too high a Strain at firft fetting out, and are endued with a Magnanimity, above what an Advanc'd Age is able to fupport: As was Scipo Africanus^ of whom Livy faith Vltimae jprimis cedebant, j
Hortenjius
:

XLUL 0/ VIRTUE
which
certainly.
is

BEAUTY.
is

like

Rich

Jewel,,

befl,

plain Set.

And-

Virtue fliews bed in a Body

tho' not of

that

is

Comely,

Delicate

Features:

And
it

that hath rather Dignity

of Prefence, than
Neither
toe;
is"

Beauty

of Afpeft.
that

almofl feen,

very.

Beautiful
as if

Perfons are of great Vir-

Nature had laboured rather,

Excel-

not to Err, than to produce any thing

0/ B
Excellent.

A v.r

i6p

Therefore they are good

rather

Cbmpiiny, but not of exalted Spirits:

And itudy
Virtue.

AccompUIhment, than
holds not
always.

But

this

For j^ugujius Cafar^

Fourth of England,
thens,

Titus

Vefpafiany

Th'ilif le Belle of France,

Edward the Alcibiades of Awere very

very

Ifmael the Terjian,

Great
N

Men,

and, neverthelefs,

Beautiful.
I

B E A UT Y, Feature
;

is

before

Com-

and decent and agreeable Motion, even before Feature. That is the choice and beft Part of Beauty,
plexion

which a Picture cannot exprefs; no,

Eior
is

the Life

it felf,

at firft Sight.

There

no excellent Beauty that has not fome Diiproportion in the Make. I t is hard to fay, whether Ape lies, or Albert T>urer, was the greatefl Trifler One of which was for making a Perfon
according to Geometrical Proportions:

The

Other, by taking the befl Parts

out of divers Faces, fet himfelf to

make

one Excellent.

would
that

pleafe

Such Pidures, I think, no Body, but the Painter

made them.

Not but

that

think

270
a Painter

Of

Beauty.
a better Face than

may make

it by a kind of Felicity or Chance, (as a Mufician that maketh an excellent Air in Mu iick) and not by Rule.

ever was: But he muft do

Man ihall fee Faces, which, if you examine Part by Part, you Ihall fcarce find one Part that you can approve feparately
:

And

yet

all

together they are

pleafmg enough. If it be true, that the principal Part of Beauty confifts in

decent Motion, certainly

it is

no Won-

der, that Perfons in Years fhould feem

fometimes more Amiable^han Younger Men: According to that of ^rtpdest

*Fulchrornm Autumnus butcher.
it
is

Yq4

impoffible,

that

Young Maii
all

Ihould obferve Decency in

unlefs perchance

Things^
it

you take
like

in

Youth

felf to fupply the Place of Decency.

Beauty
which
long
in
a
:

is

Summer-Fruits^
lafl

are eafily corrupted, and

not

And,

for the moll Part,

it

ufhers

dilTolute

Youth, and a penitent?

Old Age: Notwithilanding, if it light well, it makes Virtues Ihine, and Vices
biufh.

XLiv:

; :

Of

O R

MIT

Y.

27L

XLIV.O/ Deformity.

DEFORMED
For
as

Persons

are

commonly revenged of Nature P^ture has been unkind to them

;

on the other hand, ai*e crofs being moll of them (as the Scripture faijth ) void of Natural Affe^
fo they,

to Nature

^ion.

CERTAihfLY, there is a Confent between the Body and the Mind: And where Nature erreth in the One, She
ventureth in the Other.
una-,

Ubi feccat

in

j^ericlitatur in alter o.
is

But becaufe

there
the

in

Man

an Eledion touching

in the

Frame of h^ Mind, and. a Neceifity Frame of his Body the Stars of

;

Natural Inclination are fometimes obfcured by the Sun of Virtue and Di-fcipline.

Therefore

it is

good

to fpeak

of

Deformity,

not as a Sign, which

fometimes deceives; but as a Caufe, which feldom faileth of the Eflfea.

Who-

2/2

0/

Deformity.
hath any Thing in his

Whosoever

Perfon that induces Contempt, has a perpetual Spur in himfelf, to refcue

himfelf from

Scorn

Therefore

D e-

FORMED
Bold:
Firfl,

Perfons are ever extreme

as in their own Defence, expofed to Scorn But in Proas being cefs of Time, by an acquir'd Habit. Again, Deformity whets Induflry;
:

an Induflry efpecially of

this

Kind, to

fearch and pry carefully into the Defeds

and Infirmities of Others, that they may have fomcwhat to Repay. Furthermore, in their Superiors, it quenches Sufpicion and Jealoufy towards them;
as Perfons,

that

they think they

lays their

fafely defpife.

And it

may Com-

petitors

and Emulators afleep ; as never dreaming of their Promotion to Hotill

nours,

they fee them in PofTeflion.

in great Wits,

So

that,

upon the Matter,

Deformity
fing.

opens the W^ay to RiAntient Times,

(and at' this prefent in fome Empires) were wont to put great Truft in Eunuchs: For
in

Kings

O/'Deformity.
are

273

For tbofe that are Envious towards ally more Faithful and Obnoxious to One. Yet they truiled them, rather as-

good Payers and Whifperers, than as good Magiftrates and publick Minifters-. And the Reafon is much the fame in

Deformed

Perfons.
:

The

Rule,

before

laid dowtti holds

Deformed

Perfons, if
ftr-ive

they have Spirit, will vigoroufly

to

refcue themfelves from Scorn and

:

Re-

proach VV hich mufl be, either by Virtue,

or Malice
:

And

therefore let

it

not feem

ftrange to any one, if fometimes they

prove Excellent Perfons;

filauSy

as was AgeZanger the Son of Solyman^ M-^

fop^

Socrates
reft,

Gafia Prefident of "Peru: And may Hkewife go amongft th^ with Others*

XLV.O/ BUILDING.

HOUSES
to look

are built to live in, not

on

Therefore
Beauty
;

let

Ufe

be preferred

before

except

Vo L. L

wh^re

274

Of

Building.
Let us leave
that

where Both may be had.

the goodly Fabricks of
raife

Houses,
the

Admiration,

to

Enchanted
build

Talaces of the Toets^ withfmall Cofl.

who

them

in an

House, but committeth himfelf to Prifon. Now I reckon it an ill Seat, not only where the Air is unwholfom,
that

He

builds a fair

ill

Seat,

but likewife where the Air

as are thofe

is

unequal;
are built
,

Houses, which

indeed upon vironed on

a rifmg Ground, but en-

all fides, hke a Theater, with higher Hills; whereby the Heat

of the Sun
gathereth,
iliall

is

pent
in

as

in, and the Wind Troughs: So as you

have, and that fuddenly, as great a

Diverfity of

Heat and Cold,

as if

you

dwelt in feveral Places. Neither is it an ill Air only that

maketh an
kets,

ill

Seat, but

ill

Ways,

ill

Mar-

and
ill

if

you

will

hearken to
I

Mq-

rmis)

Neighbours.
as

forbear men-.

lioning

many more,

want of Water;

want of

Wood

for Fire and Shelter;

Barrennefs of Soil, or want of Mixture

of

Of Building.

275

of Grounds of feveral Natures ; want ofProfpeft; want of level Grounds; want of Places at fome near Diflance

Huntings Hawking, Racing; too near the Sea, or too remote ; no Confor

venience of Navigable Rivers, or the Inconvenience of the fame by their Overflowing; too far off from great Cities,

which may hinder Bufmefs

or

too near them, which fwallows up all Provirions,and makes every Thing dear

where
fide,

Man
is

together,

hath a great Eftate laid and where, on the other

All

he

fcanted and unable to fpread

his

Wings:

which
this

Particulars

enu-

merate, not with

Defign, as if any
all

Seat could be free from

thefe In-

conveniences, but that as

many of them

may be avoided
gain, if a

as is poflible:

And

a-

Man

have feveral Dwellings,

fo, that

that he fort

them

niences are wanting in

find in the Other.

what Convethe One, he may

Tomfey well;

LucuUus anfwer'd who, when he faw in

one of Lucullus\ Palaces, his (lately Galleries, and Rooms fo large and light-

fom,

lyS
fomv
ter ?

Of B u
faid,

o.

^onbtlefs an excellent "Tlace

in

for Snmmer^ btt how do you do

Lucttllus anfvver'd,

Win-

not think

me

as wife as fame

Why^ do you Fowl are^

that ever change their Abode towards the

Winter?

us pafs now from the Situation House, to the House it felf imitating Cicero in the Orator's Art who wroL-e Books de Oratore {of an

LEt

of the

Orator) and one Book intitled, Orator: the former whereof deliver the Precepts of the Art, and the latter the Perfection.

We

will therefore defcribe a

pR

N cELY

Pa L A c E, making

a brief

Model thereof

For it is ftrange to fee Europe fuch vail Buildings, as the Vatican^ and Efcurial^ and fome others are, and yet fcarce a very fair

now

in

Room
firft

in them.

This
fe6l
ral

I lay down, in the you can have no perPalace, except you have two feve-

therefore

Plaee, that

Sides

a Side for the in the

Banquet,

as is

fpoken of
a

Book of Hefer, and

Side for the Houihold:

The one

for

Feafls:,

Of
Feafls,

Building.
;

277
and
as

Pomp, and Magniticence

I

the other for Dwelling.

underitand

both thefe

Sides to
tjie

b.e

built,

not

Wings of
Xhe Front ;
in.

Housjl, but as Parts of and the fame to be uniform

I

without, tho' feverally Partitioned withTioefe Sides

-by

would have joined

a lofty and ftately Tovyer, in the midit of the Froi:it.

together

As
I

for iht Side of the

Banquet,

would have xhere oae Room only above Stairs, and Fifty Foot High at leait; and uader it, another Room of the fame Length and Breadth, which may
CQnveiiie;ntly hold
all

the Preparations

for Feafts, Plays, and fuch like magnifi-

cent

Shows

alfo to receive

the

A-

dors,

A^hiJil

they

di'els

and prepare
is it

-themfelves.

As

for the other Side,

Side,
I

liousHOLD

which would have

the
di-

vided chiefly into a Hall and a C^hapel, both of them Spacious and Stately But
:

thefe not to

go the whole Length of

at

the Side

but to have
Parlors, a

the further
a

End two

Winter and
3

Summer

278
mer one
ing the
:

Of Building.
And under all thefe ( exceptChapel) large Cellars funk:
like.

And

likewife privy Kitchens, with But-

teries

and Pantries, and the

for the

As
it

Tower,

would have
;

bove the

Two Stories Fifteen Foot high each, aTwo Wings of the Front and
Leads upon the Top,
:

beautiful

railed,

with Statues interpofed And the fame Tower to be divided into Rooms as
fliall

be thought

fit.

The

Stairs like-

wife of the Tu R R E T to be open, running back into themfelves, and ever and anon divided by Sixes ; incompafTed on

both
Gilt,

Sides

with Statues of
leaft

Wood,
Colour,

or at

of a Brafs

with a

noble Landing Place at the

Top.

But

this to be, if

you do not ap-

point any of the lower

Rooms

for a

Dining Place of Servants: For otherW'ife you fliall have the Servants Dinner For the Steam of it after your own And fo will come up as in a Funnel. much for the Front. Only I undcrItand the Height of the firft Stairs to be
:

fixteen Foot,

which

is

the Height of the

Lower Room.

Be

279 Of Building. is there to be Beyond this Front

a fair Court, but three fides of
far lower Building
it

of a

than the

Front.

the four Corners of that Court fair Stair-Cafes, cafl into Turrets on the Out-fide, and not within the

And

in

all

Row

of

Buildings
are

themfelves.

But

not to be of the thofe Towers Heightof the Front, but rather proportionable to the lower Building.

But

not the whole Court be paved with broad fquare Stone ; for fuch Pavelet

ments

Heat in Summer, But let and much Cold in there be Walks of that Stone, on the
Itrike

a great

Winter:

Sides only of the Edifice, with the of a Crofs in the middle, and

Form
with

Quarters interpofed, turfed with Grafs kept ihorn, but not too near ihorn.

Let

the whole Side of the Court

(lately

on the Banqjuet^Part be

Galleries; in each of which Galleries let there be three or five fine Cupola's in the

Length of it, placed at equal Diflance And fine Coloured Windows of feveral o u s H o L D Side, Works. On the

H T4

Cham-

t8o

Of

BvitDING.
three Sides be a

Chambers of Prefence, and others of ordinary Ufe, witii fome Bed-Chambers.

And

l^t

all

not with tiiorowDouble-Houfe, Lights, but with Windows only on one Side; that you may have Rooms from the Sun, both for Forenoon and Afternoon. Contrive it al-fo fo, that you may have Rooms both for Summer and Winter; Shady for Summer, and Warm for Winter. You fliall have fometimes fine fo fuU of

Houses
tell
cm-

where to go As^or B o w- Wi N D o w s, I hold them of good Ufe ( in Cities indeed Upright do

Glafs, that

one cannot

to be out of the Sun,

Cold.

better,

in refped
;

of the Uniformity
)

towards the Street

for they are con-

venient Retiring Places forConference

and befides, they keep both the Wind and Sun off: For that which would ftrike almoft thorow the whole Room, doth fcarce pafs the Window. But not exceeding let them be but f^w,

Four

that

is,

Two on

each fide of -the

Court.

0/ B U J L D I N Q. Beyond this CoiJRT, kt

another Inner

281
there be

Court

of the fame

is to be environed with the Garden on the Out-

Largenefs and Height, which

fide,

and in the

Inlide beautifully Cloias

ftered and

Arched
the
let it

high as the

firfi

Story.

On

the Garden,

towards be turned to a Grotta,

Under-ftory

or Place of Shade or Eftivation, open

or window'd towards the Garden only. And kt 4his Grotta be kvel with the
all under Ground, to Damps. And let there be a Fountain, or fome magnificent Work of Statues, in the midH of this Court, and to be paved as the other Court

Floor, not funk at

avoid

all

was.

The Buildings

of this

Court

to

be for Privy-Lodgings on both Sides,

and the End for Privy-Galleries. But Care mufl be taken, that one of them be defigned for an I n f 1 r m a r y, if the
Prince,

or any

of the Great with

Ones,

fhould be Sick,

Chambers,
and
the
it.

Bed-Chamber, Axticamera,

Recamera
Ground-Story

joining to
a fair

Upon

G alkry,

open upon
Pil-

28 1

0/

Bu

IL D

NG.

Pillars, to

take the Profped and Frelli-

At both Corners of the furthefl Side, by way of Return, let there be two Delicate or Rich Canefs of the Garden.
binets, curioufly paved, richly hanged,

glazed with Chryilalline Glafs, and a

rich Cupola in the midfl, and
all

other
In

Elegancy that can be thought

the

of.

would have, if fome Fountains running in divers Places from the Wall, with fome fine Avoidances.
I

Upper Gallery too

the Place will afford

it,

Amd
fore

thus

much

for the

Model of the

Palace;

fave that you muft have, beyou come to the Front, three Courts: A Green Court Plain, with a "Wall about it: A Second Court of the fame Bignefs, but more garnillied with httle Turrets, or rather Embelhfhments upon the Wall: And a Third Court, to

make

a Square with the Front, but not yet inclofed

to be Built, nor

with

naked Wall, but inclofed with TarR ASSES leaded aloft, and fairly garniflied on the three Sides; and Cloyftered on the Infide with Pillars, and
not

0/
Offices,

A R D E N
them Hand

S.

28 J

As for the at fome DiItance from the Houfe, with fome low covered Galleries, to pafs from them
not with Arches below.
let

to the Palace

it felf.

XLV. Of

GARDENS.
Garden
Man
;

GOD
mane

Almighty firfl planted a GarDEN. And indeed of all Huis

Pleafures that of a

the Purefl.

For

it

is

the greateft

Re-

frefliment to the Spirits of

with-

out which.

Buildings and Palaces are

but grofs Handy-works, and have nothing of Nature in them.

Further, a

Man
come

Jhall

fee,

that

when Ages

ad-

vance in Civihty and Politenefs,

to

Men
Gar-

Build Stately,
Finely;

fooner

than to

Garden

as if

dening were the greater Perfedion. I lay it down for a Rule, That in the Royal Ordering of Gardens, there
ought

t84
ought
to

0/
be
in the

G Aiio N
Gardens
Year ;

s.

for

aH tht

Months
ly,

in which, feveral-

Things that are in Seafon in fuch or fuch a Month, may be produced. For 'December^ January, and the latter Part of November, you muit chufe fuch Things as are green all Winter; as
Holly,
Ivy,

Bays,

Juniper,

Cyprefs,

Ews, Box,

Pines, Fir-Trees, Rofemary,

Lavender, Periwinkle the White, the Purple, and the Blue; Germander, -Flags, Orange-Trees, Lemmon-Trees, and Myrtle, if they be Itoved; and

There followeth ib^r -the latter Part of January and />bruary, the Mezerion-Tree, which then
-blolToms
;

Sweet Marjoram towards the Sun.

fet

near a Wall, and

Crocus Vernus, both the YelPrimrofes,

'Jow and the Grey;

AneFor

mones,

the

Early Tulip, Hyacinthus

efpecialLy

/Orientahs, Chamairis, Frettellaiia.

March,

all

Sorts of Violets,

the fmgle Blue, which are the Earliell

the Yellow DafFadil, the Dazy, the Almond-Tree, which then blolToms^, the iPeach-Tree in BlofTom ; the Cor-

nehan-

Of
lit

Gardens.

iSj

iwlran-Tree in Bloffom;
Aj>ril^

fweet Briar, foHow the double white Vio-

let,

the Wall-Flower, the Stock Gilly-

Flower, the Cowflip, Flower-de-luce's,

and

Lilies

of

all

Kinds,

Rofemary-

Flower, the Tulip, the Double Piony,

ihe Pale Dalfadil, the French
Suckle,
the

Honey-

Cherry-Tree in BloiTom, the Damfin and Plumb-Trees in Blof-

fbm, the White

Thorn

in Leaf,

the

Lelack-Tree.
I

May

Sorts, efpecially the Bluih-Pink,

of

all

and June^ come Pinks of aU Rofcs Kinds, except of Musk, which

later,

eomes
ries,

Fioney-Suckles, Strawber-

the French Marygold, Flos Africanus, Cherry-Tree

in Fruit, Rafps,

Buglofs, Columbine,

in Fruit, Ribes, Figs

Vine-Flowers,
the

Lavender in Flowers,

with the white Flower, Herba Mufcaria, the Lilly of

fweet Satyrian
the Valleys, the Apple-Tree in Bloffomi

N July^ come Gilly-Flowers of all Varieties, Musk-Rofes, and the LimeTrees in BloiTom, Early Pears andPlumbs in Fruit, Gennitings, Codlings.
I

In

1^6
In Jluguft^

Of

Gardens.
all

come Plumbs of

Sorts in

Fruit, Pears, Apricocks, Barberies, Fil-

beards, Musk-Mclons,
all

Monks-hoods of

Colours. In September

come Grapes,

Apples, Poppies of all Colours, Peaches,

Melo-Cotones, Nedarines, Cornelians,

In 06iober and Wardens, Quinces. the Beginning of November^ come Services, Medlars,
Bullifes,
late,

Rofes cut or
Hollioaks, and
that
I

removed
fuch

to

come
Thefe

like.

Particulars

have enumerated, fuit the Climate of London ; but my Meaning is, that you may have elfewhere a Perpetual

Spring,

as it

were, according to the

Nature of the Place. And becaufethe Breath of Flowers (where it is far fweeter in the Air comes and goes, like the Warbling of

Mufick) than
light,

in the

nothing contributes

Hand; more to

therefore
that

De-

which

the

Smell of

Flowers
are the

yields,

than to

know what

Flowers and Plants, which, as they grow, do bed perfume the Air. Rofes, as well Damask, as Red, are Flowers tenacious

Of
tinge the Air

Gardens.
nor
;

287
do they

nacious of their Smell,

fo that

you may walk

it

by

whole

Row

of them, and find no-

thing of their Sweetnefs, yea, tho'

in a

be

Morning Dew. Bays hkewife yield no Smell as they grow Rofemary not much, nor fweet Marjoram. That which
:

above

all

others yields the fweeteft Smell

is

in the Air,

the Violet
Violet,

efpecially the

White double
fril^

which comes

twice a Year, about the middle of

A-

and

about
is

Bartholomew-tide,

Next

to that

the Musk-Rofe, then

the Strawberry-Leaves, dying

with a molt excellent Cordial Smell. Then the Flower of the Vines ; it is a little Duft, hke the Duft of a Bent, which grows upon the Clufter in the firft coming forth.

then Wall-Flowers, which are very delightful to be fet under a Parlour, or lower

Then

Sweet-Briar,

Chamber-Window.
Gilly-Flowers,

Then

Pinks
the

efpecially

and matted

Pink, and Clove Gilly-Flower.

Then the

Flowers of the Lime-Tree. Then the Honey-Suckles, placed at a Diflance.

Of

^88

Of

Gardens.
I

O^ Bean

Flowers

fpeak not, bccaufe

But thofc they are which perfume the Air molt dehghtField-Flowers.
j^Uy, but then only

when trodden

up-^

on and cruflied, are Three, that is, Burand Water- Mint. net, Wiid-Time, Therefore you are to fet whole Alleys
f them, to have the Pleafure when yoti walk and tread.

Compafs of Ground for Gardens (fpeaking of thofe which are indeed Prince-Like, as we have dona of Buildings ) ought not to be under
Thirty Acres, and to be divided into

The

Three Parts a Green in the Entrance ^ a Heath or Defart in the End; and the Main Garden in th midft; be-^ fides Alleys on both Sides. And I like welij that Four Acres of Ground be
;

to the Green, Six to the Heath, Eight to the Side-Walks, and

ailigned

Twelve to the Main Garden. The Green hath two Pleafures, the one to the Eye, to which nothing is more pleafant than green Grafs kept finely lliora:

the other, in that

it

will give

you

a fair

Alky

Of

Gardens.

289

Alley in the midft,

by which you pafs

itately Hedge> which is to enclofe the Main Garden. But becaufe the Alley will be long, and in great Heat of the Year or Day, you ought not to buy the Shade in the Garden, by going in the Sun thro' the Green therefore you are on either iide the Green to plant a Covert Alley of Carpenters Work about Twelve Foot in Height, by which you may go all the Way under Shade into the Garden. As for the making Knots

towards the Front of a

or Figures of divers coloured Earths,

to
lie

undgr the

Windows of the Houfe,

the

on
fee

that

Side where

Garden
:

Hands, they are mere Toys

as

You may
in

good

Sights

many Times

Tarts.

The Garden
encompafTed on
a {lately

is

beft to he Square,

all

the

Four Sides with

Ai'ches to

Arched Hedge ; the

Pillars

be upon

of Carpenters

Work,

of fome Ten Foot High, and Six Foot Broad, and the Spaces between, of the fame Dimenfion with the Breadth of

Vol, L

the

ipo
the Arch.

Of

Gardens.

Over the Arches let there be an entire Hedge, of fome Four Foot High, of Carpenters Work alfo, and over this, a little Turret upon the Top of every Arch, with a Capacity fufficient to receive a Cage of Birds ; and over every Space between the Arches fome other little Figure, with broad Plates of round coloured Glafs gilt, But this for the Sun to play upon. Hedge I mean to be raifed upon a Bank, not fteep, but gently Hope, of

fome Six Foot,

Alfo
the
I

fet

all

with Flowers.

underftand,

that this

Square of

Garden

Ihould not be the whole'

Breadth of the Ground, but to leave on either Side Ground enough for Diverfity of Side- Alleys, unto which the twd Covert- Alleys of the Green may bring you but there muft be no Alleys with Hedges at either End of this great In* clofure Not at the hither End, for hin*
;
:

dring your

Profpeft
;

upon
nor

this
at

fair

Hedge from the Green

the fur-

ther End, for hindring your Profped from the Hedge through the Arches For upon the Heath,

Of
-

Gardens.
I

291
it

For

the ordering the

Ground withto

in the

Great Hedge,

leave

Vainto,

tiety of

Device

adviling, neverthelefs,

that whatfoever
it

Form you
in Juniper,
:

caft

it

be not too curious, or

full

of Work.
or

Images cut out

Garden-fluff, 1

other

hke not They are for Little low round Hedges, Children. like Welts, with fome pretty Pyramids, And in fome Places alfo. I like well: Columns, and high Pyramids, of Car^ penters Work, hedged round, I allo\r of I would alfo have the Alleys fpa^ cious and fair. You may have clofer Alleys upon the Side-Grounds, but none in the Main Garden. I wiili alfo in the very middle a fair Mount, with three Afcents and Alleys, wide enough for Four to walk abreaft, which I would have to be perfe(^l: Circles, without any Bulwarks or Imbofments, and the whole Mount to be Thirty Foot High, and fome fine Banqueting Houfe, with fome Chimneys neatly cafl, and without too much Glafs.

For

Z^l

0/ G A
Fountains,

R D

EN

S.

For

they

are

great

let ; Beauty Pools and Filh-Ponds be baniihed For they make the Garden unwhollome, and full of Flies and Frogs. Fountains
:

and

Refreihment

but

lunderiland to be of two Kinds, the

one

that fprinkleth or fpouteth

fair

Water,

the other a

Receptacle of Water,

of fome Thirty or Forty Foot Square, but without tiili, or Shme, or Mud.

For the
guilt,

Firit,

the Ornaments of Images

or of Marble, which are in Ufe,

;

do well

but the main Matter is, fo to convey the Water, that it never ilay,
either in the Bowls, or in the Cifiern

fo as that

it

be never by Reil difcolour;

Green or Red, or the like or gaanyMofs or Putrefaftion. Befides that, it is to be cleanfed every Day by j the Hand alfo fome fine Steps up to it, % and fome line Pavement doth well. As for the other kind of Fountain, which
ed,

ther

we may

call

a Bathing-Place,

it

may

admit much Curiofity and Beauty, wherewith we will not trouble our
felves;
as

that

the

Bottom be

finely

paved.

Of

Gardens.

293

paved, and with Images, the Sides Hkewife; and withal embelliihed with coloured Glafs, and fnch things of Lultrc

encompafled
Statues.

alio

with

fine Rails

of low

is the But the main fame which wc mentioned in the former kind of Fountain which is, that the Water be in perpetual Motion, fed by a Water higher than the Bath, and delivered into it by fair Spouts, and then difcharged away under Ground by

Point

Tubes of equal Dimenfion,

not.

that

it

flay

And

for fine Devices of

fpilling,

Water without
rife

Arching and making it

Feathers,

in feveral

Forms,

(of

Drinking-GlalFes,
like,) they

and the Things to look on, but nothing to Health and Sw^eetCanopies,
are pretty

nefs.

Fo R the E A T H, which was the Third Part of our Plot, I wiHi it to be framed as near as may be to a Natural Wildernefs. Trees I would have none in ir, but fome Thickets, made only of fweet Briar, and Honey-Suckle, with Wild-Vine amongit them, and the

Ground

2^4

^f

Gardens.
:

Ground fet with Violets, Strawberries and Primrofes For thefe are fweet, and
profper in the Shade.

And

thefe to

be in the Heat h, here and there, not in any Order. I like alfo little Heaps, in the Nature of Mole-Hills (fuch as
are in

Wild-Heaths) to be

fet,

fome

with Wild-Thyme, fome with Pinks, fome with Germander, that gives a

Flower to the Eye; fome with Periwinkle, fome with Violets, fome with Strawberries, fome with Cowflips, fome with Dazies, fome with Red-Rofes, fome with Lillies of the Valley, fome with Sweet Williams Red, fome with Bears-foot, and the like. Part of whidi Heaps to be with Standards of little Bullies prickt upon their Top, and Part without: The Standards to be Rofes, Juniper, Holly, Bear- berries, (thefe but here and there, becaufe of the Smell of their Bloirom ) Red Currans, Goofeberries, Rofemary, Bays, Sweet-Briar, and fuch like. But thefe
beautiful

Standards to be kept with Cutting, that

they

grow not out of Shape.

For

Of
For
diftribute

Gardens.

295

the Side-Grounds, you are to

them

into Variety of private

Alleys, to give a full

Shade, fome of

You them, whereibever the Sun be. are to frame fome of them likewife for Sheker, that when the Wind blows
Iharp,

you may walk as in a Gallery. And thofe Alleys muil be hkewife hedged at both Ends, to keep out the Wind. And thofe clofer Alleys muft

be Gravelled, and no Grafs, for fear of going wet. In many of thefe Alleys like\\ife you are to fet Fruit-Trees of all Sorts, as well upon the Walls, as in
Ranges.

And

this Ihould

be generally

obferved, that the Borders wherein you plant your Fruit-Trees, be fair and
large,

and low, and not

fteep,

and

fet

with fine Flowers, but thin and fparingAt the ly, left they beguile the Trees.

