Senior Secondary Course

Learner’s Guide, Mathematics (311)

20

Matrices
Definition
A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows equal, then it is called a Square Matrix.
and columns, is called a Matrix. This arrangement Thus A = [aij]m × n is a Square Matrix if
is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets. A m=n
matrix is represented by capital letters A, B, C etc.
and its element are by small letters a, b, c, x, y etc.
Singleton Matrix :
Order of Matrix If in a Matrix there is only one element
A matrix which has m rows and n columns is then it is called Singleton Matrix. Thus
called a matrix of order m × n. A = [aij]m × n is a Singleton Matrix if m =
A matrix A of order m × n is usually written in the n = 1.
following manner-
Null or Zero Matrix :
 a 11 a 12 a 13 ...a 1 j ...a 1n  If in a Matrix all the elements are zero
a a 23 a 23 ...a 2 j ...a 2 n 
 21 then it is called a zero Matrix and it is
 ..... ..... ..... ..... .....  generally denoted by O.
A=   or
 a i1 a i2 a i3 ...a ij ...a in 
Thus A = [aij]m × n is a zero matrix if aij =
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
  0 for all i and j.
a m1 a m2 a m 3 ...a mj ...a mn 
Diagonal Matrix :
i  1, 2,......m If all elements except the principal
A = [aij]m × n where
i  1, 2,......n diagonal in a Square Matrix are zero, it
Here aij denotes the element of ith row is called a Diagonal Matrix. Thus a
Square Matrix
and jth column.
A = [aij] is a Diagonal Matrix if aij = 0,
Types of Matrix
when i ≠j
Row matrix :If in a Matrix, there is only
Scalar Matrix :
one row, then it is called a Row Matrix.
If all the elements of the diagonal of a
Thus A = [aij]m × n is a row matrix if m =
diagonal matrix are equal , it is called a
1.
scalar matrix. Thus a Square Matrix A =
Column Matrix : [aij] is a Scalar Matrix is
If in a Matrix, there is only one column, 0 i  j
then it is called a Column Matrix. aij =  where k is a constant.
k i  j
Thus A = [aij]m × n is a Column Matrix if
Unit Matrix :
n = 1.
If all elements of principal diagonal in a
Square Matrix If number of rows and
Diagonal Matrix are 1, then it is called
number of column in a Matrix are
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 Senior Secondary Course
Learner’s Guide, Mathematics (311)

Unit Matrix. A unit Matrix of order n is obtained by multiplying every element

denoted by In. of A by k is called scalar multiplication
Thus a square Matrix of A by k and it is denoted by
A = [aij] is a unit Matrix if kA thus if A = [aij]m × n then
1 i  j kA = Ak = [kaij]m × n
aij = 
0 i  j Properties of Scalar Multiplication :
Equal Matrix : If A, B are Matrices of the same order
Two Matrix A and B are said to be equal and 𝛼, µ are any two scalars then -
Matrix if they are of same order and (i) 𝛼 (A + B) = 𝛼 A + 𝛼 B
their corresponding elements are equal.
(ii) 𝛼 (µA) = (𝛼 µ) A = µ(𝛼 A)
Addition and subtraction of matrix
If A [aij]m × n and [bij]m × n are two matrices of Multiplication of matrices
the same order then their sum A + B is a If A and B be any two matrices, then
matrix whose each element is the sum of their product AB will be defined only
corresponding element. when number of column in A is equal to
i.e. A + B = [aij + bij]m × n the number of rows in B. If
A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]n × p then their
Similarly their subtraction A – B is
product AB = C = [cij], will be matrix of
defined as
order m × p, where
A – B = [aij – bij]m × n n

Properties of Matrices addition : (AB)ij = Cij = a

r 1
ir b rj

If A, B and C are Matrices of same

6.1 Properties of Matrix Multiplication :
order, then-
If A, B and C are three matrices such
(i) A + B = B + A ( Commutative Law)
that their product is defined, then
(ii) (A+ B) + C = A + (B + C)
(i) AB ≠BA(Generally
( Associative Law) notcommutative)
(iii) A + O = O + A = A, where O is (ii) (AB) C = A (BC) (Associative Law)
zero matrix which is additive (iii)IA = A = AI
identity of the matrix.
I is identity matrix for matrix
(iv) A + ( – A) = 0 = (–A ) + A where (– multiplication
A) is obtained by changing the sign (iv) A (B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive
of every element of A which is Law)
additive inverse of the Matrix

Transpose of a Matrix
Scalar multiplication of matrix
Let A = [aij]m × n be a matrix and k be a The matrix obtained from a given matrix A
number then the matrix which is by changing its rows into columns or
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 Senior Secondary Course
Learner’s Guide, Mathematics (311)

columns into rows is called transpose of (i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T

