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dealt with §§ 24 foll. See Schiller ii pp 124-6.
[1743] dediticios se divitum faciunt et quasi in ius eorum
dicionemque trascendunt.
[1744] addicunt, a technical law term.
[1745] possesio ... capitatio.
[1746] pervasio = attack, encroachment. Cf cod Th ii 4 §§ 5, 6.
[1747] fundos maiorum expetunt et coloni divitum fiunt.
[1748] iugo se inquilinae abiectionis addicunt. See cod Th v 18
(10) de inquilinis et colonis, cod Just xi 48 § 13.
[1749] fiunt praeiudicio habitationis indigenae. That is, by
prescription they acquire a new origo. See cod Th v 17 (9) §§ 1,
2, 18 (10), cod Just xi 64 § 2, 48 § 16.
[1750] extraneos et alienos; that is, belonging to someone
else.
[1751] et miramur si nos barbari capiunt, cum fratres nostros
faciamus esse captivos?
[1752] I think de Coulanges is too severe on the rhetoric of
Salvian (pp 141-3). After all, the Codes do not give one a
favourable picture of the later colonate, and the Empire did fall in
the West.
[1753] This arrangement was especially frequent in the East.
See on Libanius pp 400-1, and cod Th xi 24 de patrociniis
vicorum, cf cod Just xi 54. But so far as individuals were
concerned it was widespread.
[1754] Seeck cites cod Th iii 1 § 2 [337], xi 1 § 26 [399], 3 §§
1-5 [319-391], and for the legal tricks used to defeat the rule xi 3
§ 3.
[1755] de gub Dei v § 18 quae enim sunt non modo urbes sed
etiam municipia atque vici ubi non quot curiales fuerint tot tyranni
sunt?
[1756] From adscribere, to record the liability of the lord, his
coloni came to be called adscripticii. Weber Agrargeschichte p
258.
[1757] Cod Th xi 1 § 26 [399] refers especially to Gaul. He is
servus terrae in fact, as Weber Agrargeschichte p 258 remarks.
 [1758] In Esmein’s Mélanges [1886] there is an excellent essay
on some of the letters of Sidonius discussed here, forestalling a
number of my conclusions.
[1759] See Seeck ii 175 foll.
[1760] Sidon epist i 10.
[1761] See Dill, Roman Society in the last century of the
Western Empire, p 179.
[1762] See epist ii 2, 9, 14, iv 24, viii 4.
[1763] epist vii 12 § 3.
[1764] quia sic habenas Galliarum moderarere ut possessor
exhaustus tributario iugo relevaretur.
[1765] Instances in epist iii 1, vi 10.
[1766] epist iii 5.
[1767] suffragio vestro.
[1768] epist vi 10.
[1769] domesticis fidei, already, it seems, a stereotyped
phrase. See Ducange.
[1770] debitum glaebae canonem.
[1771] epist vi 12.
[1772] See Dill, book iv ch 3.
[1773] aggeres publici, cf epist ii 9 § 2, iv 24 § 2. It is an
official expression, used by jurists.
[1774] No doubt some were castles, more or less defensible.
The burgus of Leontius by the Garonne was such, cf carm xxii
121-5.
[1775] epist i 6, vii 15, viii 8.
[1776] epist ii 14.
[1777] epist iv 9 § 1, vii 14 § 11. liberti mentioned vii 16. See
Dill p 178.
[1778] epist viii 4 § 1.
[1779] epist ii 2. Cf Dill pp 168-72.
[1780] In epist iii 9 is a curious case of a farmer who owned
slaves and in his slack simplicity let them be enticed away to
Britain.
 [1781] Dill p 220, citing epist iv 24. See Esmein pp 377-83 for
the legal points of the case.
[1782] centesima, that is 1% per mensem, I suppose.
[1783] epist ix 6. See Dill pp 174-5.
[1784] epist v 19.
[1785] sub condicione concedo, si stupratorem pro domino iam
patronus originali solvas inquilinatu.
[1786] mox cliens factus e tributario plebeiam potius incipiat
habere personam quam colonariam.
[1787] He calls his solution compositio seu satisfactio. Esmein
pp 364 foll shews that compositio was now a regular expression
for the practice of avoiding the strict Roman Law, under barbarian
and ecclesiastical influences.
[1788] See Index, inquilini, and de Coulanges pp 65, 74, 85.
[1789] See de Coulanges pp 100-1.
[1790] See this question fully discussed by Esmein pp 370-5.
Also the doubts of de Coulanges pp 101, 104.
[1791] For this point see Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 314-5.
[1792] Cod Th v 18 [10] si quis colonus originalis vel inquilinus
... etc. And below, originarius [419]. Cod Just xi 48 § 13 inquilinos
colonosve, quorum quantum ad originem pertinet vindicandam
indiscreta eademque paene videtur esse condicio, licet sit
discrimen in nomine, ... etc, and § 14 causam originis et
proprietatis. The limiting word paene may refer to difference in
mode of payment of taxes. These laws, retained in cod Just, date
from 400.
[1793] Seeck just cited. Weber, Agrargeschichte p 257.
[1794] E Meyer Kl Schr p 185 takes the words of Aristotle Pol i
2 § 5 ὁ γὰρ βοῦς ἀντ’ οἰκέτου τοῖς πένησίν ἐστιν as proving that
even in Ar’s time the small farmer had to do without a slave. I
think they prove that if he could not afford a slave he must do
with an ox only. For the additional protection of the ox see Index.
Cf Maine, Early Law and Custom pp 249-51.
[1795] E Meyer Kl Schriften p 179 will only use the word slaves
of a part of these, but the distinction does not matter here.
 [1796] See Dig xxxii § 99 (Paulus), and xxxiii 7 passim,
especially § 25¹.
[1797] That religious scruple was opposed to keeping members
of the same race-unit in slavery is most probable. This trans
Tiberim rule is known from Gellius xx 1 § 47, referring to debt-
slaves. Greeks however, even when abhorring the enslavement of
Greek by Greek in principle, did not discontinue the practice. E
Meyer Kl Schr p 202 compares the medieval scruple in reference
to brother Christians. See also his remarks p 177. For Hebrew law
and custom see Encyclopaedia Biblica (1903) vol iv and Hastings’
Dictionary of the Bible (1902) vol iv, articles Slavery.
[1798] Different also from the position of a food-producer class
in a great territorial state, being based on local conditions.
[1799] Illustrated with great clearness in the provisions of the
Gortyn laws.
[1800] Varro RR i 17 § 2 on obaerarii or obaerati.
[1801] The relative importance of land and the means of
cultivation [especially oxen] in early times, the power thus gained
by chiefs granting cattle to tenants, and the connexion of these
phenomena with legends of debt-slavery, are instructively
discussed in Maine’s Early history of Institutions, lecture vi.
[1802] Mr G G Coulton kindly reminds me of an analogy
observable in the history of Art. It is progressive on simple lines
up to a certain point. Then it begins to ramify, and differences of
taste become more acute. Hence an anarchy of taste, driving
men to yearn (like Ruskin, Morris, etc.) for the old simplicity. So
the peasant up to a point is useful and noble. But fresh currents
of civilization alter his position. Then men yearn for the old
simplicity, only defective through being essentially simple.
[1803] Mr Zimmern, The Greek Commonwealth pp 265 foll, has
some interesting remarks on craftsmen as wage-earners, and
points out their preference for serving the state rather than
private employers. The latter plan would have put them almost in
the position of slaves.
[1804] When food was provided, we must reckon it as part of
his wage.
[1805] A vast number of Greek records of manumission refer to
such cases.
 [1806] See Francotte, L’Industrie dans la Grèce ancienne book
iichap 5, La concurrence servile. I cannot follow E Meyer Kl Schr
pp 198-201. And the oft-cited passage of Timaeus (Athen vi 264
d), where free Phocians object to slaves taking their employment,
refers solely to domestic and personal attendance.
[1807] Of this there is abundant American evidence from
writers on Slavery. The hired slave sometimes got a higher wage
than the hired freeman.
[1808] See Whitaker’s Almanack, and the exposure of an
impudent agency for the purpose in the Times 15 Sept 1914.
[1809] Compare Wendell Phillips ‘Before this there had been
among us scattered and single abolitionists, earnest and able
men; sometimes, like Wythe of Virginia, in high places. The
Quakers and Covenanters had never intermitted their testimony
against slavery. But Garrison was the first man to begin a
movement designed to annihilate slavery.’ Speech at G’s funeral
1879.
[1810] Prof Bury, Idea of Progress p 275, points out that Guizot
noted that Christianity did not in its early stages aim at any
improvement of social conditions.
[1811] The conclusions reached in this paragraph are in
agreement with E Meyer Kl Schr pp 151-2, 155, 205, 209. But he
seems to put the decline of the slave-gang system rather earlier
than I venture to do.
[1812] We must bear in mind that a tenant was naturally
unwilling to work for a margin of profit not to be retained by
himself. Hence the tendency to find means of constraining him to
do so.
[1813] coloni or quasi coloni, cf Dig xv 3 § 16, xxxiii 8 § 23³, or
xxxiii 7 §§ 12³, 18⁴, 20¹, and numerous other references.
[1814] The compulsory tenure of municipal offices is commonly
cited as illustrating the pressure even on men of means. It began
in the second century. See Dig l 1 § 38⁶, 2 § 1 [Ulpian], 4 § 14⁶
[Callistratus citing Hadrian], and many other passages. Notable is
l 4 § 4¹ honores qui indicuntur [Ulpian].