End of both the Side^ Grounds, I would have a Mount of a pretty good Height,
leaving

the Wall

of

the

Enclofure

Breaft-high,
Fields.

to look abroad into the

For

the Main Garden, I do not deny but there fliould be feme fair Alleys ranged on both Sides, with FruitTrees, and fome pretty Tufts of Fruit- Trees and Arbors with Seats, fet in fome decent Order but thefe to be by no means fet too thick ; but to leave the
;

%^6 For

Of

Gardens.

Main Garden
clofe, but the

fo,

that

it

be not
;

Air open and free

for as

for Shade, I would have you content your felf with the Alleys of the SideGrounds, there to walk, if you are difpos'd, in the Heat of the Year or Day.

For the Main Garden is for the more temperate Parts of the Year, Spring and Autumn And in the Heat of Summer, for the Morning and Even:

ing, or Over-cafl Days.

For AviARiESj

like

them

not,

unlefs they be of fuch Largenefs, as to

be Turft, and to have living Plants and Buflies fet in them that the Birds may have more Scope and natural NeflHng, and that no Foulnefs appear in the Floor of the Aviary,
;

And

Of Negotiating,

t^y

And thus I
a

Princely

have made a Plat-form of Garden, partly by Pre-

by Drawing, not an exaft Model, but fome general Lines of it And in this I have fpared no Cofl.
cept, partly

But

it is

nothing for

Great

Prin-

ces, who, as the Way now is, for the moil part advife with Gardiners ; and with no lefs Coft, put together, with little Judgment, various Things; and

fometimes add Statues, and fuch other Things, for State and Magnificence, but
nothing conducing to the true Pleafure

and Delight of

Garden.

XLVIL (^/Negotiating,
generally better to Negotiate IT Speech, than by Letter and by by
is
;

the Mediation of a Third Perfon, than

by a Man's Self

Letters are

when

Man

has a

Mind

to

good draw out

;

an Anfvver by Letter back again

or
to

when

it

may be of Ufe

to a

Man

pro-

29?

Of Negotiating.
his

produce afterwards Copies of

Letters, for his Juflification
:

own

Finally,

when

Man

has

reafon to fear, lead

h^

Speech fhould be interrupted, or be heard by Pieces. On the other hand,

better to

it is

Neg ox
it

at e in Perfon,

when

is apt to ftrike Recommonly happens in Difcourfe with Inferiors or in Tender Cafes, where a Man's Eye being faften'd upon the Countenance of him with whom he fpeaketh, may be a Di-

a Man's Face

verence:

As

redion to him, how far to go; and generally, where a Man has a Mind to referve to himfelf a Liberty of Difwning, or Explaining. In Negotiating byOthers, it were better to chufe Men of a plainer Sort,
that are like to

do

that

which

is

com-

initted to them, and to report back a-

gain faithfully the Succefs of the Thing;

than thofe that are cunning to contrive

out of other Men's Bufmefs fomewhat

f Honour or Advantage to themfelves

and

that are for foftning

the Matter,

in Report, in order to Pleafe,

Ufe

alfo

fuch

Of Negotiating,
ftich

zpp
they

Perfons as
;

afFeft the Bufinefs

are fet over

for that quickneth their

Induftry

And
:

fuch as have a kind ot

Aptnefs and Suitablenefs to the Matter

they manage
(lulation
;

As Bold

Fair-fpoken

Men for ExpoMen for Perfuaand

fion

Crafty

Men
;

for Obfervation

narrow Inquiry
little

Men a Abfurd, for the tranfafting of BuFroward, and

hath fomewhat of Untoward

finefs that

nefs and Iniquity in

it. Ufe alfo fuch as have been Lucky, and have Prevail'd in Things vi^herein you have employ'd

them before:

For

this

breeds Confi-

dence, and they will leave no Stone unturn'd to maintain their Prefcription,
as I

may
is

call

it.

It

better to feel the Man's Pulfe,

with

whom

you Negotiate, and to

at a Diftance,

found him

than to profiril

pound
unlefs

the Matter point-blank at

you mean to hamper and furprize him by fome fliort Queftion.

It isbetterNEGOTiATiNG
in Purfuit,

withMen

than

with thole that are

be.
If

where they would

you

Negotiate

300

Of Negotiating.
another upon Conditions,

TiATE with
but
this

the Start of Firft

Performance

is

All

you cannot reafonably De;

mand,

Nature of the Thing, be fuch as ought to go before or that you can handfomly infmuate to the other Party, that he will have Occafion
unlefs the

you in other Things ; or, laftly, that you are counted a Man of extraordinary Honefly and Integrity.
for

All Negotiation
to

tends either

Discover,

or to

Work.

Men
way

Discover

themfclves either by

of Truft ; or when they are in Paflion, and cannot well command themfelves; or upon Surprize or of Neceflity, when
;

they would have fomewhat done,

but

cannot

find

an apt Pretext.
well

If

you
ei-

would
ther
shions,

Work

any Man, you muft

know

his Nature and Fa-

and fo Lead him; or find out or his his Ends, and fo Perfuade him WeaknefTes and Difad vantages, and fo
;

Awe
fo

him

or, finally, gain his Friends,

that have greatefl Intereft in him,

and
In

Govern him.

In and crafty Perfons, you muft never believe their Words, unlefs you have their Ends and Intentions to interpret them: Further, it is heft to fay httle to them, and that which they leafl look
for.

Of Negotiating. 301 Negotiating with cunning

In
ty, a

all Negotiations of DifficulMan muil not exped to Sow and

Reap
nefs,

but mult prepare Bufiat once and fo Ripen it by Degrees.

;

XLVIILO/FOLLOWERS

Friends. COSTLY Followers

and

are
;

by

no means to be admitted leaft whilit a Man maketh his Train longer, he make his Wings Ihorter. Now I
reckon Costly, not thofe only that
cha*ge the Purfe, but fuch
Suits and Petitions.
alfo as are

imp.rtunate and troublefome in their

Or-

2[0i

Of Fo

L L O

WE

Ordinary Followers

ought to

cxpeft no higher Conditions than Countenance, Recommendation, if Occafion be, and Protedion from Wrongs.

more

Factious Followers are (till to be avoided, who apply themfelves to a Man, not fo much out of
him

Affection to
as out

whom

they Attend,

of Difpleafure conceived againll

fome

other.

Whence
fee

there

commonly

follows that Mifunderftanding which

we many Times
Perfons.

between Great

Likewise,

thofe glorious
it

Fol-

lowers, who make

thofe
for

their

Bufmefs

to be as Trumpets of the Praifes of they Follow, do Abundance Hurt for they taint Bufinefs thro' want of Secrecy ; and befides (if a Man
;

confider

it

well

they Export

from

their Patron,

and make him

Honour a Re-

turn in Envy.

There
lowers
Spies,

is

another Kind of FoL^-

likewife^

which

are

very

dangerous, being indeed no better than

who

inquire the Secrets of

thfc

Family,

and F R
Family,

ends.

305

and whifper them to Others.

;

Yet fuch Men many Times are in great Efteem with their Lords for they are and commonly exchange Officious,
Tales.

The Following
ftates

by certain E*

to that

and Ranks of Men, anfwerable which the Great Perfon hin>

(as of Soldiers to

felf profefleth,

him

had the Chief Command in the Wars, and the like,) hath ever been
that hath
a Thing Civil, and well taken, even in Monarchies; provided it be done without much Pomp and Popula-

efleemed

rity.

But the mofl

NAGE
profefs

of

all,

is

Honourable PATROThis ; For a Man to

of thofe that

Himfelf

a Patron

are eminent for Virtue and Merit, of

what Rank or Condition foever they are. And yet where there is no remarkable Odds
is

in point

of Defert,

it

better to Patronize the Paffible

dling Sort,

than thofe that are

Midmore

Eminent.
in

And befides, to fpeak Truth,

that are

Times

any thing Corrupt,

Adive

Of Fo Adive Men are

304

L L

WE

IC

of more Ufe than the

Certainly, in

truly \'irtuous.

Govern-

inent,

it is

beft to treat Subjefts of the

fame Rank equally ; for to countenance

a

Few

extraordinarily,
infolent,

is

to

make
difcon-

Them
tented
as

and the

refl

; fmce Parity of Degree demands^ of Due, equal Conditions of Grace. But contrariwife in Matters of mere Fa-

vour, to ufe
6:ion

Men

with much Diftin;

and Choice, is Good

for

it

makes

the Perfons diftinguilh'd in Kindnefs more Thankful, and the reft more Officious
:

Nor can any one juftly complain

of this, fmce All is of Favour, and not of Debt. It is a good Caution, riot to make
too

much of any Man

at firft

for Fol-

lowing Favours can hardly hold on in

the fame Proportion.

To be Govern'd (as we fay) by any one Friend, is not fafe: For it ihews
Softnefs:
Befides,
it

gives a
:

Freedom

to Scandal and Difreputation

ny

that

For mawould not immediately Cenfure,

111

or fpeak

of a

Man

himfelf, will

make no

and Fr IE K D
no Scruple to
talk boldly

Si

Jo J

of thofe that are fo great with Him, and thereby

wound his Honour. the Power of; and

Yet

to be

under

to be varioully di*

drafted by Many, is flill worfe ; for it makes Men, to be of the Last Impression, (as they now fpeak) and
full

of Inconilancy.
take
is

To

Advice

of

fome

few

Friends,
great Ufe

very Honourable, and of

For Lookers-on many Times ; more than Gamefters : And ( as the fee Adagy is) Tbe Vale beft difcovereth
the Hill.

There

is little

Friendship

in the

World, and leaft of all between Equals which Kind was wont to be magnified among the Antients. That that is, will be found between Superior and Inferior, whofe Fortunes may comprehend
the

One

the Other,

VoL.L

XLIX',

jotf

Of

SuiTona.

XLIX. Of

SUITORS.
Matters and Projeas

MANY
are

ill

undertaken;

and

private

Suits do putrify the publick Good. Many Matters alfo are undertaken, good
in themfelves, but

with bad Minds:

mean not only corrupt Minds, but crafty Minds without any Intention of performing the Bufmefs. There are thofe, that will take Suits in hand,
;

and are forward to offer their Service, that never mean to deal effeftually in them: But if they fee there may be
in the Matter by fomc other Hand, they themfelves alfo will lay in for Thanks; or at leafl will catch at fome Secondary Reward, or, laftly, will turn the Hopes of the Suitor,

Life

whilft the Bufmefs

their

is

in Agitation, to

own

Ufe.

Some

embrace Suits, with an In-

tention only to caft in Hindrances and

Im-

Of Suitors.
that

307

Impediments to other Men*5 Bufmefs, is tranfafting at the fame Time;

to

Or

make fome Information by

the

which otherwife they could have no apt Pretext, not caring what becomes of the Suit, when that Turn
bye, for

make other Peoples Bufmefs a Bridge to their own*

is

ferv'd:

Or

generally,

to

Nay, fome a6b fo treacheroufly as to undertake Suits with full Purpofe to abandon them, in order to gratify the
Competitor, or Adverfe Party.

Certainly,

if

Man

confider
i

it,

there goes along with every S u

certain Right, either of Juftice, if it be

a
if

Suit of Controverfy;
it

or of Merit, be a S u I T of Grace and Favour.

If AfFe6lion lead a

Man

to favour the

wrong Side

in % Judicial Caufe, let

rather ufe his Authority to

him compound
If Atfe*

the Matter, than to carry

it.

dion lead a Man to favour the lefs worthy in Defert, let him abflain, however, from all Calumny, and fpeaking
evil

of

the

more

deferving

Per-

fon^

Suits

30?

Of

Suitors.
refer

Suits,, that you do not well underflan4iyour

Iclf,

to

fome

trufty

and judicious Friend ; who may report, whether they are of fuch a Nature that you may promote theni with Hor[Our But that Friend muit be prudently and fcrupuloufly chofen; otherwife he will put any thing upon you.
:

S u I T o R s noyv-a-days ar.e fo diflafted Delays ^id Abufes, that PlainDealing and Candor, either in refufmg
,vr

wjtl^

the Buiinefs at

firft

or in honeflly reit

porting the Succefs thereof, be

it,will;.; or in challenging
no.

what

more

Thanks than one hath deferved ; is grown a Thing not only Honourable,
but Gracious.

r!

In Suits of Favour, the offering of the Suit firft ought to be of no Weight

So far indeed Confideration may be had of the Faith of the Suitor, in making a Difcovery of the Matter, that if Intelligence of the Thing could not
other wife have been had but by him,
it

may be no

Prejudice to him, but that

he be rewarded rather.

To

Of

S.

309

To
Suit,

be ignorant of the Value of a

is.

Simplicity;

as carelelly to neis

glect the.

Right

thereof,

want of

Confcience.

SECRECYin Suits

is

a very likely

Way

to obtain them; for to give out

is

Hopes, though it may fome kind of Competitors, yet will it whet and awaken Others. But Timing of S u i x s is the chief Thing of all. Timing, I fay, not only in refpe6l of the Perfons in whofe Power it is to rejeft or grant them ; but alfo in
that there
difc outage

refpeft of thofe, that

may be

juftly ap-

prehended as likely to crofs them. In the Choice of the Perfon that you commit the Care of your Suit to, regard
Fitnefs rather than. Greatnefs; and ra-

ther ufe! one that engages in few Bufi1

nelTes,
all.

than a

Man

thht lays hold of

A repeated Denial
valent

is

fometimes equi-

to

a Grant;

provided a

Man
dif-

ihew himfelf neither dejeded, nor

contented.

ASK

jia

Of Suitor?;

an unreafonabk Things tbdt you may ohtain a reafonable one; is a

AS K
:

Favour
the

good Rule, where a Man is in great For otherwife it is more advi&ble for a

Man

to rife
at,

Thing he aims
at leail:

by degrees to and to obtain

he that would
in

fomething
the

i^or

not have fcrupled

at firft to difoblige

Suitor;
his

will not,

the

clufion, hear to lofe both the

ConSuitor,
once.

and

own former Favour

is

at

Nothing
and yet
is

thought fo eafy a Reit

queft to a great Perfon as his Letter;

if it

be not in a good Caufe,

fo

much Lofs of Reputation

is

to the

Writer.

There
fort

not a

more Suits;

pernicious

of People in a State, than thofe

for they

general Framers of

are a kind of Poyfon and Infeftion to

publick Bufinefs.

L.Of

0/

ST

UD

S.

L.

Of Studies, and
Reading of

the

Books.

STUDIES,
Help

and Reading of Books, ferve either for Pleafure of Thought,

in Bufinefs.
is

or for Ornament of Difcourfe, or for

Their Ufe,
perceiv'd in
:

as to

Pleafure,

chiefly

tirement and Leifure

As

to

ReOrnament
as

of Speech,

it

has Place, as well in Fa-

miliar, as Set Difcourfe:

And

for

Help
fairs

in Bufmefs,

it

tends to

this,

viz,

the Undertaking and Difpofmg of Af-

For Men, expert

Affairs,

with more accurate Judgment. in the Praftice of

are

perhaps

fit

for the

Exe-

cution of Bufmefs;

judge not amifs:

and in Particulars But Counfels and

and
the

Contrivances concerning the general

Sum
and

of

Affairs,

Invention

right Adminiflration of the fame,

come more
Learned.

happily from thofe that are

To

Jit

(?/ S

T U D

E i.

To fpend too much Time in Reading and Studies, is a fpecious kind

of Sloth ;

lame effemijiately foi; Ornament, is njere AfFedation, which betrays it felf ; and to judge
to abufe

the

of Things, according to the Rules of Art, is altogether the Humour of a

Scholar,

and does not fucceed well.

Letters perfeft Nature, and are themfelves

perfected by Experience.
Plaiits,

Natural Abilities are like

For coming

up of themfelves, which require Culand the Piuning-HooJc of Art: othei* hand, gives Diredions too much at large, unlefs it be
ture,

Learning, on the

bounded by Experience. Cfafty Men contemn Letters; Simple Men admire them; and Wife Men ufe their Help,
as

much

as is jconvenient; for Letters

do not fufficiently teach their own Ufd; but That is a certain Prudence, that
lies

without them,
not

and above them,

<-

got by Obfer vation only.

/-^

:.

Read

Books
all

with a Defign to
for granted, or

Contradid:, and to engage in Difputes

nor, again, to take

to

; ;

G/ Studies.
;

313

to Swear to the Author nor, laflly, to fet off yoiir felf in Talk and Difcourfe but to Learn, to Weigh, and to Ufe in fome meafure your own Judgment. So Mil: Books there are which it is

convenient
that

jufl to tafte
1

only;

Others,

we
we

ought to
laftly,

wallow down whole

Some,
that
is,

but thofe are very few,

Chew and Digefl: That fome Books are to be look'd into

fliould
;

only in Parts

Others, to be read in^

deed, but not rnuchTime to be fpent

to be turn'd over dihgently, and with fmgular At-

upon th^m ; And fome Few

tention.

You
alfo,

will
it

meet with many

Books
to

which

may be

fufficient

to read by Others, and by Deputy, and

make only Extrads of them.

in the

would have this x)hly done

fort tant
:

But I meaner

of Arguments, and in lefs imporAuthors For otherwifc, Books

Diflill'd

(to ufe thatExprefTion) Diffll'd, like

common
;Flalliy
.

Waters, will be very

a Full

Things.

Reading
Man

makes
;

and Wellrencc.

.furnifh'd
'

Difputation and Confe-

3x4

(y

TV DIES.
And

renc^ a Reaidy and Fluent Man;

Writing, an<i Collefling of Notes, imprints what we read in the Mind, and And therefore if a Man fixes it deep.
flack and faflidious in Noting, he had need have a good Memory If he Confers little, he had need have a prefent Wit; and if he Reads little, there is
is
:

nothing
fice,

left,

but to ufe a kind of Artito

whereby he may feem

not.

Know

what he doe

The Reading Men Wife; Poets,

thematicks, Subtil
;

of Hiftory makes Witty; The

M^

Natural Philofophy,

Deep

Moral, Grave ; Logick and RhePugnacious, and ready at Con-

torick.

tending.

Abeunt ftud'ta

in mores.

Nay,

there
tural

is fcarce found any inbred, or naImpediment in the Underftanding, but may be amended, and wrought out by a proper Study As Bodily Diftempers may be eas'd by appropriate Exercifes. Bowling is good for the Stone and Reins; Shooting for the; Lungs and Bread; Gentle Walking for the Stomach; Riding for the Head, and
:

Of
and the
like.

F^eTiQKfc

jiy

Thus, if any Man has t Wit, let him ftudy MatheRambling maticks For in Mathematical Demonflrations, if the Mind flxays never fo If a Man's little, he muft begin again.
:

Wit

is

not ready

at finding
let

out

DifFe-?

lances and Diftindions,

him betake

himfelf to the Schoolmen; for they are

Cummi
nefs of

SeEiores.

If

he wants Quick*

and cannot with Dexterity call up one Thing to prove and illullrate another; let him turn over the Lawyers Cafes So every

Wit

to run over Matters,

Indifpofition of the Underftanding

may

have
ing.'

its

proper

Remedy from Leara*

LI.

0/F

ACTIONS.

have an Opinion, by no means found, viz. That a Prince, in the Government of his State, and a great Perfon, in the Diredion of his
Affairs,

MANY

ought efpecially to regard the

Factions

3i<S

0/ Factions.
that prevail;

Factions
is

and that
:

this

a principal Part of Policy

W herethis

as,

contrariwife, the

Top

of

Abi-

lity confifts chiefly,' either in

ordering

thofe Things, which appertain indifFe-^

rently to
all

in general,

and whereitt
do, never^

Men

of divers

Factions

thelefs,

agree; or in careiTing, winning^

and dealing' with particular Perfons ond by one. Yet I fay notj that a due Con*<
fideration of

ded.
their

Men

of a

Parties is mean

to be negle-s

Fortune,
to

Rifing,

muil adhere

fome
fuctif

Party;
more

but for great

Men, and

as are in' Pbllbflion

of Honour,

it

irf

advifeable,

to keep themfelves.

Indifferent,

and Neuters.

Yet even

in

the Cafe of Purfuers, to adhere fo mo-?

derately, as that a

Man may

be thought

to the Other,

of on$ Party, and yet not be odious is the belt Way to Prei

ferment^no'afqO The .lower and weaker Fa c t i o jj^

^

is

common).y the firmer and fleddier

:

m
in

Conjujiftipn

And

iitis

often feen, that.

%JReyy,^;th4t(are. fiiff

and obftinate, do,

0/ F A
greater
rate.

TI O N

in the end, tire out and drive

Number

that are

317 down a more ModeS.

When One of the Factions is extinguiihed,

the remaining
the

One

fubdi-

yideth

As

Fa c t i o n of Lucullus
held

and

,the

Nobles,

out awhile aof Tomfey and

gainfl the

Faction

Cafar\ but when the Authority of the Senate and the Noblet was pulled down, Cafar and Tompey foon after
.

brake.

In like manner, the

Fa

ction

of Antontus and 06iavianus Cafar, againil: Brutus znd Caffius, held out for

fome Time: But when Brutus and then foon CaJJius were overthrown,
after

Antonius and O^aviafius,

with

their Parties,

brake and Subdivided.

Thefe Examples (you'lhfay) relate to Factions in War: But the fame Thing holdeth in private Factions. And therefore thole that were at firft
Seconds in

Factions,
:

do,

many

Times, when the Faction fubdivideth, prove Principals Yet many

Times

alfo

$hey lofe

all

Power: For

many

Of V ACT I ONS 51 8 many a Man's Strength lies in Oppofn tion ; and when that fails, he becomes It is commonly feen, and i^ ufelefs. That many, when worth obferving,
they have gained their Point, and are in Poffeffion of the Dignity they courted,

take immediately to the contrary

Fa c-

i-ioN; thinking, belike, that they ar^ already fure of the AfFeftions of the
6ther

Faction; and now are ready new Purchafe. for a Th e Traitor in Fa c t i o n commonfor when ly goes away with the Prize
;

Matters have hung long in an equal

Ballance, as
it

were, fome one Perfon's

the Thanks.

going over to the contrary Side caflcth

the Scale, and he getteth
all

The

carrying an even

Hand between

two Factions, proceeds not always

from Moderation,
Deiign,
(as every

but from a crafty

Man
aft

is

trucfl

to

himfelf) of making

Advantage of

both Factions.
they hold
it

Certainly in Itafy^

a httle fufpicious in Popes,

when

they have often in their

it

Mouth
Sign

^oiire commune^ and take

to be a

0/ Fa c T IONS.
Co the Greatnefs of his

jip
all

Sign of one that me^neth to refer

own Houfe.
all

Things take care, how they make themfelves of a Side or Faction with any of their Subjeds; for Leagues within the State are ever pernicious to Monarchies ; for they raife an Obligation paramount to the Obligation of Sovereignty, and make the King, As one @f us; as was to be feen in the League of France,

Kings

fhould of

When Factions
Sign of Decay of

are carried with

it is

a high Hand, and barefacedly,

Power

in

Princes,

and much to the Prejudice both of their Authority and Bufmefs. The Motions of Factions under Kings ought to be like the Motions (as the Aftronomers fpeak) of the inferior Orbs, which may have their proper Motions but yet ilill are quietly carried round by the Higher Motion of the

Trimum

Mobile,

LD. Of

320

Of Ceremonies

LII.C>/CiviL

IE.

and

CeremoD :e c e n t

HE'thafis
have a

only Real,^ had need

'great
is

Share of Virtue
plain fet,

As

the Stone, that

to be exceeding rich and pure.

had need But if

a Man mark it well, it is in Praife and Commendation, as in Gettings and Gains: For the Proverb is true, Tha^ light Gains make heavy Turfes, For

Gains come thick, whereas great come but how and then. In like manlight

ner,

mod

true

is it,

that fmall Virtues

win great Commendation, becaufe they

are continually in Ufe:
is

Befides, there

conltant

Notice

taken

of

them?

whereas, on the other hand, there is but now and then an Occafion for the
Exerciie of any great Virtue.
fore
it

coniributes

much

to a

ThereMan's

Fame

and

Respects.
is

321
( as

Fame and Reputation, and

bella of Caftile u^fed to fay
)

Ifa-

like

perpe-

tual Letters Commendatory^ for a

to have

good and decent Forms.

it
:

Man To

attain them,

almofl fufficeth not to

them For fo ihall a Man obferve them in the Behaviour of others And for the rei^, let him trull: himfelf; For if he labour too much about them,
defpife

they lofe then* Grace:

eth chiefly in
tural
this,

\Miich

confiit-

and

UnafFeCled.

That they feem NaSome Men's

Countenance and Geiture, and other outward Behaviour, is like a Verfe, wherein every Syllable is meafured. How can a Man comprehend great Things, that ftoops to fuch little Matters
?

Not
at all

to ufe

decent

Ceremonies
is

towards others,

to teach
;

to negled the fame to you

them whereby
Efpe-

you

will render

your

felf

cheap.

cially

they muft not be omitted to thofe

;

you are not familiar with nor to Formal Natures But Excefs in them, and a Phrafe perfedly Hyperbohcal (as is
:

Vol.

I.

ufual

'3

11

ufual

Of C'e k X M OT^ i%^s with fotrte Men) rs'ttbt only naumuch

Weight of what
thefc
is faid.

feous; but alfb diminiflies very

the Faith and

C E R T A i N LY,
'titicial

'a

ICind of ar-

Infiriuation in the'very

Words

of

Complemental Forms, which is Avonderfully taking and engaging, if a Mah can hit upon it. Among one's Equals, a Man need not trouble' hi mfclf about

That he may be fure of; and therefore it is good to be upon the Referve, and to keep State a Httle. Amongft a Man's Inferiors, one fhall be fure of Reverence; and therefore it ^m'ay not be amifs to be a little open and
FamiHarity;
'famihar.

He that
Thing, fo
"

over-talks, or over-dbes any

as

to tire People,

lefTens

himfelf.
is

To

apply one's felf to others,

good; provided it appear at the fame Time to proceed, not from Eafinefs, but from Civility and good Breeding. It is a good Precept ; when you go over to another Man's Opinion, yet always to add fomewhat'of your own.
Forlnftance:
If

you Seboird

his

Motion,

and
tion,
let it

Res P
If
let

c t

s.

323

be with fome Diflindion,

you confent to be with fome Reitridion or Condition. If you think good to follow and embrace his Counfel, let it be with ailed ging fome further Reafon why you do fo. A Man fhould by all means take care -ftet to be elteemed a CompHmenter, or Mafl^r of the Ceremonies For be
and no otherwife.
his Propofition,
it
;

lie

never fo
will

fufficient otherwife, his

Enthat

viers

be

fure

to give

him

Title, to the Difadvantage of his greater

Virtues.
fmefs, to

It is

alfo

prejudicial to

Bu-

be too

full

of

Fo rm s and

Respects,
obferving

or to be too curious in

Times

and Opportunities.
that cofijldereth the

Solomon

faith.

He

Wind^ /hall net fow'^ and he that loaketh to the Clouds, Jhall not reap. A Wife Man will make more Opportunities, than he finds. Men's outward Behaviour Ihould be Hke their Apparel not
;

too

ftrait

or

finical,

but perfedly eafy

and free for Exercife,' or Motion.

LIII.

324

0/*

Pr

S E.

LIII.

Of
is

PRAI
as

S E.

PRAISE
tue.

the Reflexion of Vir-

GlafTes,

it

it is in Lookingdraws fomething from the

And

Nature of the Body

flexion.
If
it

that yields the

Re-

comes from the

Common

People, it is commonly a wrong and a falfe

Reflexion

and rather accompanies the

Vain and the Tumid, than Men of true Virtue. For a great many Virtues, that
are Excellent, are above the Capacity

of the

Common

People.

The Lowell
from them ;
;

Virtues draw

Praise

The Middle

Sort flrike them with Ad-

But of the Sublime Virtues they have no Senfe, or Notion at all. But Apparitions of VirCertainly, tues, take mod: with them. Fame is hke a River, that bears up things Light and Swoln, and drowns things Weighty and Solid. Now if Men alfo of profound Judgment, and
miration, or Aftoniihment

of

tl

0/"

Pr

A ISE.

3ZJ

of Charafter, concur with the

People, then
it is

Common

as the Scripture faith

A good Name
meiit.
It
fills

is like

does not

eafily

a fragrant OtJitround about, and go off. For the Odours

All

of Ointments are more durable, than

thofe of Flowers.

