INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

AIM:
To study about the important features, about Mechatronics system.

INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM:

Mechatronics is one of the new and existing fields on the engineering
landscape, subsuming parts of traditional engineering fields and requiring a broader
approach to the design of system that we can formally call as Mechatronics system.
Many industries improving their works through automation which is based
on the inter connection between the electronic control systems and mechanical
engineering.
Such control systems generally use microprocessors as controllers and have
electrical sensors extracting information from mechanical inputs through electrical
actuators to mechanical systems.
This can be considered to be application of computer based digital control
techniques through electronic and electric interfaces to mechanical engineering
problems. Successful design of Mechatronics can lead to products that are extremely
attractive to customer in quality cost-effectiveness.
MECHATRONICS DEFINITION:
Mechatronics may be defined as a multi-disciplinary field of study that
implies the synergistic integration of electronic engineering, electric engineering,
control engineering and computer technology with mechanical engineering for the
design, manufacture, analysis and maintenance of a wide range of engineering
products and processes.

“Mechatronics brings together areas of technology involving sensors and

measurement systems, drive and actuation systems, analysis of the behavior of
systems microprocessor systems”.
The integration across the traditional boundaries of mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering, electronics and control engineering has to occur at the earliest
stages of the design process if cheaper, more reliable; more flexible systems are to be
developed.
APPLICATIONS OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING:
Mechatronics engineering finds application in the following fields.
 Electronic home appliances
 Electronic entertainment products
 Engine systems (cars)
 Large scale application

Schematic Layout of Hydraulic System

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:
Reservoir (or air tank):
A reservoir is an oil supply tank. It is provided to hold the hydraulic liquid
(usually oil).
Pump:
The pump is used to force the liquid into the system.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the pump.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control liquid direction, pressure, and flow
rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the liquid energy into mechanical force or
torque to do useful work. The actuator is the actual working element of the system. The
actuators can be either cylinders (to provide linear motion) or hydro motors (to provide
rotary motion).
Fluid-transfer piping:
The hydraulic Piping is provided to carry the compressed liquid from one place to
another.
 Schematic Layout of Pneumatic System
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:
Reservoir (or air tank):
An air tank is provided to store the compressed air required for the operations.
Compressor:
The compressor is used to compress the atmospheric air so as to increase the
pressure of the air.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the compressor.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control air direction, pressure, and flow rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the air energy into mechanical force or torque
to do useful work.
Fluid-transfer piping:
Piping is provided to carry the compressed air from one place to another.

BASIC SYMBOLS USED IN HYDRAULIS AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:

SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION
Lines
Continuous line - flow line
Dashed line - pilot, drain
Envelope - long and short dashes around two or more
component symbols
Circular
Large circle - pump, motor

Small circle - Measuring devices

Semi-circle - rotary actuator

Square
One square - pressure control function
Two or three adjacent squares - directional control
Diamond
Diamond - Fluid conditioner (filter, separator, Lubricator,
heat exchanger)
 Miscellaneous Symbols

Spring

Flow Restriction

Triangle

Solid - Direction of Hydraulic Fluid Flow

Open - Direction of Pneumatic flow

Pumps and Compressors

Fixed Displacement Hydraulic Pump

Unidirectional

Bidirectional

Variable Displacement Hydraulic Pump

Unidirectional

Compressor

Compressor

Motors

Fixed Displacement Hydraulic Motor

Unidirectional

Bidirectional

Variable Displacement Hydraulic Motor

Unidirectional

Bidirectional

Pneumatic Motor

Unidirectional

Bidirectional

Rotary Actuator

Hydraulic

Pneumatic

Cylinders
Single Acting Cylinder

Returned by external force

 Returned by spring or extended by spring force

Double Acting Cylinders

Single piston rod (fluid required to extend and retract)

Double ended piston rod

Cylinders With Cushions

Single fixed cushion

Double fixed cushion

Single adjustable cushion

Double Adjustable Cushion

Directional Control Valves

Directional Control Valve (2 Ports / 2 Positions)

Normally closed directional control valve with 2 ports and 2

finite positions.
Normally open directional control valve with 2 ports
and 2 finite positions.
Directional Control Valve (3 Ports / 2 Positions)

Normally closed directional control valve with 3 ports and 2

finite positions.
Normally open directional control valve with 3 ports
and 2 finite positions.
Directional Control Valve (4 Ports / 2 Positions)

Directional control valve with 4 ports and 2 finite

positions
Directional Control Valve (4 Ports / 3 Positions)

Directional control valve with 4 ports and 3 finite

positions
*(center position can have various flow paths)
Directional Control Valve (5 Ports / 2 Positions) Normally A Pneumatic Valve