[1815] This topic is the subject of Churchill Babington’s Hulsean

dissertation, Cambridge 1846. I learn that a pamphlet by Brecht,
Sklaverei und Christentum, takes a less favourable view, but have
not seen it. The survival of the colonate and its heavy burdens in
the early Middle Age are treated by de Coulanges, particularly in
connexion with the estates of the Church.
[1816] The slow progress of emancipation is referred to by E
Meyer Kl Schr p 178, of course from a very different point of
view. He mentions that slavery was not completely forbidden in
Prussia till 1857, and is against its abolition in German colonies.
Seeley in his Life of Stein points out that the armies of Frederic
the Great were mainly recruited from serfs.
[1817] The Turk and his Rayahs furnishes a very striking
illustration.
[1818] E Meyer, Kl Schr p 188.
[1819] Since writing this section I have found in Prof Bury’s
Idea of Progress pp 269-70 a passage which seems to justify the
objection here raised, though it occurs in a different connexion.
[1820] It is perhaps hardly necessary to refer to the great
economic disturbance caused by the Black Death in fourteenth
century England.
[1821] John Spargo, Bolshevism, the enemy of political and
industrial Democracy. London, J Murray 1919. I think I may
accept the author’s evidence on the points here referred to,
confirmed as it is by other observers. See his remarks pp 69, 156,
275, 278, in particular. That the same sharp distinction between
peasant and wage-earner is drawn by the Socialists in other
countries also, and is to them a stumbling-block, is clearly to be
seen in King and Okey’s Italy today. See appendix.
[1822] A remarkable article in the Times of 10 May 1920
describes the influences tending in the opposite direction in the
United States, particularly the workman’s prospect of
proprietorship.
[1823] For the survival of the colonate in the West see de
Coulanges pp 145-86.
[1824] See Krumbacher’s history of Byzantine Literature in
Iwan Müller’s Handbuch, and Oder’s article in Pauly-Wissowa.
[1825] Varro RR i 17 §§ 3, 4.
[1826] In the Journal of Hellenic Studies 1910 and 1912. There
the views of Zachariä are discussed.
[1827] The truth seems to be that serfage had never become
so widespread in the East as in the West, as Mr Bouchier, Syria as
a Roman Province p 181, points out.
[1828] Vol ii pp 418-421.
[1829] Sir W. Herringham, A Physician in France, pp 167-8 on
Peasantry as a strength to the State.
 INDICES
Where the reference is less direct, the figure is given in brackets