There
of
fufpefted.

are fo
that

man}^
it

falfe

Colours

Pr A I s F,

may
;

defervedly be

Some

Praises

merely from Flattery And if ordinary Flatterer, he will make ufe of

certain
as

proceed he be an

may

common Qualifications, and fuch ferve every Man; not lludied,

he will
;

or appofite Ones: If he be a cunning

Flatterer,

follow

the Arch;

felf and wherein you have an Opinion of your felf, or think you Excel, there the Flatterer will dwell mofl: But if he be an Impudent, Brazen Flatterer, then whereinfoever you are mofl confcious to your felf of your own Defeft, and what you are moft out of Countenance at in your

Flatterer clofe

mean, your

felf.

entitle

That will the you to, and

Flatterer principally
fallen
3

upon you by
Forccs

^6
Foree,

Of f A A IS
and
in

JL,

fpight

of Confcience,
frona

Some
good
fee\'^erence

Praises proceed
;

accompanied with which certainly is a Form of Pr A I s E due to Kings, and all Great Ferfonages: Laudando fracipere^ viz. When by laying before them, what fhey are, you humbly put them in mind, what they ihould be. Sometimes Men are loaded with
Inclination,

Praises,
tion
;

with a malicious Inten-

to

itir
;

up Envy,

towards them

and Hatred pejjlmum genus Inim't^

fays.

iwum
much

laudantium^ as one
as
it

Info-

was

Proverb amongft the

Greeks : That, be that was pra'tfed ta kis Hurt^ jhould have a Tujh imme^
diately rife upon his Nofe:

As

there

is

common

Saying with us;

That a
aver this,

Blijier will rife upon a

Man's Tongue,

that tells a Lye,

that
ably,

One may

Moderate Praise, given feafon-

and having nothing Vulgar in it, to a Man's Honour. It is a Saying of Solomon'^ He that praif ith his Friend aloud^ Rifing early^ it
turns hugely
:

Jhall

Of R R
jhall be to
j^or to

A, I

E.

i7

him

better than a Curfe.

Extol either Man, or Matter, to the Sky, provokes Contradiction, and

expofes to Scorn.
"

It is

hardly allowable

Man's felf, except in very But a Man may praife his Vocation, and the Office he bears, or the Studies he has addided himfelf to, A\ith a good Grace; nay, with fome i^ind of Magnanimity. The C A R D I N A L s oi" Rome ( who ^ are Theologues, and Friars, and Schoollo praife a
:

rare Cafes

of the utmoft Contempt and Scorn, towards Civil Bua Phrafe

'finefs: Foi:

men) have

they, call all

finefs

(as of

Temporal BuWar, EmbaiTages, Judica-

tures,

of Shirrerie,
Sheriffrtes\

and the hke) by the i5^^//^Name which lignifies 'Vnderas

if

thofe Arts

became
Station.

Under-Sheriffs and Catch-poles, rather

than

Men

in

their fublime

Though

(if

the

Matter

be

rightly

vveigh'd) Speculative and Civil Affairs

may go well enough together. St. Tauh when he boafls of Himfe.lf, fometimes interlaces, I f^eak like a Fool, But

fpeaking

-^iZ^^

Of Vain-Glory*
is

Tpeaking of his Calling, he

not

a-

ihamed to
pftlejhi]?.

fay,

I will magnify my A-

LIV. 0/
:

Vain-Glory.
of

pretty Fidion, IT wasAa Fly fitting upon That of Mthe Spoke fop

a Chariot-Wheel, faid

to

her felf:

What

a T>ufi do I raife! Thus are there fome /hallow vain Perfons, that, when any thing goes on either of it felf, or moves upon greater Means, if they have never fo Uttle hand in it, think prefently it is they that turn the whole

Machine.

They

that are

Glorious
is

are ever

Factious; For there

no Oflentation

without Comparing a Man's felf Again, they mud needs be Violent, to

the end they

may make good

their

own

Vaunts.

Neither can they be fecret;

effe-

and therefore they fcldom do any thing

Of Vain-Glory.
efFeftually
;

319

according to

the French

Proverb,
fruit ;

Beaucou^ de Bruits feu de

Bruit, littk Fruit,
is

Much

Yet
of this

doubtlefs there

fometimes

life

Quality in Civil Affairs.

is

W here there
of Virtue, or
are

Fame

to be raifed, or an Opinion

to be fpread,

whether

Greatnefs,

fuch

Men

excellent

Trumpeters.
noteth in
the jEtolians

Again, as

Livy wifely

the Cafe of Antiochus and

:

Reciprocal and crofs Lies

:

are fometimes of great ^fe

As,

when

any

One

negotiates

between

Two
War

Princes to draw them to join in a

againft a

Third ; and to effefl this, doth extol the Forces of either of them above meafure, the one to the other. And fometimes alfo he that deals between Man and Man, raifeth his own Credit with both, by infmuating artificially, that

either

And
often

he hath greater Interefl with of them, than he really hath, in thefe, and the like Kinds, it
falls

out,

that

Somewhat

is

produced of
fufficient to
v^QTi brings

Nothing: For

Lies are

on Subftance.

breed Opinion; andOpiL\

330

Of VAtN-rGLpRX.,

In GoiBmaa^ers, ai>d Military Men^ Vain-Gi^o^r^y is of Ufe; For zslroif' Jhar^em^ Irm^ fo\ by Glory o^e Qou^rage fharpens and exgites, another. Moreover, in great A<^iops, which ar^ undertaJven at the Chai^e^ and P^ril of private Men, i. o b, i q u sj ^^tures pup
.

Life into Bufin,efs

for

thofe that are

of a fober folid Ten^^per, haye more of the Ballalt,. tha^ of t]ie Sail. Again,
in Reputation, of

Learning,

a Man's

Fame

will

be flow, and not well-wing'd^

without fome Plumes of Oilentation. Thofe that write Boqks of tfo^. Contempt

af Glory^

ftiS-

their

I^aws

to

them,

Socrates, AriftjOtle, Galen (Great Names)

were of an
tainly,

Oftentatious. Nature^

Cer-

Vain -Glory
propagate
:

helps

exceedfelf is

ingly to

and perpetuate a
Virtue
it

Man's
not fo
her

Memory
much

And

beholdei;i to fiurriane I^a,-

Fame, as tp For the Fame of Cicero^ Seneca, Tl'm'tus Secu.ndusj had fcarce lifted to this Day, or at leafi not fo frefh, if it had not been joined, with fome Vanity
ture, for the fpreading j^er
felf.

Of Va^in-Giob^y.

jj-f

Vanity and Boaftitig in themfelves For Boailing ferns to be like Varnilliv, that

makes

Wood not

only Shine, but Lail.

But while I am difcourling of Va i nk Glorv, I mean not by any means that

Property,
Muc'tantiS'y
tha>t

Tacitus attributes

ta

TbaP he had a. jingular Faculty of fett'tng off to Advantage every Thing hefaid or did: For this proceeds not at all from Vanity, but from Art and Prudence, accompanied with fome Sort of Magnanimity And in fome
:

Perfons that are,

it
is

as it

were,

made

for

it,

not only Comely, but Gra<:ious.

For decent Excufes, feafonable Conceflions, nay, and Modefty it felf well
govern'd, are but Arts of Oftentation.

And amongit thofe Arts, there is none more fuccefsful than that which
^linius Secundtis fpeaketh
of,

viz.

To

be

liberal

of Praife and Commendation

in that

which a Man For thus He very wittily /;/ commending another^ you your felf: For he that you comferve mendy is either Suprior to you in that you
to others,
is

for

himfelf

eminent.

33^

O/^HoNOUR

you commendy or Inferior If he he Inferior^ and yet to be commended^ you much more If he he Superior^ and yet not to he commended^ you much lefs.
:

Vain-Glorious Men

are

the

Scorn of Wife Men, the Admiration of Fools, and Slaves to themfelves, and
their

own

Vanity.

LV. Gf

Honour
on.
Honour
and

and

Reputati

THE
tation,
without
their

true and rightful

Means of

acquiring
is

Repu-

This; For a

Man

to reveal

his Virtues

and Abilities handfomly and

are

For fome in Wooers, and, as it were, Hunters of Fame: Which fort

Difadvantage.

Actions

of

Men

are

commonly much
little

talk'd of,

but inwardly
contrariwife,

Reveren'^'d.

Others,
in

darken
it
;

their Virtue
it

the ihewing of

whence

comes to
pafs,

and Reputation.
pafs,

333
than

that they

are

lefs

elieem'd

they deferve.
If a

Man

undertakes, and alfo perat-

forms a Thing, which had not been

tempted before; or attempted, but given over or brought perhaps to an

;

End, but not fo cleverly and happily-; he ihall gain greater Honour, than by EfFeding a Matter of greater Difficulty in Deed and Moment ; but wherein he
trod only in another's Footfteps, and

went no
If a

further.

and temper his Anions, as in fome of them to pleafe all Fadlions and Combinations of People, the Mufick will be the fuller. E is by no means a good Husband

Man

fo put together

of

his.

Honour,

that enters into

any
difit

Aftion,

the Failing wherein

may

grace him more, than the carrying

through, can
that
is

Honour

him.

Honour
has the

Comparative, and that weighs

opprelTes another,
;

down and
liveliefl

Reflexion
cut

like a

Diamond or
Angles.

Carbuncle

with various

Therefore ufe your utmoU Endeavours

to

|34
^o
oilt-do

^/ HoK^tJk

your Gottipetkbps, if you even in thofe things Wherein they can,

Pride themfelves moft. -' ^^"^^ Servants, and faniiliar Friends,

-provided they are difdreet-and cautious^
'help

'Oniftis

much to fama a
is,

Man's Re^putation:
were,
the
is

domefiicis emumat, Eiivyj

"Which
^guifli'd,

as

it

Moth and
bed
extin-

Canker of

Honour,

by a Man's feeming to make it ia Rule with himfelf, to court Merit, ^pather than Fame; And by attributing his
SuccelFes, rather to -Divine

Providence
^oHeieSj

Qaiid Felicity,

than to his

own

^br Virtues.

The
this.

true ^and

bed MarMUing of the

Degrees

of Sovereign -Honour, is ^he Firft Place, Founders of Empires; fuch as Rotmhis^ Cyrus, Ju^ lius Ctefar, Qttomun, Ifmael. In the
In

Second

who were S eg o n d Fo under s, or ^erpetui Trmci^es\ becaufe they Go^ vern Empires, by their Laws, even after they are gone: Such were Lycurgns, Solon^ Jufimim^ Edgar, Aiphonfus of
Place, Legiflators;
alfo called,
Qaft'tle,

'-Cdjliie^

Sirnaiti'd

the

*JiJad

the

S't;

v e n

Wise, that Partitions.

^h the Third Place, Liheratores^ or Saviour's of their Countries; ftjch

^as

h^ve put an End to long intefline W^rs, or deliver'd their Countries from

Servitude of Strangers or Tyrants:

Au^ufltis Cafar^
Theodoric'i

As

Vef^afian^

Aiireiidn^

Henry the Seventh of England^Henry the Fourth, King o^ France.

In the Fourth Place, Trofagatdres, or

^rdpiignatores'Imj>ern; fuch as in

Ho-

Territories of Empire; or have madeStre-nuous and Noble Defence againft Invaders. In the iaft Place, are Tatres Tatri^ that Reign juftly, and Blefs
nourable
enlarg'd the
their People, as long as they live,

Wars have

with
I

Happy Times.

Of thefe two lafl

give

no Examples, becaufe they Number.

are in fuch

Degrees
are Thefe.

of

Honour

in Subje(R:s
;

Curarum Thofe upon whofe Shoulders Princes '^y the gi^eateft Weight of their Affairs:
Fir ft, Tarticipes

r^Khtgs Right Hands^ as

'

we

call

them.

Next,

33^

Of

the

Office
Great Leaders;
I

Next, ^uces

Belliy

fuch as do them Notable Service in the Wars. In the Third Place, Favourites; fuch I mean as exceed not this Scantling, to
;

Princes Lieutenants

mean

lefs

be a Solace to the Sovereign, and Harmto the People. In the Fourth Place,
\

Negotits faces
Places

fuch

as

have

great

them with
is

under Princes, and execute Juftice and Prudence. There

likewife, which hapand yet deferves to be ranked amongft the Greatefl That is, of fuch as Devote and Sacrifice themfelves to Death and Danger, for the Good of their Country: As did M.

an

Honour

pens rarely,

Regulusy and the

Two "Decit.

LYl. Of the Office of a J U D G E.

JUDGES ought to Remember,

their

that

Office
I

not Jus dare :

and Laws, mean to interpret and

is

Jtis dkere,

/?f

a ] V D Gt.

337

and not to make Laws. Elfe Their Authority will be like That, claimed by the Chmxh of Rome: Which, under Pretence of Interpreting Scripture, fometimes alfo adds and alters; and pronounces that, which She does not findt and under a Shew of Antiquity, introduces Novelty, J u D G E ought to be rather Learn-

ed, than Witty; Venerable, than Plaufible;

and more Advifed, than Confi-

dent.

Above
as it

all

things. Integrity

is

the

Portion,

were, of

Judges, and

their proper Virtue.

Ctirjed (faith the

Law )

is

He

that removeth the Antient

Land-Mark,

He

that

tranfpofes

a
is

Stone, the Diflinguiiher of Bounds,

certainly to blame.
juft

But

it

is

the

Judge, that is the Capital mover of Land-Marks, when he gives a partial Sentence of Lands and Property.

UnRe-

Doubtlefs

one

foul

Sentence

does more Hurt than m^iny foul Examples.

For thefe do but corrupt the

Streams; the other corrupts the FounRighteous So faith Solomon : tain.

Vol. L

Mm

; ;

338

Of
falling

the

ipict

Adver Jary^ ( caufa cadens coram, &c.) iJ as a troubled Fountain^ and a corrupted
before his

Man

down

fringe S

Prov. 24.

26".

The Office

of

in

Judge may

have Relation, partly to the Litigants partly to the Advocates ? partly to the
Clerks and Minilters of Juftice under

them

and partly to the Sovereign or State above them.

;

As

to the Litigants, or Pairties that

contend, There be (faith the Scripture)

that turn Judgment into

Worm-Wood:
that turn
it
it

And

furely there be alfo,

into Vinegar.
Bitter,

For

Injuflice
it

maketh

and Delays make

Sour.

makes it his |)rincipal Bufmefs to reflrain Force and Fraud; whereof Force is the more pernicious, the more open it is and
Strenuous
;

Judge

Fraud, the more clofe and difguifed

is.

it

Add

thereunto, Contentious Suits

to be

which ought
prepare his

fpewed

out, as the

Surfeit of Courts.

A Jud g e

ought to

Way

to a Juft Sentence, as

God

prepares his; by raijtng Valleys^

and

^nd taking down Hills. After the fame manner, when a Judge fees on either Side a High hand, viz, a violent Profecution,

Combination,
like

cunning Advantages takeil. Great and Powerful

Friendsj Difparity of Counfel, and the

;

then the Virtue of a

Judge
plant his
evert

Ihines forth, in

making Inequality Eto'

it

qual

that

he may be able
as

Judgment, Ground.

Were

upon

^IJ I fort iter emungit^ elicit fangui^ nem: And where the Wine-prefs is
hard wrought,
it

yields a

harfhWine,

Therefore beware of hard Conftru^ let Judges dions, and flrained Inferences. For there is no worfe Torture, than the Torture of Laws. Efpecially in the Cafe of Penal Laws, they ought to have a care, that what were made for Terror, be not turned into Rigor And that they bring not upon the People that Shower, whereof the Scripture fpeaketh Tluet fu^er eos laqueos. For Pdnal Laws, feverely executed, are like a
that tafts of the Grape-ftone.
: :

Shower

34
People.

Of

the

Office
or

Shower

of Snares falling upon the Therefore let fuch Laws, if

they have llept long,

fuit

do not well

the Prefent Times, be reitrain'd by Prudent Judges, in their ExecuJudicis Ojpcium efi^ ut Res^ ita tion.
tetnfora rerum^ &c.

In Caufes of Life and Death, it becomes Judges (as far as the Law permits) in Judgment to remember Mercy ; and to call a Severe Eye upon the Example, and a Merciful one upon
the Perfon.

As

for the

Advocates and Council

in
is

that plead;

Patience and Gravity

hearing Caufes,

an EfTential Part of a

Judge; and
is

a Judge too Interlocutory, no well-timed Cymbal. It is no Commendation to a J u d g e, firft to find and lay hold of, in a Caufe, a Thing which he might better have heard in due Time from the Council: Or to

iliew Quicknefs in cutting off

Evidence

or Council too fhort ; or to prevent In-

formations by Queltions, tho' pertinent.

The

of a

Judge.
in

341

The
are

Parts of a
:

Four To Moderate Length, Repetition, or Impertinency of Speech, in the Council, and WitneiTes; To Recapitulate,

Hearing Judge draw up the Evidence

To

Seledl and Collate the

terial

Marrow and maWhatmuch;

Points of what has been alledg'd

at lafl to give
is

And
ever

Sentence.
this,
is

more than
either

too

from Vanity and or from Impatience to Hear ; or from Weaknefs of Memory; or from want of a fedate and even Attention.
arifeth

and

Greedinefs to Speak;

It

is

ftrange to fee often,

how much

the Boldnefs of Advocates prevails with

Judges;
Judges,

whereas, on the other hand.

in Imitation
fit)

of

GOD,
to

(in

whofe Seat they

But
it is fhll

ought

reprefs

the Trefumptuous^ andfet up the Humble.

iliould

more ftrange, that Judges have open Favourites ; Which muft needs encreafe and multiply Fees, and withal give Sufpicion of Corruption,
and of a Bye- way to the Judge.
2^
3

ThefnE

34^

du^ to the Advocate from the Judge, feme Commendation and

Gracing, where Caufes are well handled,

Of There is

the

Ov )^iO%

and

fairly

pleaded, efpecially if
this

he
cil,

lofe his

Caufe: For

upholds in

the Client the Reputation of his Coun-

and
is

at the

fame time beats down,

of his
Caufe.

in him,

the

Conceit

There

due to the PubUck a moderate Reprehenfion of Advocates, where they give too crafty Counfel, or
likewife

grofs Negled: appears,

or flight InforPreiling,

mation,

or indecent

or an

impudent Defence.
cil

pay fo
as

And let the Coun^ much Deference to the

craftily into the

Judge

not to interrupt him, or to

handling
after the

wind himfelf

of the Caufe a-new,

has given Sentence.
fide, let

Judge

But, on the other

thruft himfelf

not the

Judge
;

into the middle of the Caufe, and be-

fore

'tis

half pleaded

nor give Occacomplain, That

fion to the Client to

His

Councilj or Troofs

were not fully

heard.

As

As
nifters

concerning the Clerks and Mithe Place of Juftice is, as it

were, a Hallowed Place;

only the Seat
alfo,

where not

it felf, but the Under- feats and the Precinds of the Seat ought to be free from Scandal and Corruption. For certainly Grapes (as the Scripture faith ) wiU not be gathered of Thorns or Thijiles Neither can Juftice yield her Fruit with Sweetnefs amongil the Briars and Brambles of greedy an^ rapacious Clerks and Minifters.
:

There
Courts:

are

Four

evil

Attendants of

Sowers of Suits, who make the Court fwell, and the Country pine. Secondly, Thofe that
Firft, certain

engage Courts in Quarrels of JurifdiClion:

Nor

are they in

Truth

(as they

are efteemed) Friends of the Court,

but Parafites of the Court, in puffing

a
their

Court up beyond her Bounds, for own Scraps and Advantage. Thirdly, Thofe who may be accounted,
as it

were, the

left
full

Perfons that are

iler

Hands of Courts-^ of nimble and fmiwhereby they

per=

Tricks and

Shifts,

344

^/

^^^

Off ice

pervert the plain and direft Courfes of

Courts, and bring Juflice into oblique

Lines and Labyrinths. Fourthly, the Pillagers and Exafters of Fees, who juilify

the

common Refemblance
Bufli,

of the

Courts of Juitice to the

where-

unto while the Sheep flies for Defence in bad Weather, he is fure to lofe part of his Fleece. On the other fide, an
old Clerk,
skilful in

Precedents, wary

in drawing up the A(^s,

and under-

flanding in the Bufmefs of the Court,

is

an excellent Finger of a Court, and

doth many Times point the

Way

to the

Judge
As
all to

himfelf

for

what may concern the Sove-

reign, or State;

Judges
;

ought above

remember the Conclufion of the Ro^ man Twelve Tables The Safety of the
People
lay
it

is

the

Supreme

Law\

and to

down

for a

Maxim, That Laws,

End, are

unlefs they be in order to that

but captious Things, and Oracles not well infpired. Therefore it is a happy

Thing

in a State,

often confults

with

when King or State Judges; and again.

of a
gain,

Judge.
:

34 j
one,

when Judges

often confult with

the King and State

The

when

Matter of Law intervenes

State:

in Bufinefs of

The
For

other,

when fome ConfideTimes

a

ration of State intervenes in Matter of

Law.

many

Thing

^ferought into

Court may concern Meum and Tuum, and yet the Reafon and Confequence thereof may reach to
I

Point of State.
underfland

by

Matter

of State,

not only whatsoever touches the Rights of the Crown, but whatfoever introduceth any unfafe Alteration, or dan-

gerous Precedent;
People.

or manifeflly op-

prefTeth any confiderable Portion of the

let no one weakly conLaws, and true Politicks have any Antipathy For they are like the Spirits and Sinews, One moves with

And

ceive, that jufl

the Other.

LetJudges

alfo

remember, That

Solomon's Throne was fuppprted by Lions on both Sides Let tHbm be Lions,
:

but yet Lions under the Throne

Be-

waring

34^
waring

Of Anger.
how
they attack, or weaken

any part of the Royal Prerogative. Finally^ let not Judges be fo ignorant of thefr own Right and Prerogative, as to think, there
is

not

left

to theni, as a principal Part

of their

OfBce, a found and prudent Ufe and Application of the Laws. For they
xnay remenxber, what the Apoille faith

of a greater
that th^

Law than

Theirs;

We know

LAW

goody

provided a

Man

ufe

k LAWFULLY.

LVIL Of

ANGER.
Let- nat the Sun

TO
Angry ^
Time.

endeavour to Extinguilli Anger a Bravado of the is utterly, have better Oracles: Be Stoic ks.

We

but-

Sin not.

go doivn

tifon

jour Anger.
both
as to

Anger

mud be iimiied,

Degree, and

We

will firfl^fpeak.

How

the

Natural Inclination, or Habit of Anger,

may

Of

A}ii

Gt^'

347

may be temper'd and calm'd. SecondMotions of A nly, How the particular

^ER may

he reprelTed, pr

at leaft re-

train d from doing Mifchief. Thirdly, to. raife pr appeafe Anger in

How

another.

For
other

theFirft; there feems to

bena

than feriouily to ruminate Evils and Calamities of Anupon the

Way,

ger; and how vehemently

it

difturbs

and infefts the Life of Man, And the mofl feafonable Time to do this, is to look behind us, as foon as ever the Fit Seneca fays ingenioufly. That is over.

4nger
it

is

Me

Ruiny wh'tch^ by falling

elfe^

upon fomething

breaks and dajhes

Scripture exfelf our Souls in Ta^ horts us, to pifefs Certainly, whofoever is out of tience.
to "Pieces.

The

Patience,
Soul.
It

is

out of PolTeflion

of his
to

does

not

become

Men

imitate Bees

Animafqtie in vulnere fonunt.

Trone

s;

348
Raccy

Of Ayi

G E R.

Troffe to Revenge^ the Beesy a wrathful

When oncefrom k'dy ajfault th' Aggreffbr'

Face :

And

thro" the

furfie Veins a ^ajfage

findy

There fix their StingSy and leave their Souls behind, Dryden.

Doubtless,
confider
it

Anger,
is

if a

Man

below the
Perlbns

mean Thing, and Dignity of Man. This will

well,
a

manifeflly appear, by confidering thofe

in

whom Anger

Reigns:

Who
Folks.

are generally pf the

weaker Sort

Children,
to be

Women, Old Folks, Sick Therefore when they chance.

ihould take care

Angry, Men
mean not

(if they

to forget their Dig-

nity) to carry their

Fear, but with

4:hey are

Anger, not with Scorn of the Perfons

with:
if a

Angry
done,

Thing

eafily

Which is a Man could goa httle.

vern and manage his

Anger
;

As

to the

Second

The

Caufes and
Firft

Motives of

Anger,

are chiefly three.

Firft,

jury:
that

Of Anger. if a Man be too fenfible For no Man is Angry,

feels

349
of In-

himfelf Hurt.

but he Therefore

Tender and deUcate Perfons mud needs be every foot A n g ry For they have
:

abundance of Things to trouble them, which more robuft Natures have hardly any Senfe of. Secondly, if a Man be Curious and Quick in the Conilrudion of the Injury ofFer'd, as to the Circumllances of it, as tho' it breath'd Contempt. For tin Apprehenfion of Contempt excites, and puts an Edge upon

Anger, more than Therefore if Men are

they

the

Hurt

it

felf.

ingenious in pick-

ing out Circumftances

of Contempt,

will ilrangely inflame their

An-

ger.
creafes
in the

Laftly, an Opinion, that a

Man's

Reputation

is hurt and touch'd, inand multiplies Anger: here-

Remedy
But

is,

for a

Man

to have,

(as Confalvo ufed to fay) telam honoris

craffiorem.
in
all

Reftrainings of
is,

Anger,
Time, and
the

the bell

Thing
is

to
felf,

win
that

to perfuade one's

Hour

of Revenge

not yet come,

but

JO

0/"

An G E r;
the Diforder, and to

but that an excellent Opportunity for it to reflrairi is juft at hand ; and thus,
in the

mean time
contain

refer ve himfelf for another Seafon.

To
Man,

Anger
it

from doing

Mifchief,

whenever

takes hold of i

there are

two Things we mufl

beware of. The Firfl is^ BitWords, efpecially if they be Stinging, and proper to the Perfon
efpecially

ternefs of

whom we

fmite;
lefs
: :

for

common Reagain, Reveal-

proaches bite
ing of Secrets

And
this

For

renders a
is,

Man
you

unfit for Society.

The next

that

do

not, in a Fit of

A N G E r,

break off

any Bufmefs that you have in Hand:

But, however you give the Reins to
Paflion, that
that
is

you

aft nothing,

however^

irrevocable.

For

Railing or Appeafing
;

Anger
by i

This is done, prudent Choice of Times.

in Others

chiefly,

When Men
Httle Out

are

fomewhat Sad, or a
is

of

Humour, then
them.

the

Time

to incerrfe

Again, by gathering (aswefaid

before) and inculcating whatever

may

argue

0/
other fide,

Anger.
Contempt.
is

jji

ai-gue or aggravate

On the

Anger

appeas'd by the

two Contraries, Firft, by pitching upon Times of Serenity and Chearfulnefs, wherein to difcover an unwelcome angry Bufmefs: For the firft Impreffion
is

a great Matter.

Next, by fevering,

as

much

as

may

be, the Conflruftion of

the Injury from the Point of Contempt;

imputing

it

to Inexperience,

Fear,

fudden Paflion, or the hke.

LVIII.

Of Vicissitude of Th I n g s.

SOLO MO N
as

faith ; There is no new Thing under the Sun, Wherefore Tlato had an Imagination, That all
is

Knowledge
hilt

but Remembrance : So

iS^^-

lomon pronounces, That all Novelty

Oblivion,

is

Whereby you may

Lethe runneth
as
as

fee,

that the River

well

above Ground

below.

3J1

Of ViCISSITtiDE
certain
abftrilfe Aflrologer,
:

A
little

and

known, aflerts That if tt were not for two Things that are Vonftant; ( The one is. That the Fixed Stars ever fiand at like lOifiance one from another^ and never come nearer together, nor go further afunder : The other. That the diurnal Motion varies not ) no Individ Cettain dual would laji one Moment, That Matter is in a perpetual Flux, it is,
and never
at a Stay.

The
all

great Winding-Sheets that bury

Things in Oblivion, are Two:^ Deluges, and E A R T H Qjj A K E s. As for Conflagrations, and great Droughts^ they do not utterly difpeople; or deThaeton\ Chariot went but a llroy. Day And the Three Tears '^Drought in the Time of Elias, was but Particulaf, and left Many alive. As for the great Burnings by Lightnings, which are
:

often in the Weft-Indies, they are but

and extend not to any great Space of Country. Pestilences aJfo I pafs by, becaufe thofe alfo do not totally Sweep. .But in the other Two
narrow,
fore-

of

Th in g

s.

3J3
further to

fore-mcntion*d Calamities,

(Deluges

and Earthqjljakes,)
ple that

it is

be noted, That the Remnants of Peo-

happen to efcape, are com* monly Ignorant and Mountainous People and fuch as can deliver down no Account of the Time pait to Poflerity
;

fo that the

Oblivion
left.

is

all

one,

as if

none had been

If a

Man

confider well of the People

of the
People,

JVeJi- Indies^

bable, That they are a

he will find it pronewer or younger

of the
old
likely,

than the People

World.
invaded
QjLj

But

it is

much more

that the Defolation that

them,

AKEs

had heretofore was not by Eartk( contrary to what the Egyp^

the

tian Prieft told Solon^ concerning

Illand of Atlantis^

That it 'UL^as /wallowed by an Earthquake : ) but rather by a particular Deluge. For EartkQjjAKEs feldom happen inthofe Parts. But on the other fide, they have fuch
vaft

pouring Rivers, that the Rivers of

AJia,

Afrkk^ and Europe^ are but Brooks to them. Their Andes like-

VoL.

I.