Directional control valve with 5 ports and 2 finite

positions
Directional Control Valve (5 Ports / 3 Positions) Normally A Pneumatic Valve

Directional control valve with 5 ports and 3 finite positions

Control Methods

Manual Control

General symbol (without showing the control type)

 Pushbutton

Lever

Foot pedal

Mechanical Control

Plunger or tracer

Spring

Roller

Roller(one direction only)

Electrical Control

Solenoid (the one winding)

Pilot Operation

Pneumatic

Hydraulic

Pilot Operated Two-Stage Valve

Pneumatic: Sol first stage

Pneumatic: Air pilot second stage

Hydraulic: Sol first stage

Hydraulic: Hyd pilot second stage

Check Valves, Shuttle Valves, Rapid Exhaust Valves

Check valve -free flow one direction, blocked flow In other
direction
Pilot operated check valve, pilot to close

Pilot operated check valve, pilot to open

Shuttle Valve

To isolate one part of a system from an alternate part of

circuit
Rapid Exhaust Valve/Pneumatic

Installed close to an actuator for rapid movement of the

actuator

Pressure Control Valves

Pressure Relief Valve(Safety Valve) Normally Closed
 Line pressure is limited to the setting of the valve,
secondary part is directed to tank
Proportional Pressure Relief

Line pressure is limited to and proportional to an

electronic signal
Sequence Valve

When the line pressure reaches the setting of the valve,

valve opens permitting flow to the secondary port. The pilot
must be externally drained to tank.
Pressure Reducing Valve

Pressure downstream of valve is limited to the setting

of the valve
Flow control valves
Throttle valve

Adjustable output flow

Flow Control Valve

With fixed output (variations in inlet pressure do not

affect rate of flow)
With fixed output and relief port to reservoir with relief for
excess flow (variations in inlet pressure do
not affect rate of flow)
With variable output

Fixed orifice

Metered flow toward right free flow to left

Pressure compensated flow control fixed output flow

regardless of load
Pressure and temperature compensated

With variable output and relief port to reservoir

Flow Dividing Valve

Flow is divided equally to two outputs

Shut-Off Valve

Simplified symbol

Filters, Water Traps, Lubricators and Miscellaneous Apparatus

Filter or Strainer
 Filter

Water Trap

With manual drain

With automatic drained

Filter With Water Trap

With manual drain

Automatic drain

Air Dryer

Refrigerant, or chemical removal of water from

compressed air line
Lubricator

Oil vapor is inducted into air line

Conditioning unit

Compound symbol of filter, regulator, lubricator unit

Simplified Symbol
IOT (Internet OF THINGS)
This center also acts as hub for various research activities related to Internet of Things
and next generation technologies. Mechatronics Center will act as an incubation center
for advance technologies in the Automotive electronics field and will provide the basic
Automotive E&E architecture platform on which students will be able to experiment,
research and innovate on the upcoming trends. Mechatronics is an integration of
interdisciplinary technologies mainly mechanical, electronics and electrical. Today every
industry is facing a challenge to integrate and automate many features for any system,
with mechatronics it is now easy to have simplified designs, rapid machine setups, cost
effectiveness, quick development trials, optimized performance, productivity and
reliability. The rise of IoT will soon bring the factory of the future to reality. such as
Thingworx platform which is the fastest way to unlock the value of the physical-digital
convergence of the IoT.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical devices that
communicate and exchange data with each other over the internet. These devices can
range from everyday objects like household appliances to complex industrial machinery.
The IoT architecture consists of multiple layers that work together to enable seamless
connectivity and data flow. Let's explore the different layers:

IOT Layers
Perception Layer:
This is the physical layer of the IoT, where the sensing and data acquisition devices
reside. It includes various sensors, actuators, and embedded systems that interact
with the physical environment and collect data. Examples include temperature
sensors, motion detectors, and cameras.

Network Layer:
The network layer handles the connectivity aspect of the IoT. It involves the
communication protocols, network infrastructure, and gateways that enable
devices to connect and exchange data. This layer ensures reliable and secure data
transmission between devices and the cloud or other networks.

Middleware Layer:
The middleware layer provides a bridge between the devices and the application
layer. It consists of software components that handle data management, device
discovery, security, and interoperability. Middleware enables seamless integration
and communication among diverse devices and platforms.

Application Layer:
This is the top layer of the IoT architecture, where data is processed, analyzed, and
utilized to derive meaningful insights and trigger actions. It includes applications,
services, and analytics platforms that leverage the data collected from devices. This
layer enables various IoT use cases, such as smart homes, industrial automation,
and healthcare monitoring.