I GENERAL

Agriculture, etc.
Accommodation-labour, mutual between neighbours, 170,
333-4
Accommodation land, 190-1
Aqueducts, 293-6
asses, 107, 330, 334, 400, 422
contempt for, 12, 69, 145-7, 160, 334
Decay of, general, 337, 383, 387, 393
Decay of, in Greece, 11, 96, 104, 127, 129, 132, 300 foll.
Decay of, in Italy, 11, 14, 143-4, 147, 154 foll., 163, 174,
209-10, 250-1, 265, 271-2, 281 foll., 288, 299, 358,
365, 404 foll.
Delegation of management, 432-3
growth of distaste for, 42, [79], 88, [119], 124, 251, [278],
302
Importance and recognized value of, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 82, 141,
200, 204-6, 212, 226, [280], 283, 400, 437, 444
improved by knowledge of foreign countries, 179, [251]
Industrializing of, 146-7, 150-1, 168-9, 203-4, 445, 447, 452
in Peloponnesus, 30, 49, 50, [69], 82, 118, 120, 122-3,
128-9
in the East, 303-5
Landed peasantry not ‘proletarian’, 457-8
Military point of view, 3, 8-11, 64-5, 74-5, 122, [128], 132,
133, 147, 152, 163, 166, 176, 213-4, 283, 395-7, 438,
 440
Moral or civic point of view, 3, 11, 31, 64, 70, 83, 96, 107-
8, 124, 133, 135 foll., 166, 213, [277 foll.], 281 foll.,
302, 439-40, 445, 458
need of capital, 47, [67], 83, 104, 144, 154, 174, 200-1,
204, [225], 250, 255, 320, 345, 365
problem of food-supply, 3, 9, 14, 15, [19], 29, 30, 47, 48,
62, 66, 77, 81, 87, 92, 96, 118-9, 132, 208, 211, 283,
288, 309, [326], 332, [337], 339, 347, 357-8, 375,
379, 382-4, 387-98, 403, 406-8, 411-2, 416, 427-8,
460-1
Property and proprietary rights, 436
Punic, 151, 164, [168], [179], 203-4, [282], 353
remunerative or not, 14, 41, 83, 107, 111, 154-60, 166,
169, 174, 186, [193], 201, 205, 252-3, [268], [277],
284, 306, 308-10, 318, 320-2, 351, 365, 404-5

Barbarian and Greek, 27, 28, 31-2, 34, 54-5, 78-9, [112], 113,
[164]
Barbarian lords and Roman subjects, 427
Barbarians and the Roman army, 14, 210, 270, 273, 292, 339,
382, 387, 397, 413-4, 417-8
Barbarians, fertility of, 382
Barbarians, settlement of, within Roman Empire, 337-8, 340,
360, 384, 414-5, 416, 426, 431
Bee-keeping, 184, 228, 230, [266], 309
Beggars, 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 243, 392
Book-keeping on great estates, 249-50, 258-9, [264], 335, 368
Bucolic poetry, 115-6, 218-20, 280
Capitalism and employment of labour, 2, 36, 48, 55, 57-8, 70-1,
107, 150, 151-2, 156 foll., 173, 220, 254, 302, 441, 443,
454-6
Capitalism, growth of, 13, 25, 33, 36, 47-8, 49, 58, 70, 76, 83,
[106], 129, 142-4, 212, 282, 288 foll., 314
Capitalist influence hostile to free peasantry, 151-2, 201, [212],
[297]
Capitalist profiteers, 403
cases, query, hypothetical?, 264, 304-5
Caste and gild system of later Roman Empire, 210, 212, [376-
7], 383, 389-91, 396, 405, 413, 423, 451
Census, the later Imperial, 388, 390, 420-2, 431
Centralization, bureaucratic, 379-80, 381, 384
Cereal crops, 19, 47-8, 81, 104, 107, 111, [118], [121], 154,
174, 249, [253], 266-7, 283-4, 291, 303, 309, 350, 352,
375, 388, 403, 406, 412, [428-9], 461, 463
Charcoal, 42, 64
Charitable institutions, 271, 273, 296, 324
Charity, private, 403
Christianity, influence of, 410-1, 420, 422-3, 426-32, [435], 449
foll.
Citizen and alien, 32, 36, 47, 48, 66, 96-7, 301, 314, 329
Citizens as such not producers, 102
Citizens, new, incorporation of, 126-7, 149, 153, 271, 288, 389,
[444]
Citizenship, 86, 92, 94, 98, 113-4, 120, 301-2, 389, 431, 444
City and country, 9, 13, 24, 31-2, 40, 43-4, 48, 49, 63, 83, 89,
90, 108-9, 115-6, 124-5, 145-6, 153, 184, [200], 217, 222,
 235-6, 251, 278-9, 301-2, 306, 308, 332, 400, 409, 429
City and State, 380
Cleruchies, 39, 41-2, 51-2, 81, 83, 105-6, [120]
Clients [πελάται, clientes], 25, 134, [150], [167], 243, 314, 431,
433
Colonies, 26-7, 51, 67, 72, 76, 83, 87-8, 152, 174, 207, 270,
[272], 273-5
Commerce and seafaring, 19, 23, 39, 114, 215, 288, 290, 309,
347, 381, 391, 403, 412
Commerce restricted, 77, 92, 96, [98], 100, 102, [142], [290]
Communistic schemes and legends, 41, 45, 89, 92, 120, 218,
232, 236, 248, [459]
Confiscation and redistribution, 67, [70], 72, [88], 89, 128, 155-
6, 176-7, 178-9, 193, 200, 203, [225], 234, 236, 240
Continuity of occupation, importance of, 207-8, 252-3, 255, 344-
5, 347, 355-6, 377, 383-4
Corn-dealers, 81, 403
Corn trade (Euxine), 31, [39], 81, 104-5
Cosmopolitanism, 113-4, [187], 232, 271, [288]
Country carts, 39, 400
Country houses, 51, 82, 106, 108-9, 124, 157, [164], 165-6,
201, 224, 235, 246, 310, 312, 366, 427-9
Country life idealized, desire of, 43, [115], 124-5, 200-1, 215,
217, 222, [230], 234-6, 280, [302-3], 417, 429
Craftsman as employer, 2, [48], [51], 172-3, [385], 441, 446
Crops, dealers in, 111, 171, 322, 375
Crops, hanging, sale of, 171, 265, 284, 322
Crops, variety in, movement towards, 203, 266
Cultivation etc. by contract, 140, 166, 171-3, [180], 186, 264-5
Cultivation, intensive, 231, 265, [291]
Cultivation, movements to extend or maintain, 126-7, [207-8],
211-2, [272], [301], 337-8, 340, 349-52, 357, [383], 387,
394

Damage, responsibility for, 363, 366, 373-4

Debt, pressure of, 22, 25, 133-4, 144, 155, [209], 321, 430,
436-7
Devastation of farms in war, 31, 38, 40, 43, [84], 104, 118, 133,
136, 139, 144, 410-1, 412
Differentiation of soldier and farmer, 210, 382, 417-8
Digging, 35, 46, 116, 172, 186, 261, 282, 317
Dogs, 23, 331, 372
Domains, imperial, 207, 209, 337, 342-58, 377-8
Domestication of animals, 15, 32, 433-4
Drainage, 366

