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Synthesis Lectures on
Mechanical Engineering

Ramana M. Pidaparti

Design Engineering
Journey
Second Edition
Synthesis Lectures on Mechanical
Engineering

Series Editor
Dieter Merkle, Heidelberg, Germany
This series publishes short books in mechanical engineering (ME), the engineering branch
that combines engineering, physics and mathematics principles with materials science to
design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It involves the production
and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production and operation of
machines and tools. This series publishes within all areas of ME and follows the ASME
technical division categories.
Ramana M. Pidaparti

Design Engineering Journey

Second Edition
Ramana M. Pidaparti
College of Engineering
University of Georgia
Athens, GA, USA

ISSN 2573-3168 ISSN 2573-3176 (electronic)

Synthesis Lectures on Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-3-031-25968-5 ISBN 978-3-031-25969-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25969-2

1st edition: © Morgan & Claypool Publishers 2018

2nd edition: © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole
or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage
and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or
hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does
not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give
a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that
may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Design, engineering, and innovation are fundamental to many industries, and should be
integrated and taught at all levels in engineering curricula. This book is written as a text-
book for first- and second-year students as well as for senior capstone design projects, and
is based on the author’s experiences teaching design and senior capstone design projects
over the past 30 years. The book deals with the design engineering journey process and
the use of design tools and techniques in the realization of the design.
The book is compiled into eleven chapters and provides an introduction to basic con-
cepts along with case study examples to fully illustrate the design engineering principles
and their applications. Each of the chapters provides enough details for students to under-
stand the basic steps in the design engineering journey process. Design examples are
provided that will help students to understand and apply concepts related to product
design. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the design journey including characteristics
of good design, design failures/successes, and details of engineering/product development.
Chapter 2 provides an introduction to design thinking, design thinking steps, examples
and activities as well as the differences between conventional design and design thinking.
Chapter 3 describes several types of designs and problem-solving strategies. Brief descrip-
tions of sustainability design, robust design, design innovation inspiration from nature, and
the integration of arts, design, and nature, are presented. Chapter 4 describes the method-
ology of reverse engineering used to redesign products for better performance. Chapter 5
describes the steps of the design journey process, specifically the tools/techniques needed
for identifying the design requirements. Chapter 6 provides an overview of concept design
generation and evaluation techniques along with specific examples. Chapter 7 discusses
the detailed design and evaluation required in the design realization process and pro-
vides a comprehensive review of major design tools and techniques commonly employed.
Chapter 8 discusses the reviews conducted during the design journey process as well
as the key communication and documentation processes of the design. In Chap. 9, the
design realization process is discussed. In this section, CAD/CAM tools commonly used
in design and manufacturing, as well as rapid prototyping and virtual engineering are also
discussed along with a brief business plan that is vital to effective product innovation.

v
vi Preface

Chapter 10 provides an overview of project management, steps and activities, and tools.
A brief introduction to the engineering profession and ethics and codes is also presented
in this chapter.
Sample design projects that further clarify the design engineering journey process and
assist the student in understanding the strategies and techniques involved in designing
quality products that are responsive to the needs of society are presented in Chap. 11.
Several examples of interesting and challenging design projects are also presented.

Athens, USA Ramana M. Pidaparti

June 2023
Acknowledgments

The author acknowledges the support and guidance of many of his colleagues, and sincere
thanks go to many of his students at UGA, VCU, and IUPUI for their contributions to
various aspects of this book. Finally, the author thanks his family and friends for their
support and encouragement.

June 2023 Ramana M. Pidaparti

vii
Contents

1 Design Journey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 What is Design? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 What is Engineering/Product Design? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 What Are Characteristics of a Good Design? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Engineering Designs and Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 The Design Process Journey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8 What are Design Paradigms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.9 Multidisciplinary Approach to Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.10 Multidisciplinary Design Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.11 Attributes of a Design Engineer Attractive to Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.12 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Design Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 What is Design Thinking? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Design Thinking Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Design Thinking Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Design Thinking—Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Conventional Design Versus Design Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Solving Design Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Design Versus Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 Types of Design Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Solving Design Problems—Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5 Robust Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6 Sustainability Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.7 Nature-Inspired Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

ix
x Contents

3.8 Integration of Arts, Nature, and Design for Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 Reverse Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 Reverse Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3 Reasons for Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4 Product Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.5 Reverse Engineering Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.6 Product Dissection—Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2 Design Journey Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.3 Design Journey Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4 Design Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6 Design Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.2 Design Concepts—Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.3 Design Concepts—Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.4 Design Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7 Detail Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.2 Detail Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.3 Design Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.4 Bill of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.5 Design Analysis Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.6 Final Design and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.7 Design Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8 Design Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.2 Design Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.3 Design Communication and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
8.4 Design Report and Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Contents xi

9 Design Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

9.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.2 Design Realization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.3 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
9.4 Prototyping and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9.5 Product Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
9.6 Business Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.7 Virtual Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
10 Project Management and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.2 Projects and Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.3 Project Management Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.4 Project Management Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.5 Project Management Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.6 Engineering Profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10.7 Code of Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
11 Sample Design Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
11.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
11.2 Benefits of Participating in the Design Competitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
11.3 Sample Design Project #1—Design of an Automatic Music Book
Page Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.4 Sample Design Project #2—Design of an Oblique Flying Wing . . . . . . 135
11.5 Sample Design Project #3—NASA Moonbuggy Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
11.6 Sample Design Project #4—Design of a Low-Cost Ambulance . . . . . . 144
11.7 Example Projects/Design Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
11.8 Possible Design Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
About the Author

Ramana M. Pidaparti is a professor and Distinguished Faculty Scholar in the College

of Engineering at the University of Georgia. He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics and
Astronautics from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. He previously taught at
Virginia Commonwealth University and the Purdue School of Engineering and Tech-
nology (IUPUI). He taught design courses emphasizing multidisciplinary designs, and
encouraged students to participate in design competitions. He won several design awards
and presented papers at various conferences based on the student design projects. He is
a Fellow of ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), Fellow of American
Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS), Fellow of Royal Aeronautical Society,
and Associate Fellow of AIAA (American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics). His
current research interests include multidisciplinary design innovation, STEM education,
bioinspired materials and structures, and computational mechanics.

xiii
Design Journey
1

After reading this chapter, you will be able to:

• Explain and define the term design

• Define the characteristics of good and flawed designs
• Explain the design journey process
• Explain different design paradigms
• Define multidisciplinary design and teams
• Understand the role of professionalism and the need to learn ethics.