Business Layer:
Although not always explicitly defined, the business layer encompasses the
strategic and operational aspects of IoT deployments. It involves business models,
governance, and decision-making processes related to IoT initiatives. This layer
considers the economic value, scalability, and sustainability of IoT solutions.
INTERNET OF THINGS

While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent
advances in a number of different technologies has made it practical.

Access to low-cost , low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable sensors

are making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.

Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to
connect sensors to the cloud and to other “things― for efficient data transfer.

Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms

enables both businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to
scale up without actually having to manage it all.

Machine learning and analytics . With advances in machine learning and

analytics, along with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud,
businesses can gather insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these allied
technologies continues to push the boundaries of IoT and the data produced by IoT
also feeds these technologies.

Conversational artificial intelligence (AI) . Advances in neural networks have

brought natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal
assistants Alexa, Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing, affordable, and viable
for home use.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that refers to the integration of everyday objects
with the internet, allowing them to collect, send, and receive data. These objects, often
referred to as "smart devices," are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies
to connect and interact with other devices and systems over the internet.

Key Components of IoT

1. Devices and Sensors: These are the physical objects or "things" equipped with
sensors and actuators. Sensors gather data from the environment (e.g., temperature,
motion, light), while actuators can perform actions based on data (e.g., turning on a
light).
2. Connectivity: IoT devices need a means to communicate with each other and with
central systems. This is achieved through various communication protocols and
technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks.
3. Data Processing and Analysis: Once data is collected, it is processed and analyzed.
This can be done locally on the device (edge computing) or remotely in the cloud. The
goal is to extract meaningful insights from the data.
4. User Interface: Users interact with IoT systems through applications or dashboards
that provide data visualization and control. For example, a smartphone app might
allow users to monitor and control their home’s heating system.
5. Cloud Computing: The cloud provides scalable storage and computational power to
handle large amounts of data generated by IoT devices. It supports advanced analytics,
machine learning, and data integration.

Applications of IoT

1. Smart Homes: IoT enables home automation through smart devices like thermostats,
lights, and security cameras. These systems can be controlled remotely and can learn
user preferences to optimize comfort and energy use.
2. Healthcare: IoT devices such as wearable health monitors and remote patient
monitoring systems track vital signs, medication adherence, and overall health,
allowing for more personalized and timely medical care.
3. Industrial IoT (IIoT): In manufacturing and other industries, IoT sensors monitor
equipment performance, predict maintenance needs, and optimize production
processes, leading to increased efficiency and reduced downtime.
4. Smart Cities: IoT is used to enhance urban infrastructure, such as smart traffic
management systems, waste management, and energy distribution. These systems aim
to improve quality of life, reduce environmental impact, and enhance public services.
5. Agriculture: IoT devices monitor soil conditions, weather patterns, and crop health.
This data helps farmers make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and
pest control, leading to better yields and resource management.

Benefits of IoT

1. Efficiency and Automation: IoT automates routine tasks and optimizes processes,
leading to greater efficiency and reduced manual intervention.
 2. Data-Driven Insights: IoT provides real-time data that can be analyzed to make
informed decisions, predict trends, and improve overall performance.
3. Enhanced Convenience: IoT devices make everyday tasks more convenient by
allowing remote control and automation of home and office systems.
4. Improved Safety and Security: IoT enables enhanced monitoring and control of
security systems, leading to better protection of people and property.

Challenges and Considerations

1. Security and Privacy: With the proliferation of connected devices, ensuring data
security and privacy becomes crucial. IoT systems are potential targets for
cyberattacks, and robust security measures are needed to protect sensitive
information.
2. Interoperability: IoT devices from different manufacturers need to work together
seamlessly. Standardization and interoperability are ongoing challenges in the IoT
ecosystem.
3. Data Management: Handling the vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices
requires efficient storage, processing, and analysis capabilities.
4. Scalability: As the number of connected devices grows, scaling IoT systems to handle
increased data and connectivity demands can be challenging.
5. Ethical and Legal Issues: The use of IoT raises questions about data ownership,
consent, and the ethical use of information.

Future Trends

1. AI and Machine Learning Integration: Combining IoT with AI and machine learning
will enable more advanced data analytics, predictive maintenance, and autonomous
systems.
2. 5G Connectivity: The rollout of 5G technology will enhance IoT capabilities by
providing faster and more reliable connectivity, supporting a greater number of
connected devices.
3. Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source (on the device or at the edge of
the network) will reduce latency and improve real-time decision-making.
4. Energy Efficiency: Advances in energy harvesting and low-power devices will make
IoT systems more sustainable and cost-effective.

In summary, IoT is transforming how we interact with the world around us, offering
significant benefits across various sectors while also presenting new challenges. Its continued
evolution will likely shape many aspects of our daily lives and business operations in the
years to come.