East and West, 409, 460-4

Education, 68-9, 72-3, 76, 101
Emigration of working farmers (?), 207, 256, [272], 274-5,
[293], 348-9
Estates
abroad, 39, 51-2, 81, 83-4, 106, 207, 214, 248-9, 251, 281-
2, [291], 298, [301], 309, 319, 341, 348, 353-4, 405
and boundaries, 17, 108, 174-5, 190, 331
as ‘Peculiars’, 354, 377, 392-3
division of, 22, 190-1, 256
 Great, growth of, in Italy, 126, 143-4, 147, 152-3, 154, 165,
201, 203, 205, 248, 251, 256, 263, 281-3, 297, 314,
[354]
Large and small, 46, 47, 51, 88, 106-7, 119, 125, 129, 138,
141-4, [166], 182, 196, 201, 214, 281-4, 296-7, 334
Letting to tenants, 14, 36, 39, 52, 82-3, 84, 106, 111,
[125], 157-8, 160-1, 167, 177, 183, 191, 194-5, 198,
201-2, 208, 211, 216, 224, 233-5, 246-7, 252-7, 264,
277, 280, 297-9, 303, 307-8, 320-1, 325, 355, 358-9,
362 foll., 367-8, 376, 390, 433, 450, 463
Management by owner, 13, 57-8, 82, 106, [146], 167, 170-
1, 224, [250-1], 284, [319], 325
Management by owner’s steward, 13, [33], 36, 51, 57-60,
88, 106, 116, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 168, 186, 194,
224, 251-3, 256 foll., 297 foll., 304, 321, 325, 335,
343, 353, 367-8, 461
Mixed, 82, [83], 106, 108, [155], 169, [201], 310
of collegia, 295
retain names of former owners, 343
Small, profits on, 160, 184, 230, 284, 306
Suburban, 109, 128, 164, 248, 294-5, 306, 312
Eugenics, 72-3, [90], 93
Evidence, lack of, from working farmer or labourer, 4, 374, [429-
30], 454
Experiments, 258

Fallows and rotation of crops, 291

Familiar details, tendency of writers to omit, 16, 44, 136, 140,
213-4, 379
Farm-equipment found by landlord, 216, 255, 297-9, 320-1,
344-5, 364-5, 367
Farmer and politics, 11, 12, 36, 40-4, 49, 70, 89, 90, 302
Farmer as man of substance, 39-40, 41, 46, 104
Farmer-heroes, Roman, 135 foll., 145-6, 197, 213, 232, 281,
313, 328, 415, 418, 445
Farmer not a soldier, 74, [98], 101, 210, 313, [316], 396-8, 417
Farmer rather a seller than a buyer, 42, 167, [185]
Farmers’ capital mostly fixed, 46, 47, 104, [193]
Farmers required to be resident, 204-5, 208, 297, 383-4
Farmers resident in the city, 33, 51, 82
Farm-hands as oarsmen, 90, 95, 183
Farming, fancy, 109, 179, 282, 308-10
Farming, high or scientific, 98-9, 122, 179, [181], 201, 286
Farming means unremitting attention and toil, 22, 23, [152],
159-60, 166, [197], 218, 222, 251, 321, 451
Farm slaves barbarians, 63, 92, 94, 124, [292], [325], 337
Farm tenants and their burdens, 14, [131], [157-8], 183, 195,
197, 209, 211, 254, 377-8, 397, 415
Figs, 45, 81, 108, 266, 283, 303, [463]
Financial interests, power of, 152
Financial system and motives of later Roman Empire, 211-2,
[225], 346, 348, 354-5, 375-8, 381-3, 388 foll., 394, 401,
410 foll., 427
Fires, 249, 374, 428
Firewood, 42, 107, 111, [115], 118, 252, 309, 388, 408
Flocks and herds (grazing and breeding), 16, 19, 20, 29, 81, 88,
90, 115-6, 121, 154, 165, 171, 174, 179, 266, 278, 301,
303, 309, [372], 388, 406, 429, 448
Floods, 108, 312, 322, 374
Flower gardens, 108-9
Food, imported, 39, 47, 48, 69, 77, 81, 104, 119, 154, 174, 184,
266, 283, 288, 309, 326, 347, 358, 403, 416
Foods, 19, 20, 24, 25, 45, 137, 283, 403
Fortified homesteads, 412-3, 429
Free craftsmen employed by farmer, 172-3, 184, [462]
Freedmen (German), 292
Freedmen (Greek), 80, 82, 85, [123]
Freedmen (Roman), 127, [160], 168-9, 183, 188, 192-3, 196-7,
201, 213, 234, 236, 243, 244, 264, 271, 284, [288], 290-1,
300, 312, 314-5, 318, [334], 379, [429]
Freedom, its local value, 21, 137
Fruit-trees and orchards, 19, 20, 25, 127-8, 139, [178], 230,
344, 350, 421

Goats, 47, 84, 183

Granaries, 107, [198], 249, 267, 288, 411-2, 429
Greeks enslave Greeks, 27, 31, 55, 73, 112, 435

Herdsmen and shepherds, etc., 16-7, 33, 35, 63, 84, 109, 115-6,
154, 162, 179, 218-20, 301, 304, 310, 315, 448
Highwaymen and brigands, 154, 160, 179, 191-2, 233, 323,
329, 342, 372, 375, 392, 405
Home or Manor Farm on estates, [161], [201], 216-7, 235, 246,
254-6, 257, 298, 319, 342, 353, 355
Horses, 33, 57-8, 120-1, 418-9
Hunting, fishing, bird-catching, etc., 185, 307, 309, 319, 405
Imperial jealousy of great private estates, 207, 301, 353, 387,
392-3, 394-5
Imperial taxation, crushing effect of, 301, [303], 336, 357, 381-
4, 387 foll., 393, 410 foll., 421-2, 424, 427
Improvement by fire, 223
Internal maladies of Roman Empire, 409 foll., 413
Irrigation, 16, 246, 293
Italian agriculture, pictures of, discussed, 178-9, [182-3], 200-1,
214-8, 235, 251-3, 288, 404-6, [419]
Italian agriculture, protection of, 157, [272]
Italian land and taxation, 205, 212, [291], 358, 365, 388, 406
Italian land, encouragement to invest in, 274, 289, 291, 297,
319
Italian slaves in Italy, 137, 149, [160]