1.1 Overview

This chapter provides an introduction to design and its characteristics. Major design
approaches, problem-solving steps, and characteristics of design teams are described.
Design examples are also provided to illustrate salient features of the design journey pro-
cess as well as design paradigms. Multidisciplinary design and design teams are briefly
described. Attributes of technology graduates attractive to industry are also presented.

1.2 What is Design?

When teaching design courses, instructors usually ask students to define the term “de-
sign.” Typical responses include aspects related to innovation, solutions, creativity, teams,
etc. When the author asked students in his sophomore design class to list as many words

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1

R. M. Pidaparti, Design Engineering Journey, Synthesis Lectures on Mechanical
Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25969-2_1
2 1 Design Journey

Fig. 1.1 Words defining the term design

as they could think of that describe the term “design,” the answers resulted in a wordel
format presented collectively in Fig. 1.1.
There are many definitions of design. These include design as art, design as problem
solving, design as a social process, and so on. The Accreditation Board for Engineering
and Technology (ABET) is an organization which evaluates and accredits engineering
curricula in the United States. According to ABET, engineering design is defined as
the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a
decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and
engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective.
Among the fundamental elements of the design process are establishment of objectives
and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation. The engineering
design component of a curriculum must include at least some of the following fea-
tures: development of student creativity, use of open-ended problems, development and
use of design methodology, formulation of design problem statements and specifica-
tions, consideration of alternative solutions, feasibility considerations, and detailed system
descriptions. Further, it is essential to include a variety of realistic constraints such as
economic factors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, and social impacts.

1.3 What is Engineering/Product Design?

Engineering design is a scientific decision-making process used to meet specific societal

needs such as construction of physical objects (aircraft, engines, bridges, medical devices,
chemical plants, skyscrapers) or information systems (computer software, chips). The
1.4 Design Examples 3

overall objective of any engineering design is to create a product/process/system that

benefits society and also at the same time turns into an economic benefit.
The ability to design is both a science as well as an art, and combines analysis and
synthesis methods. The scientific aspects of design can be learned through a system-
atic process (design methodology), problem-solving techniques, and through experiential
learning. The artistic aspect of the design is gained through practice, by developing the
ability to appeal to the aesthetic as well as technical design specifications. Engineers
use their creative and imaginative skills along with scientific principles to develop effi-
cient designs. Design skills are learned best by “doing,” through first-hand experiences in
developing and testing solutions to real-world problems.
In customer-oriented societies such as ours, consumers want products that function
well, are sustainable, affordable, and aesthetically appealing. Moreover, the twenty-first
century global marketplace has fostered the need to develop new products at a very rapid
and accelerated pace. To compete in this market, companies must be very efficient in the
design of their products. It is the design process that determines the effectiveness and effi-
ciency of new product development. Therefore, college graduates today are expected to
be able to address economic, social, environmental, aesthetic, and ethical considerations
in designing products and services tailored to meet the needs of their clients. Today’s con-
sumer products have become so complex that most product development efforts require
a multidisciplinary team of people with diverse areas of expertise to develop an idea
into a product. Due to the involvement of large numbers of people in a multidisciplinary
project, there is a greater need for ongoing communication and for establishing protocols
and infrastructure to ensure that nothing important is overlooked and to maintain customer
satisfaction.

1.4 Design Examples

History is full of great design innovations. Some design examples of famous structures
and buildings include, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Gothic cathedrals of Europe, the Great
Wall of China, the Taj Mahal of India, and many others. Engineering designs can also
be found in our daily lives. For example, products we use everyday such as the iPhone,
iPad, and DVD players, soda cans, coffee makers, toasters, grinders, peelers, bicycles,
chairs, paper clips, cars, motorcycles, airplanes, helicopters, wheel chairs, robots, exercise
machines, and so on are all the result of quality product designs. A simple gadget like
a personal DVD player contains many intricately designed components such as motors,
mechanisms, lasers, electronics, gears, switches, optics, LCD, etc.
Several design application examples from various disciplines (biomedical, civil,
aerospace, mechanical, electrical and computer, and industrial) are presented in Fig. 1.2.
It can be seen from Fig. 1.2 that a lot of creativity and innovation goes into the design of
many engineered products.
Another random document with
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 58. But perhaps you doubt, whether that faith whereby we are
thus saved, implies such a trust and confidence in God as we
describe. “You cannot think faith implies assurance: an assurance of
the love of God to our souls, of his being now reconciled to us, and
having forgiven all our sins.” And this we freely confess, that if
number of voices is to decide the question, we must give it up at
once; for you have on your side, not only some who desire to be
Christians indeed, but all nominal Christians in every place, and the
Romish church, one and all. Nay, these last are so vehement in your
defence, that in the famed council of Trent, they have decreed, “If
any man hold (fiduicam) trust, confidence, ♦or assurance of pardon
to be essential to faith, let him be accursed.”

♦ word missed in typeset “or”

59. Thus does that council anathematize the church of England.

For she is convicted hereof, by her own confession. The very words
in the Homily on Salvation are, “Even the devils believe, that Christ
was born of a virgin; that he wrought all kind of miracles, declaring
himself very God; that for our sakes he suffered a most painful
death, to redeem us from death everlasting. These articles of our
faith the devils believe; and so they believe all that is written in the
Old and New Testament. And yet for all this faith, they be but devils.
They remain still in their damnable estate, lacking the very true,
Christian faith.”

“The right and true Christian faith is, not only to believe the holy
scriptures, and the articles of our faith, are true; but also to have a
sure trust and confidence, to be saved from everlasting damnation
through Christ.” Or, (as it is exprest a little after.) “A sure trust and
confidence which a man hath in God, that by the merits of Christ his
sins are forgiven, and he reconciled to the favour of God.”
 60. Indeed the bishop of Rome saith, “If any man hold this, let
him be an Anathema Maranatha.” But ’tis to be hoped, Papal
Anathemas do not move you. You are a member of the church of
England. Are you? Then the controversy is at an end. Then hear the
church. Faith is a sure trust which a man hath in God, that his sins
are forgiven. Or if you are not, whether you hear our church or no,
at least hear the scriptures. Hear believing Job, declaring his faith, I
know that my Redeemer liveth. Hear Thomas, (when having seen,
he believed) crying out, My Lord and my God! Hear St. Paul clearly
describing the nature of his faith, The life I now live, I live by faith in
the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me. Hear (to
mention no more) all the believers who were with Paul, when he
wrote to the Colossians, bearing witness, We give thanks unto the
Father, who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath
translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: in whom we have
redemption thro’ his blood, even the forgiveness of sins, Colossians
i. verses 12, 13, 14.