Matrix A and is denoted by AT or A´.
If order of A is m × n, then order of AT is n (ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
× m. (iii) adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
Properties of Transpose :
(iv) (A–1)–1 = A
T T
(i) (A ) = A 1
(v) |A–1| = = | A | –1
(ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT |A|

(iii)(AB)T = BT AT
(iv) (kA)T = k(A)T
Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix Check Your Progress
A = [aij] is called symmetric matrix if aij =
aji for all i,j or AT = A
1 If A is a matrix of order 3 × 4, then
Skew - Symmetric Matrix : A square each row of A has-
matrix A = [aij] is called skew -
(A) 3 elements (B) 4 elements
symmetric matrix if aij = – aji for all
(C) 12 elements (D) 7 elements
i, j or AT = – A
2 In the following, upper triangular
Every square matrix A can uniquelly be
matrix is-
expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew
1 0 0  5 4 2 
symmetric matrix i.e. 0 2 0  0 0 3 
(A)   (B)  
1  1  3 0 3 0 0 1
A =  (A  A T ) +  ( A  A T )
 2   2 
2 1 
0 2 3 
Inverse of Matrices (C)   (D) 0 3
If A and B are two matrices such that 0 0 4  0 0
AB = I = BA 3 In the following, singular matrix is-
then B is called the inverse of A and it is 2 3 3 2
(A)   (B)  
denoted by A–1, thus 1 3 2 3
A–1 = B  AB = I = BA 1 2
(C)   (D) 
 2 3

adj A 1 0 4 6
A–1 =
|A|

Thus A–1 exists  |A| ≠0 5 2 2 3 

4 If A =   and B =  , then
1 0 5 1
Properties of Inverse Matrix :
|2A – 3B| equals-
Let A and B are two invertible matrices
of the same order, then (A) 77 (B) –53
(C) 53 (D) –77
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 Senior Secondary Course
Learner’s Guide, Mathematics (311)

5 If A and B are matrices of order m × n

and n × n respectively, then which 11 If A, B, C, are three matrices, then
of the following are defined- AT + BT + CT is -
(A) zero matrix (B) A + B + C
(A) AB, BA (B) AB, A2
(C) – (A + B+ C) (D) (A + B + C)T
(C) A2, B2 (D) AB, B2
3 2  1 2
 3 1
12 If A =   and B =   , then
6 If A =   and A2 + kI = 8A, then 1 4  1 1 
7 5 correct statement is -
k equals (A) AB = BA (B) AAT = A2
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) AB = B2 (D) None of these
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/16
cos   sin 
13 If A=  , then AAT
7 If A,B,C are matrices of order 1 × 3, 3  sin  cos  
× 3 and 3 × 1 respectively, the equals-
order of ABC will be- cos 2  sin 2
(A)  
(A) 3 × 3 (B) 1 × 3  sin 2 cos 2 
cos 2  sin 2  
(C) 1 × 1 (D) 3 × 1 (B)  2 2 
 sin  cos 
1 0
1 1   1 1  (C)  
8 If A =  , B =  , then- 0 1 
2 2  1  1
0 0 
(A) AB = 0 (B) AB = 2I (D)  
0 0 
(C) BA = 0 (D) B2 = I
0 5  7
1 2 3 4  5 0
9 If A =   and B =   , 14 Matrix  11  is a-
 1 2  2  2  7  11 0 
then (AB)T is-
(A) Diagonal matrix
11  2  11 5
(A)   (B)   (B) Upper triangular matrix
 5  6   2  6
(C) Skew-symmetric matrix
7 1 7 0
(C)   (D)   (D) Symmetric matrix
0  8 1  8
15 If A and B are square matrices of
10 If A and B are matrices of order m same order, then which of the
× n and following is skew-symmetric-
n × m respectively, then the order of A  AT A T  BT
(A) (B)
matrix BT (AT)T is - 2 2
(A) m × n (B) m × m A T  BT B  BT
(C) (D)
(C) n × n (D) Not defined 2 2
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Mathematics,(311)
 Senior Secondary Course
Learner’s Guide, Mathematics (311)

Stretch Yourself

4 7 
1. Find the inverse matrix of  
1 2 
1 2 3 
2. If A = 2 3 4 , then find the value
0 0 2
of adj (adj A) is-
1 2  1 0
3. If A =  ,B=   and X is a
3  5 0 2 
matrix such that A = BX, then find
the value of X

Hint to Check Your Progress

1B ,2 B, 3 D, 4 B, 5 D, 6 B, 7C,
8 A, 9C, 10 D, 11 D ,12 D ,13 C ,14 C
,15 D,

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