Class 10 Physics Electricity Formulas

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Electricity
Electricity
Physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge is known as
electricity
Static or Fractional Electricity

Static (or fractional) electricity is caused by the buildup of electrical charges on the surface of objects
The fractional electricity produced have been found to be of two types i.e., positive electricity
(charge) and negative electricity (charge). The two substances rubbed together acquire equal and
opposite charges.
Current Electricity
current electricity is a phenomenon involving the flow of electrons along a conductor.
S.no Terms Descriptions
1 Electric Charge Electric charge is a fundamental property like mass; length etc.
associated with elementary particles for example electron,
proton and many more
Charges are of two kinds

1. negative charge
2. positive charge
Electrons are negatively charged particles and protons, of which

nucleus is made of, are positively charged particles.
All free charges are integral multiples of a unit of charge e,

where e = -1.602 × 10 -19 C i. e., charge on an electron or proton.
Charge q on a body is always denoted by
q = ne
where n = any integer positive or negative
SI unit of charge is Coulomb written as C.
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only.
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2 Electric Potential and The potential difference between two points in an

Potential difference electric field is defined as the amount of work done in
moving a unit positive charge from one point to another
point. So,
The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V)

The potential difference between two points is said to
be one Volt if 1 Joule of work is done in moving 1
Coulomb of electric charge from one point to another.
Thus
The potential difference is measured by means of an

instrument called the voltmeter.
The voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the
points between which the potential difference is to be
measure
3 Electric current The flow of charge in metallic wire due to the potential
difference between two conductors used is called electric
current.
Electric current is expressed by the amount of charge flowing

through a particular area in unit time.
If a net charge Q, flows across any cross-section of a conductor

in time t, then the current I, through the cross-section is
The S.I. unit of electric current is Ampere (A)

Current is measured by an instrument called ammeter. It is
always connected in series in a circuit through which the current
is to be measured.
4 Electric Circuit Electric circuit is a continuous path consisting of cell (or a

battery), a plug key, electrical component(s), and connecting
wires.
only.
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5 Circuit Diagram A diagram which indicates how different components in a circuit

must be connected by using symbols for different electric
components is called a circuit diagram.
6 Ohm’s Law Ohm's law is the relation between the potential difference
applied to the ends of the conductor and current flowing
through the conductor
V=IR
where constant of proportionality R is called the electric

resistance or simply resistance of the conductor
7 Electric Resistance Electric resistance of a conductor is the obstruction offered by

the conductor to the flow of the current through it.
Electric resistance is the ratio of potential difference across the

two ends of conductor and amount of current flowing through
the conductor.
Resistance of a uniform metallic conductor is directly

proportional to its length (l) and inversely proportional to the
area of cross-section (A)
Where
ρ is the constant of proportionality and is called the electrical
resistivity of the material of the conductor.
SI unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω) where 1 Ohm=1 volt/1 Ampere

or 1Ω=1VA-1. Bigger units of resistance are Kilo-Ohm and Mega-
Ohm
only.
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8 Resistance of system
of resistors in Series
R=R1 + R2 +R3
Current is same across all the resistors

V=V1 + V2 + V3
9 Resistance of system
of resistors in Parallel
Potential difference is same across all the resistors

I=I1 + I2 + I3
Heating effect of Electric current

When electric current passes through a high resistance wire, the wire becomes and produces heat.
This is called heating effect of current.
Heat Produced
This is known as Joule's Law of heating

According to Joule's Law of Heating, Heat produced in a resistor is
(a) Directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistor.
(b) Directly proportional to resistance of a given resistor.
(c) Directly proportional to time for which current flows through the resistor.
only.
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Electric Power
The rate at which electric work is done or the rate at which electric energy is consumed is
called electric power

SI unit of power = SI unit of Work done / SI unit of t

=J/s
= watt, W
1W=1J/1s
Definition of SI unit of power – Power of an object or agent is said to be 1 watt when it does 1
joule of work in 1 second.
Electric Power can be expressed as

P=VI
P=I2 R
P=V2/R
Units of Power
1 horse power 746 W
1 kilowatt 1000 W
1 MW 106W
Commercial Unit of Energy KWH (Kilo Watt hour)

Definition of 1 kWh
A kilowatt hour is the amount of electric energy used by 1000 W electric
appliance when it operates for 1 hour
Relationship between joule (J) and kilowatt-hour (kWh)

1 kWh =3.6 x 106 J
only.

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19

Static or Fractional Electricity

S.no Terms Descriptions

Charges are of two kinds

Electrons are negatively charged particles and protons, of which

All free charges are integral multiples of a unit of charge e,

SI unit of charge is Coulomb written as C.

2 Electric Potential and The potential difference between two points in an

The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V)

The potential difference is measured by means of an

Electric current is expressed by the amount of charge flowing

If a net charge Q, flows across any cross-section of a conductor

The S.I. unit of electric current is Ampere (A)

4 Electric Circuit Electric circuit is a continuous path consisting of cell (or a

5 Circuit Diagram A diagram which indicates how different components in a circuit

where constant of proportionality R is called the electric

7 Electric Resistance Electric resistance of a conductor is the obstruction offered by

Electric resistance is the ratio of potential difference across the

Resistance of a uniform metallic conductor is directly

SI unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω) where 1 Ohm=1 volt/1 Ampere

Current is same across all the resistors

Potential difference is same across all the resistors

Heating effect of Electric current

This is known as Joule's Law of heating

SI unit of power = SI unit of Work done / SI unit of t

Electric Power can be expressed as

Commercial Unit of Energy KWH (Kilo Watt hour)

Relationship between joule (J) and kilowatt-hour (kWh)

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