Aa

wife,

3.54

^/ Vicissitude
Whereby
the
it

wife, or Mountains, are far higher than

thofe with Us:

credible,
rations of
ter fuch

appears

that

Remnants of Geneth^m, were^ afDeluge, there

Men among
a
particular

faved.

As
vel\

for the Obfervation of

Machiato

That the Jealoufy and Emulation

hath labour 'd

of

Sects

much

ex-

tinguiih the

Memory, of Things-; brandextinguilh

all

ing Gregory the Greats for doing what

in

him

lay to
I

Heathen

Antiquities:

do. not find, that thofe

Zeals

long

do any., great Matter, or lafl As it appeareth in the Succeflion

of Sabinimiy
Antiquities.

who

revived the former

BefideSj Things prohibit-

ed, the' kept in Darknefsj do, never-,

thelcfs-,.

creep, and will have their Pe-

riods.

Vicissitudes, or Changes
Superior Globe, are not to be
infifted

in the

much

upon, in this Argument. It may be, T lato s Great Tear^ if theWorld ihould laft fo long, would have fome Effed, not in Renewing the State of
like

of
iiie Individuals

Th
;

n g

s.
is

(For
have
thefe

that

the

3JJ Fume

fed Vanity of
Celeflial'

thofe,

who

conceive the

Bodies

more accurate
Things
below,

fiifluences
tlian
S^iirii

upon

indeed they have ) but only in the Comets, and Grofs of Things.
Effeft over the Grofs and

but of Queftion, have likewife fome

Power and
Mafs of

T^hings.

But Men,

now-a-

days, are either carelefs,

or curious a-

bout them
\<^ith

and rather gaze upon them

Admiration, and wait upon them

in their Journey, than wifely

ly obferve their Effects
;

and fober-^

efpecially their

Refpeftive

or Comparative Effeds what Kind of Comet, for Ma-; gnitude. Colour, Verfidn of the Beams, Placing in the Region c)f Heaven, or Duration, produceth what Kind of Ef-

That

is,

fefts.

There
heard, and
I
it

is

Toy, which
it

have
fay,

would not have

little.

llighted,

but taken notice of a

is

They

obfervedin the Lo'-^-Comitries, (I know not in what Part) That every Five and Thirty Years the fame Kind and Aa i

35^

Of VicissiTUDi

and Sort of Years and Weather comes about again: For Inilance, great Frotts,
great

Rains,

great

Droughts,

warm

Winters,

Summers with little Heat, and the like. And they call fuch a Circle of Years, the Prime. This is
Thing I the rather mention, becaufe computing backwards, I have found fomething Uke this not to an Exaftnefs indeed, yet without any great Vaa
;

riance.

But to leave thefe Points of Nature^ and come to Men. The greatefl Vicissitude of Things amongit Men, is, the Vicissitude of Sefts and ReFor thofe Orbs rule in Men's ligions.

Minds moil.
built upon a

The
Rock
;

true

Religion

is

the reft are toft up-

on the Waves of Time.

Let us fpeak

therefore of the Caufes of

new

Sefts,

ing them

and interfperfe fome Counfel concern; as far as the Weaknefs of Human Judgment may be able to give Check, or Remedy, to fo great Revolutions.

When

of

Th

n g

s.
is

357
rent

When
Scandal
rant,

the received Religion

;

by Difcords

and when the Holinefs of the ProfefTors is decayed, and full of

;

the

Times
;

alfo Stupid,

Igno-

and Barbarous

the Springing

up

of a
feared
arife

New Sect
;

may

reafonably be

efpecially, if there fhould

then

any extravagant and unorthodox

All which Points held,

Spirit:

when

Mahomet

pubUflied his
a

Law.
two Props,
fear

Tho'
it
is,

new
it will

Sed: ihould flioot up,

yet if it be deftitute of

not ; for

not fpread.

The Firil

the Supplanting or the Oppofing of

:

the Authority eflabliihed

is

For nothing
deftroy Civil

more Popular than to Governments and States.

is.

The Other
Luxury and
S p e c u l aas

The

giving Licence to

Voluptuoufnefs.

For

as for

TivE Heresies (fuch

ciently the Arrians,

were anand now the Ar-

minims) tho' they work wonderfully upon Men's Wits, yet they do not produce any great Alterations
except
cafions.
it

in States,

be by the Help of Civil Oc-

Aa

Ther

35?

^/ YV'^^SSfTUDE There are three Ways of

planning

New

Sects: By Miracl|:^^ Jp.jLQ<uENCE, an4 the Sword. As {pf

Martyrdoms,

I reckpn th^in aIR A c L E s 5 becaufe they mongft feem to exceed the Strength of Human Nature And I may dp the like oif aij exalted and admirable HoIinefsofLiife. C E R T A I N LY, tjierc IS no better Way to flop the Rifing of New Se ct s and Schisms, than to reform Abufes ; to conipound the fmaller Differences ; to proceed mildly at firfl, and to abftaiq from Sanguinary Pe-rfecutions ; and rather to' foften and allure the Principal Authors, by favouring and advancing them,' than to enrage them by Violence and Bitternefs. Th e Changes and Vi c i 5 s iTupEs in Warlike Matters are many.;

but they
pons;

lie

chiefly

in three 'il^bings:
;

In' the Seat

of the

War

In the

Wea-

And

in the Military Difciphric^,

Wars in Ancient Time feemed chiefly to move from Ejaft, to Wefl Foif, th'^
:

Ter/iaifSy Jgyridns, 'Arabians^ Scythians^

(

who

ff

Th
the

ng

s.

3^9
were
all

(who were

Invaders)

Eaflem People. It is were Weftem; But we read but of two

fncurfions of Theirs
:

true, the

Gauh

The One to Gallo-

Grac'ta^ the Other againft the Romans.

But Eaft and Weft have no certain Points of Heaven ; and no more have the Wars, either from the Eaft or Weft, any Certainty of Obferviition. But North and South are fixed by Nature

And

it

hath feldom or never been feen, But, contrarivvife!

that the far Southern People have in-

vaded the Northern

Whence it thern Trad

the

is

manifeft,

That the Noris

of the

World
;

in

Nature
re-

more Martial Region

Be

it in

fpe6l of the Stars of that

Hemifphere,

or of the great Continents that are upon

the North;

whereas the South Part

is

(for ought that

known)
is

is

aimoft

all

moft apparent) in refpeft of the Cold of the Northern Parts, which, without any other Caufe
Sea;
whatfoever, hardens the Body, and
the Courage.
fires

or (which

Aa

Up O.N

^6o

Of Vicissitude
the

Breaking and Shivering of a great State and Empire, you may be fure to have Wars. For great Empires, while they fland,. enervate and deftroy the Native Forces of the Provinces

Upon

which
thefe

they

have
alfo,

fubdued,
:

trailing to their

own Cohorts at Home

fail
all

And when
Nations,

goes to

Ruin, and they become a Prey to other

So was it in the Declenfion of the Roman Empire ; and likewife in the Empire of Alma'tn^ after Charles
the Great, every Bird taking a Feather

And fome
fal

fuch Thing

may

likely beit

the

Spanijh Empire, if

Ihould

break.

On

the other fide, great Acceflions

of Dominion, and Unions of Kingdoms, do hkewife, llir up Wars. For when a State rifes to an over-great Power, it is Hke the Swelling of a River, which
prefently threatens an Inundation
it
;

As

hath been feen in the Empires of Rome^ Turky^ Sfain^ and others. Obferve this: When the World abounds ROt with barbarous People, but they
are

of

Th

ng
:

s.

3^1

Such as will not random or Generate, unlefs they forefee a Means of maintaining their
are generally civilized
at

Marry

Families handlbmly, or at leait of get

ting a Livelihood
:

(as

it is

almofl every

Day, except Tartary:) there is no Danger of Inundations, or Removals of People into other Parts:

where

at this

But when there are great Sholes of

People that are perpetually Generating,
without any Care or Forefight of their
future Fortune

and Support,

it

muft

needs be, that once in an

ple,

Age

or

two

they difcharge a Portion of their Peo-

and feek new Habitations, and fo

invade other Countries:

Which

the an-

cient Northern People are wont to do by Lot Cafting Lots, what Part iliou'd flay at Home, and what fhou'd feek
:

their Fortunes.

When a warlike State

effeminate, they

grows foft and

fure of a

may be

War:
rich
;

For commonly fuch

in the

States

grow

Time of their

degenerating

and

fo the Prey inviteth, and their

in

Decay

Valour encourageth other Nations to

invade thenL

As

^6z

Of Vicissitude
for

As

the

Arms and Weapons,

That hardly
fervation
their
;

falls

yet

we
is,

under Rule and Obfee even thefe have

s s i t u d e s. Ordnance was known in the City of the Oxydrakes in India and was that which the Macedonians called Thunder, and Lightning, and Magick. It is well known alfo, that the Ufe of Ordnance hath been in China above looo Years. The Conditions of Weapons, and Firft, their Improvements, are Thefe The Carrying a great way ; for That out-runs the Danger which is the Cafe of Ordnance and Muskets. Secondly, The Strength and Force of the PercufCon wherein like wife Ordnance do, exceed all Arietations, and ancient InThirdly, The commodious ventions. Ufe of them and here again Ordnance come in which ferve all Weathers, and are light and manageable for Carriage and the like.

Returns and
it

Vi

For certain

that

;.

For
cient

the Condtift of

War;

in

an-

Times

Men

depended extremely

upon

fl/

Thing
:

s.

jrfj

'opfin
t^o

Number
:

Thjey trufled likewifc,

the Courage ^nd Bravery of the Sol-

diers

Ttyey often appointed Days for

it

pitched Fields, ajid fo try'd

put upon

an even Match
Battles.

finally,

they were

more
for

ignorant in Ranging and Arraying their

Afterwards,

They were

Number, Competent

rather than Vafl^

they laid out for Advantages of Place,

cunning Diverfions, and the like Laftly, they grew to be more skilful in the
:

Ordering of their Battles. In the Youth of a State Arms flourilli ; ;n its Middle Age, Learning and then both of ^hem together for a Time In its Declining Age, Mechanical Arts and Merchandize. Learning hath its Infancy, when i,t is Light ai^d Childilh: Then its Youth, when it is I^uxuriant and Juvenile; Next, its Strength of
;

Years,
Lallly,

when
its

it

is

Solid

and Exaft:
it is

Old Age, when

but yet
full

dry and
But'>

exhaufled;
it is

of Talk.

not good tp Ipok too long,

upoa

thefe turning Wheels of Viqis.s it u d e,

left,

we become Qiddy.

As

fgr Philo-

logy,

3^4
logy,
this

Of Fame.

which generally comes in upon Argument, it is but a Heap of Tales and idle Stories, and therefore
not
fit

for this Writing.

LIX.

A Fragment
Poets

of

an /Essay

^FAME.
;

THE
fter.

make Fame a MonThey defcribe Her in part

finely

ly

and elegantly and in part graveand fententioufly. They fay: Behold as many Feathers as fhe hath, fo

many Eyes alfo hath fhe underneath many Tongues, fo many Ears pricks
up.

fo
flie

This

is

Flourifli.
;

excellent Parables

as that

There follow She gathers

Strength in going ; That She goes up-

on the Ground, and yet hides her Head That in the Day-time in the Clouds She keeps Watch, and flies moilly by Night ; That She fings Things done, an4
;

Of Fame.
and Things not done; Terror to great Cities
cels
all

3(Jj
flie is

That
:

But, what extell,

the

reft,

They

that

the
-

Earth,

Mother of the Giants that made War upon Jupitery but were deltroy'd by^him, afterwards in Anger brought For certain it is, that forth Taj^e. Rebels, which are reprefented by the
Giants, and Seditious
bels, are

Fames

and Li-

but Brothers and

Sifters,

Maf-

and Feminine. But now if a Man could tame this Monfler, and. bring Her to feed at Hand, and govern Her, and with Her fly other ravening Fowl, and kill them, it wou'd be fomewhat worth. But we are infeded with
culine

;.

the Stile of the Poets.

in a fober
is

To

fpeak

nowi
'

and ferious manner; There

all Politicks a Subje^^ lefs handled, and yet more worthy to be handled, than This of Fa m e. will

not in

We

therefore fpeak to thefe Points:

isfalfe,

What

and what

true.
:

may be difcerned may be fown and raifed How they may be fpread and multiplied Laftly,
they
; ;

Fa me, and how How Rumours

How

^.66

Of f

AM

e';

choaked alid^ killed? Things coriceniing the NaAnd other ture of Fa me.

How they' rtiay be

a m e
is

of that Force,

that'
it

there

is

fcarce ^jiy A6lion wherein

Part^ efpecially in

hath' nbt d

War;

Afuriams unthat

did

Vitrell'tus
;

by

Fame

he had^
re^'

fpread

That

Vitell'tus

purpofed to

move
many
;

the Legions of Sjrltt'mxo

CW-

and the Legions of K^ermanyvd'' to Syria: Whereupon the Legions of

Syria were infinitely inflame'd; JtiliuV C^far took Tbmpey unprovided, and laid afleep his Induftry and Preparations, by a Fa M E that he cunningly gave out.

How

that Cafar's

own

Soldiers loved'

him not; and being wearied with the

Wars, and laden with the Spoils of Gaul, would forfake him as foon as he'^ came into Italy. Livia fettled all things for the Succeflion of her Son Tiberius^ by continually giving out, that her Hufband Augufttis was upon Recovery and" Amendment. And it is an ufuamiihg'* with Bajhaws, to conceal the Death of the Great Turk from t\iQ Janizaries,
and

0/ F A ME.
and

j<^-r

Men

of War,

of. Conflantinofle^

to fave the Sacking and other Tow^ns, as

their

Manner

is.

Themtjiocles

made

of by giving out that the Grecians had a Defign to break his Bridge of Ships which he had made crofs the HeU
<^reece^
lefpont.

Xerxes King of TerfLa

poft out

There

are a thoufand fuch like

and the more they are, the ; lefs they need to be repeated becaufe a Man meeteth with them every where. Therefore let all wife Governors hare
;

Examples

as great a

MouRs

Watch and Care over Ru^ and Fa m ej as they have of the

Anions and Defigns themfelves.

The Reft vxas 7Wt finijhed.

LX An

3(SS

Helps

for the

LX. An

ESSAY
for

touching

Helps

the

n-

TELLECTUAL P0WERS5 now firfi printed with the Essays.

Did ever hold
it

for an iilfolent

and

unlucky Saying ; Faber quifque For^ tuna fute ; ( Every Man may be the Architeif of his own Fortune ) except it be utter'd only as an Hortative, or Spur
;

to corred Sloth.

be believed

as it

foundeth

For otherwife, if and that

;

it

Man
that

entreth into an high Imagination!

he can compafs and fathom all Acand afcribeth all Succcfles to his Drifts and Reaches; and the contrary to his Errors and Sleepings: It is commonly feen, that the Evening Forcidents;

tune of that
as

Man

is

not fo profperous,

of him

that,

without flackning of
his

Intellectual Powers.
his Induftry,
city,
if

^6^
to Feli-

attrib'uteth

much

and Providence above him. But the Sentence were turned to this.

Every Man is the ArchiteEi of his own Wit and Vnderjfanding ; it Were fomewhat more true, and much more Profitable Becaufe it would teach Men to bend themfelves to reform thofe Imper:

fedions in themfelves, which

feek but to Cover
:

now

they

And

to attain thofe

Virtues and good Parts, which

feek but to have only in
monflration.

now they

Shew and De-

Man
felves

attempteth to be of the

Yet notwithilanding every firfl Trade

;

of Carpenters
thelefs,

and to the Second

the

Few
:

bind them-

Whereas, never-

Rifmg in Fortune feldom amendeth the Mind; But, on the other ilde, the Removing of the Stands and
Impediments of the Mind doth often clear the PafTage and Current to a Man's Fortune. But certain it is, whether it be believed or no, that as the moft excellent of Mettals, Gold,
is

of

all

other
;

the moft Pliant,

malleable

So,

of

all

Living

and and

Vol.

I.

Bb

Breathjjig

370
Breathing
(

H
is

E L p 5 for the
the Perfefteft,

Subflances,

Man, )

the molt fufceptible of Help,

Improvement, Impreflion, and Alteration; And not only in his Body, but And there, ain his Mind, and Spirit gain, not only in his Appetite and Affedion, but in his Powers of Wit and
;

Reafon.

Fo R as to the Body of Man, we find many and flrange Experiences, how

Nature
even
ficulty,
is

in Aflions that

over-wrought by Cuitom, feem of moft Difpoffible.

and lead

Asfirfl, in

it be termed Voluntary, yet the highefl Degrees of it are not Voluntary; For it is in my Power, and Will, .to Run; But to Run failer than according to my Lightnefs, or Difpofition of Body, is not in my Power, nor Will. \Ve fee the Indultry and Pradice of Tumblers, and Funambulo*s, what Ef-

Voluntary Motion; which, tho'

feds of great

Wonder
unto.

it

bringeth the

So for fuffering of Pain and Dolour, which is thought fo contrary to the Nature of Man, there
are

Body of Man

Intellectual Powers.

371

are many Examples of Penances, in ftrift

Orders of Superltition, what they do endure ; Such as may very well verify
the Report of the Sfartaji^oySy who were wont to be fcourged upon the
Altar
fo bitterly, as
it,

dy'd of

fometimes they and yet were never heard to

Complain.
ties,

And to pafs

to thofe Facul-

which are reckoned more InvoFading,

luntary; As Long
flinence;
;

andAb-

and the contrary Extreme, Voracity the Leaving, and Forbearing the Ufe of Drink for altogether ; The Enduring vehement Cold, and the hke There have not wanted, neither do want, divers Examples of ftrange Victories over the Body, in every of thefe. Nay, in Refpiration, the Proof hath been of fome, who, by continual Ufe of Diving, and Working under the Water, have brought themfelves to be
able to hold their Breath an incredible

Time

And

others, that have

been

able,

without Suffocation, to endure the ftifling Breath of an Oven, or Fiirnace, fo

heated,
as tha' it

did not fcald,

X

nor
burn.

Bb

37^
burn, yet
for any

Helps

for the

it was many Degrees too hot Man, not made to it, to Breath, or Take in. And fome Impoflors and

Counterfeits likewife have been able to

wreath,
flrange

and

caft

their

Bodies into
:

Forms and Motions

Yea, and

others to bring themfelves into Trances,

and Allonilhments. All which Examples do demonllrate how varioufly, and to 'what high Points and Degrees the Body of Man may be, as it were, moulded, and wrought. And if any

Man

conceive, that

it

is

fome

fecret

Propriety of Nature, that hath been ia

thole Perfons,
ihofe Points;
for every

who have And that it

to
'

attained
is

to

not open

Man

had been put to

fuch things
pafs. )
It is

do the like, tho* he it ; For which Caufe

but

come
true,

very rarely to

no doubt, but fome Perfons arc apter than others But fo, as
;

the greater Aptnefs caufeth Perfcdion,

but the

lefs

Aptnefs doth not difable:

So

that, for Example, the

more apt Child

a

that is taken to be
will

made

Funambulo,
his Feats

prove more excellent in

But

Intellectual Powers.

373

But the lefs apt alfo will be Gregarius Funambulo \_a middling Rope-TDanceVj or of the common fort : ] And there is
fmal! Queftion, but that thefe Abilities

would have been morc common

others

And

of like

fort,

not

attempted,

likewife have been brought upon the Stage, but for two Reafons The one, becaufe of Mens Diffidence, in
:

would

prejudging

them,

as

Impoillbilities

For

it

holdeth in thofe Things which

;

the Poet faith

fofftint^

quia fojfe vi^

dentur :

They ca conquer^ who believe

they can.']

For no

Man

lliall

Knowy

how much may

Believe^

be done,
becaufe

except he

much may be
is,

done.

The
are

other Reafon
great Ufe,

they

Praftices bafe and inglorious, and of no

and therefore fequeflred from Reward of Value ; and, on the other fide,
painful,

fo

as the

Recom-

pence ballanceth not the IVavail and Suffering. And as to the Will of Man, it is that which is moft manageable and obedient As that which admitteth
;

moil Medicines to cure and

alter

it.

Bb

The

Helps for the 374 The moft Sovereign of all, is Religion

which
it,

is

able to change

in the deepefl:

and transform and mofl inward In-

clinations
that,
is

and Motions.
Opinion,

And

next to

and Apprehenfion, it be infufed by Tradition and whether Inftitution, or wrought in by DifputaAnd the Third is tion and Perfuafion. Example, which transformeth the Will
of

Man
is

into

the Similitude

of

that,

which

mofl obverfant and familiar

it.

towards

And
is
:

the Fourth

is,

when

one Affedion

healed and correded

by another As when Cowardice is remedied by Shame and Diilionour; or Sluggiihnefs and Back war dnefs, by Indignation and Emulation and fo of the like. And laftly, when all thefe Means,
;

or any of them, have

;

new

framed, or

formed Humane Will then doth Cuftom and Habit Corroborate and Confirm
all

the

reft.

And

therefore

it is

no marvel, though this Faculty of the Mind, (of Will and Eledion) which
inclineth Affection and Appetite, being

but the Inceptions and Rudiments of

Will,

Intellectual Powers.
Will,

375
ma-

may be
;

fo well governed and

it

naged

becaufe

admitteth Accefs to

divers Remedies to be applied to it, and to work upon it. The EfFedls whereof are fo many, and fo known, as to require no Enumeration; But generally they do ilTue, as Medicines do, into two Kinds of Cures, whereof the one is a jufl, or true Cure ; and the other is called Palliation. For either the Labour and Intention is, to reform the Affeftions really and truly Retraining them, if they be too violent And raifing them, if they be too fofc and weak Or elfe it is, to cover them ; Or, if Occafion be, to pretend them, and repreOf the former fort wherefent them. of, the Examples are plentiful in the Schools of Philofophers, and in all other Inftitutions of Moral Vii'tue; and of the other fort, the Examples are more plentiful in the Courts of Princes, and in all
;
;

Politick Traffique:

Where

it

is

ordi-

nary to find, not only profound Diflimulations,

ctions, that

and fuffocating the Affeno Note or Mark appear of then> B b 4

^y6

-^C IV IL Character
;

them outwardly

But

alfo lively

Simu-

ladons and AfFedlations, carrying the

Tokens of Pallions which are not As a Commanded Laugh^ and Tears forced,
;

and the

like.

LXL^CiviL Character
firfl

of

"Julius

Ccejar.
ajt

TVLIVS CM SAR was Partaker

turned to his Benefit; For
the
this

of an exercifed Fortune ; which

abated

Haughtinefs
in
his

of

his

Spirit,

whetted
(ftions

his Induftry.

He had

and Mind,

Turbtilent
;

Defires

and Affe-

but in his Judgment and Un-

derftanding very

Serene and Tlacid:

Delivery of

And

this appears in his eafy

himfelf, both in his

his Speech.

Tranfadions and in

For no

Man

ever refolved

more

fwiftly,

or fpakq

more

perfpi-

cuoufly.

Nothing

intangled,

nothing
his

intricate could

be obferv'd in

Ex-

prelTionSc

377 9f Julius Cxfar. preflions. But in his Will and Appetite he was one that never acquiefc'd in thofe Things he had gotten, but ftill advanc'd further yet {o that he would
;

not

rufli

fettle

new Affairs and make an end of

into
full

rallily,

but

the former,
:

before he attempted frefh Adions

For

he always put a
dertakings.

Period to

his

Un-

And

therefore tho'he

won

and weakned their Forces by Degrees^ yet he would not give over, nor defp*ife the Reliques of the Civil War there, till he had
Battels
in tS^^i,-

many

compofed But then as was done, inilantly he advanc'd an Expedition againft the Tarfeen
all

things

foon

as that

th'ians.

E was, no doubt, a Man of an exceeding great Soul, yet fuch as aim'd

more

at

his
at

own

particular

Advance-

ment, than
to

any Services to the

Com-

mon-Wealth.

Himself,

For he referred all things and was the true and

per fed Center of all his Actions.

Which

was the Caufe of his very great, and almoft perpetual Succefs and Profperity. For

37^

Civil Character

For neither Country> nor Religion, nor good Turns done him, nor Kindred^
nor Friendfhip, check'd his Defigns, nor bridled him from purfuing his own Ends. Neither was he much inclined to Works of Perpetuity: For he eftabhfh'd nothing for Future Time; He founded no fumptuous Buildings; He
procured
to be
flill

Laws, but

And

fo

his

enaded no wholfom minded himfelf only: Thoughts were confined

within the Circle of his

fought indeed after

own Life. He Fame and Reputa-

tion, becaufe jie thought they might be of fome Service to his Defigns. Otherwife in his inward Thoughts he pro-

pounded to himfelf rather Abfolutencfs of Power, than Honour and Fame. For as for Honour and Fame, he purfued not after them for themfelves, but as Inflruments of Power and Greatnefs. And therefore he was carried on by a
Natural Impulfe, as
it

were, not by any

Moral Rules that he had learn'd, to afled the fole Government, and rather to cnjov the fame, than to feem worthy
of

of

it.

tion

379 Which won him much Reputaamongft the People, who are no
Men, who were
it

of Julius C^far.

Valuers of true Worth: But amongft

the Nobility and great

tender of their

own Honours,

pro-

cured him no more than this, that he incurred the Brand of an Ambitious

and

Daring Man. Neither did they much

err

from

the Truth, for he was by Nature ex-

and never put on any but to ferve a Purpofe. Yet notwithflanding, his Boldnefs was fo fafliioned, that it neither brought him under the Cenfure of Railinefs, nor was burdenfom and offenfive to Men, nor rendred his Nature fufpefted, but was conceived to flow from an innate Sincerity and Freenefs of Behaviour, and from the Nobility of his
ceeding Bold,

Shew of Modefly,

Birth.

And

in

all

other Things too he

got the Reputation, not of a Crafty and

Deceitful Perfon,

but

of an Open-

hearted and Plain-dealing Man.

Counterfeiting

And

whereas he was the greateft Mafter of

and Diflembling, and

wholly

380

Civil Character

wholly compounded of Artifices, fo that there was not a Relick of his Nature left, but what Art had improved ; yet
nothing of Artifice, nothing of Affeftation appear'd,

but he was reputed to

enjoy and follow his Natural

Temper

and Difpofition.
floop to

However, he did not any petty and mean Artifices,

fuch as thofe

Men

are oblig'd to ufe,

who

are unpradis'd in State Matters,

own Strength,
ing a

and depend not fo much upon their as upon the Abilities of

others, to fupport their Authority
;

be-

Man

perfeflly skilled in

all

Hu-

man Affairs, and tranfafting all Matters of any Confequence by himfelf, and not by others. He was fmgularly skilful to extinguiih Envy, and thought it not imperEnds to decline it, tho' it were with fome Diminution of his Dignity. For aiming at a Real Power, was content to decline and pafs by he all vain Pomp and outward Shew of Power throughout almoft the whole Courfe of his Life: Till at lall, whetinent to his
*

ther

of Julius

Csefar.

381

thcr fated with the continual Exercife

of Power, or corrupted by Flattery, he affeded even the Enfigns of Power, the

Style and

Diadem of

King;

which

turn*d to his Deftrudion.

He

harbour'd

the Thoughts of a

Kingdom from his very Youth; and this, the Example of Sylla^ the Affinity
of Mariu^y his Emulation of Tomfey^ and the Corruption and Turbulency of the Times, naturally fuggefted to him. But then he paved his way to a Kingdom in a wonderful orderly Manner: Firft, by a Popular and Seditious Power afterwards by a Military and Imperatorian Power. For firlt he was to break the Power and Authority of the
Senate,

which,

as

long as

it

remained

entire, there

was no climbing to immo-

derate and unlawful Sovereignty. After

the Power of Crajfus and Tomfey was to be over-turn'd, which could not be done otherwife than by Arms. And therefore (as a molt expert Archited of his own Fortune ) he rais'd and carthis,

ried

; ;

3?!
ried

A
on

Civil Character
by LargelTes

his firfl Strufture

by corrupting the Courts of Juftice, by renewing the Memory of Caius Marius^

and his Party ; (molt of the Senators and Nobility being of SyUa\ Fadion) by the Law of dillributing the Lands amongfl the Common People; by Seditious Tribunes, that he fet on ; by the Madnefs and Fury of Catilme and his Confpirators, whom he fecretly favour'd ; by the Banilliment of Cicero, upon which the Authority of the Senate turn'd ; and feveral other the like Arts But moft of all by the Conjunftion of Crajfus and Tomfeyy both betwixt themfelves, and with Him; which was the
thing that
finifli'd

the

Work.
;

Having
ing

accomplifli'd this Part, he

prefently fct himfelf to the other

be-

now made

Proconful of the Gallia's

nu'd for five Years

and afterwards contimore ; furnifli'd with Arms and Legions, and the Power of a. Warlike and Opulent Province, and
for five Years,

becorne Formidable to Italy.

For

^X

of Julius Csefar.