61. But what need have we of distant witnesses? You have a

witness in our own breast. For am I not speaking to one that loves
God? How came you then to love him at first? Was it not, because
you knew that he loved you? Did you, could you love God at all, ’till
you tasted and saw that he was gracious? That he was merciful to
you a sinner? What avails then controversy, or strife of words? Out
of thy own mouth! You own, you had no love to God, ’till you was
sensible of his love to you. And whatever expressions any sinner
who loves God uses, to denote God’s love to him, you will always
upon examination, find, that, they directly or indirectly imply
forgiveness. Pardoning love is still at the root of all. He who was
offended is now reconciled. The new song which God puts in every
mouth, is always to that effect, O Lord, I will praise thee: tho’ thou
wast angry with me, thine anger is turned away. Behold, God is my
salvation. I will trust and not be afraid; for the Lord Jehovah is my
strength and my song: he is also become my salvation, Isaiah xii.
1, 2.
 62. A confidence then in a pardoning God, is essential to saving
faith. The forgiveness of sins is one of the first of those unseen
things, whereof faith is the evidence. And if you are sensible of this,
will you quarrel with us concerning an indifferent circumstance of it?
Will you think it an important objection that we assert, that this faith
is usually given in a moment? First, let me intreat you to read over
that authentic account of God’s dealings with men, the Acts of the
apostles. In this treatise you will find, how he wrought from the
beginning on those who received remission of sins by faith. And can
you find one of these, (except perhaps St. Paul) who did not receive
it in a moment? But abundance you find of those who did, besides
Cornelius and the three thousand, and to this also agrees the
experience or those who now receive the heavenly gift. Three or
four exceptions only have I found in the course of several years,
(perhaps you yourself may be added to that number, and one or two
more whom you have known.) But all the rest of those, who from
time to time among us have believed in the Lord Jesus, were in a
moment brought from darkness to light, and from the power of
Satan unto God.
 63. And why should it seem a thing incredible to you, who have
known the power of God unto salvation; (whether he hath wrought
thus in your soul or no; for there are diversities of operations, but
the same Spirit) that the dead should hear the voice of the Son of
God, and in that moment live? Thus he useth to act, to shew that
when he willeth, to do is present with him. Let there be light, said
God, and there was light. He spoke the word, and it was done. Thus
the heavens and the earth were created, and all the hosts of them.
And this manner of acting in the present case, highly suits both his
power and love. There is therefore no hindrance on God’s part; since
as his majesty is, so is his mercy. And whatever hindrance there is
on the part of man, when God speaketh, it is not. Only ask then, O
sinner, and it shall be given thee, even the faith that brings
salvation: and that, without any merit or good work of thine; for it is
not of works, lest any man should boast. No; it is of grace, of grace
alone. For unto him that worketh not, but believeth on him that
justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted to him for righteousness.

64. “But by talking thus you encourage sinners.” I do encourage

them—to repent: and do not you? Do not you know how many heap
sin upon sin, purely for want of such encouragement? Because they
think, “they can never be forgiven: there is no place for repentance
left?” Does not your heart also bleed for them? What would you
think too dear to part with? What would you not do? What would
you not suffer, to bring one such sinner to repentance? Could not
your love endure all things for them? “Yes—if you believed it would
do them good; if you had any hope that they would be better.” Why
do you not believe it would do them good? Why have you not a
hope that they will be better? Plainly, because you do not love them
enough; because you have not that charity, which not only endureth,
but at the same time believeth and hopeth all things.

65. But that you may see the whole strength of this objection, I
will shew you without any disguise or reserve, how I encourage the
chief of sinners: my usual language to them runs thus:
 O ye that deny the Lord that bought you, yet hear the word of
the Lord. You seek rest, but find none. Even in laughter your heart is
in heaviness. How long spend ye your labour for that which is not
bread, and your strength for that which satisfieth not? You know,
your soul is not satisfied. It is still an aking void. Sometimes you find
(in spite of your principles) a sense ♦ of guilt, an awakened
conscience. That grisly phantom, religion, (so you describe her) will
now and then haunt you still. Righteousness looking down from
heaven, is indeed to us no unpleasing sight. But how does it appear
to you?

Horribili super aspectu mortalibus astans?

How often are you in fear of the very things you deny? How often in
racking suspense? “What if there be an hereafter? A judgment to
come? An unhappy eternity?” Do you not start at the thoughts? Can
you be content to be always thus? Shall it be said of you also,

“Here lies a dicer, long in doubt

If death could kill the soul, or not?

Here ends his doubtfulness; at last

Convinc’d.――But, O the die is cast!”

Or, are you already convinced, there is no hereafter? What a poor

state then are you in now? Taking a few more dull turns upon earth,
and then dropping into nothing! What kind of spirit must you be of,
if you can sustain yourself under the thought! Under the expectation
of being in a few moments swept away by the stream of time, and
then for ever

“swallow’d up, and lost

In the wide womb of uncreated night!”

But neither indeed are you certain of this; nor of any thing else. “It
may be so; it may not. A vast scene is behind. But clouds and
darkness rest upon it.” All is doubt and uncertainty. You are
continually tossed to and fro, and have no firm ground for the sole
of your foot. O let not the poor wisdom of man any longer exalt
itself against the wisdom of God. You have fled from him long
enough: at length suffer your eyes to be opened by him that made
them. You want rest to your soul. Ask it of him, who giveth to all
men liberally, and upbraideth not! You are now a mere riddle to
yourself, and your condition full of darkness and perplexity. You are
one among many restless inhabitants of a miserable, disordered
world, walking in a vain shadow, and disquieting yourself in vain. But
the light of God will speedily disperse the anxiety of your vain
conjectures. By adding heaven to earth, and eternity to time; it will
open such a glorious view of things, as will lead you, even in the
present world, to a peace which passeth all understanding.

