Secondary School Certificate Examination

SSCE- 2024-25

Project Title:
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Name: G.Samiksha Rajagopal

Class: XII B
Roll No:

Teacher Incharge signature:

______________________
Date:
 INDEX

SL NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1. CERTIFICATE 3

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

3 OBJECTIVE 5

4 INTRODUCTION 6

5 APPARATUS 8

6 PROCEDURE 9

7 OBSERVATION 10

8 CONCLUSION 11

9 APPLICATIONS 12

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that G. Samiksha Rajagopal

of class XII B studying in

National Public School, Kalkere with roll number ……………… has satisfactorily
completed the project work in Physics titled
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
as a part of the SSCE course requirement for the academic year 2024-25. The project has
been executed under the guidance of Ms. Beena PG.

(Signature of the Teacher) Date: ……………………

(Signature of the Examiner) School stamp

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my privilege to express my most sincere regards to all who directly or indirectly helped me to complete my
project work.

I, deeply express my sincere thanks to our Principal, Ms. Shyla Purushotham and Vice Principal Ms. Sumedha
Seshu for their noble guidance and providing sufficient facilities which have contributed to the successful
completion of this project.

I take this opportunity to thank my physics teacher, Ms. Beena PG who has helped me with her valuable
suggestions, encouragement & guidance.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my mother for the constant support she has shown toward me. This
project could not have been completed without her help and food.

……………………………………
Signature of the student

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 OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project is to investigate and prove the Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction with the
help of a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong magnet.

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 INTRODUCTION

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will interact
with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of
transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday’s law is the circuit of the
experiments of the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. Electromagnetic induction was discovered
independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the
results of his experiments.

Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. These equations for
electromagnetic are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural
physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host
of technological innovations that define modern society.
In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two
wires around opposite sides of an iron to induce current. Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction,
whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this
description, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the related concept of potentials.

Theory:
Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given closed surface. It
provides the measurement of the total magnetic field that passes through a given surface area. The area under
consideration can be of any size and under any orientation with respect to the direction of the magnetic field.
Magnetic flux symbol: Φ or ΦB.

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The Magnetic flux through a surface is the component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is Weber (Wb) and the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux
meter which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils
to calculate the magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of
vector area S is
Φ= B.S= BScosθ
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field, S is the area of the surface and θ is the angle between the
magnetic field and the normal to S.

The Law:
“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic
flux through the circuit.”

Mathematically, it is expressed as:

ε=−dΦ/dt
Where:

o ε is the induced EMF,

o dΦ/dt is the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop.
o The negative sign in the equation comes from Lenz’s Law, which states that the induced current
will flow in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. This ensures
conservation of energy.
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 APPARATUS

 Insulated copper wire

 Iron rod (core)

 Strong magnet

 Galvanometer (to measure induced current)

 Connecting wires

 Switch

 Ruler (to measure turns of wire)

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 PROCEDURE

1. Take the iron rod and wrap the copper wire around it to create a coil. Make sure to leave enough wire
at both ends for connections.

2. Count the number of turns ‘N’ in the coil and record this number.

3. Connect the ends of the copper wire to the galvanometer to measure the induced current.

4. Ensure the galvanometer is functioning and zeroed out before starting.

5. Move the strong magnet towards the coil quickly. Observe the reading on the galvanometer.

6. Next, move the magnet away from the coil quickly and note the reading again.

7. Reverse the direction of the magnet's movement (i.e., moving it back and forth) and observe any
changes in the current.

8. Move the magnet at different speeds (faster/slower) and note the changes in the induced current.

9. Record all observations.

10. Note how the induced current varies with speed of movement, number of turns, and strength of the
magnet.

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 OBSERVATION

The following observations were made when the experiment was performed:

1. Induced EMF:

- When the magnet is moved toward or away from the coil, it is seen that the galvanometer shows a small
deflection, indicating that an EMF is being induced.
- The direction of deflection is positive when the magnet is approaching and negative when it is retreating
from the coil, demonstrating Lenz's law.

2. Magnitude of Induced EMF:

- It is seen that faster movement of the magnet towards or away from the iron core results in a greater
induced EMF.

3. Reversibility:

- Reversing the direction of motion (e.g., moving the magnet in the opposite direction) reverses the direction
of the induced current, which can be observed as a reversal in the galvanometer's deflection.

4. Lenz's Law Verification:

- The recorded observations consistently support Lenz's law, showing that the induced current always opposes
the change in magnetic flux.

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 APPLICATIONS

Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our
daily life function because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law.

 Electric Generators: It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by rotating coils in a magnetic field.

 Transformers: Transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, allowing for
voltage conversion.

 Induction Motors: Uses electromagnetic induction to produce rotational motion, commonly found in
appliances and industrial equipment.

 Electric Currents in Conductors: Forms the basis for measuring and analysing electric currents in conductive
materials.

 Magnetic Levitation: Employed in maglev trains, where electromagnetic induction provides lift and
propulsion.

 Inductive Charging: Used in wireless charging systems for electric vehicles and smartphones, allowing
energy transfer without direct contact..

 Electromagnetic Flow Meters: Measures the flow rate of conductive fluids based on induced voltage in a
magnetic field.

 Sensors: Utilized in various sensing applications, such as metal detectors and proximity sensors.

 MRI Machines: Magnetic resonance imaging relies on principles of electromagnetic induction for imaging.

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 CONCLUSION

By completing this experiment, it is observed that moving the magnet induces a current in the coil,
demonstrating Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
The amount of induced current is directly related to the speed of the magnet's movement, the strength of the
magnet, and the number of turns in the coil, confirming the principles outlined in Faraday's Law.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Class 12 NCERT Textbook

 https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.britannica.com/science/Faradays-law-of-induction
 Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
 https://www.google.co.in

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