Jealousy of wealth, 41, 44, 66, 70, 72, [76], 87, [109]
Jurists as Ministers, 336

Land, etc.
as investment, 106, 144, 159, 165, 169, 190, 201, 225, 289
foll., 319-20, 365-6, 405
as security, 143, 288-90, 296, 324, 326-7, [430]
bought by capitalist speculators, 47, 57, 106, 142-4, 153,
191, [199], 238, [284], 353
buying or selling of, 23, [47], 57, 84, 88, 106, 108-9, [119],
[135-6], 143-4, 154, 167, 175, 190-1, 193, [200], 234-
5, 238-9, 251, 282, 284, 288 foll., 295, 305, 315, 318-
20, 405, 428
grabbing and monopoly, 67, 88, 120, 142-4, 165, 174, 190,
248-9, 251, 282, 313-4, 438
holding peasantry and military duty, 10, 14, 42, 89, 90,
132-4, 138, 141-2, 148-9, 152-3, 175 foll., 198, 204,
213, 230, 313, [418], 438, 440
hunger, 8, 52, 54, 87, 106, 128, 133, 135, 145, 174, [437]
lots, κλῆροι, 20, 21, 22, 26, 39, 51-2, 67, 76-7, 88-9, 91,
94, 120, 128, 133, 174, 177, 210, 441
lots, sale of, forbidden, 88, [91], 175-6
lots, small in early times, 135-6, 243, 281-3, 313
lots, tradition of primitive equality, 75, 89, [91]
mortgages on, etc., 25, [82], 88, 106-7, 109, 155, 288-90,
327, [430]
neglect of poorer soils, 351
owners, large, and war, 38, 39, 41
owning and citizenship, 8, 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 44, 57, 66-7,
70, 77, 86, 94, 96, 97, 105-6, 127, 138, 148, 191,
[313], 437, 440, 444
owning and residence, 51-2, 94, 106, 108-9, 124-5, 153,
165-6, 168, 250-1, 256
owning, prestige of, 13, 14, 39, 58, 106, 154-5, 157, 201,
205, 235, 297, 358, 365-6, 438 foll.
precarious tenure of, 20, 134, 167
proud capitalists, 14, [47], 155, [169], 201, 235, 249-50,
282-3, 290-1, 314, 332, 358
public, 68, 94, 134-5, 143, [154], 165, 174-5, 177, 195,
197-8
question of improvements, [166], 174, [176], 233-4, 252,
[301], 365-7
regarded as property of the state, 204, [277], 303, [377]
rent of, in money or kind, fixed or by quota, 26, 77, 252,
292, 297, 303, 321, 332, 343-4, 346-7, 356, 365, 371,
376, [394], 428, 433
systems, foreign, 204-5, 210-1, 291-2
tenure, questions of, 237-8, 272, [286]
the classes concerned with it, 432-3
value dependent on presence of labour, 60, [84], 122, 142,
144, [154], 170, 201, 256, [319], 320, 383, 393-5, 396
 various qualities, importance of, 25, [36], 41-2, 47, [63-4],
82-3, [108-9], 121, 139, 180, 186, 231, [239], [267],
365
Landed peasantry, attempts to revive, 174-5, 186, 198, [200],
210, 226, 231, 239, [251], 273, [315], [351]
Landlord
as tax-collector, 393-4
can force tenant to cultivate properly, 253-4, 351, 363, 433
distrains on defaulting tenants, 298, 320-1, 378
duty to his tenant, 404
duty to support his tenant’s interests, 404
encroach on tenants’ rights, 246-7, [393]
great, and politics, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 207
great, as protectors, 392, 393, 424
great private, and imperial policy, 281-2, 301, 352-4, 366,
[383], 392-3, 394-5
mad finance of, 154-5, 157, 289
rights of, 363-4, 367, 394
selfishness of, 294-6, 375, 405, 407
the enterprising, glorified, 12, 58, [178-9], 284
the town-bred man, 108, 200, [234]
Laws
Agrarian of 111 b.c., 143, 175
Claudian, 142, [165], [169]
Codes, Theodosian and Justinian. See under list of
passages cited
Digest. See under list of passages cited
Imperial by-laws, 343 foll., 346, 349, 352, 354
Imperial rescripts and constitutions, 346-7, [352], 360-1,
372, 376, 378, 386-7, 431
Julian (of Caesar), 177, 288
Jurists separately cited, 293, 333, 351
Law appealed to, [329], 331, 402
Law as evidence, 131, 361-2, 399
 Licinian, 131, 141, 174
municipal charters, 354
of Gortyn, 436
on manumission, 333
Sempronian (of Gracchi), 175
Servilian (of Rullus), 177, 198
Twelve Tables, 283
Leases, perpetual, 359, 376
Leisure for citizens, 77-8, 93-4, 97, 102, [188], 454
Lime, 172, 388, 408
Limitation of scope, 6, 132
Literary evidence, nature and value of, 5, 6, 30, 131, 136 foll.,
142-4, 145-8, 160, 187-8, 199-201, 213-7, 218 foll., 267-9,
281, 286-7, 300 foll., 303 foll., 305 foll., 317 foll., 325, 328,
399, 402, 409, 415, 417, 420, 422-3, 426 foll., 454
Loans by the state to landlords, 225, 273, 326
Local conditions, importance of, 255, 267, 282, 319-20, 372,
388
Local custom, recognition of, [345], 364-5, 367
Local government, questions of, 379-80
Luxury and extravagance, 381
Luxury, its effect on farming, 179, 246, 266, [306, 308-10], 365-
6

Malarious lands, 180, 182, 253, [462]