♦ duplicate word “of” removed

66. O ye gross, vile, scandalous sinners, hear ye the word of the

Lord. Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways; so iniquity shall not be
your ruin. As I live, saith the Lord, I have no pleasure in the death of
a sinner, but rather that he should turn and live. O make haste;
delay not the time. Come, and let us reason together. Though your
sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow; though they be red
as crimson, they shall be as wool.――Who is this that cometh from
Edom, with dyed garments, red in his apparel? It is he on whom the
Lord hath laid the iniquities of us all! Behold, behold the Lamb of
God, that taketh away thy sins! See the only begotten Son of the
Father, full of grace and truth! He loveth thee. He gave himself for
thee. Now, his bowels of compassion yearn over thee! O believe in
the Lord Jesus, and thou shalt be saved! Go in peace, sin no more!
 67. Now cannot you join in all this? Is it not the very language of
your heart? O when will you take knowledge, that our whole
concern, our constant labour is, to bring all the world to the religion
which you feel, to solid, inward, vital religion! What power is it then
that keeps us asunder? Is thine heart right, as my heart is with thy
heart? If it be, give me thy hand. Come with me and see, and
rejoice in my zeal for the Lord. No difference between us (if thou art
a child of God) can be so considerable as our agreement is. If we
differ in smaller things, we agree in that which is greatest of all. How
is it possible then that you should be induced, to think or speak evil
of us? How could it ever come into your mind, to oppose us, or
weaken our hands? How long shall we complain of the wounds
which we receive in the house of our friends? Surely the children of
this world are still wiser in their generation than the children of light.
Satan is not divided against himself: Why are they who are on the
Lord’s side against us? How is it that wisdom is not justified of her
own children?

68. Is it, because you have heard, “That we only make religion a
cloak for covetousness? And because you have heard abundance of
particulars alleged in support of that general charge?” ’Tis probable,
you may also have heard, “How much we have gained by preaching
already:” and, to crown all, “That we are only papists in disguise,
who are undermining and destroying the church?”
 69. “You have heard this.” Well: and can you believe it? Have you
then never heard the fifth chapter of St. Matthew? I would to God
you could believe it. What is written there? How readest thou?
Blessed are ye when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and
say all manner of evil against you falsely for my name’s sake. Rejoice
and be exceeding glad; for great is your reward in heaven: for so
persecuted they the prophets that were before you: namely, by
reviling them, and saying all manner of evil of them falsely. Do not
you know, that this (as well as all other scriptures) must needs be
fulfilled? If so, take knowledge, that this day also it is fulfilled in your
ears. For our Lord’s sake, and for the sake of his gospel which we
preach, men do revile us and persecute us, and (blessed be God,
who giveth us to rejoice therein) say all manner of evil of us falsely.
And how can it be otherwise? The disciple is not above his master. It
is enough for the disciple, that he be as his master, and the servant
as his Lord. If they have called the master of the house Beelzebub,
how much more shall they call them of his houshold?

70. This only we confess, that “we preach inward salvation, now
attainable by faith.” And for preaching this, (for no other crime was
then so much as pretended) we were forbid to preach any more in
those churches, where, till then, we were gladly received. This is a
notorious fact. Being thus hindered from preaching in the places we
should first have chosen, we now declare the grace of God which
bringeth salvation, in all places of his dominion: as well knowing,
that God dwelleth not only in temples made with hands. This is the
real, and it is the only real ground of complaint against us. And this
we avow before all mankind, we do preach this salvation by faith.
And not being suffered to preach it in the usual places, we declare it
♦wherever a door is opened, either on a mountain, or a plain, or by
a river side, (for all which we conceive we have sufficient precedent)
or in prison, or, as it were, in the house of Justus, or the school of
one Tyrannus. Nor dare we refrain. A dispensation of the gospel is
committed to me; and woe is me, if I preach not the gospel.
 ♦ “whereever” replaced with “wherever”

71. Here we allow the fact, but deny the guilt. But in every other
point alleged, we deny the fact, and call upon the world to prove it,
if they can. More especially we call upon those who for many years
saw our manner of life at Oxford. These well know, that after the
straitest sect of our religion, we lived Pharisees: and that the grand
objection to us for all those years, was the being righteous
overmuch: the reading, fasting, praying, denying ourselves; the
going to church, to the Lord’s table; the relieving the poor, visiting
those that were sick and in prison; instructing the ignorant, and
labouring to reclaim the wicked,—more than was necessary for
salvation. These were our open, flagrant crimes, from the year 1729
to the year 1737; touching which our Lord shall judge in that day.

72. But waving the things that are past: which of you now
convinceth us of sin? Which of you (I here more especially appeal to
my brethren, the clergy) can personally convict us of any
ungodliness or unholiness of conversation? Ye know in your own
hearts, (all that are candid men, all that are not utterly blinded with
prejudice) that we labour to have a conscience void of offence both
toward God and toward man. Brethren, I would to God that in this
ye were even as we. But indeed (with grief I speak it) ye are not.
There are among yourselves ungodly and unholy men; openly,
undeniably such: drunkards, gluttons, returners of evil for evil, liars,
swearers, prophaners of the day of the Lord. Proof hereof is not
wanting, if ye require it. Where then is your zeal against these? A
clergyman, so drunk he can scarce stand or speak, may, in the
presence of a thousand people ¹, set upon another clergyman of the
same church, both with abusive words and open violence. And what
follows? Why, the one is still allowed to dispense the sacred signs of
the body and blood of Christ. But the other is not allowed to receive
them.――Because he is a field preacher.
 ¹ At Epworth, in Lincolnshire.

73. O ye pillars and fathers of the church, are these things well-
pleasing to him, who hath made you overseers over that flock which
he hath purchased with his own blood? O that ye would suffer me to
boast myself a little! Is there not a cause? Have ye not compelled
me? Which of your clergy are more unspotted in their lives, which
more unwearied in their labours, than those whose names ye cast
out as evil, whom ye count as the filth and off-scouring of the world?
Which of them is more zealous to spend and be spent, for the lost
sheep of the house of Israel? Or, who among them is more ready to
be offered up for their flock upon the sacrifice and service of their
faith?

74. Will ye say, (as the historian of Catiline) Si sic pro patria! If
this were done in defence of the church, and not in order to
undermine and destroy it! That is the very proposition I undertake to
prove, That “we are now defending the church, even the church of
England, in opposition to all those who either secretly undermine, or
more openly attempt to destroy it.”

75. That we are Papists, (we, who are daily and hourly preaching
that very doctrine which is so solemnly anathematized by the whole
church of Rome) is such a charge, that I dare not waste my time in
industriously confuting it. Let any man of common sense only look
on the title pages of the sermons we have lately preached at Oxford,
and he will need nothing more to shew him the weight of this
senseless, shameless accusation;—unless he can suppose the
governors both of Christ-Church and Lincoln-College, nay, and all the
university, to be Papists too.