383

Fo R he was
lie

not ignorant, that, after

had flrengthen'd himfelf with Arms, and a Military Power, neither CraJpUs nor Tomjpey could bear up againfl him
the

One

trufting to his Riches, the

therto his
rity

OFame and Reputation; One

them depending upon Foundations. All which
efpe^all

decaying in Age, the Other in Autho;

neither of

true and (table

things fucceeded to his Defire;

daily having ty'd and oblig'd

the Se-

nators and Magiftrates, and, in a Word,

all

had any Power, fo firmly to by private Benefits, that he was fearlefs of any Confpiracy, or Comthat

himfelf,

bination againfl his Defigns,

he had openly invaded the Common- Wealth. Which Thing, tho' he had ever defign'd, and at laft afted, yet he did
till

not lay afide his

himfelf
fo, that,

Mask; but

carried

what with the Reafonablenefs of his Demands, what with his Pretences of Peace, and what with the moderate Ufe of his SuccelTes, he turn'd the Envy upon the adverfe Party, and pretended to take up Arms upon

384

A Civil

Character

on Neceitity, for his own Prefervation and Safety. The Falfenefs of which
Pretence
manifeflly

appeared,

when

having obtain'd the Regal Power, (the Civil Wars ended, and all his Rivals,
that might give

him any Concern, be-

ing {lain and removed out of the way ; notwithflanding he never once thought

fafed fo

of reftoring the RepubUck, nor vouchmuch as any Shew or Pretence

it.

of

Which

clearly fliews,

had

ever a Defire

that he and Defign of being

a King. For he did not lay hold upon Occafions as they happened, but form'd and work'd out Occafions Himfelf

His chief Ability ilione in Martial Afin which he fo excell'd, that he fairs could not only lead an Army, but mould an Army to his own liking. For he was not more skilful in managing Af;

than in winning of Hearts. Neither did he efFc6l this by any ordinary Difcipline, which might inure them to
fairs,

ilrike Shame into them, them in Awe by Fear but by or keep fuch a way as did wonderfully ftir up

Obedience, or

an

of

Julius Caelar.

385

an Ardor and Alacrity in them, and did in a manner aiTure him of the Vidory before-hand; and which endear 'd the Soldiery to him, more than was expedient for a

Free State.
Kinds, and joined Civil

And
Wars of

whereas he was engaged in

all

Arts with MiUtary,

nothing came fo

fuddenly, or furprizingly upon him, but

he had a Remedy
thing out of

at

hand for

it

and

nothing fo adverfe,,but he drew fomeit to his Advantage. had a due Regard to his State and Charafter ; for in great Battels he would fit in his Pavilion, and manage From which he reall by Meffages. ceiv'd a double Advantage; that he both put himfelf the feldomer in Danger; and in cafe of a Turn for the worft, renewed the Battel by his own Prefence, as by a freih Supply of Auxiliaries. In all his MiUtary Preparations he did not conduft his Affairs by Pre-

He

cedent only,

but

ftill

devifed

new

Schemes,

according to the prefent E-

xigence of Accidents and Occafions.

Vol, L

Cc

He

38^

^GlvlL Character
was conilant enough, and
and indul-gent
that a
fin-

He

gularly beneficent

in his

Friendlhips. Notwithftanding, he

made

choice of fuch Friends,'

Man

might

eafily difcern that

he lookt OHt

for fuch,

whofe Friendfhip might be

a Furtherance to him, not an Impediment in his Defigns. And whereas he

was carried, both by Nature and Cuftom, to this Principle; riot to be Eminent

among Great Men,

amongft
Vaffals,

but to

he made

Command Mean and

Induflrious

Men

his Friends, to

whom
Hence

himfelf might be All in All.

grew

that Saying;

So

let Caefar live,

though

and other Speeches of As for the Nobility, and his that kind. Equals, he contra<^ed Friendihip with
dye-,

them according
but

as

they fery'd his Turn

to
his

admitted

none

Cabinet-

Council, but thofe that had their Fortunes wholly depending upon him.
'

'*

He

was competently

furnifli'd

with

Literature^ but fuch chiefly as contri-

buted any Thing to Civil Policy. For he was well vers'd in Hiftory, and underftood

of Julius C^efan
derftood wonderfully well the

387
Weight

and becaufe he attributed much to his good Stars, he

;

and Edge of Words

affeded |obe thought

skilful in

Aftro-

nomy.
tural
ito

As

for Eloquence, that

was Na-

him, and Pure.

He was inclin'd to VoluptuQufnefs, and profufe in it ; which ferv'd at his

out for a Cover to his AmFor no one apprehended Danger from fiich a Difpofition. Notwithflanding, he fo governed his Pleafures^ that they were no Differ vice 10 him^ nor Prejudice to Builnefs, and rather; whetted, than dull'd the Vigor of his^ Mind. He was temperate at his Meals Free ftom Nicenefs and Curiofity in
firfl fettitig

bition.

his
at

Amours; Pleafant,^d

MagnifiGeiit:

publick Interludes.

!j)i(h-:ii vz-^rn vo(fi

Thus
at laft,

being accompliih'd, the fame

his

Thing was the Means of

which in
;

Downfall

his

Beginnings was a
is,

Step to his Rife

that

his AfFeftation
is

of Popularity:
Popular,

For hothing
to

more

than

Forgive Enemies:

through \Yhich, either Virtue or Cunning, he loft his Life. Cc i LXIL

388

^CivjL Character

LXII.

Cifi^L

Cha-

racter
- Caefar. any

of Auguftus

AVGVSTVS C^^^i?
Serene, and Well-ordered
:

(if

ever

Mortal Man) was endued

with a Greatnefs of Mind, Undifturb'd,

Which

is

evidenced by the mighty Atchieve ments he perform'd in his early Youth. For thofe that are of a turbulent diforderly

Nature^

commonly

pafs

their

Youth
their

in various Errours,

and about

middle Age, and not till then, they fhew themfelves: But thofe that are of .a fedate and calm Nature, may

even in their iirft Years. And whereas the Faculties of the Mind, no lefs than the Goods of the Body, confift and are accompUlh*d in <i certain Health, Beauty and Strength;
fliine

certain

it

is,

that in Strength

of Mnd
he

6f Anguftus C^far.

389
;

he was inferior to his Uncle Jul'ms in Beauty and Health, Superior. For the Former, being of a reftlefs uncompos'd
Spirit, (as thofe generally are,

who are troubled with the Falliog-Sicknefs ) advanc'd, notwithftanding, to his own

Ends with the utmoft Prudence and Conduft; but the Ends themfelves he did not Order well but with a boundlefs Spring, aiming beyond the Reacl^ of a Mortal Man, was ftill carried on to
;

further

Defigns.

Whereas Augufius,

being fober, and mindful of his Mortality, feem'd to have had his Ends alfo fchemed out in admirable Order, and
throughly well weigh'd. For
firfl

he was

defirous to have the Rule andPrincipahty

in his Hands ; then he fought to make himfelf appear worthy of that Height of Power: Next, he thought it but

reafonable, according to the

way of the
Fortune:
to
his

World, to enjoy
Laft of
all,

his exalted
his

he turn'd
as

Thoughts

fuch Adions

might continue

Memory, and leave an Impreilion of his good Government to After-Ages.

Cc

And

390 And

Civil Character

therefore in the Beginning of his

Age, he afFe<fted Power ; in the middle of his Age, Dignity and Worthinefs;
in the Decline of his Years, Pleafure;
in his Old Age he was wholly bent upon Memory and Pofterity.

and

LXIII.

Civil Chaof King

RAcTE R ;..ry VIL

Hen^

THIS King Terms

fort,

(to fpeak of him in

a Miracle of that

equal to his Deferts,) was

;

a kind of Miracle

which

afloniihes

Wife Men, but

does not
ticulars,

much

flrike the Ignorant

Unexperienc'd.

both in

and For he had many Parhis Virtues and in his

fit

Fortune,
tion.

not fo

for a

Common-

Place, as for wife and grave Obferva-

Certainly,

he was a Pious and

in his
as

Religious

Man, both

AfFe6^ion

and Obfervance: But

he could fee
clearly

391 of K'mg Henry VII. Times) thro; clearly enough (for thofe Superllition .Sp he would be. blinded now and then byPolitick Refpe^ls^nd
:

He.advanc'd Chui-ch-men He was tender ia the Privilege of Sanduaries, though, they wrought him fo much Mifchief. He founded and en-,
Counlels.

dowed many

Religious Houfes,

be-

fides his Memorable Hofpital of the Savoy, And yet he was a. great Alms-,

Giver in fecret
that his

which evidently
in

iliews,
v.'

Works

Publick

alfo

ere

dedicated to God's Glory, not

his

own.

He
ly,

profefs'd always to love exceeding-

Peace to the ucmoil of his Power; And it was his ufual Preface in his Treaties; That 'whe^f Chrift came into the Worlds Peace
and to feek fung by the Angels \ and when he. went out of the Worlds the Lord him-]
iL'as

felf bequeathed it. And this cou'd not be imputed to Fear, or Softnefs in him,

(being Valiant and Warlike) but to a Virtue truly Chriilian and Moral. Yet

he knew the Way to Peace, was not to feem to be too defirous of it, There-

Cc

fore

^pi
fore

^CivilCharacter

wou'd he make Fames, and Rutill he had the Conditions of Peace. This mended alfo is worth noting, that being fo great a Lover of Peace, he ihould be fo lucky in War. For his Arms and Expeditions, whether in Foreign or Civil Wars, were never unfortunate: Neither did he know what a Difafter
mours, and Offers of War,

The War of his Coming /;/, and the Rebellions of the Earl of Lincolfty and the Lord Awdley, were ended by Victory: The Wars of France and S^am^ by Peace, but Peace fought at his Hands: The Wzr of Britainy by Accident of the T>uke of Britain's "Death : The Infurredion of the Lord Lovely and that of Terkin at Exeter^ and in Kenty by Flight of the Rebels,
meant.
before they
Felicity in

came

to

Blows:

So

that

Arms was

peculiar to him,

and

ftill

inviolate.

main Reafon
this, that

whereof,

as to the reftraining intelUne

Commotions, was, no doubt,

peared in Perfon.

in the quenching of them, he ever ap-

The

Beginning of
the

39^ of King Henry Vll. the Battel he would fomctimes leave t4

his

Lieutenants,

referving

himfelf to

back and fecond them: But was eVer And ytt in fome Part of the Aftion. that was not merely Forwardnefs an^
Gallantry in him, but partly Diftruft <^
others.

The
held in

f Laws of the Kingdom he evcf great Honour, and would b^

his

thought to maintain and countenance

them by ment
to

own

Authority.
leail

Which,
Impedi-

neverthelefs,

was not the

him

in effeding his Will.

For

he held the Reins of the Laws fo dextroufly, that neither Revenue, nor Pre?rogative, fufFer'd any Diminution. And yet he fo attemper'd Matters, that as he wou'd fometimes draw, and in f manner llrain up his Laws to his Preror gative, fo would he alfo in Turn defignedly let

down his Prerogative

to the

equal and moderate Level of the Laws-

For the Difpofition of the Mint, and Treaties and Counfels of War and Peace, and the Adminiftration of Martial Affairs, (Things of Abfolute Power)

394

A Civil Character

he would many Times refer to the Debates and Votes of Parliament. Justice was well and eq^ally adminiftred in his

Time

fave
alfo

where the
that

King was Party;

fave

the

Council-Table intermeddled too much in the Common Caufes of Meum and

Tuum. For that Council was then a mere Court, and Tribunal of JuiHcci
efpecially in the

Beginning of his Reign.

But

certainly in that Part of Juitice

and

Policy,
cut, as

which

is

the Durable Part, and

it were, in Brafs and Marble, (which is. The making of good hd'J^s^) he excell'd much. ^, And with his Juitice, he was alfo a Merciful and Clement Prince. As ia whofe Reign there were but three of the Nobihty that fuffer'd; the Earl of Warwick^ the Lord Chamberlain^ and

the

Lord Awdley.

Though

the

firfl

inftead of Numbers, in thc^ and Obloquy of the People. But there never were fo great Rebellions expiated with fo httle Blood,

two were

Diflike

drawn from the Hand of

Juitice,

asj

the

of

KmgUcnxy

VII.

39 j

the two famous Rebellions of Exeter and Black- heath. As for the Severity (of which there was no lack) ufed upon thofe that landed in Kent^ it was

but upon a

Scum of

People.

His Par-

dons went ever both before and after But then he had withal a his Sword. ftrange kind of Interchanging large and perfedly unexpected Pardons, with fevere Executions.
the

Which
fo

(confidering
a

Wifdom of
or

great

Prince)
to

could not be imputed to any Inconllancy,

Inequality

but either

which we do not know or to a Rule he had fet himfelf. To vary and try both Ways in

fome

fecret Reafon,

Turn.

But

the

lefs

Blood he drew, the

more he took of Treafure. And, as fome malicioufly enough conflrued it, he was the more fparing in the One, that he might be the more preffing in the Other: For both would have been
Intolerable. Undoubtedly he was bv Nature inclined to accumulate Treafure,^ and admir'd Riches too much for' one
in

39^
in his

A Civil
High
Sphere.
is

Character
The
People (into
for the Prefer-

whom

there

infufed,

ration of Monarchies, a natural Defire

to excufe their Princes, though
it

be

often with the unjuft Charge of their

Counfellors and Miniftcrs

this to

did impute

Cardinal Morton^ and Reginald

(as
after

^ry, Counfellors; which Perfons, notwithftanding,

peared,)
it

plainly ap-

being thofe that had a great

their anticnt Authority

Sway from

and Favour with him, did fo fecond his Humour, as, neverthelefs, to temper it Whereas, cqntrariin fome Degree. wife, Empfon and T>udley that followed, being Perfons that had no Reputation with him, other wife than by
the fervile following of his Bent,

did

not give

way

only, but fhape

him way
manner

to thofe Oppreflions and Extremities,

for the extorting of

Mony

all

of Ways, for which both himfelf was touch'd with Remorfe at his Death,

and which
fought
to

his Succeflbr renounc'd,

purge and expiate.

at that

and This
la-

Excefs of his had,

Time, many

of King Henry Vll.

Interpretations

3 9^

and

Gloffes.

Some

were of Opinion, that the continual Rebellions, wherewith he had been vexed, had made him grow to hate his
People.
pull

Some thought

it

tended to

down

the Stomachs of the People,

and to keep them low. Some, for that he delired to leave his Son a GoldenFleece. Others, in fine, that he had fome fecret Defign upon Foreign Parts. But thofe, perhaps, fhall come nearer

the Truth, that fetch not their Reafons

fo far off;

but impute

it

to Nature,

Years, Peace, and a Mind taken up with

no other Ambition, or

unto I may add, Occafion to take notice of the Neceilities and Shifts for Money, in other
Princes,
rifon
)
it

Wherethat having every Day

Purfuit.

did the better

fet off to

by Compahim the Felicity of full

(

Coffers.

in

to the Meafure obferv'd by him expending of Treafure, he kept to this Rule ; never to fpare Charge which
his Affairs required.

As

In his Buildings
in his

he was Magnificent,

Rewards
Strait-

39?
applied

^
it

Civil:
So
felf

Character
that his

Strait-handed;

Liberality

rather, to thofe

Things
of

that appertain'd to his

own

State,

Memory,
Defert

than to the Rewarding

of

He; was
Mind;

of an High and Exalted

a Lover of his

own

Opinion,

and his own Way;; as One that revered himfelf, and would Reign indeed* Had he been a Private Man, doubtkfs he would have been term'd Proud. But in a wife Prince, it was butkcep^ ing a juft and due Diilance between hich indeed himfelf and his Subjects ; he conftantly did towards all not admitting any to a near Approach, either to his Power, or to his, Secrets. For he was'goyern'd by none of his People. His Conlprt, the Queen, notwithftanding ilie .had blefs'd him with divers iine Children, and with a Crown alfo, (tho' he would not acknowledge it) could do little with him^ His Mother he reverenced' indeed much, but feldom admitted her to a Participation of his Counfels. For any Perfon agreeable to ,r him

of King

Henry VII.
(fuch
as

399
was

him

for Converfation,

Hafihigs to King

Edward

the Fourth,

or Charles Brandon after 10 Henry the Eighth) he had none ; unlefs perchance ,we fhould account for fuch, Biihop
'Fox^ and Bray^ and

Emffony becaufe him. But it was but as the Inftrument is much with the Workman. Vain-Glory he had as little of, as any Prince whatever; yet
they were fo

much with

io as to abate nothing of State and

jefty,

Ma-

which he ever kept up to the Height Being fenfible, that the Reve;

rence of Majeity keeps the People ia

Obedience: But Vain-Glory (if a Man Matter) proftitutes <Princes to Popular Breath.
rightly confider the

To
and

his

Confederates

Conftaiit,

he was Juft yet Clofe and Cautious.

and
his

Such was his Inquiry into them,

'fuch, in the

mean Time,
it

own

Clofe-

nefs and Refervednefs, that theyftood in

the Light, as
ihe flood, as

it

were, towards him, and were, in the Dark to

!them.

Y^t without an Appearance of Strangenfs, but rather with the Semblance

'^^-^

400
:fclgnce

A Civil

Character

of one frankly and familiarly communicating his own Bufmefs^ and,

on the other hand,

Afl&irs.

inquifitive into their

As for little Envies and Emulations, (which are wont to pafs between Princes, to the no fmall Detriment of their ;Own Affairs) he had nothing of them 4n him but went earneftly and fubflanMofl cerdally to his own Bufmefs. it is, that tho* his Reputation was tain great at Home, yet it was ftill greater and more illuftrious Abroad. For Foreigners, that could not fee the Conduft, and particular Paffages of his Affairs, but faw only the Sums and Iffues of them, noted that he was ever in It was partStrife, and ever Superior. occafion'd alfo by the Letters and ly
;

Relations
great

of

Foreign

Ambafladors,

which were attending the Court in Number. To whom he gave Content, not only by Courtefy, Reward, and familiar Convcrfe, but upon thofe Conferences with them, put them
in no fmall Admiration, to find his Univerfal

if King Henry VII.

verfal Infight into the Affairs

40

oi Europe,

Which,

tho'

he had chiefly fuckt from

yet that
all,

the AmbalTadors themfelves, and their

Informations;

gathered from them

rable to every one.

which he had feemed admi-

that they did write ever to their Superiors in high

So

Terms, concerning his Wifdom, and Art of Rule. Nay, when they were returned to their Countries, they frequently
all

gave him InteUigence, by Letter, of

manner of Affairs worth knowing. Such a Dexterity he had, in endearing

to himfelf Foreign Minifters.

Certainly, he was careful, by all ways and means, to procure and obtain good Intelligence from all Parts. Wherehe did not only ufe the Induilry of Foreign Minifters, Refiding here, and
in

of his Penfioners, which he kept both

in the

Court of Rome^ and in other but the Vigilance of his own Ambalfadors alfo in Foreign Parts. For which Purpofe, his Inftrudions were exa6l, even to Curiofity, and in Articles orderly digeited; of A^oL.I. which
Princes Courts
;

Dd

401

Civil Character

which, generally there were more touching Inquifition, than touching Negotiation, requiring particular and
articulate

Anfwers refpedively to

his

Queflions.

which he fecretly employ 'd both at Home and Abroad, to difcover what Praftices and Confpiracies were againil him: Surely this, in his<Dafe, was exceeding necefHe had fo many, as it were, fary. under-ground Moles perpetually workNeither can ing to undermine him. For if Spials are this be held unlawful. approved in War againil lawful Enemies, much more againft Confpirators and Traytors. But indeed to procure Credit to fuch Spies by Oaths, and by
for his EmifTaries,

As

Execrations, and Anathema's thundred

out againil them, as Enemies

that can-

not be well maintain'd.

For thofe ar

too holy Vellments for a Difguife.

that hidulh-y of his in employing
faries

Yet

Emif-

had

this

Good

in

it,

that as

many

Confpiracies were deteded by the Ufc

of them, fo the

Fame and

Sufpicion of

thenx

403 {f King HQnty Yll. them kept (no doubt) many from being attempted

A Husband he was nothing Uxorious,

nor even Indulgent ; but Courteous, and Companiable, and without Jealoufy. Towards his Children alfo he was full of Paternal Affedion ; very careful of their Education ; afpiring alfo with a certain Altitude of Mind, to their High Ad vancement in Marriage ; regular to fee that all Honour and Refped becoming their Sublime Quality fliould be paid them by eveiy one, but not greatly defirous to call any Popular Luftre upon
them.

To
right

his

Privy-Council

he referred

mod BufineiTes,

and

fate often there in

Perfon; well knowing

this to be the both to flrengthen his Authority, and inform his Judgment. To which end alfo he was fairly patient of

Way

as well in Advifmg, as he had declared his own Opinion, which he was wont to referre CO the End of the Debates.

their Liberty,

Voting,

till

Dd

He

4^4

/^

Civil Character
flrait

He
bility,

kept a

Hand upon his No-

his

and chofe rather to advance to Service Clergymen and Lawyers;

obfequious to him,

who were more

and lefs gracious with the People; which made for his Abfolutenefs, but not for his Safety. Infomuch, as I am fully perfuaded, that this Way of his was a main Caufe of the frequent Commotions that happened under his Reign: For that the Nobles of the Realm, tho' they were Loyal and Obedient, yet did not co-operate with him chearfully: But left his Defires rather to take their Chance, than urg'd their Accomplilhment. He was never afraid of Servants

and Miniilers, of more exalted Parts and Abilities; as Lewis the Eleventh was. But, contrariwife, he made ufe of the moft eminent Men of his Time
without which,
his Affairs

could not

have profper'd
for

as

they did. Thefe were,

War, the T>uke of Bedford, the Earl of Oxford, and Surrey Baron
;

"Daubeneyy

Knight.

and Brook', and Toyn'tngSy For Civil Affairs, Morton^

FoXf

of King

Henry

VII.

40 j

FoXy Bray^ the Trior of Lanthony^ JVarhamy 'Vrfwicky Huj^ey, Froisijkky and others. Neither did he care how crafty

and cunning they were, that he did employ For he thought himfelf to have the Mafter-Reach. And as he ihew'd gi'eat Judgment in the Choice of his Miniiters; fo he ufed as much Con;

ftancy in protefting thofe he had once

For it is a flrange Thing, that, were a "Dark Trincey and excelTively Sufpicious, and his Times turchofe.
tho' he

and full of Confpiracies ; yet, in Twenty Four Years Reign, he never put down, or difcompofed Counfellor,
l;>ulent5

or near Servant, fave only Stankyy the

Lord-Chamberlain.
fition

As
;

for the Difpcit

of

his Subjefts

towards him,
tye

flood thus with him

That of the Three

naturally

Affedipns,

which

the

Hearts of the Subjects to their Sovereigns, Lovey Feary and Reverence he had the Laji in Height, the Second in
-y

good Meafure, and fo

as to

little

of the Thirdy

be beholding for

his Security to

the other Two.

Dd

He

406"

Civil Character

He was a Prince, Sad, Serious, and Thoughtful; and full of fecret Obfervations and Cares; and one that had Notes and Memorials always ready by
him
to
in his

own Hand,
As
:

efpecially touch-

ing Perfons;

whom

to pitch
:

upon

Employ
alfo

to Inquire

Whom to Reward Whom of: Whom to Beware of:

were, taken a Side ; and the

Who

were moll nearly linkt together, either by Fadion, or good Service;,

and had,
like
;

as it

Making and keeping a Diary, in a manner, of his Thoughts. There is to That his Monthis Day a merry Tale
;

key
his

was thought, by one of Bed-Chamber) tore, one Day, his

(fet on, as

Principal

Note-Book
it

all

to

Pieces,

when by chance
the Court
(

lay forth.

Whereat

xious DiUgence

which liked not that an) were ready to burfl

with Laughter. But though he was full of Apprehenlions and Sufpicions, yet as he eafily took them, fo he eafify difcharg'd them, and made them yield to his Judgment! Whence they were rather troublefome
to

of King Henry VII.

407

to himfelf, than dangerous to others.

Yet it muft be acknowledged, that his Thoughts were fo numerous, and fo

complicated,
that they could

not

al-

ways itand together, but that which did good one way, did hi;rt another. Neither was it polTible for him to be Wife, or Happy, fo much beyond the Condition of Mortals5 as always to weigh Things aright in their Proportions.
Certainly^

him

fo

that Rumour, that raifed many and fo great Troubles that the T>uke

was faved, and Hill alive,) Beginning, get Strength and Credit from
did, at the

(namely,

of Tork

himfelf; being defirous of having it fo thought, to the end of foftning the Imputation of his Reigning in his own

Right,

and not in the Right of

his

Wife.

He

was

Affable,

and both Well and

ufe
flrange

Fair-fpoken,

and would

Sweetnefs and Blandilliments of Words,

where he defired to perfuade, or any thing that he took to Heart.

was rathej
Studious than

effed:

He

Learned;
rciidin^5

Dd

4o8

^CiviL Character
Books
that
in

reading, for the mofl Part,

were written

the French Tongue.

the Latin
\

Though he underflood
and others,
that

as

appeareth in that Cardinal

Hadrian^
acal-

were well enough

in Latin.
is

quainted with French^ neverthelefs

ways wrote to him

For
to

his Pleafures, there

no News

of them.

And

Marfm

yet by and Stiky

it

his Inflrudions

touching the

Queen of Naples^

appears he could

Interrogate nicely well touching Beauty,

and the Parts thereof. He did by Pleafuresyi as Great Men do by Banquets, come and look a little upon them, and turn away. For there never reign'd a Prince that was more entirely given up Being wholly taken to his own Aflfairs taken up with them, and himfelf wholInfomuch, as at Jufls and ly in them. Tournaments, and other Mock-Fights, as alfo Masks, and fuch-Hke AfTemblies, he fcem'd to be rather a Princely and Gentle Speftator, than to be much
:

taken or delighted with them.

No

of King Henry

VIL

409
Men,

No

doubt,

in

him,
in

as in all

(and moll: of all wrought upon his Nature, and his NaHe afture again upon his Fortune. cended to the Crown, not only from a private Fortune, which might endow him with Moderation; but alfo from the Fortune of an Exiled Man, which had given him the Spur of Induflry and And his Times, being rather Sagacity. profperous, than calm, had raifed his
Confidence by buccefs, but in the mean
his Nature, by His Wifdom, by perpetual Vexations. his often evading of Perils, (which had taught him to truft to Extemfore Remedies ) was turned rather into a Dexterity to extricate himfelf from Evils,

Kings) his Fortune

time had almoft marred

when they
afar off.

prefs'd him,

than into

Providence to prevent and remove them

And

even in Nature, the Eyes

not unlike the Bo-

of

his

Mind were

dily

Eyes of fome People, which are

flrong at Hand, but

weak

.at

a Diftance*

For
fion
;

his

Wit

increafed upon the Occaif the

nnd fo much the more,

Oc-

4io

A Civil Character
his

Occafion were Iharpened by Danger, And thefe Influences his Fortune had

upon

Nature;

nor

were there

wanting, on the other band, certain Influences which his Nature had upon
his Fortune.

For whether

it

were the

Shortnefs of his Forefight,or theObfti-

nacy of

his Will,

of the Dazzling of

was ; Certain it is, that the perpetual Troubles of his Fortune, (efpecially there being no violent Occafion out of which they
his Sufpicions, or
it

what

grew) could not have

arifen without

^me

great Defefts in his Nature, and

main Errors in the Radical Conflitution of his Mind: Which he had enough to do to Salve and Help, by a thoufand But thofe dQ little Induftries and Arts. Neverbefl: appear in the Story it felf. thelefs, take him with all his Defers, if a Man fliould compare him with the Kings, in France and Sfaitty his Conr temporaries, he fhall find him more Politique than Lewis the Twelfth of France^ and more Faithful and Sincere than Fer^dlnando of Sfam. But if you
iliall

cf
fliall

Kmg Henry

VII.

41
for

ehange Lewis the Twelfth

fjewis the Eleventh^ who reigned a then the Comparifons little before;
will be
true.

more pat, and the Parallels more For thofe Three, Lewis the EFerdinandoy

leventhy Henry^ and

may

be eileemed as the Three Magi^ among the Kings of that Age. To conclude. If this King did no greater Matters, it was long of himfelf ; for what he Undertook, he CompafTed. was a Comely Perfonage, a

He

little

and flraitabove Juft Countenance limb'd, but {lender. His was fuch, as flruck a Reverence, and refembled a little the Afpeft of a Church-man. And as it was not dark or fupercilious, fo neither was it winning or pleafmg: But as the Face of one Compofed and Sedate in Mind: But it was not to the Advantage of theStature,

well

Painter
fpake.

for

it

was

bell

when he

extraordinary Worth of this may bear a Tale or two, that Prince mav put upon him fomething Divine,
'

The

When

411
a

Civil Character

When the Lady Margaret^ his Mother, Woman of rare Virtues, had divers
dreamed one

Suitors for Marriage, Ihe

Night, That one in the Likenefs of a B'tjhofy in Pontifical Habit, did tender

her

Edmund

Earl of Richmond^

(the

King's Father) for her Husband.