Manufacture of articles on the farm, 185, [219], [227], 262
Manufactures, 53, [83], 381, 441
Manuring, 44, 174, 266, 284
Market gardens, 184, 231, 265, 295-6, 306, 330, 332
Markets, urban, 306, 308-9
Master’s eye, importance of, 57-9, 116, 166, 170-1, 194, 243,
[251], 252-3, 266, 282
Metics, 49, 71, [86], 97, 98
Migration, power of, the mark of freedom, 386, 444, 451
Military
Class control [and plunder] farmers, 26-8, 68, 91-2, [94],
101, [103], [104], 436
Colonies and settlement of discharged soldiers on land, 10,
11, 29, 155-6, 176-7, 179, 210, 214-5, 219, [223],
234, 236, 238, 240, 251, 274-5, 293
Gymnastics and military service, 100-1, 128, 316
License and outrages, 104, 160, 219, [313, 315], 330, 342,
374, 378, 405, 422-3
Mercenary soldiers, 10, 50, 53-4, 64-5, 71, 95, 103-4, 112-
3, 116, 119, 125, 132, 292, 339
Professionalism, growth of, 13, [54], 69, [74], 95, 100, 153,
177, 186, 210, 313, 316, 417
Service unpopular and evaded, 41, 71, 103, 324, 326
Substitutes, 324, 396
Systems, 9-11, 27, [97-8], 101, 122, 128, 132-3, 138-9,
152-3, 175-7, 186, 209-10, [225], 323-4, 339, [341],
396-7, 407, 413-4, 417, [423], 438
Tenure of barbarian colonists, 273, 339-40, 415
Veterans, retired, as local magnates, 400, 402
Milk and cheese, 265, 309
Mining and quarrying, 51, 59, 108, [192], 443, 446-7
Money-values, difficulty in ascertaining, 375, 387-8
Moral causes of Imperial decline, 423-6
Mules, 24, 33, 400, 422
Municipal estates, 207, 255, 359, 375-7, 400
Municipalities and benefactors, 271, 324, 381, [408]
Municipalities as taxation-centres, 380-1, 390, 392, 401, [408],
421, 425
Municipalities, jealousy between, 380, 401 408-9
Municipalities, local senators and magistrates of, 217, 293, 376,
390, 400-1
Municipal jurisdictions, 354, 380, 399 foll.
Municipal offices shirked, 377, 381, 392, [401], 425
Music, 98, 123

Nationalization of aliens, [437], 444

New Hellenism, 112-4, 164, 275-6

Official favours and corruption, 357, 389-91, 403-7, 409, 410-1,

413-4, 421-2, 425
Old age, state-relief in, 80
Olives and oil, 19, 24, 42, 46, 47-8, 81, 84, 104, 108, 171-2,
174, 266, 283-4, 303, 350, 352, 406, 428, [463]
Oriental and other foreign influences, 6, 7, 204-8, 210-1, 314
Oriental Greeks, 113, 153, 271, 379
Oxen, 16, 22, 24, 44, 47, 99, 172, 180, [197], 214, 228-9, 231,
243, 249, 253, 261, 282, 284, 286, 331, 364, 398, 433-4,
438

Patrons of villages, 212, 400-1, 425

Payment in kind, not in debased currency, 211, [359-60], 384,
388
Peasant-farmer, hard life of, 25, 35-6, [47], 83, 90, 213, 222,
[234], 235, [313], [418]
Peasant-farmer, retirement of, 237
Penal servitude, 326
Pigs, 372, 388
Pitch-works, 192
Plantation system, 162, 165, 201, 203, 239, 297, 443
Ploughing, 16, 19, 22-4, 33, 116, [185], 218, 261, 278, 284,
334
Police, rural, no regular force, 189, 311, 323, 372, 448
Poor freemen, their trials, 63, 125, 199, 302
Populations, forced transfer of, 113
Post, Imperial [cursus publicus], 378, 391, 397
Poultry, 262-3, 309
Poverty and discontent, 33-4, 38, 41, 66, 70, [199]
Poverty, dread of, a stimulus, 22, 23, 25, 29, 36, [45], 46, 47-8
Poverty in Greece, 29, 53, 54, 302, 329
Poverty no reproach, 23, 111, [135 foll.], 302
Private property in land, growth of, 143-4, 174-5, 203, 205, 313,
436-8
Property, private, forbidden, 73, 75
Provincial land, tenure of, 293, 303, 351, [358]
Public opinion, no force of, in Roman Empire, 357, 389

Reaping, 16, 22-4, 108-10, 180, 278

Reaping machine, 398
Reclamation encouraged by temporary exemption from rent or
taxes, 337, 344, 349-50
Religion, 18, 19, 23, 44-5, 120, 170, 258, 260, 314, [404], 434,
444, 448
Remission of dues to relieve distress, 390-1
Rent, arrears of, [161], 209, 256, 298, 320-1, 365, 404
Repetitions unavoidable, 5
Representative government unknown, 66, [89]
Restoration of exiles, effects of, 119, 122, 128
Rich and poor, 90, 94, 112, 120, 129, 205, 271, 273, 295, 302,
306, 329, 331-2, 391, 400, 403-4, 410, 424-5
Rights of way, watercourses, etc., 108, [258], 294-5, 373
Roads, 267, 295, 391, 429
Roads, public, work on, 173, 378, 391
Roman Empire a machine, 381-2, 384, 425, [427], 451
Roman Empire, stagnation in, 398, 451
Roman power of assimilation, failing, 270-1, 338, 340
Roman subjects prefer Barbarian rule, 423-4
Rural disputes and affrays, 188-91, 315, 372-4, [405]