76. You yourself can easily acquit us of this; but not of the other
part of the charge. You still think we are secretly undermining, if not
openly destroying the church.
 What do you mean by the church? A visible church (as our article
defines it) is, A company of faithful (or believing) people: cætus
credentium. This is the essence of a church: and the properties
thereof are, (as they are described in the words that follow) Among
whom the pure word of God is preached, and the sacraments duly
administered. Now then (according to this authentic account) what is
The church of England? What is it indeed, but the faithful people,
the true believers in England? It is true, if these are scattered
abroad, they come under another consideration. But when they are
visibly joined, by assembling together to hear the pure word of God
preached, and to eat of one bread, and drink of one cup, they are
then properly the visible church of England.

77. It were well if this were a little more considered by those,

who so vehemently cry out, The church! the church! (as those of
old, The temple of the Lord! the temple of the Lord!) not knowing
what they speak, nor whereof they affirm. A provincial or national
church, according to our article, is, the true believers of that
province or nation. If these are dispersed up and down, they are
only a part of the invisible church of Christ. But if they are visibly
joined by assembling together to hear his word and partake of his
supper, they are then a visible church, such as the church of
England, France, or any other.

78. This being premised, I ask, How do we undermine or destroy

the church? The provincial, visible church of England? The article
mentions three things as essential to a visible church: 1st, Living
faith, without which indeed there can be no church at all, neither
visible nor invisible: 2dly, Preaching (and consequently hearing) the
pure word of God, else that faith would languish and die: and, 3dly,
A due administration of the sacraments, the ordinary means
whereby God increaseth faith. Now come close to the question: in
which of these points do we undermine or destroy the church?
 Do we shut the door of faith? Do we lessen the number of
believing people in England? Only remember what faith is, according
to our homilies, (viz. “A sure trust and confidence in God, that
through the merits of Christ my sins are forgiven, and I reconciled to
the favour of God,”) And we appeal to all mankind, do we destroy
this faith, which is the life and soul of the church? Is there, in fact,
less of this faith, in England, than there was before we went forth! I
think, this is an assertion, which the father of lies himself will scarce
dare to utter or maintain.

With regard then to this first point, it is undeniable, we neither

undermine nor destroy the church. The second thing is, the
preaching the pure word of God. And do we hinder this? Do we
hinder any minister from preaching the pure word of God? If any
preach not at all, or not the pure word of God, is the hindrance in us
or in themselves? Or, do we lessen the number of those that hear
the pure word of God? Are then the hearers thereof (whether read
or preached) fewer than they were in times past? Are the usual
places of public worship less frequented by means of our preaching?
Wheresoever our lot has been cast for any time, are the churches
emptier than they were before? Surely, none that has any regard left
either for truth or modesty, will say, that in this point we are
enemies to, or destroyers of, the church.

The third thing requisite (if not to the being, at least) to the well
being of a church, is the due administration of the sacraments,
particularly that of the Lord’s supper. And are we, in this respect,
underminers or destroyers of the church? Do we either by our
example or advice, draw men away from the Lord’s table? Where we
have labour’d most, are there the fewest communicants? How does
the fact stand in London, Bristol, Newcastle? O that you would no
longer shut your eyes against the broad light which encompasses
you on every side!
 79. I believe you are sensible by this time, not only how weak
this objection is, but likewise how easy it would be, terribly to retort
every branch of it upon most of those that make it: whether we
speak of true living faith, of preaching the pure word of God, or of
the due administration of the sacraments, both of baptism and the
Lord’s supper. But I spare you. It sufficeth that our God knoweth,
and will make manifest in that day, whether it be by reason of us or
you, that men abhor the offering of the Lord.

80. Others object, “That we do not observe the laws of the

church, and thereby undermine it.” What laws? The rubricks or
canons? In every parish where I have been curate yet, I have
observed the rubricks with a scrupulous exactness, not for wrath,
but for conscience sake. And this, so far as belongs to an
unbeneficed minister, or to a private member of the church, I do
now. I will just mention a few of them, and leave you to consider,
which of us has observed, or does observe them most.

1. Days of fasting or abstinence to be observ’d:

The forty days of Lent,

The Ember days at the four seasons,

The three Rogation days,

All Fridays in the year, except Christmas-day.

2. “So many as intend to be partakers of the holy communion,

shall signify their names to the curate, at least some time the day
before:

“And if any of these be an open and notorious evil liver,――the

curate shall advertise him, that in any wise he presume not to come
to the Lord’s table, until he hath openly declared himself to have
truly repented.
 3. “Then (after the Nicene creed) the curate shall declare unto
the people, what holidays, or fasting-days, are in the week following
to be observed.

4. “The minister shall first receive the communion in both kinds

himself, and then proceed to deliver the same to the bishops,
priests, and deacons, in like manner, if any be present, and after
that, to the people.

5. “In cathedral and collegiate churches, and colleges, where

there are many priests and deacons, they shall all receive the
communion with the priest, every Sunday at the least.

6. “The children to be baptized must be ready at the font,

immediately after the last lesson.

7. “The curates of every parish shall warn the people, that

without great necessity, they procure not their children to be
baptized at home in their houses.

8. “The curate of every parish shall diligently upon Sundays and

Holydays, after the second lesson at evening prayer, openly in the
church, instruct and examine so many children as he shall think
convenient, in some part of the catechism.

9. “Whensoever the bishop shall give notice for children to be

brought unto him for their confirmation, the curate of every parish,
shall either bring or send in writing, with his hand subscribed
thereunto, the names of all such persons within his parish, as he
shall think fit to be presented to the bishop.”
 81. Now the question is not, whether these rubrics ought to be
observed, (you take this for granted in making the objection) but
whether in fact they have been observed by you, or me, most? Many
can witness, I have observed them punctually, yea, sometimes at
the hazard of my life: and as many, I fear, that you, have not
observed them at all, and that several of them you never pretended
to observe. And is it you that are accusing me, for not observing the
rubrics of the church? What grimace is this! O tell it not in Gath!
Publish not in the streets of Askelon!

82. With regard to the canons, I would in the first place desire
you to consider, two or three plain questions.

1st. Have you ever read them over?

2dly. How can these be called, “The canons of the church of

England?” Seeing they were never legally established by the church?
Never regularly confirmed in any full convocation?

3dly. By what right am I required to observe such canons as

were never legally established?

And then I will join issue with you on one question more, viz.
Whether you or I have observed them most?

To instance only in a few.

Canon 29. No person shall be admitted godfather or godmother

to any child,—before the said person hath received the holy
communion.

Canon 59. Every parson, vicar, or curate, upon every Sunday and
Holiday, before evening prayer, shall, for half an hour, or more,
examine and instruct the youth and ignorant persons of his parish.
 Canon 64. Every parson, vicar, or curate, shall declare to the
people every Sunday, whether there be any holidays or fasting-days
the week following.