Nei-

ther had ihe ever any Child but the

King,

tho'

ilie

had three Husbands.

Upon

a certain Feflival-Day alfo,

when

Henry the Sixth (whofe Innocency gave him Hohnefs) was wafhing after Dinner, and caft his Eye upon King Henry^ then a Youth, he faid This is
;

the Lad^ that Jhall at la ft fojfe/s quietly

the

that that

Crown that we now ftrive for. But may be truly thought Divine in

him, was, that he had the Fortune of a

True Christian, as well as of a Great King; in Uving Exercifedy

and dying Refentant.

So

as

he Tri-

umph'd vidoriouily, as well in Spiriand had an Happy tuals, as Temporals Warfare in the two Conflids, both of
;

Sin^

and the Crofs,

of King Henry VII.

413

He was born at Qaftle, and lieth buried at Weftminjler^ in one of the Statelieft and Daintiefl Monuments of Europe^ both for the Chappel, and for the Sepulchre, So that he
Tembroke
dwelleth more richly "Dead^ in the

Mo^

nument of

his

live, either at

Tomb^ than he did ARichmond^ or in any oI

ther of his Palaces.

could

wifli

he
his

did the like in

this

Monument of

Fame.

TO

To

the

Happy Memory of

ELIZABETH,
Queen of E n g
l a n d,

R,

A
Felicities

Colledion of the
o F

Queen
And

Elizabeth.

Written by his Lordjhip in Latin j

thus Engliflied.
Elizaheth,hot\\\v\

,UEEN

point of Nature, and Fortune, was Admirable amongft Women, and Memorable amongft Princes.

But
the

this is

not a Subjeft that requires

a

Pen of

ftred Cenfor,

Monk, or any fuch CloiFor thefeMen are keen

4io

^Collection

of

tpje

in Stile, but wanting in

Judgment ;

arid

perform
llerity.

the Scholar's Part well, but

Certainly, this
a

tranfmit Things but unfaithfully to Pois

peculiar to

Men

of the

firfl

Knowledge Rank, and

to fuch as have fate at the

great Kingdoms,
.

Helms of
been ac-

and have

quainted with the Difficulties and Secrets of Civil Bufmefs.

Rare in all Ages hath been the Reign of a Woman, more rare, thepE* LiciTY of a Woman, in her Reign; But mod rare, a long Continuance joined with that Felicity. As for this La d y, Ihe reigned Four and Forty
and yet ihe did not Of this Fe l ipropofed to fay fomewhat ciT Y, I have yet without any Excurfion into Praifes. For Praifes are the Tribute of Men,
Years compleat
;

furvive her Fe l i c i t y.

but Felicity the Gift of God. First, I reckon it as a Part of her Felicity, that She was advanced to
the Regal Throne, from a Private ForFor this is deeply planted in the tune.

Nature, and Opinions of Men, to look

upon

Fe/kfUes of ^een Elizdheth.

417

upon thofe Things which come unhoped, uniooked for, as a greater FeL I CI T Y. But this is not that I intend it is this I mean That Princes, that have been trained up in the Family Royal, and to an undoubted Hope of Succeilion, are corrupted by an indulgent, licentious Education, and become
;

and lefs Governable and Moderate in their Affedions. And therefore you iliall find thofe to have been the bed and moft excellent Kings, that were Tutored by both Fortunes. Such was with us, King Henry the Seventh and with the French^ Lewis the Twelfths Both which, in recent Memory, and almoft about the fame Time, came to their Crowns, not only from a Private, but alfo from an Adverfe and Afflided Forgenerally
lefs

both

Capable,

tune;

And

did excell, the Former in

and the Other in Juilice. Much like was the Condition of this Princefs alfo; whofe Beginnings and Hopes Fortune chequered, that in her Reign ilie might be conflant and Heady

Prudence,

Vol.

I.

Ee

to

3i8
to Her.
titled

Collection

of the

For Queen Elizabeth was en-

from her Birth to the Succefiion,

and flighted;

afterwards difinherited, then layed a-

During the Reign of her Brother, her Fortune was more and ferene ; during the propitious
fide,

Reign of her Siikr, more tempeftuous and hazardous. Neither yet did Ihe pafs immediately from the Prifon to the Crown, fo as to be four'd and exafperated by her Misfortune, and to fwell

upon

it

but being reflored to her Liflill

berty,

and

growing
lalt

in her

Expe-

dations,

thus at

fhe obtain'd the

Crown
in a
I

without Noifc or Competitor,

moft happy Calm.

defigning
a

And

thefe things

mention, to Ihew,

that Divine

Pro-

vidence

moft excellent

Princefs, did, by fuch Degrees of Difcipline, prepare

and advance her. Nei-

ther ought the Misfortune of her

Mo;

ther to fully the Luftre of her Birth

fmce

it is

fufficiently evident, that

King

Henry the Eighth was inflamed with a new Amour, before he was inraged againft ^leen Anne-, and the Nature of
that

Felicities

of ^ienlc\\Z2!ott\i,

419

by Pothat King prone both to Ailerity, as exceeding mours and Jealouliesj and violent in the fame, even to the EfFufion of Blood. Add to thiSi that ilie was circumvented by an Accufation, not probable, even as
paffes not uncenfur'd

to the very Perfon to

whom

it

referr'd,

and built upon the weakeil Conjetilures ; which was both fecretly whifper'd at the very Time, and which ^leen Anne her felf protefted, with an undaunted
Greatnefs of Mind, and by a memorable Speech, at the Inftant of her Death.

For having got

faithful

(as

flie

fuppofed) a

and friendly Meilenger, in the fame Hour, when ilie was preparing for Death, fhe fent this MefFage to the

King ; That his Majefty did excellently obfervey and conjiantly keep to his Turfofe^ in heaping upon her new Honours ;
For^ Firft, he had raifed her from the Eftate of a Gentlewoman only^ and no way

pretending

to

Noble

Titles^ to the
;

Ho-

nour of a Marchionefs Next^ had taken her into a Tartnerjhif both of his Kingdoniy

and

Bed-,

And now

that there re-

Ee

mained

^2o

Collection

of the

mained no higher earthly Honour^ he meant to exalt her Innocence to a

Crown of Martyrdom,
King,

But the Mefanother

Allerter

lenger did not dare to carry this to the

who was inflamed with Amour However, Fame, the

;

of Truth, convey'd

it it

to Poflerity. to be an inconfi-

Nor
derable

do

take

Part of the

Fe l i
the

x y of

Queen Elizabeth^ even

:

Meafure,

and the very Race, as it were, and Courfe of her Reign Not only for that it was long, but becaufe it fell into that Seafon of her Life, which was fitteft for Governing, and for the Swaying of a Scepter. For beginning her Reign at Twenty Five (at which Age the
Curatorfliip ends)
flie

continued

it

to

the Seventieth Year of her Age.

that
llie

So

neither experienc'd the Detri-

ment attending Minority, and the Ghecks of Another's Power; nor, on

the other hand,
an

the Inconveniences of

extreme

and
in

impotent Old-Age.

And Old-Age is
enow, even

attended with Miieries

private

Men;

but to
Kings,

Felicities

of ^een Elizabeth. 421

ordinary
occafions alfo a Declen-

Kings,

over and above the

it

Evils of Age,-

and an For there has fcarce been a King that has lived to an extreme Old-Age, but he hath fuffer'd in his Power and Efleem. Of this we have a very eminent Inftance in Th'dip the Second^ King of Spain^ a molt puilFant
fion in the State they govern,

inglorious Exit.

Prince, and excellently skill'd in the

Days, and feeble Age,

Art of Governing; who, in his latter was throughly fenfible of this whereof we fpeak And
:

therefore, with the highelt Prudence,

fubmitted to the Condition of Things;

voluntarily

quitted

his

Conqueits

in

France^ eilabhflied a firm Peace in that Kingdom; and attempted the like in
other Places;
that fo

he might leave

Things quiet and

fors.

entire to his Succef-

Contrariwife,

Queen Elizabeth^

Fortune was
rooted,
that

and firmly no Declenfion of Affairs

fo conllant,
flill

followed her
ing Years:
able

vigorous, tho' declinfor an undeni-

Nay more,

Token of

her Fe l i c ity, fhe dyed

Ee

not

421
not

A
till

Collection

of the

the Rebellion in Ireland was

fully ended by a Viftory there; left her Glory might appear any way difBefides, the figur'd and uncompleat.

Sort of People, over

I

whom ihe reign'd,

take to be a Matter worthy to be con-

For had her Lot fain among the Talmyrens^ or in fofr and unwarlike onder fmce Jfia^ it had been a lefs a Female Prince w^ould have fuited an But in England^ a effeminate People mod ftout and warlike Nation, for all Things to be direded, and kept in Subjedion by the Nod of a Woman, is a Thing deferving the highefl Admirafidered.

tion.

Neither
tient

did this Inclination of her

People, greedy of

War, and

hardly pa-

of Peace, hinder her from main-

taining

and preferving Peace

all

her

Time.

And

this

Inclination of hers^

join'd with Succefs,

I reckon to be one of her chiefeil: Praifes. For this was Happy

for her

Times, Becoming her Sex, and Comfortable to herConfcience. About

the Tenth Year of her Reign, there was a
fmall

Felichies of ^eenl^lizshtth,
fmall

4x3
in the

Attempt of
Parts,

Commotion
it

Northern

but

was prefently

fupprefs'd and extinguifli'd.

fiouriili'd in a

The

rell

Domeftick of her Reign Peace, and that a fecure and profound one. Now I judge it a mofl FlourishiNG Peace, for two Reafons, which make nothing for the Merit of the Peace, but very much for the Glory of it. The one, that it was rendered the more confpicuous and illuitrious, by the
Calamities of our Neighbours,
as

fo

many

fliining

Flames:

The

other, that

the BlefRngs of Peace were not unat-

tended with the Honour of Arms fmce She not only preferv'd, but advanc'd
;

Renown of the Englijh Name for Arms and Military Prowefs, by many
the
glorious Atchievements.

For both the

Netherlands^

Supplies

fent

into

the

France^ and Scotland-^ and the Expeditions

by Sea into the Indies

and

fome of them made round the whole Compafs of the Globe of the Earth
and the Fleets fent into Tortugal^ and to annoy the Coafts of S^atn and the
;

Ee

Ir'ijh

424

^Collections?/

the

Irtjh Rebels fo often cut off and con-

quer'd, allowed of no Remifnefs or

De-

cay, either in the warlike Virtue of our

Nation,
thereof.

or Diminution

in

the

Fame

It was Hkewife a deferv'd Addition

to ber Glory,

both that Neighbouring

Kings were maintain'd in their Thrones

by her timely Succours and that fuppliant States, which, by the Unadvifednefs of their Kings, were abandoned, and, in a manner, devoted to the Cruelty of their Miniflers, and to the Fury of the Multitude, and to all manner of Butchery and Defolation, received an Alleviation of their Miferics from her by means whereof they fubfiil unto this Day. Nor was flie a Princefs, lefs beneficent and falutary by her Counfels, than by her Succours as One that had fo often interceded with the King of
; ;

Spain ^

to

mitigate his

Wrath

againfl

his Subjefts in the

Netherlands^ and to
his

reduce them to

Obedience, upon

fome

tolerable Conditions:

And

that

hadj with great Sincerity, Importuned

the

Felicities

of ^ieen Elizabeth.

415

the Kings of France^ by perpetual and repeated Admonitions, to obfcrve theii:

own

Ediths,
I

promiling Peace to their

deny not but her Advice For as to the firft, prov'd the Common Fate of Europe allowed lead haply the Ambition of not of it Sfam, freed, as it were, from its Bar(as Things then riers, fhou'd fly out, flood ) to the Prejudice of the KingSubjeds.
inetfedual
:

doms and

States of Qhrijiendom:

And

for the latter, the

Blood of

nocents, with their

fo many InWives and Chil-

dren, ilied at their Fire-fides, and

their

in

Chambers,

by the Scum

of the
Beafts

People, like fo

many

furious
let

heartned, and arm'd, and

loofe

upon

them by publick Authority, would not

fufFer

which Blood required, in Vengeance, that a Kingdom, render 'd obnoxious to Punifliment by fo horrible an Impiety, iliould be expiated by inteShe ftine Slaughters and Maflacres.
it
;

neverthelefs,

howfoever

it

fucceeded,

performed the Part, both of a wife and

loving Confederate,

Th E R E

/^%6

A Collection
is

of the

There
Admiring

another Reafon alfo for

PeacCj which was fo and piaintain'd by the inuch fought

this

Queen: And
the Times,

it

is this,

that

it

did not

proceed from any Bent or Inclination of

but from her Prudence,

and difcreet Management of Things. For whereas ilie had both an Inbred Faftion, upon the Account of Rehgion, to llruggle with at Home, and that the Strength and Protedion of this Kingdom was a kind of Bulwark to all Eu^ rofe againft the then formidable and extravagant Ambition and Power of the King of Sfain, there wanted no Matyet what with her Forces ter of War and her Policy, ilie furmounted thefe Difficulties. This was demonftrated by an Event, the mofl memorable of any that h^s happen'd in the whole Courfe of Affair^ pf our Age, if we coniider the Felicity thereof For when the Spanijh Armada^ with fo much Bravery, and to the Terror of all Eur
J

rofCy
fp

big with Expedation,

and with
pur

much

AlTurance of Viftory, furrow'd

felicities

of ^ueenEWz^htth.

417

took not fo much as one poor Cock-boat of ours, nor fired any one Village, nor fo much as touch'd
our Seas,
it

upon our Coaft But being defeated in an Engagement, was difpers'd by 2^

:

miferable

Flight,

and

by

frequent

Wrecks, and

fo left

England and her

Coafts in the Enjoyment of an unmpv'd,

undifturbed Peace.

Nor

was

llie lefs

happy in efcaping
than

the Treacheries of Confpirators,

in fubduing and defeating the Forces

of her open Enemies. For not a few* Plots againfl her Life were moil fortunately both dilcovered, and difappointed.

lead a

Nor did fhe, upon more fearful and

this

Account,

anxious Life;

there was no Encreafe of her Guards

no confining her felf to her Palace, and appearing but feldom in publick; JBut Fearlefs and AlTured, and more
piindful of her Deliverance, than her

Danger,
It
tion,
is

flie

altered nothing of her ufual

cuiloms and ways of Living.

hkewife worthy our Obferva-

to confider the

Nature of the

Times

4i8

Collection

of the
For
igno-

Times wherein ilie flourifli'd. fome Ages are fo barbarous and

rant, that

Men

are as eafily govern'd as

Herds of Cattle, or Flocks of Sheep,

But this Princefs happened to hve in a moll learned and polite Age ; in which it was not poifible to be eminent without the greateft Endowments of Wit, and a fmgular Cafl of Virtue, Again, the Reigns of Women are, for the

mod
^nd
their

Part, eclipfed

by their Marriages,

all

the Praife of their

Ads

goes to

Husbands. But thofc that live unmarried have the whole Glory impropriated to themfelves.

And

this is

more
cefs,

peculiarly the Cafe of this Prin-

bccaufe ihe had no Props or Supbut thofe

ports of her Government,

that

were of her own making: She had no Brother by the fame Mother no Unkle; nor any other of the Royal Family that might be Partner in her Cares, and an Upholder of her Government. Nay, and for thofe whom her felf had ad~
;

vanc'd to Polls of Honour,

ihe both

kept fuch

a llrid

hand upon them, an4

fo

Felkiues of ^leen Elizabeth.

fo mixt
ther,

42 j

them and

that ihe caft into each of

the greatelt
Pleafe,

them togethem SoUicitude and Concern to

ihuffled

and was ever MiHrefs of her Childlefs indeed ihe was, and left felf. no Iflue of her Body behind her^ Which has been the Cafe alfo of many
of the moll Fortunate Princes, of Alexander the Greats Julius Cafar^ Tra-

jan^ and others

that has

and which is a Point been varioufly bandied, and is ufually difputed and argued contrary
;

fome take it as a DiminuFelicity, left perchance they might be too happy for the Condition of Mortals, if they were blefs'd
;

ways

whilfl

tion

of

both in their
accounting

own

Perfons, and in the

;

Propagation of their Species

it

and others
Perfe-

as the
;

Crown and

dion of Felicity

that Felicity alone

feeming to be compleat, over which Fortune has no more Power which, if

;

we
be.

leave Children behind us, can never

She had
Stature; a

alfo external Gifts;

tall

good Shape; an extraordinary

430

yf

Collection

of the

nary Majefty of Afpe6l joined with Swcetnefs; a moil happy State of

Health.
Befides
all this,

Ihe

was flrong

and vigorous to the very laft, never experienc'd the Changes of Fortune, nor the Miferies of Old Age, and obtain'd that EiUhanafia^ which Auguftus

Cafar ufed fo pailionately to defire, by a gentle and eafy Exit. This is alfo
recorded of Antoninus Tlus^ that excellent Emperor; whofe Death had the Refemblance of a fweet and gentle
Slumber.

So Hkewife

in the

Diftem-

per of Queen Elizabeth

thing unufual to

there was no-

thing Shocking, nothing Ominous, no-

Human Nature. She was not tormented with Defire of Life,

nor with Impatience under Sicknefs, nor with racking Pains. She had no But all Things dire or foul Symptom
;

were of that kind, as did argue rather the Frailty, than the Corruption or Difgrace of Nature.
before

For fome few Days

her Death, being pined by an

extreme Drynefs of Body, and thofe Cares that attend a Crown, and being
never

Felktties of ^ieen Elizabeth.

43

never moiflened with Wine, or with a full and plentiful Diet, flie was flruck with a Torpor, and Stiffiiefs in her
Nerves, notwithfl:.nding (which
ufual in that Diftempcr)
flic
is

not

retained

her Speech, and

tho' but flow

Memory, and Motion,

dull.

and

And

in this

continued but a fewDays; fo that it did not feem to be the Last Act of her Life, but, as it were, the First Step to her Death.

Condition

Ihe

For
by
a

to live long after our Faculties are

is accounted miferable; but Slumber gradually laying afleep is

impair 'd,

the Senfe, to haften to Death, and eafy Conclufion of Life.

in this alfo,

a fair

throw

fure

make up of her Felicity;

to

the

full

Mea-

that

She was

exceeding happy, not only in her own Perfon, but in the AbiHties and Virtues alfo of her Minilters of State. For llie had the Fortune to hght

uponfuch Perions,
never
before

as

perhaps

this Ifland

produced.

But

God,

favours Princes, raifes up and adorns the Spirits of their Miniflers alfo.

when he

There

432-

COLLECTIOxN of the There remain two Posthumous

-^

Felicities, which are, in a manner, more Noble and Augufl than thofe
that attended her living:

The one of

her

Successor,

the

other of her

For ihe has gotten fuch who, tho' he may exceed, a SuccefTor, and eclipfe her GreatnefSj both by his Mafculine Virtues, and his IfTue^ and by a new Acceflion of Empire ; yet is zealous of her Name and Glory, and
gives a kind of Perpetuity toherAfts;

Memory.

having made little Change either as to the Choice of Perfons, or in the Me-

thod of Governing
lence,

So

that a

Son

rareSi-

ly fucceeds a Father with fo

much

and with fo
for her

Uttle Alteration

and

Difturbance.

As

Memory,
and fo
that

it is

fo

much
the
extin-

in the Mouths,

frefh

in

Minds of Men,
guifli'd,

Envy being

the

and her Fame inflamed by Death, Felicity of her Memory feems,

if

in a manner, to vye with the Felicity

of her Life. For

there be any factious

Party,

Fame,

arifmg either from

or

Dif-

^ ;

iFeliattes

of ^ieen Elizabeth. 43

Difference in Religion,

flying abroad,

(and even that now feems fearful and aballied, and conquer'd by the confentient

Voice of her
for this
this

Praifes,) the
it

fame

is

neither true, nor can

be long-liv'd.
efpecially,

And
I

Caufe

made

Collection
s

have (fuchasit

and the Favour towards Her that no malicious Perfon might dare to Curfe, where God hath fo highly Now ihould any one make Blefs'd. the fame Reply here, as one did formerly to Ciefar\ JVe have Matter eis)

touching her Felicity,

Marks of

G o d'

noiigh

for Admlratmi

but wotild fain

fee fomething to Traife.

Verily

am
is

of Opinion, that true Admiration

Superlative Degree of Praife.

Neither

c?n that Felicity, that

defcribing,

we

have been

be the Portion of any, but

is

fuch a one as

remarkably fupported
the Divine Favour

and and
felf

cherifli'd

by
in

thai

has,

fome meafure

alfo,

carv'd out

the fame Fortune to him-

by

his

own Morals and

I

Virtues.

Notwithttanding

have thought good

Vol.

I.

Ff

to

434

-^

Collection
or
;

of the
the

to add a

Word

two concerning

Moral Part yet only in thofe Things, which have miniftred Occafion to fome malicious Tongues to traduce her. Th e Queen, as to her Religion, was Pious, Moderate, Conftant, and an E-

nemy

to Novelty.

And
it

for her Piety,

tho' the

Marks

of

jn-e

moft confpi-

yet were there vifible Strokes

cuous in her A(^s and Adminiltrations, of it,

both in the Courfe of her Life, and in her ordinary Converfation. She was feldom abfent from Divine Service, and
cither

Duties of Religion, either in her

or

Chappel^

converfant in

She was very the Scriptures, and WriClofet.

tings of the Fathers, efpecially St. yfgujfine.

She compofed certain Prayers her felf, upon fome emergent Occaiions. Whenever ihe mentioned the Name of God, tho' in ordinary Difcourfe,
ilie

generally added the

Name
both

of

Creator;

and

compofed

her Eyes and Countenance to fome fort

of Humility and Reverence ; which my felf have often obferv'd*

As

of ^een Elizabeth. 43 5 As for what Ibme have given out, that fhe was altogether unmindful of
Felicities

her MortaUty, to the

degree of not
ablolutely falfe;

being able to bear the Mention of Old

Age
fmce
her

or Death,
ilie

it

is

her

felf,

feveral Years before

Death,

wou'd

frequently,
call

with

much

Facetioufnefs,

her

felf the

OldJVomnn\ and would difcourfe about what kind of Epitaph ihe Hked; faying, that fhe was no Lover of glorious and pompous Titles ; but only defired
her

Memory might

be recorded in a
iliould

Line or two,
dioufly exprefs
Virginity^ the

which

only her

compenName^ her

Time of her Reign^ the Reformation of Religion^ and her Tre^

fervation of "Teace.
'Tis true, in the

Flower of her Age, and before ihe was pad Child-bearing, when ihe was called upon to declare her SuccelTor, fhe made Anfwer, That /he could by 710 means endure to have a Shroud held before her Eyes imhile fl?e vjas living, Notwith{landing, fome Years before her Death, at a Time when ilie was full of Thought, and Ff^

^^6

y^

Collection

of the

and probably meditating upon her Mortality, one of her Familiars mentioning in Converlation, that divers great Offices and Places in the State were kept
void too long; ihe rofe up, and
faid,

with more than ordinary Heat, That Jhe was fare her Tlace would not be
long void.

As
we

to her

iliall

Moderation in Religion, feem to be at fome Stand, be-

caufe of the Severity of thole

Laws

which were made againfl her Subjefts But we will of the Romijh Religion mention fuch Things as are both well known to, and were carefully obferv'd
:

by, us.

Mod

certain

it

is,

that this

Princefs was, in her Sentiments, averfe

from offering any Force to Confciences Yet, on the other hand, would not fuffcr the State

of her

Kingdom

to be en-

danger'd, under the Pretence of

fcience and ReUgion.
flie

Con-

From
That

this

ground

concluded,

Firlt,

to allow a

Liberty and Toleration of two Religions by publick Authority in a Stout

and Haughty Nation, and that would

eafily

Felicities
eafily fall

of ^deen Elizabeth.

437

from Difagreement in Judgment to Arms and Blows, would be molt certain Deflruciion. Again, when her Reign was young, and all Things looked with a fufpicious Face, ilie kept fome of the Prelates, which were of a

more

turbulent and fadious Spirit, Pri-

foners at large,

but not without the

Warrant of the
of both Orders,

Law
ilie

As

for the reft,

was not trouble-

fome to them by any fevere Inquifition, but was a Protedion to them by a generous Connivence. And this was the PoIture of Affairs at
firft.

Nor did

ilie

abate

any thing almott of

Clemency, tho' provok'd by the Excommunication of Tills ^itntus^ (W'hich might have rais'd her Indignation, and have been the Occafion of new Meafures ) but (till flie
this
;

retained

her

own

generous Temper.

For

this

Lady was

moft wife and magnanimous not a whit moved wdth the

;

Noife of thefe terrible Threats

Jier Subjefts,

being
of the

fecure of the Fidelity and Atfedion of

and of he

Inability

Tofijh Fadion withm the Kingdom to

Ff

do

438

Collection
unlefs

of the

do her any Hurt, Foreign Enemy.

fecondcd by a

But

about the Three and Twentieth

Year of her Reign, the Face of Affairs was changed. Nor was this Diilindion of the Times artificially feigned, to ferve a Turn, but it is exprefs'd in the publick Records, and engraven, as it were, in Brafs, For before that Year, none of her Subjedls of the Rom'tjh Religion had been punifli'd with any Severity by the Laws formerly enaded. But at this Time it was, that the ambitious

and
this

vait

Defign of Spain to con-

quer to be difcovered.

Kingdom, began by Degrees

principal Part of

which was, by

ways and means to raife a Faction in the Heart of the Kingdom, of fuch as were Ill-affe6led to the State, and defirous of Innovation, which might join the Enemy upon his
all

Invafion.

Th e I r Hopes of this were ground^ ed upon the Difference there was in Religion. Therefore they refolv'd to
labour that Point with
all

their

might;

And

Feltatm of ^if^;^ Elizabeth. 439 And the Seminaries at that Time budinto E^tgl.and^ ding, Prieils were fent a Love to tlie to raife up and difperfe

Romijh ReUgion;
cate the

To

teach and incul-

Power

of the Pope's

Excom-

frpn^ munication, in freeing Subjects awaken and Allegiance ; And to

their

to an Exprepare the Minds of Men Change in Government. pectation of a

About

the fame

Time, both /r^-

and landvjzs attempted by anlnvafion, Queen of the Name and Government and traduced by funElizabeth vilified there fcandalous Libels: In Ihort,
dry

Commothe Prognoftick of a greater Yet I will not affirm, that all the tion.
Priefls

was an unufual

Tumor

in

the State,

were taken into a Participation the Deof the Plot, or were privy to
fign carrying

on, but

only that they

other were the wicked Inftruments of However, this is true, Men's MaUce,

of and witneffed by the Confeffions that ^any, that almoft all the Prieils, the were fent into this Kingdom from even to the ThirYear forementioned,

Ff

tieth

440
tieth

A Collection

of the

Year of Queen Elizabeth^ (wherein the Defign of Spain and the Tope was put in Execution, by that memorable Preparation of a Fleet, and

Landtheir

Forces) had
<51ions,

this

alfo

in

their Inlh'u-

among

the other Parts

it

of

Fuhftion, to Infinuate, That

that Toftnrei

was im-

pojjible Ajfairs Jhould continue long in

That a new Face of

;

Things, and a thorough Change, would he feen eWe long 77?^^ both the Tope

and Catholic k Trinccs are concern d for

the
Fngliili

State, provided they are

not their

own Hindrance.
of the Priefts had ma-

Again, fome
nifeftly

engag'd themfelvcs in the Plots and Contrivances, which tended to the

Undermining and Subverfion of the State; and (which was the flrongelt Proof) the whole Train of the Plot was
difcovered by Letters intercepted from divers Parts; wherein it was written.

That the Vigilancy of the ^leen and

her Council,
touching
the
Catholicks,

would be baffled:, For that the ^ueen had an Eye to this only, leaf any Nobleman.

/v//ci//^5 (?/^//(f(?;/ Elizabeth.

441

man^ or 'Terfon of T>tftin^mi^ might arife to Head the Cat Lo lick Fa^ion:

Whereas the

^Defign^ they laid, ijcas

of

this Nature, that all Things Jhould he

diffofed and prepared by private Metu, and of an inferior Rank, and that too
vjithout co7iffiring or conferring "uith
in the fecret

one another,
feffion.

way of Con-

were the Artifices which were then ufed, and which are fo familiar and cullomary to that Order
thefe

And

of Men, (as might be feen

Parallel Cafe.)
I

alfo in a late

N fo great a Storm of Dangers, the

obliged, by the

Queen was

ceflity, to reftrain

Law of Neand tye up thofe of

difaffeded to
as
it

her Subje6ts,
her,

who were

and rendred incurable,

were,

by thefe Poyfons, and that, in the mean Time, began to grow Rich, by their retired Living, and Exemption from the Charge and Burden of publick Offices, by the Bands of feme feverer Laws.

