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Library & Learning Resources

Harvard Referencing: a short guide

For a longer more in-depth version of this guide, please see the referencing tutorial on Blackboard entitled Basic Guide to Referencing (Harvard) Warning: If your faculty/department has produced a guide of its own, it is recommended that you use this in preference to the library guide.

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Why Harvard?

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There are a number of officially accepted formats that can be used to reference your work. The style that most departments/faculties within the university specify you should adhere to is the Harvard Referencing System. The Harvard Referencing System, also known as the name and date system (British Standard, 1990, p. 3), was developed in the USA, and has arguably become the most common system internationally is use. This booklet is a short guide that has been produced by the Library and Learning Resources. You will, however, find that there are a few variations within the Harvard method of referencing so if your faculty/department has produced a guide of their own, it is recommended that you use this in preference to the Library guide. For more guidance, check your course handbooks or ask your tutor for advice. For a longer version of this guide, please see the referencing tutorial on Blackboard entitled Basic guide to Referencing (Harvard). You can find this by clicking Library Communities under the Communities tab. Harvard is a fairly simple method of referencing both for the author and reader. It comprises two parts every time you quote, paraphrase or summarise an idea within your assignment you must include in the text basic details of the source (author, date and page number). A corresponding entry is then included in a single reference list cited alphabetically at the end of the document where the full publication details are stated in a standardised format. Footnotes, chapter references etc. are not used in Harvard.

Citing references within the text

To indicate to your reader that you are drawing your ideas from the work of others, you must generally insert three basic details in brackets after each reference in your text: Author (may also be an editor or an organisation) Year of publication Page number (Smith, 2002, p.14) The only exceptions to this rule are if your sentence includes the authors name then there is no need to include it again in the citation, and if you are referring to the work as a whole, you do not need to include the page number. Please note that if the bracketed reference occurs at the end of the sentence, the full stop should occur after the brackets and not before. Naming the author in the text If the authors name appears naturally in the sentence then you simply give the year of publication in brackets after the name. There is no need to cite the author again. In a recent study, Smith (2002, p.14) has found much evidence to suggest that women are more intuitive than men.

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No referral to the author in the text If it does not make sense to name the author in your sentence, include the authors name in the brackets. There is much evidence to suggest that women are much more intuitive than men (Smith, 2002, p.14). The author has published more than one work in the same year If the author has published more than one document in the same year, and you have cited both in your assignment, distinguish between them by adding a lower case letter after the year of publication. Smith (2002a, p.14) or (Smith, 2002a, p.14) In the reference list you should add a lower case letter to the corresponding record immediately after the year. Two authors If there are two authors, give the names of both. Johnson and Scholes (2007, p.56) or (Johnson and Scholes, 2007, p. 56) More than two authors If there are more than two authors, cite the surname of the first author followed by et al. (meaning and others) Herringbone and Samuel (2000) and Khan et al. (1999) both make the assertion that No obvious author Where there is no obvious author, an item is cited by title and then listed alphabetically in the reference list according to the first significant word in the title. Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, 1996, p. 377 Edited items If you use an item that is edited then you should insert the editor as the author and the year of publication as usual.

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(Steiner, 1965, p.257) or Steiner (1965, p.257)

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It is only in the reference list that you would indicate that the item has an editor rather than an author by using the abbreviation (ed.) in brackets after the authors surname. Quotations For quotes that are less than one line in length, include these in the body of the text in double quotation marks (). Blanchards The One Minute Manager (1996, p.17) asserts that the strength of team working is that a group can solve more complex problems. For those quotes that are more than one line, start a new line and indent the quote. Quotation marks are not required: e.g. It is widely acknowledged that working in groups is a powerful medium for achieving tasks efficiently and effectively. Kenneth Blanchards creation, the One Minute Manager wisely describes the strength of working in a group: When groups are operating effectively they can solve more complex problems, make better decisions, release more creatively and do more to build individual skills and commitment than individuals working alone (Blanchard, 1996, p17) It is recommended, however that you use long quotations sparingly. A single word or phrase to emphasise your point is often sufficient. Remember when quoting, to copy exactly the original using the same spellings, punctuation and formatting, such as italics. Also it is recommended that you always provide accompanying analytical content for each quotation used. Diagrams, illustrations Diagrams need to be treated in a similar way to a quotation. Include the author, date and page number in the text and give the full details of the source in the reference list. Websites Do not cite the website address as part of the in-text citation, although this should be included as part of the entry in the reference list. If a website is produced by an individual then use their name in the citation. If the website is produced by an organisation, company or government body then give these details as the author. Advertising has been defined as the promotion of a product, service or message by an identified sponsor using paid-for media (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2007). Secondary referencing

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It is recommended that as far as possible you read the original source. However, if this is not possible, e.g. the original work is out of print and not stocked by the library then secondary referencing is permitted. Secondary referencing is referring to a particular theory or idea that youve read not in the original work but in an entirely different document, e.g. a textbook. So for example, referring to the assertions made by Ashworth that you have read in Tim Newburns book Crime and Criminal Justice Policy is an illustration of secondary referencing. In the text you should cite the primary source as well as the secondary one. The example used above should thus be referencing in the text as: (Ashworth, 1983, cited in Newburn, 2003, p. 159) The reference list should only include details of the book which you have read. Newburn, T. (2003) Crime and criminal justice policy. 2nd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.