Canon 68. No minister shall refuse or delay to christen any child

that is brought to the church to him upon Sundays or holidays to be
christened, or bury any corps that is brought to the church or
church-yard.

(N. B. Inability to pay fees does not alter the case.)

Canon 75. No ecclesiastical persons shall spend their time idly, by

day or by night, playing at dice, cards, or tables.

Now let the clergyman who has observed only these five canons
for one year last past, and who has read over all the canons in his
congregation; (as the king’s ratification straitly enjoins him to do
once every year) let him, I say, cast the first stone at us, for not
observing the canons (so called) of the church of England.

83. “However we cannot be (it is said) friends to the church,

because we do not obey the governors of it, and submit ourselves
(as at our ordination we promised to do) to all their godly
admonitions and injunctions.” ¹ I answer, in every individual point of
an indifferent nature, We do and will (by the grace of God) obey the
governors of the church. But the testifying the gospel of the grace of
God, is not a point of an indifferent nature. The ministry which we
have received of the Lord Jesus, we are at all hazards to fulfil. It is
the burthen of the Lord which is laid upon us here; and we are to
obey God rather than man. Nor yet do we in any ways violate the
promise which each of us made, when it was said unto him, “Take
thou authority to preach the word of God, in the name of the Father,
and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.” We then promised to submit
(mark the words) to the godly admonitions and injunctions of our
ordinary. But we did not, could not promise to obey such
injunctions, as we know are contrary to the word of God.
 ¹ The author of a tract just published at Newcastle,
(entitled, The notions of the Methodists fully disproved, in
a letter to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley) much insists upon
this objection. I have read, and believe it quite needless to
take any further notice of this performance: the writer
being so utterly unacquainted with the merits of the
cause; and shewing himself so perfectly a stranger, both
to my life, preaching, and writing; and to the word of God,
and to the articles and homilies of the church of England.

84. “But why then (say some) do you leave the church?” Leave
the church! What can you mean? Do we leave so much as the
church walls? Your own eyes tell you, we do not. Do we leave the
ordinances of the church? You daily see and know the contrary. Do
we leave the fundamental doctrine of the church, namely, Salvation
by faith? It is our constant theme, in public, in private, in writing, in
conversation. Do we leave the practice of the church, the standard
whereof are the ten commandments? Which are so essentially in-
wrought in her constitution, (as little as you may apprehend it) that
whosoever breaks one of the least of these, is no member of the
church of England. I believe you do not care to put the cause on this
issue. Neither do you mean this, by leaving the church. In truth, I
cannot conceive what you mean. I doubt you cannot conceive
yourself. You have retailed a sentence from somebody else, which
you no more understand than he. And no marvel; for it is a true
observation,

“Nonsense is never to be understood.”

 85. Nearly related to this is that other objection, that we divide
the church. Remember the church is, The faithful people, or true
believers. Now how do we divide these? “Why, by our societies.”
Very good. Now the case is plain. “We divide them (you say) by
uniting them together.” Truly, a very uncommon way of dividing. “O,
but we divide those who are thus united with each other, from the
rest of the church.” By no means. Many of them were before joined
to all their brethren of the church of England (and many were not,
until they knew us) by assembling themselves together, to hear the
word of God, and to eat of one bread, and drink of one cup. And do
they now forsake that assembling themselves together? You cannot,
you dare not say it. You know they are more diligent therein than
ever; it being one of the fixed rules of our societies, “That every
member attend the ordinances of God.” i. e. do not divide from the
church. And if any member of the church does thus divide from or
leave it, he hath no more place among us.

86. I have considered this objection the more at large, because it

is of most weight with sincere minds. And to all these, if they have
fairly and impartially weighed the answer as well as the objection, I
believe it clearly appears, that we are neither undermining nor
destroying, neither dividing nor leaving the church. So far from it,
that we have great heaviness, on her account, yea, continual sorrow
in our hearts. And our prayer to God is, that he would repair the
breaches of Sion, and build the walls of Jerusalem, that this our
desolate church may flourish again, and be the praise of the whole
earth.

87. But perhaps you have heard, that “we in truth regard no
church at all: that gain is the true spring of all our actions: that I, in
particular, am well paid for my work, having thirteen hundred
pounds a year (as a reverend author accurately computes it) at the
Foundery alone, over and above what I receive from Bristol,
Kingswood, Newcastle, and other places: and that whoever survives
me, will see I have made good use of my time; for I shall not die a
beggar.”
 88. I freely own, this is one of the best devised objections, which
has ever yet been made; because it not only puts us upon proving a
negative, (which is seldom an easy task) but also one of such a kind
as scarce admits of any demonstrative proof at all. But for such
proof as the nature of the thing allows, I appeal to my manner of life
which hath been from the beginning. Ye who have seen it (and not
with a friendly eye) for these twelve or fourteen years last past, or
for any part of that time, Have ye ever seen any thing like the love
of gain therein? Did I not continually remember the words of the
Lord Jesus, “It is more blessed to give than to receive?” Ye of
Oxford, Do ye not know these things are so? What gain did I seek
among you? Of whom did I take any thing? From whom did I covet
silver, or gold, or apparel? To whom did I deny any thing which I
had, even to the hour that I departed from you?—Ye of Epworth and
Wroote, among whom I ministered for (nearly) the space of three
years, what gain did I seek among you? Or of whom did I take or
covet any thing?—Ye of Savannah and Frederica, among whom God
afterwards proved me, and shewed me what was in my heart, what
gain did I seek among you? Of whom did I take any thing? Or whose
food or apparel did I covet (for silver or gold had ye none, no more
than I myself for many months) even when I was in hunger and
nakedness? Ye yourselves, and the God and Father of our Lord Jesus
Christ, know that I lie not.

89. “But (it is said) things are fairly altered now. Now I can’t
complain of wanting any thing; having the yearly income of a bishop
in London, over and above what I gain at other places.” At what
other places, my friend? Inform yourself a little better, and you will
find, that both at Newcastle, Bristol, and Kingswood, and all other
places, where any collection is made) the money collected is both
received and expended by the stewards of those several societies,
and never comes into my hands at all, neither first nor last. And you,
or any who desire it, shall read over the accounts kept by any of
those stewards, and see with your own eyes, that by all these
societies I gain just as much as you do.
 90. The case in London stands thus. In November 1739, two
gentlemen, then unknown to me (Mr. Ball and Mr. Watkins) came
and desired me once and again, to preach in a place called the
Foundery near Moorfields. With much reluctance I at length
complied. I was soon after pressed to take that place into my own
hands. Those who were most earnest therein, lent me the purchase-
money, which was 115l. Mr. Watkins and Mr. Ball then delivered me
the names of several subscribers, who offered to pay, some four, or
six, some ten shillings a year towards the repayment of the
purchase-money, and the putting the buildings into repair. This
amounted one year to near 200l. the second to about 140, and so to
the last.

