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Set Theory

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Set Theory

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Ayan Saha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SET THEORY

A Technical Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the


Continuous Internal Evaluation II for the subject of
Discrete Mathematics (PCC-CS 401)

by

Name :– Rahul Bera


College Roll No. :- CSE/21/061
University Roll No. :-10700121043

Under the supervision of

Prof-Krishnendu Mondal

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLAGHAT

(Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology)

Purba Medinipur – 721171, West Bengal, India


FEBRUARY -2023
CONTENTS:-
1.Introduction.
2. Description (definition, example, significance,
application etc.) of the topic
3.Conclusion.
4.Reference (of the books, online articles)
INTRODUCTION:-
Set theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects. It provides a
foundation for many other areas of mathematics and has applications in computer science, physics,
and philosophy, among other fields. Set theory has a fascinating history of development, with
contributions from many mathematicians over several centuries.

The origins of set theory can be traced back to the 19th century, when mathematicians such as Georg
Cantor, Richard Dedekind, and Augustus De Morgan began to explore the concept of infinity and its
implications for mathematics. Cantor, in particular, is credited with founding the field of set theory and
making significant contributions to our understanding of infinite sets.

Cantor developed the concept of a one-to-one correspondence between sets, which led to the notion
of cardinality or the size of a set. He also discovered that there are different sizes of infinite sets,
which was a groundbreaking result at the time. However, his work on infinity was controversial and
met with resistance from some mathematicians, who did not accept the existence of infinite sets.

In the early 20th century, set theory underwent a major transformation with the development of
axiomatic set theory, which formalizes the basic concepts and operations of set theory using a set of
axioms or rules. This approach was pioneered by mathematicians such as Ernst Zermelo and
Abraham Fraenkel, who worked to resolve the paradoxes and inconsistencies that arose from
Cantor's work on infinity.

Set theory has continued to evolve over the years, with the development of new ideas and
applications. Today, set theory plays a central role in modern mathematics and is essential for
understanding topics such as topology, abstract algebra, and logic. It is also a fascinating subject in
its own right, with many unsolved problems and deep connections to other areas of mathematics and
philosophy.

Fig:-set theory diagram.

DESCRIPTION:-
DEFINATION:-Set theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets,
which are collections of objects. Sets can be anything from numbers to abstract
concepts, and they are often represented using curly brackets {}.
EXAMPLE:-An example of a set is the set of natural numbers, which
includes all positive integers starting from 1. This set can be represented as {1, 2,
3, 4, 5, ...}.

 SIGNIFICANCE:-Set theory provides a foundation for many other


areas of mathematics, including calculus, algebra, and geometry. It also has
applications in computer science, physics, and philosophy, among other fields.
Set theory is essential for understanding the concepts of infinity and cardinality,
which are fundamental to modern mathematics.

 APPLICATIONS:-
 Computer Science: Set theory is used in computer science to study algorithms, data
structures, and databases. Sets are used to represent collections of data, and set
operations such as union, intersection, and difference are used to manipulate this data.
 Physics: Set theory is used in the study of quantum mechanics, where it is used
to represent the state of a physical system. Sets are also used in the study of
topology, which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the properties of
space.
 Philosophy: Set theory has applications in philosophy, particularly in the study of
logic and epistemology. Sets are used to represent propositions, and set
operations are used to manipulate these propositions.

 Diagram:-
A Venn diagram is a useful tool for representing sets and their relationships. In a
Venn diagram, each set is represented by a circle, and the overlap between
circles represents the intersection of sets.
Here is an example of a Venn diagram showing the relationship between the set
of natural numbers and the set of even numbers:

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
\ /
\ /
{2, 4, 6, ...}

In this diagram, the circle representing the set of natural numbers is larger
than the circle representing the set of even numbers, because the set of natural
numbers includes all positive integers, while the set of even numbers includes
only numbers that are divisible by
2. The overlap between the circles represents the set of even natural numbers.
SET TABLES:-

Table 1: Set Operations


Example
Symbol Operation
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
∪ Union
A ∩ B = {3, 4}
∩ Intersection
A \ B = {1, 2}
\ Set difference
A' = {4}
' Complement
A⊆B
⊆ Subset
A⊂B
⊂ Proper subset
A⊇B
⊇ Superset
A⊃B
⊃ Proper superset
Table 2: Set Properties
Definition
Property
A ∪ B = B ∪ A, A ∩ B = B ∩ A
Commutative
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C, A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Associative
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C), A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩
C)
Distributive
A ∪ ∅ = A, A ∩ U = A
Identity
A ∪ A' = U, A ∩ A' = ∅
Complement

 SOME PROBLEMS OF SET THEORY:-

1. Let A = {x | x is a positive integer less than 10} and B = {x | x is a multiple of


3}. Find the complement of A ∪ B with respect to the set of all positive
integers less than 10.
Solution: A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}. The set of all positive integers less than 10 is
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Therefore, the complement of A ∪ B with respect to this set
is {7, 8}.

2. Let A = {x | x is an odd positive integer less than 10} and B = {x | x is a prime


number less than 10}. Find A ∩ B.
Solution: A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7}. Therefore, A ∩ B = {3, 5, 7}.

 CONCLUSION:-In conclusion, set theory is a fundamental branch of


mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects. It provides a
foundation for many other areas of mathematics, including calculus, algebra, and
geometry, and has applications in computer science, physics, and philosophy,
among other fields. The development of set theory has a fascinating history, with
contributions from many mathematicians over several centuries. Today, set
theory continues to be a vibrant and active field of research, with many unsolved
problems and deep connections to other areas of mathematics and philosophy.
Venn diagrams are a useful tool for representing sets and their relationships, and
they can be used to illustrate complex ideas and concepts. Overall, set theory is
an essential and fascinating subject that plays a crucial role in modern
mathematics and has many practical applications in the real world.
 REFERENCE:-

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Set Theory. (Retrieved from https://


Stanford plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/)
 Wolfram MathWorld. Set Theory. (Retrieved from
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SetTheory.html )
 Discrete mathematics by samarjit kar
 Discrete mathematical structure by dr.v.b.l.chaurasia

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