And

the Evil daily growing, and the

Original thereof being charged

the Seminary Priefls,

upon
bred

who had been

44^

^ Collection

of the

bred in Foreign Parts, and were fupported by the Bounty and Benevolence of Foreign Princes, the profefs'd Enemies of this Realm ; and had tived in Places where the very Name of Queen Elizabeth was never heard but with the Titles of Heretkk, ExcommMiieated^

and Accurfed

and who, though

not engaged in

they themfelves were

treafonable Practices, yet

were known

to be the intimate Friends of fuch as

had fet their Hand to Villanies of that Kind and who, by their Artifices, and
;

po)'fonous Infinuations, had corrupted

and foured the whole Mafs and Body of the Catholicks, which before was more fweet and harmlefs, and had infeded it with a new kind of Leaven, as
it

were,

and

pernicious Malignity;

There could no other Remedy be found,

but by forbidding fuch Perfons

ner of Entrance

into

this

manKingdom,
all

upon Pain of Death: Which at laft, in tke Twenty Seventh Year of her Reign,
was accordingly enafted.

Nor

felicities

of ^ueen ^liz^htih,
it felf,

443

fome little after, when fo mighty a Storm Time broke upon this Kingdom, and had lain upon it with all its Weight, in the leaft take off from the Envy and Hatred of
did the Event
thofe

Nor

Men

but rather encreas'd

it

as
all

if they had divefted themfelvcs of

Affedion to their Country. And afterwards indeed, tho' our Fears oiSpahh

(which were the Occafion of this Severity) were over, or abated at lealt;
yet both confidering that the

Memory

of the former Times was deeply fixt in the Minds and Imaginations of Men, and that it would have look'd like Inconflancy, to have abrogated the Laws already made, or Remifnefs, to have

negleded them and Nature of

the very Conllitution

Affairs fuggefled to the

Queen,

that ihe cou'd not lafely return

to the former State of Things, that had

been before the Three and Twentieth Year of her Reign. To this may be added, thelnduftry of fome to increafe the Revenues of the Exchequer-^ and the Concern of the Mini-

444

-^

Collection
who

of the

Minifters of Juilice,

are

wont

to

conlider or regard no other Safety of

their Country, but

what

confiils in the

Laws; both which required and call'd loudly for the Laws to be put in Execution. HGv\'Lver, the Queen (as a
manifeit Specimen of her Nature) did
fo
far

blunt the

Edge of

the Laws,

that but a

few

Prieits, for the

fuffer'd Death.

Number, Nor do we fpeak this

:

by way of Defence, for thefe Matters Hand in need of none Since both the Safety of the Kingdom turn'd upon this; and the Method and Meafure of all this Severity was far ihort of thofe Bloody Maflacres, that are fcarce fit to be named amongil Chrillians, and fuch too as have proceeded, rather from Arrogance and Malice, than from NecefBut fity; in the Catholick Countries.
being
think

mindful of our Affertion,

we
ilic

we

have made

it

out,

that

was moderate in the Point of Religion, and that the Change which happened, v/as not owing to her Nature, but tp
the NccefTity of the Times.

Of

Felicities

of ^deen Elizabeth.

445-

Of
Proof
mijh

her Conltancy in Religion, and

the greateft

the Obfervance thereof,

is5

That notwithltanding the RoRehgion had, in her Sifter's

Reign, been greatly

lick Authority,

eflablilli'd by puband Abundance of Care, and began now to ilrike deep Root, and was confirm'd by the Confent and Zeal of ail that were in Offices, and

great Place in the State

yet becaufe

it

was not agreeable to the

Word

of

God,
to her

nor to the Primitive Purity, nor own Confcience, fhe did, with
Courage, and with very
abolilh
it.

a great deal of

few Helps,

extirpate and

Nor

did fhe do this precipitately, or in a Heat, but prudently, and feafonably.

may be conjedured, as from many other Particulars, fo by a certain Anfwer of Hers, occafionally made.
this

And

For upon her Throne, when,

Gratulation of

firft

AccefTion

to

the

as a

good Omen, and

the

New

Reign,

the

Prifoners (according to

Cuilom) were

Relea fed,

was going to Chappel fhe was accofled by a certain Courtier who,

as fhe

44<J

w^

Collection

of the

who, from Nature, and

Jefting,

a Cuflom of had aflumed to himfelf a more

than ordinary
ther of
his

Freedom

And

he,

whe-

own Motion,

or fet on by a

Wifer Head, deUvered a Petition into her Hand, and, in a great Concourfe of People, exprefs'd himfelf thus. That there were JH II Four or Five kept Trifiners^ and that for no Re afin at all-. That he came to petition for their Liberty^ as well as for the
refiy

Thofe

were the Four Evangelifis^ and alfo the Apoflle St. Paul, who had been long confind in an unknown Tongue^ as in a, Trifin, and were not fujferd to Converfe with the Teople.

The Queen
it

anfwer'd, with great Prudence, That

them firft^ whether were willing to have their Freethey

was

befi to confult

dom, or

no.

And
;

thus

flie

met

a fur-

prizing Queftion with a wary, doubt-

Anfwer referving, as it were, the whole Matter entirely in her own

ful

Power.

Nor yet did

ilie

introduce this Altera-

tion timoroufly, and by Fits and Starts

but

Felicities

of ^een Elizabeth.

447

but Orderly,Gravely,and Maturely ; after a Conference betwixt the Parties, and the

CalUng,

ment:

and Conclufion of a ParUathus at laft, and that too within the Compafs of one revolving Year, Ihe fo order'd and eftablifli'd all

And

Things belonging to the Church, that ihe did not fuffer the lead Tittle of them to be altered, during her whole Life. Nay, and at every Meeting of
Parliament, almoft, her publick
nition was, that

Admoof the
Reli-

no Innovation might be
thus

made
gion.

in the Difcipline or Rites

Church.

And

much of her

Now,
fered her

Ihould any of the graver Sort

;

aggravate thefe Levities

felf,

That

fhe fuf-

and loved to be Admired, and Courted, nay, and to have Love-Verfes made in her Praife; and
that

continued thefe Things longer than was decent for her Years Yet if
ilie
:

you

even thefe Matters in a milder Senfe, they are not without their due Admiration; fmce they are
take,

fuch Things

as arc

often to be found in

Fa-

44^
Queen

^
in

Collection
as

of the
lilands,

Fabulous Narrations %
the

of a certain
in

Fortunate

whofe Court Love-Making was allowed, but Lafcivioufnefs baniilied But if a hardier Conflruftion be put upon them, even fo they are to be admired, and that very highly too, lince thefe
:

Dalliances

did not
at

much
all

eclipfe her

Fame, and not

her

Majefty;

Government, nor obferv'd to be any Hindrance to were her Affairs. For thefe fort of Things frequently mix with a publick Fortune, and check with Bulinefs. But to Conclude this E s s ay This Princess was certainly Good and Moral and as fuch llie defired to appear: She hated Vice, and lludy'd to grow famous by Honourable Courfes. And indeed upon the naming of her Morals, fomething comes into my
neither relax'd her
:

Mind

to mention.

When

llie

had or-

dered an Exprefs to be written to her Amballador, concerning certain Inftru61ions,

which he was

privately to

impart to the Queen-Mother, of the

Houfe

Felkkies of ^ieen Elizabeth.

449

Houfe

of Valojs

and that her Secre-

tary had inferted a certain Claufe, that

the AmbalTador, to Ingratiate himfelf,

were, ihould fay, That they were two Female Trinces, from whom^ for Experience^ and for the Skill and Arts
as it

of Government^ there was no

J^e&ed,

lefs eX'-

than from the great eft

Men;

She cou*d not

but ordered

bear the Comparifon,

it to be {truck out, and faid. That Jhe nfed quite different Arts and Methods of Government.

alfo not a little pleas'd, if any one by chance had dropt fuch an Expreffion as this, That tho" ftje had /pent her T>ays in a private and mean

She was

have fafs'd her Life without fome Note of Excellence in the Eye of the World, So unwilling was flie that any of her Virtue and Praife ihould be owing to the Grandeur of her Fortune.

Station^ yet jhe could not

But
Praifes,

if I

iliould

enter

upon her
Political, I

whether Moral or
fall

mull either
Places,

into certain

common
tues,

and Commemorations of Vir-

.Vo L.I.

Qg

4yo
tues,

Collection,

gfc.

which would be unworthy fo rare a Prince fs ; or if I would give them tl]^ir proper Luflre and Grace, I muft
run out into a Hiftory of her Life, which requires both more Leifure, and a richer and more copious Vein. For I have given you here but a Ihort Account, according to
to fpeak Truth,

my
is

Ability.

But,

the only proper

En-

comiail of this
for as

Lady
as

Tme

which,

many Ages
far

it

hath run, hath

produced nothing Hke her (of the fame

Sex

the

Adminiibration

of

State.

PARA-

PARABLES SOLO MOK

O
F
Explained,

and Culled out of the Book of Proverbsy for an Example of that Wifdom, whicji \s to be exercifed in Bufinefi;, upon
various Occafions.

Tranflated from his Lordlhip's Eighth

Book, 1)6 Aug. Scientiarum, Ch.

2.

Not before

Printed with the EngUJh Eflays.

The
L

PARABLE,
Anfwer turneth away
i.

[oft

IVrathy Prov. ij.

The Explication. F the Wrath of a Prince,

or

of a Superior, be kindled againft thee, and it now be

gives
be

thy Turn to fpeak, Solomon two Rules One, That an Anfwer made ; The other, That the fame be
:

Ggx

foft.

452
foft.

Counfels touching Bufmefs,

The Former
:

contains three Pre-

Ftrjf^ that you beware of a fad For that either and fullen Silence: charges the Fault wholly upon your as if you had nothing to fay for felf, your felf; or covertly impeaches your

cepts

Mailer of

Injuitice, as if his

Ears were
Se-

not open to a Defence, tho'Juft.

condly, that you beware of delaying and putting off the Things and that you do not crave further Time to give in your Defence For this either fixes the fame Imputation with the former, (which is, that your Lord and Mailer
:

is

exceifive Paiiionate,)

or plainly

fig-

nifies, that
tificial

you
:

are meditating

fome

ar-

Apology, feeing you have no-

thing ready

So

that

it is

ever the beil

way

your Defence, inilantly, and as the prefent Occafion Thirdly^ that by all means iliall fuggeil. an Anfwer be made ; an Anfwer^ I fay
not
a
a

to fay fomething in

mere
not

Qonfeffiony but let there

be

Sprinkling of Apology and Excufe:

'tis

For

iafc to

do otherwife,

unlefs

with very generous and noble Difpolitions

CoiinfeU touching Bufinefs,

tions;

453
It

which are exceeding

Soft^

rare.

follows, in the next Place, that the An-

fwer be

and by no means

Stiff,

or

Rugged.

The
IL

PARABLE,
Servayit Jhall have

A wife

Rule
^

over a Son that caufeth

Shame

and [hall divide the among the Brethren^

Inheritance

Prov.

7. x.

The Explication.
Troubled and Difagreeing there ever arifeth up fome Servant, or Humble Friend, who, beevery INFamily,
ing powerful with both Sides,

may mo-

derate and compofe the Differences that

are

among them
himfelf,
if

and to whom, in that

Obnoxious.

Refpe6l, the whole Family, and the Mailer

are

This
only,

Man,

he aim

at his

own Ends

cherifhes and aggravates the Divifions

of the Family
ful

but

if

he be truly Faithis

and Upright,
:

certainly he

very

deferving

So

that
3

Gg

he ought to be reckoned

4J4

Counfek touching Bufinefs,

reckoned even as one of the Brethren

or at lead to receive a Fiduciary
niflration of the Inheritance.

Admi-

The
III.

PARABLE.
Man
is

Jf a wife

contejls

with a

Fooly

whether he be tn Anger ^ or
there

in Jejly

no ^iety Prov,

19.

9.

WE
Senfe
;

The Explication.
are often admonifli'd, to avoid
this

an unequal Encounter \ in
not to contend

with Terfons than our felves. But it is a no ftronger which Sololefs profitable Inflrudion, mon here fets down. Not to contend zvlth a worth lefs Terfon. For fuch a Bufmefs is ufually tranfa6ted upon very difadvantagcous Terms. For to Overcome, is no Vidory but to be Overcomcj a foul Difgrace. Nor does it avail neither, in the waging a Contefl of this Nature, to deal fometimes by way of Jell, as it were, fometimes with Dif;

dain

Counfeh touching Bufmefs,

dain and Contempt.
thereby, nor ihall

45 j

For which way foever we turn our felves, we lliall Lofe

we

bring our felves

ofF handfomly. But the worft of all is, if the Perfon, with whom we contend, (as Solomon fpeaks) has fomewhat of

the Fool in

him

that

is,

if

he be Con-

fident and Heady.

The
IV.

PARABLE.
not

Lend

an Ear

to all

Words

that are fpokeriy

lefi

perchance

thou hear thy Servant curfe thee^

Ecclef^ 7-

^i-

The Explication.

IT hardly created bance

is
is

credible,

what Diflurby Un-

in Life,

profitable Curiofity, about thofe things

which concern our perfonal Interelt; That is, when we make a fcrupulous Enquiry after fuch Secrets, which, once difclofed and found out, do but caufe Difquiet of Mind, and nothing conduce
|tQ

the advancing of our Defigns.

For,
F'^fi^

Gg

45<^

Counfels touching Buftnefs,

Firfty there follows

Vexation and Un-

eafmefs of

Mind

all

Human

AfFais be-

ing
fo

full

of Treachery and Ingratitude

if there

that,

could

be procured

fome Magical

Glafs, wherein

we might

behold the Hatreds,

Itirring

and whatfocver

malicious Contrivances are any

up

againfl us

ter for us, if fuch a

where would be betGlafs were forthit

with thrown away and broken in pieces.

For Things of

this

Nature are

like the

W'ifperings of Leaves, and foonvanifh.

Mind much with Sufpicions; which is a Capital Enemy to Counfels, and renders
Secondly^ This Curiofity loads the

too

ly^

them Tnconftant, and Perplexed. ThirdThis lame Curiofity very often fixes the Mifchicfs the:nfelves, which would otherwiie pafs by us, and fly away. For it is a dangerous Matter to irritate Men's Confciences who, if they think
;

themfelves

undifcover'd,
;

are
if

eafily

chang'd for the better

but

once they

nd themfelves

difmaskt,

they drive

out one Miichief by another. Wherefore

it*was defervedly reckon'd the higheft

Wifdom

Cotwfels touching Bufmefs,

457
Papers,

Wifdom

in

Tvmfey
all

the Greats that he

inftantly burnt

Sertorius\

unperus'd by himfdf, nor fuffered to be

feen by others.

The
V.

PARABLE.
come as a
as

Th"^ Poverty Jhall

Traveller y

and

thy

Want

an

Armed Man^
The

Prov. d.

11.

Explication.
what manner Prodigals,
of their Eftates, with the Shipwreck of

IT

is

elegantly defcrib'd in this Pa-

rable, after

and fuch

as are carelefs

are furpriz'd

For Debt and Diminution of Stock comes upon them at fir ft. Step by Step, and with foft Paces, like aTraveller, and is hardly perceiv'd: But foon after Want invades them like an artned Man that is, with fo ftrong and potent an Arm, that there is no retheir Fortunes.
;

fitting

faid

it any longer; it being rightly by the Antients, That of all Things

Mecejjlty 'was

the flrongeft.

Wherefore

yJ8
fore

CounfeU touching Bufmefs.

mufl prevent the Traveller; and be well provided againft the Armed

we

Man.

The P A
VI.

R A

B L

E.

He

that inJlruEls
to

a Scorner^

procures

himfelf Reproach;

and he

that reprehends

a wicked
Stain

Many procures to himfelf a

Prov. 9. 7,

The

Explication.
agrees with

That we caft not our Pearls before Swine. But in this Parable the Adions of InfruBion and of
Precept,

THIS

our Saviour's

Reprehenfion

are

diftinguifh'd.

The

Perfons likewife of a Scorner^ and of a

wicked Many are diftinguiih'd. Laftly, That which is retaliated, is diflinguifh'd. For in the Former Part, Lofs of Labour
is

repaid

In the Latter, even a

Stain too. For when a Man inilruiSs and teaches a Scorner^ Firft, there is a Lofs of Time Then Others alfo de:

ride

Counftk touching Bufmefs.

ride his

4J9

and

Attempt as a fruitlefs Thing, Labour ill placed: Lail of all,

the Scorner himfelf difdains the

Know-

But the ledge which he has learnt. tranfafted with greater DanMatter is
ger in the Reprehenfion of the JVzcked: For a wicked Nature not only gives no

Ear to Advice, but turns head

his

againft

Reprehender,

now made odious

at
leall

un-

to him, and either wounds him

prefently

with Reproaches, or

traduces

him afterwards

to others.

The
VII.
his

PARABLE.
is

A wife Son
I.

the Gladnefs of
is

Father j but a fooltjh Son

the Sadnefs of his

Mother^ Prov,

10.

The Explication.

THE

Comforts and

UneafmelTes

Domeflical,

of Father and
wife

Mo-

ther, touching their Children, are here

diftinguilli'd.

For a
is

go vern'd Son

chiefly a

and wellComfort to
the

4^o

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

the Father,

who knows

the Value of

Virtue, better than the Mother:

therefore

And
ToE-

more
:

rejoices at his Son's

it

wardlinefs

Yea, aod

may be

his

ducation of him, that he hath brought

him up fo well, and implanted in him Honeily of Manners, by Preeept and

Example,
with, and
is

Jqy unto him.

On

the

other Jfidc, the Mother fympathizes more

is

more

griev'd at the Cala-

mity of a Son, both becaufe the AfFe^ion of a Mother is more foft and tender, -as alfo perchance from a Confcioufnefs of her Indulgence, whereby fhe
hath tainted and corrupted his tender
Years.

The P A R A B L
VIII.

E.

The Memory of

the

Jufi

is

hlejl; hut the

Name

of th^ Wicked

Jhall putrifjy Pro v. lo 7.

The
the

Explication.
is

HEREFame
Men, fuch

a Diflindion

between
Death^

of Good, and of Bad

as it ufes to

be

after

For

Counfeh touching Buftnefs.

461

For the Name of Good Men, after Envy is extinguiiht, which cropt the Blollbm of their Fame while they were aUve) prefently fhoots out and flourifhes, and their Praifes daily encreafe in Strength and Vigour But for wicked Men, ( tho' their Fame, through the partial Favour of Friends, and Men of
:

their Faftion,

may
and

lafl

for a

little

Time)

a Deteltation of their
fprings

Name

foon after
tranfient

up
it

at lait thofe

Praifes of theirs
hale, as

end

in Infamy,
filthy

were, in a

and exand noifom

Odour.

The
IX.

PARABLE.
own Houfe
1 1
.

He

that troubles his

/ball inherit the Wind^ Pro v.

9.

The Explication.

Very

profitable

Admonition

touching Difcords and Domeftick Breaches: For abundance of People

promife themfelves great Matters, by the Divorcement of Wives; or the

Dif-

4^1

Counfeh touching Bfsfmefs,

or the often
as
if

Dif-inheriting of Sons;

changing of Servants;

thereby

they were of Mind, or a happier Adminiltration

to gain either Tranquillity

of their

Affairs.
to

Hopes turn
for the their

But commonly their Wind, For as thofe Alfpeaking,

terations, generally

are not

of with divers Vexations, and Ingratitude from

better
;

fo thefc Diflurbers

own Family, oftentimes meet

the veryPerfons,
thers)

whom

(paflingby o-

Adopt and Chufe. Nay, by this means they draw upon themfelves ill Rumours and doubtful Rethey
ports:

For
all

it

is

well noted by Cicero^

Omnem famam
That
fiicks.

a 'Domejficis manare.

Reports [{ring from "DomeNow both thefe Evils Solomon

elegantly exprefles

by the Inheritance

fe^lation^ and
rightly

of Winds : For the Frujlrating of ExRaifmg of RumourSy are

compared

to the

Winds.

The

Counfeh touching Bujinefs.

4^3

The
X. Better

PARABLE.
is

the End of a Speech^ than the Beginning thereof^ EcclejC 7.

8.

The Explication.

TH E mon
ihidy

Parable correfts a very comError, not only in thofe that

chiefly; but in the

Words

more

Wifealfo.

It is this,

That

Men are more

follicitous about the .Entrance and Ingrefs of their Difcourfes, than about the

Clofe of them
ditate

And more

exaftly

me-

the

Exordiums and

Prefaces,

than the Conclufions of their Speeches.

But they fliould neither negled Thofe, and have Thefe, as far more material,
ready prepared

and digefted,

about

them; revolving with themfelves, and,

as far as poffible,

fore-cafting in their

Minds, what may be the IfTue at lafl of their Speech, and how BufmefTes may be promoted and matured thereby.

Nor

is

this

all.

Furthermore,

they

ought

4<?4

Counfels touch'mg Bufmefs.

ought not to ftudy Epilogues only, and

Conclufions of Speeches, that are pertifelf But alfo be taken of fuch Speeches too, as may aptly and pleafantly be cafl in, at the very inftant of Departure,

nent to the Buiinefs

fliould

it

Care

altho' they

have no reference
in hand.
I

at all to

the Bufinefs
Counfellors,
doubtlefs, and

knew two
the

Men, Weight of Affairs then principally lay, whofe conftant and peculiar Cuftom it was, as
Great

and Wife

upon

whom

often as they conferr'd with their Princes about their own Affairs, never to

Conference with any Matter referring to that Bufmefs; but always

clofe their

fomething

to feek Diverfions, either to a Jeft, or elfe, that was delightful to

hear, and, as the

Adage

is,

Towajh

off;

at the Coiiclufan of all, their Sea-water Titfcourjes with Fountain IVat er. And
this

was^one of their chief Arts.

The

Counfels touching Bujinefs,

^6^

The

PARABLE.
dead
to

XL As

Flies

caufe the befi

fend forth an ill 0dour\ fo doth a little Folly him

Ointment
that
is

in Reputation for

Wifdom

and Honour y Ecclef

lo-.iE,

The Explication.

THE
ble
;

Cafe of Men,
is

eminent

for

Virtue,
as

very hard and mifera-

the Parable excellently notes

becaufe their Errors, be they never fo

But as in a find no RemiiTion. pure Diamond of great Luftre, the very

fnull,
leaft

Speck, or fmalleft Cloud, ftrikes the Eye, and afFefts it with a kind of

Trouble ; which, in a grofler Stone, would hardly be difcern'd So, in Men

:

of fmgular Abilities, the

ties

leaft Infirmi-

are prefently efpied, talked of, and

feverely cenfur'd
;

more

which, in Men

of moderate Gifts, would either altogether pafs without notice, or eafily find
Pardon.

Therefore in arvery wife Man,

VGL.T,

Hh

^66
a
little

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

Folly
;

in a very
;

honed Man,

fmall Offence

in a

Man

of Courtly

and Elegant Behaviour, a flight Indecency, of Manners, derogates much from their Fame and Reputation. So that it would not be the worfl Courfe
for extraordinary Perfons,
to mingle
as

fome Abfurdities (as done without Vice) in

that they

far

may be
Adions;

their

may

retain a kind of Liberty

to themfelves, and confound the Notes

and Charaders of fmaller Defeds.

The P A
XII. Scornful

R A

E.

but

wife
2j^.

Men Men
8.

infnare a Cityy
divert

Wrath

Prov.

The Explication.

IT may feem ftrange, that in the Defcription of Men made, were,

as
it

and by Nature fram'd for the DilTolution and Ruin of States, Solomon hath chbfen the Character, not of a Proud and Infolent Man, not of a Tyrannical and

Comfels touching Bufinefs.

not of an Impious and
tious

^6-;

^nd Cruel, not of a Ralh and Violent, Lewd, not of an

Unjufl and OpprefTive, not of a Sedi-

and Turbulent Spirit, not of an Incontinent and Voluptuous, nor, in

fine,

of a

Fooliili

and Unable Perfon

ScoRNER. But this is a Judgment mofl worthy the Wifdom of th-at King, who befl knew the Grounds of
but of a
the Confervation,
States.

or

Subverfion

of

For

there's hardly fuch another

Plague to Kingdoms
or Senators, and fuch
ners.
as

and
fit

CommonHelm

wealths, as for Counfellors of Princes,

at the

of Government, to be by Nature Scor-

For fuch Perfons, that they may feem Undaunted Statefmen, ever extenuate the Greatnefs of Dangers;
infult
jufl

and
faint-

over thofe that give them their

as

Weight,

timorous and

hearted People.

All mature Delays in

Confulting and Deliberating, and meditated Debatings of Matters, they fcofF

at, as a

Matter of Rhetorick, and full of Tedioufnefs, and nothing conducing

to the

Sum and liFues

of Bufmefs. Fame,
X

Hh

by

468

Counfek touching Bufmefs.

by which theCounfcls of Princes ihould in an efpecial manner be framed, they defpife as the Spittle of the Moby and as a Thing that will foon blow over: The Power and Authority of Laws they refpeft no more than as fo many Cobwebs, which iliould not prefume to

Hamper
:

Matters of greater Confequence Counfels and Precautions that look forward to Things at a Diflance, they rejeft as Dreams and melancholy Men really Wife, and Apprehenfions well feen in Affairs, and of great Refolution and Counfel, they banter with Gibes and Jefls: In a Word, they at once weaken all the Foundations of Ci:

vil

hich is the more to Government. be attended, becaufe the Thing is done by mining and working under ground, and not by open Force: And it is a

Pradice which
in the

is

not yet fo fufpeded

World,

as it deferves.

The

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

^6^

The
XIII.

PARABLE.
lends

A Prince that
to Liesy

a willing

Ear

his Servants are all

wickedy Prov. ip. 12.

WHEN
Whifperers
breathes, as
it

The Explication.
a

Prince
as to

is

of fuch a

Temper
and

lend an eafie and

credulous Ear, without Examination, to

there were, from the King's lide

Sycophants,

a peflilential Air,

which corrupts and

infeds

all

his Servants.

Some

fearch

out the Fears of a Prince, and aggravate the fame with fidlitious Stories:

Others

ftir

up the Furies of Envy, efpe-

cially againft the belt

Men in

the State

Others waih away their own Filth and Stains of Confcience, by AccufiJtions againft other

Men Others give fail to the PreferAents, and promote the Suits
:

of their Friends, by Calumniating and Traducing their Competitors: Others compofe Fabulous Reprefentations of
their

Enemies,

as

upon

a
3

Stage

and

in-

Hh

finite

470

Coimfels touching Bufmefs,

finite the like.

And

thefe are the Arts

of fuch of the Prince's Servants, as are of a vile and bafe Nature. Nay, and
ihofe alfo that
Difpofition,

are of a

more honeft

and of better Morals, when they perceive their Innocence to behttle or no Security to them, (their Prince
not knowing

how

to

diftinguifh

be-

tween Truth and Falfhood) put off Moral Honefty, and accommodate
themfelves to the Air of the Court, and are therewith carried about in a fervile manner. For (as Tacitus fays of Claudius ) There is no Safety with
that Trince, into

whofe Head all things

were, by Infufion and

are convey' d^ as
T>ire5lion
faith

it

from
;

others.

And

Comines

very well

It is better to be a Ser-

vant to a Prince, whofe Jealoujies have no End, than to a Trince, whofe

Credulity has no Mean,

^^

-Sf.

Jitf,

Tht

Counfeh touching Bufinefs,

471

The

PARABLE.
Man
is
,

XIV. Apifl
cies

merciful
hut the

to

th^

Life of his Beafi

of the

Mer^
cruely

Wicked are

Prov. 12^

10.

The Explication.
is implanted in Man's Nature a noble and excellent Affedlion of Pity and Compaflion, which

THERE
it

extends
je6l to
this

felf

even unto Brute Crea-

tures, that are

his

by divine Ordination fub-

Command.
a Prince

And

therefore

Companion hath fome Analogy

towards
is

jeds.

his Submoil certain, that the more worthy any Soul is, the larger is its CompaiFion. For narrow and degenerate Souls imagine fuch

with that of

Nay

further,

this

things

appertain

not

to

them
it

But

the

Mind

that looks

upon

felf as a

nobler Portion of the Univerfe,

ly affed:ed

is kindtowards inferiour Creatures, is

out of the Communion there

between
them.

Hh

47 2.
them.

Counfeh touching Bufwefs.

Wherefore we feei that there were under the Old Law many Precepts, not merely Ceremgtiial, fo
as Inftrudive

much

of Mercy^ As that of not sating Blood with the Life in it, and
like.

fuch

Even

in

the

Seds of the

Effens and Tythagoreans^ they altogether abftained from eating Flelh.

Which

obtains even to this Day, by an invio-

tants

with fome Inhabiunder the Empire of the Mogul. Nay, the Turks (tho* a Cruel and Bloody Nation, both by Defcent and
lable Superllition,

Difcipline)

yet

are

Alms upon
tion

Brutes, can't bear the

wont to beflow Vexa-

and Torture of living Creatures, what we have faid, fhould perchance feem to countenance all fort of Mercy, Solomon wholfomly annexes, That the Mercies of the Wicked are cruel, Thefe are, when Wicked and

But

left,

Villanous

Perfons are

fpared,

who

ought to be cut off by the Sword of Juftice For this kind of Mercy is more Cruel than Cruelty it felf. For Cruelty
:

is

exercifed upon fmgle Perfons only;

but

; ;

Felicities

of ^ieen Elizabeth.