91. The united society began a little after, whose weekly

contribution (for the poor) is received, and expended by the
stewards, and comes not into my hands at all. But there is also a
quarterly subscription of many of the society, which is nearly equal
to that above mentioned.

92. The uses to which these subscriptions have been hitherto

applied, are, 1st, the payment of that 115l. 2dly. The repairing (I
might almost say rebuilding) that vast, uncouth heap of ruins at the
Foundery; 3dly. The building galleries both for men and women;
4thly. The enlarging the society room to near thrice its first bigness.
All taxes and occasional expences are likewise defrayed out of this
fund. And it has been hitherto so far from yielding any overplus, that
it has never sufficed for these purposes. So far from it, that I am still
in debt, on these accounts, near 300l. So much have I hitherto
gained by preaching the gospel! Besides a debt of 150l. still
remaining on account of the school built at Bristol; and another of
above 200l. on account of that now building at Newcastle. I desire
any reasonable man would now sit down and lay these things
together, and let him see, whether, allowing me a grain of common
sense, (if not of common honesty) he can possibly conceive, that a
view of gain would induce me to act in this manner.
 93. You can never reconcile it with any degree of common sense,
that a man who wants nothing, who has already all the necessaries,
all the conveniencies, nay, and many of the superfluities of life, and
these not only independent on any one, but less liable to
contingencies than even a gentleman’s freehold estate, that such an
one should calmly and deliberately throw up his ease, most of his
friends, his reputation, and that way of life, which of all others is
most agreeable both to his nature, temper, and education: that he
should toil day and night, spend all his time and strength, knowingly
destroy a firm constitution, and hasten into weakness, pain,
diseases, death,—to gain a debt of six or seven hundred pounds.

94. But suppose the ballance on the other side, let me ask you
one plain question. For what gain (setting conscience aside) will you
be obliged to act thus? To live exactly as I do? For what price will
you preach (and that with all your might, not in an easy, indolent,
fashionable way) eighteen or nineteen times every week? And this
throughout the year? What shall I give you, to travel seven or eight
hundred miles, in all weathers, every two or three months? For what
salary will you abstain from all other diversions, than the doing
good, and the praising God? I am mistaken if you would not prefer
strangling to such a life, even with thousands of gold and silver.
 95. And what is the comfort you have found out for me in these
circumstances? Why, that “I shall not die a beggar.” So now I am
supposed to be heaping up riches,—“that I may leave them behind
me.” Leave them behind me! For whom? My wife and children? Who
are they? They are yet unborn. Unless thou meanest the children of
faith whom God hath given me. But my heavenly Father feedeth
them. Indeed if I lay up riches at all, it must be to leave behind me:
(seeing my fellowship is a provision for life.) But I cannot understand
this. What comfort would it be to my soul, now launched into
eternity, that I had left behind me gold as the dust, and silver as the
sand of the sea? Will it follow me over the great gulph? Or can I go
back to it? Thou that liftest up thy eyes in hell, what do thy riches
profit thee now? Will all thou once hadst under the sun, gain thee a
drop of water to cool thy tongue? O the comfort of riches left behind
to one who is tormented in that flame!—You put me in mind of those
celebrated lines (which I once exceedingly admired) addressed by
way of consolation to the soul of a poor self-murderer:

“Yet shall thy grave with rising flowers be drest,

And the green turf lie light upon thy breast!

Here shall the year its earliest beauties shew:

Here the first roses of the spring shall blow:

While angels with their silver wings o’er shade

The place now sacred by thy relics made.”

 96. I will now simply tell you my sense of these matters, whether
you will hear, or whether you will forbear. Food and raiment I have;
such food as I chuse to eat, and such raiment as I chuse to put on. I
have a place where to lay my head. I have what is needful for life
and godliness. And I apprehend this is all the world can afford. The
kings of the earth can give me no more. For as to gold and silver I
count it dung and dross; I trample it under my feet. I (yet not I, but
by the grace of God that is in me) esteem it just as the mire in the
streets. I desire it not: I seek it not; I only fear lest any of it should
cleave to me and I should not be able to shake it off, before my
spirit returns to God. It must indeed pass through my hands; but I
will take care (God being my helper) that the mammon of
unrighteousness shall only pass through; it shall not rest there. None
of the accursed thing shall be found in my tents, when the Lord
calleth me hence. And hear ye this, all you who have discovered the
treasures which I am to leave behind me. If I leave behind me ten
pounds (above my debts, and my books; or what may happen to be
due on account of them) you and all mankind bear witness against
me, “that I lived and died a thief and a robber.”
 97. Before I conclude, I cannot but intreat you who know God, to
review the whole matter from the foundation. Call to mind what the
state of religion was in our nation a few years since. In whom did
you find the holy tempers that were in Christ? Bowels of mercies,
lowliness, meekness, gentleness, contempt of the world, patience,
temperance, long-suffering? A burning love to God, rejoicing
evermore and in every thing giving thanks; and a tender love to all
mankind, covering, believing, hoping, enduring all things? Perhaps
you did not know one such man in the world. But how many, that
had all unholy tempers? What vanity and pride, what stubbornness
and self-will, what anger, fretfulness, discontent, what suspicion and
resentment, what inordinate affections, what irregular passions,
what foolish and hurtful desires might you find, in those who were
called the best of men? In those who made the strictest profession
of religion? And how few did you know who went so far as the
profession of religion, who had even the form of godliness? Did you
not frequently bewail, wherever your lot was cast, the general want
even of outward religion? How few were seen at the public worship
of God? How much fewer at the Lord’s table? And was even this little
flock zealous of good works, careful as they had time, to do good to
all men? On the other hand, did you not with grief observe, outward
irreligion in every place? Where could you be for one week, without
being an eye or an ear-witness, of cursing, swearing, or
prophaneness, of sabbath-breaking or drunkenness, of quarrelling or
brawling, of revenge or obscenity? Were these things done in a
corner? Did not gross iniquity of all kinds overspread our land as a
flood? Yea, and daily increase, in spite of all the opposition which the
children of God did or could make against it.
 98. If you had been then told, that the jealous God would soon
arise and maintain his own cause; that he would pour down his
Spirit from on high, and renew the face of the earth; that he would
shed abroad his love in the hearts of the outcasts of men, producing
all holy and heavenly tempers, expelling anger, and pride, and evil
desire, and all unholy and earthly tempers; causing outward religion,
the work of faith, the patience of hope, the labour of love, to flourish
and abound; and wherever it spread, abolishing outward-irreligion,
destroying all the works of the devil: if you had been told, that this
living knowledge of the Lord would in a short space of time
overspread our land; yea, and daily increase, in spite of all the
opposition which the devil and his children did or could make against
it: Would you not have vehemently desired to see that day, that you
might bless God and rejoice therein?