Self-help, duty of, 23

Sheep, 109, 309
Slavery, Labour, Serfdom, etc.
Abolitionism, a modern movement, 34, 84, 445 foll.
Apprenticeship, 79
Competition of slave labour with free, [48], [59], 71, 85,
124, [131], 157, 302, 441, [443]
Eunuchs, 28, 310
Handicraftsmen, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 35, 62, 68, [73], 88,
144, 184, [193], 199, 245, 437-8, 441
Handicraftsmen, free, their difficulties, 302
Harbouring runaways, 375, [394], 404
Hired labourers not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13
Itinerant labourers, jobbing gangs of, 14, [110], 173, 222,
256, 327, 443
Journeyman contrasted with independent craftsman, 2, 35,
[48], 452, 455
Labour, attempts to entice it from neighbours, 394
Labour despised, 19, 22, 28, 59, 64, 78, 80, 85, 188, 193,
245, 287, 359, [438], 440, 442, 444-5, 452
Labour, division of, 12, 15, 99
Labourer goes with the land, 94, [131], [211], 319-20,
[360-1], 368, [393-5]
Labourer, status of, often uncertain, 3, 33, 110-1, 117, 128,
193, 218-21, 222, 227-8, 256, 442-3
Labour for daily bread, 55-6, 58, 62, 111, [175], 199, 204,
313, 327, 441
Labour, for self or for another, 12-15, 25, 144, 148, 299,
[327], 370, 399, [436], 438-44, 445, 458
Labour glorified, 231, 277-80
Labour good for the labourer, 56, 58, 64, 277-80, 316-7
Labour in discharge of debt, 161, 180, 182, 263, 437
Labour not degrading, 16, 19, 23, [64], 111, 149, 246, 277-
9
Labour, personal, of working farmer, (see αὐτουργία), 23-4,
25, 30, 36, 44, 45, 58, 86, 123, 128, 136, 148-9,
[165], 180, [184], 197, 208, 213-4, [216], 226, 230-1,
234, [243], [255], 283, 304, [325], 332, 345, 347, 353,
[371], 395, 439 foll., [463]
Labour question fundamental, 211-2, 237, 239-40, 268,
287, [344], 394 foll., 458
Labour, rustic, as a punishment, 124-5, 145-6, [167], 248,
444
Labour, rustic, as healthy exercise, 236, 277-80, 316-7, 440
Labour-services of tenants due without wage, 161, [201-2],
[209], 211, 254, [256], 257, [265], 298, 342, 344-6,
348, 351, 353-4, 359, 383-4
Later serf-colonate a result of gradual change, 211-2, 254-
6, 257, 333, 356, 359, 361, 378 foll., [386], 393-4,
424-5, 436, 450
Manual labour and direction, 12, 13, 20, 23-4, 35, 57-60,
124-5, 158, 176, 181, 258, 299, 316, 319, 371, 395,
445, 455, 458
Occasional labour, 15, 53, 85, 108, 111, 157, 161, 166, 180
foll., 186, 201, [254], 265, 342, 344-5, 346, 348, 359,
434, 443, 455
Odd jobs, porterage, etc., 46, 327
Overseers, etc., 51, [57], 59, 60, 88, 97, 165, 181, 261,
321, 404, 443, 447, 462
Quasi-slavery of free workers, 99, 144, 188, 441 foll.
Self-disposal, 441, 443-4, 451, 453, 456
Serfage and slavery confused, 84, 86, 292
Serfage distinct from slavery or caste-system, 26-7, [131],
360-1, 436
Serf-colonate failing, 460, [463], 464
Serf-cultivators, 26-8, 30, 37, 50, 60, 69, 75, 77, 82, 84, 87,
92, 127, [131], 292, 361, 431, 436
Serfdom is practically slavery, 425, [431]
Serf employed in war, 37, 75, 95
Slave artisans and craftsmen, 51, 55, 57, 184, 441, 446
Slave as fellow-man, 34, 56, 62, 113, 245, [260], 323, 328,
445
Slave brigands, 154, 189-92, 392, 448
Slave-gangs, not to be homogeneous, 77, 94, 162, 181-2
Slave-gangs, special foremen of, 158, 185, 260
Slave insurrections, 162, 175, 177, 181, 191, 198, 448
Slave-labour always available, 157, 174-5, 239, [285-6],
446, 455
Slave-labour, excess of, attempt to lessen, [131]
Slave-labour, specializing of, on estates, 203, 261, 265, 461
Slave-labour untrustworthy and wasteful, 97, 111, 157, 180
foll., 186, 253, 283, 285, 319, 355, [398], 417, 419,
445, 455
Slave not a person, 44, [57], 77, 401
Slave not enrolled in army, 175, [186], 323-4, [396]
Slave philosophers, 327
Slave-qualities, 34, 56, 180-1, 259
Slavery, absolute power of master, 18, 56-7, 158-9, 167,
244, 446
Slavery and labour in general, 2, 3, 15, 16, 34, [46], 48, 78,
110-2, 135-8, 161, 170, 180-2, 186, 216, 222, 230-1,
239, 281, 285, 299, 304, 316, [383], 385, 395, 429,
433-5, 440 foll., 444-5, 455
Slavery, attempts to justify, 79, 439
Slavery, domestic, 8, 26, 30, [39], 61, [80], 97, [109],
[123], 124, 137, 221, 231, 244, 249-50, 285, 309-10,
311, 318, 429, 431, 441-2, 446
Slavery from gambling debt, 291
Slavery, growth of humaner views on, 61-2, [79], 167, 182,
185, [221], [229], 242-3, 244-5, [260-1], [285], 310-1,
317, 323, 326-8, 438, 445
Slavery ignored, 237-40
Slavery, industrial, 8, 51, 53, 55, [80], 123, [137], 335, 441
Slavery, its economic success or failure, 156 foll., 283, 285,
323, 370, [434], 442, 445
Slavery justified, 34, 78-9, 100, 439, 442
Slavery, kidnapping, 20, 53, 55, 79, 122, 160, 243, 263,
[323], 326, [329]
Slavery, legends of none in early times, 15, 30, 62, 123,
439, [452]
Slavery of debtor to creditor, 25, [134], 263, 269, 436-7,
[438], 442
Slavery, origin of, 15, 17, 78, 236-7, 434, 446
Slavery originally on small scale and domestic in character,
137, 149, [228], [231], 243, 245, 285, 434-5, 446
Slavery, query, assumed, 16, 17, 20, 30, 32, 37, 44, 48, 68,
74-5, 84, 136, 213-4, 220, 304, 368, 445
Slavery, question of manumission, 21, 38, 58, 62, 79, 80,
84, 97, 122, 123-4, 129, 149, 158, [168], 182, 196,
[218], 219, 260, 263, [288], 311-2, 318, 326, 333-4,
368, 369, 371, 431, 442-3, 446-7
Slavery recognized as basis of social and economic system,
45, 56, 60, 77-8, 99, 100, 102, [141-2], 192, 239, 256,
285-6, 310
Slavery, rustic, 8, 9, 20, 23-4, 25, [30], 37, [39], 44-5, 46-7,