473

but that kind of Mercy, by a Grant of Impunity, arms and lets loofe the whole

Band of Villanous
nocent.

Men upon

the In-

The
XV.

PARABLE
Fool utters all his

Mind;
fomeii
29*.

hut a wife

Man

referves

what for

hereafter^ Prov.

The Explication.

nPHE

Parable

(it

principally, not the Futility

feems) corrects of vain

Perfons, that eafily utter, as well

what

Ihou'd not be fpoken, as what Ihou'd

Nor

that bold Liberty,

whereby, with-

out Difcretion and Judgment, they fly

at all
rulity,

both

Men and Things Nor Garwhereby they difturb others

;

with their Babble, even to a Surfeit

But another Weaknefs

cret; namely,
a

that

is

morefe-

Regimen of Speech,
is

which, of

ail

other,

the leaft Prudent

and Politick:

It is this.

When

Man
Con-

fo orders his Difcourfe, in private

ferencesj!

474

Co^yifih touching Bujinefs.

ferences, as,

whatever he has

in

his

Mind, which he conceives pertinent

tb

the Matter in hand, to out with it at once, and, as it were, in one Breath,

continued Speech For this huge Prejudice to Bufinefs. For, jF/r/?, a Speech broken off by Interlocutions, and inflilled by PartSy penetrates much deeper than a Continued One; becaufe in a Continued Speech the Weight of Matters is not diilinftly and particularly taken, nor does it by any Reft or Paufe fink in but one Rcafon

and

in a fet

is

drives out another,

fettled in the

before

it

be

fully

Mind
is

of the Hearer.

Se-

condly\

There

no

Man

Mailer of fuch

powerful and happy Eloquence, as at the very firft Dafli to ftrike the Perlbn

he fpeaks
;

to, utterly

Dumb

and Spcech-

fo as not to be able to make fome lefs Reply again, and perhaps objed fomewhat on the other fide. And then it falls out, that what ihould have been

referv'd for Refutation, or Rcplicacion,

being anticipated
hand,
lofes
its

and

tafted

before-

Strength

and Grace.
Thirdly,

Comifth touching Bufmefs,

Tfjirdly,
If a

475

not pour out all he hath to fay at once, but deliver it

Man do

by Parcels,

one thing, and anon caiting in another, he Ihall ftill find, by the Looks and Anfwers of the Perfon
firft

he fpeaks

every particular Pafhim, and in what manfage has affeded

to,

how

ner they have found Acceptance

fo

that

what is Hill remaining to be fpoke, he may, with greater Caution, either

Supprefs, orSeled,

The

PARABLE.
'y

XVI. If the Difpkafure of a Great

Man

up againfl thee^ forfake not thy Place for pliant Derife

meanour

pacifies great Offences^

Ecclef. 10.

4.

The Explication. *T"HE Parable advifes, how a Mati

^
tion

ought

to

demean

himfelf,

hav-

ing incurred the Anger

and IndignaPrecept
is

of his Prince.
Firfiy

The

twofold:

That he

relinquiih

not

47^
not

Counfels touch mg Buftnefs,

:

and Office Secondly^ That with Caution and Diligence he attend the Cure, as in cafe of fome dangerous Difeafe. For Men are wont, when
his Place

once they have perceived their Prince's Difpleafure againft them partly out of an Impatience of Difgrace, partly leil
;

they iliould
frelh

make

the

Wound
may

bleed a-

by coming

into

the Prefence;
fee their

partly that their

Prince

Sorrow and Humility; to withdraw from their Employments; nay, fometimes to refign up the Places and Dignities

they held, into their Prince's Hands.

difallows this
;

But Solomon
as hurtful

way of Cure,
and that cerFor,

and prejudicial

tainly

upon very good grounds,

it

/vr/?, that
lilh

Courfe doth too much pubfelf :

the Difgrace

From whence

both Enemies and Enviers grow more

bold to hurt ; and Friends more timorous to help.
it

Secondly^
pafs,

By

this

means

comes

to

that

the

Wrath
had not

of the Prince,
perhaps of

which,

if it

been made publick, wou d have died it felf, becomes now more
fixt:

Counfeh touching Bufmefs,

fixt:
it

477
as
is

And

having

made an Entrance,

were, upon the Man's Overthrow,

carried on^to his utter Ruin.

Laftly^

this Retiring favours fomething of a Malignant Humour, and of one fallen out with the Times which crowns the
;

Evil of Indignation, with the Evil of Sufpicion.

The

proper Methods therefore of

Cure are thefe. Firft, Above all things let him take heed, left, through any Stupidity, or elfe a Haughtinefs of Spirit, he feem infenfible of the Prince's Dif-

pleafure, or not to be fo affeded with

it,

Duty he ought to be ; that is, he both compofe his Countenance, not to a contumacious Sadnefs, but to a grave and mod eft Penfivenefs; and in
as in

that

all

matters

of Employment,

fliew himfelf lefs pleafant

he and chearful
that

than he was wont to be.

It may be expedient likewife, to make ufe of the Service and Mediation of fome Friend

with the Prince, who may feafonably Infmuate, with what fenfible Grief he is
inwardly afRifted.

4/8

Counfels touching Eufmefs,

Secondly^

Let him

carefully avoid

all,

even the lead Occafions, whereby either

the Thing it felf, which u;as the iirll Caufe of the Indignation, may be re-

vived

or the Prince lay hold of a

new

Occafion to Be difplcas'd with him again,

and upon any Account whatfoever, to

chide him before others. Thirdly^ Let him with
feek
all
all

Diligence

manner of Occafions, wherein

that

his Service

Prince;

may be acceptable to his he may both ihcw a

to re-

prompt and forward Affedion

deem
Prince

his fore-pafl

Offence;

and

his

Servant he

may underdand, what a good may chance to lofe, if he

discharges him.

Fonrthlyy Let him either fagaciouily

lay the Fault

that

it

upon others or infmuate, was committed with no ill In;

tention;

or remonftrate
the Matter
let

their Malice,

who

accufed him to the King, or ag-

gravated

above meafure.

To

conclude,

ligent,

him be every way diand watchful, and intent upon

the Cure.

The

Cotmfeh touching Bufmefs.

470

The

PARABLE.
own Caufe is then comes the other Party
Ftrfl in his
into

XVII. The
Jnfl
\

and enquires
17.

him^ Prov. 18.

The

Explication.
Information in any Caufe,

'T^HE

firft

if it a little fink into the

Mind of

the Judge, takes deep Root, and feafons and prepoirefles him ; fo that it can
out, unlefs either manifeft Fallhood be found in the matter

hardly

be fetch'd

of Information

or

fome

Artifice in

exhibiting and laying open the fame. For a bare and fimple Defence, tho' it

be Jufl and more Weighty, is fcarce of Force enough of it felf, to compenfate

the Prejudice of the
fvvay'd
it

iirft Information, or to reduce the Scales of Juflice, once

down,

to a Balance.

Therefore

is

the fafeit Courfe both for the

Judge, that nothing touching the Merits of the Caufe, be intimated beforehand.

) :

480

Counfeh touching Bufmefs,

hand, until both Parties be heard together; and

if
it is beft for the Defendant, he perceive the Judge Prepoflefs'd,

to labour this principally, (as far as the

Caufe will admit) to difcover fome cunning Shift, and fraudulent Dealing,
pradis*d by the adverfe Party, to the

Abufe of the Judge.

The P A R A B L
XVIII.

E.

He

that delicately brings up

his Servant

from a

Childy /kail
in the

find him contumacious

Prov. 29.
21.

End

The Explication.
and Mafters, by the Counfel of Solomon^ are to keep a Mean in the Difpenfation of their Grace

PRINCES

and Favour towards Servants. This Mean is three-fold: Firft^ That they be promoted by Steps, or Degrees, and not by Leaps: Secondly^ That they be now and then accuflomcd to Repulfes Th'trdfyy (which Machiavel well advifes

Counfek touching Bufinefs.

48

vifes) that they have ever in Sight be-

fore

may

them foraething whereunto they For unlefs thefe farther afpire.

Courfes be taken, Princes doubtlefs will

from their Servants, Contumacy, inftead of a grateful and dutiful Affedion. For from a fudden Promotion arifes Infolence:
reap in the end,
E>ifrefped and

From
denied

a continual

Attainment of their
there is want of wiH be want alfo

Delires, proceeds Impatience of being

:

Laftly^

Where

further Defire, there

of Alacrity and Induitry.

The
XIX.
in

PARABLE.
a
he /hall
not

Man of Dtfpatch hh Bufmefs? He JJoall fland

Seefl thou

before Kings^

be

ranked
Prov. 2 2i

amongfi
29.

mean

Men^

The Explication.

AMONGST
Servants,,

the

good

Qualities

which Princes, in the Choice of

chiefly

refped and require,

li

Vol.

I.

Ce-

48 2

Counfeh touching Bufmefs.

above
the

Celerity and Alacrity in the Difpatch

of Bufinefs,
a:cceptable.

is,

all

reft,

moil

Men

of profound

W ifdom
and
a-

are fufpeded by Kings, as prying into

things with too piercing a Sight ;
able,

by the Strength of their Wit, (as

infenfibly,

with an Engine ) to turn and wind

bout their Mafters

Natures are hated,
in the

ther they will or no.

and wheThen Popular

as thofe that ftand

Light of Kings, and draw the Eyes of the People too much upon themfelves. Men of Courage are often for turbulent Spirits, and more taken enterprizing than is meet. Honeft Men, and of an upright Converfation, are look'd upon as ftiff and morofe,, and not pliable enough to every Nod of their Mafters. To conclude. There is no other good Quality, but is attended with fome Shadow, as it were, wherewith the Minds of Kings may be offended ; But Quicknefs of Difpatch alone has nothing in
it

that can difpleafe.

Again, the Motions of the Minds of Kings are fwift, and impatient of Delays:

Comfeh
lays
:

touching Buftnefs.

4S3

For they imagine they Can do any thing; and that this only is wanting. ThereThat it be done out of hand. fore, above all things, CeMty is moll
acceptable to them.

The

PARABLE.
all the

XX. / faw

Living which

walk under the Sun^ with the fucceeding Toung Prince y that /hall
rife

up

in hisfleady Ecclef 4. i j.

The Explication.

TH E
Princes.
is

Parable notes the Vanity of

are

Men, who

wont

to prefs

and

flock about the defigned SuccelTors of

Now

the

Root of

this

Thing

Frenzy deeply implanted by Nature in the Minds of Men; namely, their being too fond of their own projeded Hopes. For the Man is rarely found, that is not more delighted with
that

the things he hopes for, than with the

things he
enjoys.

Novelty

is

pleafing to
I i

Another thing is, Man's Nature, and

carneftly

484

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

carneftly coveted.

Now in

a SuccefTor

to a Prince,

thefe

two concur, Ho^e

and Novelty, And the Parable hints the fame Thing, which was long ago faid, firft by Tomfey to Sylla^ and afterwards by Tiherius touching Macros That more Men adore the Rlfingy than
the Setting Sun.

Yet, notwithilanding,
are

Princes in PolTeffion

not

much

mov'd with this, nor make any great Matter of it, (as neither Sylla norTVberius did) but rather fmile at the Levity of Men, and do not Hand to fight For Hofe (as one faid) with Dreams is but the T>ream of a Man awake.
:

The

PARABLE.
j

XXI. TToere was a little Cityy and mann'd but by a few and there was a mighty King that drew his Army to ity and ereBed Bulwarks
againji

and intrench' dit round, Nozv there was found w'tthin the
ity

fValls

a poor wife Man^ and he

by

Counfeh touchmg Buftnefs,

485

hj hts iVtfdom rais'd the Siege

but

none remembred that

fame

foor

Many

Ecclef 9.

14, ij.

The

Explication.

TTHE Parable fets forth the depraved

They
rage,

and malignant Nature of Men. in Extremities and Straits commonly fiy to Men of W'ifdom and Coufo foon as the

But Storm is over, they become unthankful Wretches to their Pre But Machiavel^ not without fervers.
before they defpis'd.

whom

Reafon, puts a Queftion, fVhkh of the two has been more ungrateful to welldefervlng Terfons, the ^rince^ or the

Teofle ? But in the mean time he taxes

both of Ingratitude. Notwithftanding, this does not arife folely from the Ingratitude of the Prince or People, but
there
is

generally

added thereto the

Envy

of the Nobility,

who
tho'

in

fecret

repine at the Event,

happy and profperous, becaufe it proceeded not from themfelves. Therefore they both

ex-

j^%6

Counfets touching Buftnefs.

extenuate the Merit of the A<^? ^^^ deprefs the Author.

The
XXII. The

PARABLE.
Way
of the Slothful
is

as

a Hedge of Thorns, Pro v. 15. 19.

The Explication.

THE
feft

Parable points out moft ele-

gantly,

That

Sloth, in

dufion, proves laborious.

the ConFor the Ef-

of Diligence,

Preparation,

not llrike
that the

and of a fedulous is this, That the Foot does againfl any Impediment but
;

Way

is

made

plain, before

it

be entered into. But he that is flothful, and puts off all to the lafl Moment of Execution, mufl needs perpetually, and at every Step, pafs, as it were, thro* Briars and Brambles ; which, ever and
anon, detain and entangle him.

The

fame Obfervation may be made alfo in the Governing of a Family wherein, if there be due Care and Providence ufed, all Things go on peaceably, and,
;

as it

were, of themfelves, without Noife

and

Counfeh tauch'mg Bufmefs,

and Tumult
wanting,
in
:

487

But
cafe
all

if

thofe Things be

of any confidcrable

Commotion,

Things come throng-

ing in to be difpatch*d at once:

The

Servants are in an Uproar; the whole

Houfe
done

rings,

and there

is

nothing well

in that Confufion.

The
XXIII.

PARABLE.
that refpeBs

He

Perfom

Jt4dgment doth not well; for that

Man

will for fake the Truth even

.

for a Piece of Breads Prov. z 8 2

The

Explication.
of

'T'HE
more
Bribes.

Parable mail wifely notes, that,

in a Judge, FaciUty

Temper

i^

pernicious than

For
;

all

Corruption by Perfons do not give

Bribes

is hardly any Caufe,. wherein fomevvhat may not be found, to incline the Mind of the Judge, if he Refpeft Perfons. f^or One Man fliall

but there

be refpeded as his Countryman Ano-= ther,asaFoul-mouth'dMan Another, as

;

Rich Another, as
;
:

a Favourite

Another,
3S

li 4

488
as

Counfeh touch'mgBufinefs.
In fhort,

Recommended by a Friend:
is full

of Iniquity, where ReJpeEi of Ter/ons bears fway ; and for a very

All
as for a Mouthful of flight Matter, Bread, Judgment will be perverted.

The
XXIV.

PARABLE.
that by
is

A poor Man
3.

Exlike

tortion opprejfeth the Poor^

a Land- Florid that

mine^ Prov. 28.

caufes

fa-

The Explication.

T^HIS

Parable was, by the Ancients

exprefs'd and fhadow'd forth under

the F^ble of the two Horfe-Leeches

the Full and the
prefTion
llarv'd,

Empty one. For Opby the Poor, and the Hungerfar

is

more heavy, than Oppref-

by the Rich and the Full ; becaufe it is fuch as narrowly feeks out all Arts of Exadion, and all Corners for Money. The fame Thing alfo was wont to be refembled to Sponges, which, being dry,
fion

fuck in flrongly

but not

foi

when
well

Felicities

of ^teen Elizabeth.

489

well-moiflen'd.

Itrcontains alfoanufe-

ful Inftruction, as well to Princes, thap

they commit not the

Provinces,

Government of
;

or Offices of Charge, to
as alfo

Indigent Perfons, and Bankrupts

to People,
that

they fuffer not their

Kings to ilruggle wiph too

much Want.

The

PARABLE.
Man
is

XXV.
tain

A Juji

falling before

the Wicked^

a Troubled FounSpringy

and a Corrupted
2(5.

Prov. 25.

The Explication.

npHE

Parable advifes.
all

That

States

beware of an Unjull and Infamous Judgment in any Celebrated and Weighty Caufe ; efpecially where not only the Guilty is
things,

ihould, above

acquitted, but the Innocent

condemned.

private Perfons, trouble indeed and pollute the

For

Injuries

ravaging

among

Waters, yet only in the fmaller Streams, as it were: Bur fuch Unjult Judgments
as

490

Connfeh touchmg Bufmefs.

from which Precedents and ftain the very Fountains of Juftice. For when once the Tribunal fides with Injuftice, the
as I mention'd,

are fetch'd,

infeft

State

is

turn*d into a publick Robbery,

and

comes to pafs, 1)t homo homini fit Lufus\ That one Man becomes a Trey to another.
it

manifeflly

The P A R A B L E. XXVI. Make no Friend/hip with

an angry Man-y nor walk thou
with a furious

Many Pro v.

iz. 24.

BY
good
fo

The Explication. how much the more religioufly

Laws of
to

the

Friendiliip amonglt

Men are
the

be kept and obferv'd

is

much

more Caution

to be ufed,

from the very firft, about the prudent Choice of Friends And the Nature and

Humours of Friends,
to be born withal
:

fo far as they conall

means But when they impofe a Neceflity upon us, to behave our
cern our felves only, are by
felves

Counfds touch wg Bufmefs.

fe!ves juft as rhey

4^1
to-

would have us

wards other Men, it is a very hard and unreafonable Condition of Frienihip. Therefore it is of huge Moment, according to Solomons Precept, towards the Peace and Security of our Life, to
have no
tures,

Commerce with Cholerick Naas eafily

an J fuch

dertake,

Quarrels

Provoke, or Unand Debates. For

fuch kind of Friends will be perpetu-

ally

engaging us in Factions and Con;

tentions

fo that

we

ftall

be conftrained,

either to break off Friendfliip, or elfe

be wanting to our

own perfonal Safety,

The P A R A B L E. XXVII. He that conceals a Faulty

feeks Friend hip

but he that re-

peats a Mattery feparates united

Friendsy

Pro v. 17.

9.

The

Explication.
to

T^HE
fold:

and to reconcile Affedions,

compofe DiiFerences> is twoThe One begins with an Ac^ of Ob.

Way

491

Counfeh touching Bufmefs.

is

Oblivion of what

paft:

The

Other,

with a Repetition of Injuries, interlacing Apologies and Excufes. I remember

the Opinion of a very wife Perfon, and a great Statefman ; He that treats a

Teace without a Recapittilation of the Terms of T>iference, that Man rather

deludes

Mens Minds
of Agreement^

with the fweet

than
equitably
a wifer

Name
makes

it uf.
is

But Solomon^

Man
;

of a contrary Opinion approves Amnefty, and forbids Repetition.

than he,

For

in Repetition, or

renewing

of the Caufes of Difference, there are thefe Inconveniences

the

Memory
it
is,

That
cere.

as it v/ere,

Unguis

in

uU
alfo,

Raking
is

in

the Ulcer;

as

that there

Danger of breeding

new

Quarrel, (for the Parties will never agree about the Reafons of the In-

juries.)

And,
in

Laftly,

That
to

it

brings the

Matter

the

lilue

Apologies:

Whereas both

Parties had rather be thought to have remitted an Offence, than to have admitted an Excufe for
it.

The

Counfeh touching Bufmefs.

4^5

The

PARABLE.
-^

XXVIII. In every good Work there Jhall he Abundance hut where

Words do aboundy there commonly

is

Wanty

Prov. 14, 23.

The Explication.

SOLOMON

diftinguiihes,

in

this

Labour of the Tongue, and of the Labour of the Hands, as if Want were the Produ6l: of the One, and Abundance of the Other. For it almoft always comes to
they that talk Hberally, boaft much, and promife mighty Matters, are
pafs, that

Parable, the Fruit of the

Beggars;

and receive no Advantage from thofe Things they talk of. Furthermore, generally fpeaking, they are no way induftrious, or diligent in their

Employment: But only feed and fill themfelves with Words as with Wind.
Certainly, as the Poet fays,

4^4

Co^^fi^^ touching Buftnefs.

^d Jllet
He
On
that
is

eft

firmus.

confcious to himfelf of

Proficiency in his Endeavours, applauds

himfelf inwardly, and holds his Tongue

the other hand, he that knows within himfelf, that he is guilty of iiunting after windy Applaufe, talks abundantly,

and reports Wonders unto others.

The

PARABLE.
is

'^

XXIX. open Reprehenjion

J-

betted

than fecret AffeBion^ Prov. ^^^

-.

The Explication.

^^^

T^HE
"*'

Parable reprehends the Soft-

nefs of fuch Friends as

do not ufe
friends

the Privilege which

Friendfliip gives
their

them,

in admonifhing

with Freedom and Boldnefs, as well of their Errors, as of their Dangers. For what /hall I dv ? (will fuch a
tender-hearted Friend fay)
or ijuhich

way

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

"ji-ay

49 y
him

jhall

I turn my felf? I

love

as dearly as any

And
hiniy

can do another: if any Misfortune fhould befal

Man

I would willingly fut my felf in But I know his Temper: : If I deal freely with him^ I jhall offend him^ at leaft chagrine him; and yet do no good: And I Jhall fooner /?lienate him from my Friendfhip^ than
his Tlace

bring him off from thofe Courfesy which

he has fixt and refolved upon in his Mind. Such a Friend as this, as Effeminate, and Worthlefs, Solomon here

reprehends;

and pronounces,

that

Man may reap more Profit

from a manifeft Enemy, than from a Friend of this fort. For he may chance to hear thofe things by way of Reproach from an Enemy, which a Friend, through
too
per.

much

Indulgence, does but whif-

The

49^

Counfels touching Bufmefs,

The P A
JtXX.
^^

R A
Man

B
is

E.

wife

wary of his

Ways'y a cunning Fool feeks Evaftons^ Prov. 14.

the E XPLICATION.

T^HERE are two Sorts of Wifdom:

The Onej True and Sound
Other,
;

the

Counterfeit and Falfe^ which

entitle

Solomon makes no Scruple to

by the Name of
of
his

Folly,

He

that has ap-

plied himfelf to the former, takes heed

own JVays and

dangers
;

Footings ; Fore;

cafting

Studying Remedies

^fng

the Ajfiftance of good

ill

Men^ Fen-

cing himfelf againjl

Men;
\

Wary

how he

upon a Bufmefs \ and not unprovided of a Retreat Attent

enters

upon Advantages^ Strenuous againjl Impediments',

'with infinite other Things^

which refpe5f the Government of his own Aflions and Steps. But the other Sort is altogether made up of Fallacies and crafty Devices, and relies wholly upon

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

49 ;^

upon hopes of circumventing others, and moulding them to his own Fancy. This the Parable defervedly rejedb, not
only as Wicked,
but as Fooliih
alfo.

For,

//>/?,

it is

by no means in the

number of
our

thofe Things

which are
is it

in

own Power,

nor yet
;

direfted

by any conftant Rule but new Stratagems muft every Day be contrived, the old failings and growing out of Ufe.
Secondly^

Fie that has got the

a Cunning and

Name
Crafty
that

and

Mark of

Man,
Truft:

has utterly depriv'd himfelf of a

principal Inftrument of

Adion

is,

And

therefore he ihall find

all

Things go crofs to his Defires. To conclude, Thefe fame A6ls and Shifts, howfoever thpy look fair, and pleafe much, yet are they moft commonly fruftrated ; which Tacitus hath well obferved Crafty and audacious Comfels (fiys he) are Joyful in the ExpeBa:

tion\ "Difficult in the Maitagement

and

Sad

in the

Event,

Vol,

I.

Kk

The

4j>8

Counfeh touching Bufmefs.

The P A R A B L
XXXI. Be
wife-^

E.

not Righteous

overmuch ^
thou unfea-

nor make thy felf

too excejfively

Why Jhduld'fi
1^-

fonahly facrifice thy Safety ? Eccle 7-

The Explication.

nr^HERE
fays)
this befals

are Times, (as Tacitus wherein great Virtues are attended with moji certain Ruin, And

eminent for Virtue and Juflice, fometimes fuddenly, fometimes But if Prudence be forefeen afar off.
alfo

Men

added to their other Accomplilhments ; that is, if they be wary, and

watchful over their

own

Safety,

then

they gain thus much, that their Ruin

comes fuddenly, from jCounfels altogether hidden and obfcure; whereby both Envy may be avoided, and their Ruin fall upon them unprovided. As for that Niminm (Overmuch) which
is

CouTifek touching Buftnefs.

is fet

499
to be

down

in the Parable,

it is

underftood, not
is

of Virtue

it

felf (in

no Nimium) but of a which there vain and invidious Affedation and Oflentation thereof.

Something

refembling

this,

Ta--

cttus intimates touching Lep'tdus\

fet-

ting it down as a Miracle, that he had never been the Author of any fervile Sentence, and yet flood fafc in fuch
(fays he) whether thefe Things are governed by Fate ; or whe-

cruel Times.

Thought

comes into
ther
it

my

Mifid^

lies
n>

alfi

in our

own Tower^

to fteer

middle Courfe^ at once free both from ^Danger and Indignity, be^

tween deformed Flattery, and abrupt and fullen Contumacy,

Kk

The

jod

Counfeh touch mg Bufinefs.

The
XXXII.

PA R A
Gwe
his

B L

E.

Occafton to a

Wtft
he

Man, and

Wifdom

will

mcreafed, Prov..<>. 9.

The Explication.

npHE
^
that

Parable diftingoifhes between

W ifdom,
is

which

is

grown and
and that and the

ripen'd

into a true Habit;

which fwims only

Conceit, or

in the Brain,

boaftcd in Speech, but

hath not taken deep Root.

For the upon Occafion prefented, whereupon to exercife it felf, is immeFormer,

diately roufed,

addreffcs

it

lelf to

the

Bufmefs, and
that
it

is

fo inlarged

and dilated,
it

feems greater than

felf:

But

the Latter, which, before Occafion, was

brisk and bufie
;

now Occafion

is

given,

becomes amaz'd and confounded; to

the Degree, that the very Pcrfon, who prefum'd himfelf poiTefs'd of it, begins to doubt, whether his Preconceptions of fuch Wifdom were not mere Dreams,
zi\^

empty Speculations.

The

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

joi
E.

The P A
XXXIII.
aloudy
to

R A

B L
it

He

thatpraifeth his Friend

/hall

rtfmg early ^

he

him no

better than

a Curfe^

Prov. 27.

14.

The

Explication,
and
fcafonable

MODERATE
:

Praifes, uttered upon Occafion, conduce mainly to Men's Fame, and Fortune too But Praifes Immoderate, and Noify, and Importunely pour*d put, profit nothing; nay rather, ac-

cording to the Senfe of

this Parable,

do

a great deal of Hurt.

For, Firfty

they

manifeftly

betray

themfelves to

proceed, either from Excefs of

Love

and Kindnefs ; or that they are afFefted and defign'd ; to the end they may rather ingratiate themfelves with the Per-

fon

commended by
fet

falfe

Encomiums,

than

him

Attributes.
deft Praifes

and deferved Secondly^ Sparing and mooff

juft

by

commonly

invite

fuch as
are

JO 2

Connfels touching Bufmefs.

are prefent to add fomething of their

own

to the

Commendation;

eontrari-

wife, profufe
detraft,

and immoderate ones, to

and take away fomething. Thirdly y ( which is the principal Point too much magnifying a Man flirs up

Envy towards him

rate Praifes

fmce all Immodefeem to tend to the Reproach of Others, who are no lefs de;

fer ving.

The

PARABLE.
Faces Jhine in Waters,
to

XXXIV. As

fo Men's Hearts are mamfefi

the Wife, Prov. 27.

19.

The

Explication.

nnHE

Parable dillinguifhes between

Men, and of comparing the Former to Waters, or GlafTes, which receive and rcprefent the Forms and Images of Things whereas the other to Earth, or rude and unpoHih'd are like
the Hearts of wife
;

thofe that are not wife

Stcnc,

v.hcrein

nothing

is

reflec^ted.

And

Counfels touching Bufmefs.

5-03

And
rour

more aptly wife Man compared

the
;

is

the

Mind of

to a Glafs or Mir-

becaufe in a Glafs he can fee his

own
do

Image,

together with the Images

;

of other

Men
the

which

his

Eyes cannot
a Glafs.

alone without the

if

Help of

Now
an

Mind

of a wife

Man

be fo

capable, as to obferve and

infinite
it

Diverfity

comprehend of Natures and

lefs

Manners,
that
it

remains to be endeavoured,
various in
in the

may become no

the Application, than

fentation

it is

Repre-

uifafit^ innumeris Moribus aftus

ertt,

Ov. A. A.

FINIS.

^/r-

X^.;/ v

/,-.,3,/

4\i,.,/

U-

\,
cs