99. Behold the day of the Lord is come. He is again visiting and
redeeming his people. Having eyes, see ye not? Having ears, do ye
not hear? Neither understand with your hearts? At this hour the Lord
is rolling away our reproach. Already his standard is set up. His spirit
is poured forth on the outcasts of men, and his love shed abroad in
their hearts. Love of all mankind, meekness, gentleness, humbleness
of mind, holy and heavenly affections, do take place of hate, anger,
pride, revenge, and vain affections. Hence wherever the power of
the Lord spreads, springs outward religion in all its forms. The
houses of God are filled; the table of the Lord is thronged on every
side. And those who thus shew their love of God, shew they love
their neighbour also, by being careful to maintain good works, by
doing all manner of good, as they have time, to all men. They are
likewise careful to abstain from all evil. Cursing, sabbath-breaking,
drunkenness, with all other (however fashionable) works of the
devil, are not once named among them. All this is plain
demonstrable fact. For this also is not done in a corner. Now, do you
acknowledge the day of your visitation? Do you bless God and
rejoice therein?
 100. What hinders? Is it this, that men say all manner of evil of
those whom God is pleased to use as instruments in his work? O ye
fools, did ye suppose the devil was dead? Or that he would not fight
for his kingdom? And what weapons shall he fight with, if not with
lies? Is he not a liar, and the father of it? Suffer ye then thus far. Let
the devil and his children say all manner of evil of us. And let them
go on deceiving each other, and being deceived. But ye need not be
deceived also.――Or if you are, if you will believe all they say: be it
so, that we are weak, silly, wicked men; without sense, without
learning, without even a desire or design of doing good: yet I insist
upon the fact. Christ is preached and sinners are converted to God.
This none but a madman can deny. We are ready to prove it by a
cloud of witnesses. Neither therefore can the inference be denied,
that God is now visiting his people. O that all men may know in this
their day, the things that make for their peace!

101. Upon the whole, to men of the world I would still

recommend the known advice of Gamaliel: Refrain from these men,
and let them alone; for if this work be of men, it will come to
nought; but if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it, lest haply ye be
found even to fight against God. But unto you whom God hath
chosen out of the world, I say ye are our brethren, and of our
father’s house, it behoveth you, in whatsoever manner ye are able,
to strengthen our hands in God. And this ye are all able to do; to
wish us good luck in the name of the Lord, and, to pray continually,
that none of these things may move us, and that we may not count
our lives dear unto ourselves, so that we may finish our course with
joy, and the ministry which we have received of the Lord Jesus!

Written in the year 1744.

Primitive Christianity.
 HTo Jesus, and each other cleav’d,
1 APPY the souls who first believ’d,

Join’d by the unction from above,

In mystic fellowship of love.

2 Meek, simple followers of the Lamb,

They liv’d, and spake, and thought the same,

Brake the commemorative bread,

And drank the Spirit of their head.

3 On God they cast their every care,

Wrestling with God in mighty prayer,

They claim’d the grace, thro’ Jesus given:

By prayer, they shut, and open’d heaven.

4 To Jesus they perform’d their vows,

A little church in every house;

They joyfully conspir’d to raise

Their ceaseless sacrifice of praise.

5 Propriety was there unknown,

None call’d what he possess’d his own;

Where all the common blessings share,

No selfish happiness was there.

6 With grace abundantly endu’d,

A pure, believing multitude;

They all were of one heart and soul,

And only love inspir’d the whole.

7 O what an age of golden days!

O what a choice, peculiar race!

Wash’d in the Lamb’s all-cleansing blood,

Anointed kings, and priests to God.

8 Where shall I wander now to find

The successors they left behind?

The faithful, whom I seek in vain,

Are minish’d from the sons of men.

9 Ye different sects, who all declare,

Lo! here is Christ, or Christ is there!

Your stronger proofs divinely give,

And shew me where the Christians live.

10 Your claim, alas! ye cannot prove,

Ye want the genuine mark of love:

Thou only, Lord, thine own canst shew,

For sure thou hast a church below.

11 The gates of hell cannot prevail,

The church on earth can never fail:

Ah! join me to thy secret ones,

Ah! gather all thy living stones.

12 Scatter’d o’er all the earth they lie,

’Till Thou collect them with thine eye,

Draw by the music of thy name,

And charm into a beauteous frame.

13 For this the pleading Spirit groans,

And cries in all thy banish’d ones:

Greatest of gifts, thy love impart,

And make us of one mind and heart.

14 Join every soul that looks to thee,

In bonds of perfect charity:

Now, Lord, the glorious fulness give,

And all in all for ever live.

P A R T II.

1 JESUS, from whom all blessings flow,

Great builder of thy church below,

If now thy spirit moves my breast,

Hear, and fulfil thy own request.

2 The few that truly call thee Lord,

And wait thy sanctifying word;

And thee their utmost Saviour own,

Unite, and perfect them in one.

3 Gather them in on every side,

And in thy tabernacle hide;

Give them a resting place to find,

A covert from the storm and wind.

4 O find them out some calm recess,

Some unfrequented wilderness!

Thou, Lord, the secret place prepare,

And hide and feed the woman there.

5 Thither collect thy little flock,

Under the shadow of their rock:

The holy seed, the royal race,

The standing monuments of thy grace?

6 O let them all thy mind express,

Stand forth thy chosen witnesses!

Thy power unto salvation shew,

And perfect holiness below.

7 The fulness of thy grace receive,

And simply to thy glory live;

Strongly reflect the light divine,

And in a land of darkness shine.

8 In them let all mankind behold,

How Christians liv’d in days of old;

(Mighty their envious foes to move,

A proverb of reproach—and love.)

9 O make them of one soul and heart,

The all-conforming mind impart;

Spirit of peace and unity,

The sinless mind that was in thee.

10 Call them into thy wond’rous light,

Worthy to walk with thee in white;