50-2, 57-9, 63-4, [68], 77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 97, 106-110,
116-7, 122, 124, [129], 135-8, 144 foll., 151-4, 158,
160-2, 165 foll., 170 foll., 174 foll., 180 foll., 184 foll.,
203, [208], 214, 216-7, 222, 227-33, 237, 240, 242-3,
258-63, 281, 285, 299, 310-1, 315, 321, 325, 333-4,
337, 340, 341-2, 345, 353, 355, 363-4, 369, 387, 394,
404, 414, 429, 435, 443-4, 455, 461-2, 464
Slavery, secondary (slaves of slaves), 18, [259]
Slavery, the relation questioned, 33-5, 56, 113, 244, [302],
[335], 446
Slavery unknown among the gods, 35
Slavery, was it the basis of ‘classical’ civilization?, 7, 8, 15,
453, 455
Slaves acquire property, [see peculium], 38, 58, 80, 167-8,
181-2, 219, 250, 263, 318, 369, 442
Slaves and freemen work side by side, 48, 63, 135-8, [140],
149, 171-3, 180 foll., 444-5
Slaves as gladiators, 162, 189, 328
Slaves as informers, danger from, 84, 244, [334]
Slaves as oarsmen, 53, 90, 95, 122, 326
Slaves as property, 17, 18, [55], 56-7, 77, 82, 122, 155,
167, 172, 182, 189, [221], 311, 315, 369-70, 442-3
Slaves as war-booty, 10, 17, 27, 37, 53, 55, 120, 122, 129,
136, 153, 176, 236-7, 310, 325, 337, 387
Slaves a worry to masters, 97, 124, 285
Slaves brought on the stage, 34, 62, 113
Slaves, care of their health, 77, 161, 185, 262, 442, 462
Slaves, condition of, 17, 18, 20, 21, 56-7, 311, 324, 370-1
Slaves, contractors’ gangs of, 108, 110, 166, 214
Slaves, cruel punishment of, 196, 244, 249, 443
Slaves, deliberate breeding of, 161, [169], 181, [249], 257,
260, 262, 311-2
Slaves employed in business and professions, 97, 192, 305,
446
Slaves employed in hunting, 405
Slaves, female, 17, 18, 24, 45, 57, 168, 181, 221, 231, 257-
8, 260, 262, 307, 318, 364, 431
Slaves, food, lodging and dress of, 20, 23-4, 25, 45, [57],
116, 154, 157, 171-2, 181, [193], 258, 260, 309, [441]
Slaves, good health of, 317, 440
Slaves, home-born [οἰκογενεῖς, vernae], 129, 169, 181,
235, 262, 311-2, 430-1
Slaves let out for service at a rent, 38, 39, 61, 64, 80, 110,
[117], 170, 193, 247, 256, 370-1, 442-3
Slaves liable for masters’ safety, 244, 323
Slaves, loyalty of, 18, 20, 34, 61, 240
Slaves, masters responsible for their vices, 56-8, 61, 77,
245
Slaves, moral qualities needed in, 56-8, [61], 77, [97],
[181-2], 196, 259-61, 323
Slaves, names of, 45, 63-4, 137, 213, 285
Slaves not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13, 439
Slaves of publicani, 151, 188, 192
Slaves, old age of, 80, 97, 158, 167, 182, 263, 326, 443,
447
Slaves, public, 68, 86, 91, [400], 446
Slaves, punishment of, interrupted by war, 45
Slaves, restriction on sale of, 394
Slaves, rewards of, better than punishments, 181-2, [185]
Slaves, runaway, 50-1, 158, 192, 375, 404, 435, [447]
Slaves serving in war, 10, 122, 129, 142, [162], 183, [323-
4], 396, 407
 Slaves, supply of, reduced, or rise in price of, 41, 117, 141-
2, 160-1, 162, [204], 208, 210, 257, 298, 310, 340,
344, 351, [354], [375], 387, 450
Slaves, torture of, 110, 421
Slaves, training of, 57, 169, 181-2, [258], 260
Slaves unruly, 38, 78, 181, [260], [310]
Slave-tenant or métayer a quasi-partner, 298-9, [466]
Slave-tenants, 257, 299, [307], 367-8, 369, 371, [393],
[404], 450
Slave-trade, 17, 18, 20, 25, 53, 55, 57, 61, 79, 87, 112,
122, 137, 153-4, [169], 176, 210, 236, [242], 256,
[259], 291-2, 310, 325-6, 327, 329, 414, 435, 446
Unskilled labour (‘hands’), 39, 99, 170, 172, [180-1], 188,
193, 227, 261, 442 foll.
Wage-earning, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29,
34, 35, 44, 46, [53], 58-9, 61-4, 78-9, [88], 109-10,
117, 125, 140, 144-5, 150, 157-8, [160], 170-3, 175-6,
180, 182, 186, 188, 193, 199, 200-1, 216, 222, 235,
256, 287, 304-5, [313], 327, [344], [359], 370, 385,
434, 441 foll., 452, 456-9
Wage-labour for special work, 46, [110], 111, 125, 157,
171-3, 180, 182, 186, [202], 266
Wage, legal right to, 304
Small cultivating owners in Roman Empire, 341, 346, 390
Small holdings of state tenants, 177, 198
Small landholders persecuted by big neighbours, 144, 242, 248,
251, 283, 315, 330-1, 372, 467
Soldiers as practical farmers, 184, 340
Soldiers driven to farm-work, 53, [90], 147-8
Specialization in politics, 69, 72-5, 92-3, 98, 102
Squatters on waste land, 230, 272, 300 foll., [337], 349-52, 357,
428
State-contracts, 83, 142, 151-2, 187, 192, 366, 376
State-pay for public duties, 34, 38, 46, 47, 83, 87, 88, [120],
441
Steward a slave, 59, 97, [116], 124, 140, 153, 158-9, 166, 170-
1, 186, 195-6, 216-7, 224, 242, 257-9, 264, [368], 443
Steward (vilicus) as tenant of a farm, 299, [307], 367-8
Steward directing free workers or overseeing tenants, [see
procurator], 173, 216, 264
Steward, the interest of, 153-4, 158-9, 166, 254, 443, 447
Stoicism and Stoics, 187, 193, 242, 244-6, 275 foll., 310, 442,
449

Tax-farming system superseded, 206

Tenancies, beneficial, 143, 376
Tenancies, large, not common, 298, 343-4
Tenancy a contract-relation regulated by law, 208-9, 246-7, 252-
7, 297-9, 321, 345, 362 foll., 433
Tenant, claims of, 363-4, 374, [466]
Tenants find sureties, 345, 363
Tenants, good, hard to find, 208-9, 252-6, 298-9, 320-1, 367,
369, 450
Tenants-in-chief as rent and tax collectors, 343, 355
Tenants-in-chief, holding of the state [Middlemen], 195, 207-8,
209, 211-2, 343-53, 356, 358-9
Tenants-in-chief oppress sub-tenants, 346, 348, 354-7, 359, 384
Tenants-in-chief subletting to small farmers, 195, 197, 208-9,
211-2, [340], [342], 343 foll., 353, 355, 376-7, [405]