Compiling your Reference List and Bibliography

As stated above, the reference list comprises the full bibliographical detail of items you have quoted from or referred to in your main document. This is a separate section listed after your text. References should be listed in alphabetical order (not numeric) by authors surname. If you have two works by the same author, order them chronologically by date (earliest first) and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year, by letter (2006a, 2006b etc). Remember it should be a single list rather than being divided into separate sections according to material type, e.g. Web sites, journals etc. The bibliographical details required for each particular item type are highlighted in the next section (Referencing examples by item type). If your source is in paper format, it is recommended that you obtain these particulars from the title page rather than the front cover of the item. If you have used and cited from any appendices in your document, you must list these in the reference list. Only include as appendices those sources which are not in print. Please refer to your course handbook for any details about the format in which appendices should appear. In the bibliography, items are listed which have not been cited in the text, but have formed part of the preparatory reading. Please check your course handbook or consult with your tutor as to whether a bibliography is required. Books Include the following information. The order is: 1. Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the book. 2. Year of publication (in brackets) 3. Title: subtitle (if any), italics, in bold or underlined. The examples given are in italics.

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4. Series (if any). 5. Edition if not the first. 6. Place of publication (city not the country) if known, (if there is more than one place, use the first one on the list.) 7. Publisher. Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Authors' forenames can be included if given on the title page, otherwise an initial will suffice. 1. Single author In text: (Jobber, 2007, p.18) or according to Jobber (2007, p. 18) Reference list/bibliography: Jobber, D. (2007) Principles and practice of marketing. 5th edition. London: McGraw Hill. 2. Multiple authors 2 authors In text: (Coles and Barritt, 2000, p.112) or Coles and Barritt (2000, p.112) state that Reference list/bibliography: Coles, E.J. and Barritt, C.M.H. (2000) Planning and monitoring design work. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. 2 authors or more In text: (Carrabine et al, 2004, p.163) oras Steiner asserts (1965, p.257) Reference list/bibliography: Carrabine, E., Iganski, P., Lee, M., Plummer, K., and South, N. (2004) Criminology: a sociological introduction. London, Routledge. Please note: for more than two authors, use et al. in the text but cite all authors in the reference list. 3. An edited book The same principle follows for editors. You must indicate that the book is edited by typing (ed.) after the editor/s surname and initials. For more than two editors use the et al. in the text but cite all authors in the reference list/bibliography. e.g. single editor

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In text: (Steiner, 1965, p.257) oras Steiner asserts (1965, p.257)

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Reference list/bibliography: Steiner, G. A. (ed.) (1965) University of Chicago Press. 4. The creative organization. Chicago and London: The

For a chapter from an edited book 1. Author of chapter [surname, followed by initial letter/s of the forename/s]. 2. Year of publication (in round brackets) 3. Title of chapter [not in italics] 4. In: 5. Editor/s of the book [surname/s, followed by initial letter/s of the forename/s] 6. Title of the book [in italics] 7. Edition [if not the first] 8. Place of publication 9. Year of publication 10. Page number of chapter In text: (Graham, 2000, p. 91) oras discussed by Graham (2000, p. 91) Reference list/Bibliography: Graham, H. (2000) Socio-economic change and inequalities in men and womens health in the UK. In: Annandale, E. and Hunt, K. (eds.) Gender inequalities in health. Buckingham: Open University Press. pp. 90-122.

5. Electronic book from MyiLibrary An electronic book is referenced in exactly the same way as a printed book, except that at the end you must give the URL and also acknowledge the date when you accessed the text. In text: (Manktelow, 1993, p. 166) or as acknowledged by Manktelow (1993, p. 166) Reference list/Bibliography: Manktelow, K.I. (1993) Reasoning and thinking [on-line] Taylor and Fancis. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.com [Accessed 19th December 2007]. If you are referencing a chapter from an edited electronic book, follow the example for Chapter from an edited book and again give the URL and also acknowledge the date when you accessed the text.

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Journals/Magazines/Newspapers

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When referencing from journals, magazines or newspapers it is the article that you have probably read and are referring to. Details about the article such as author and title should therefore be included first. This information can be found as part of the article itself. You should then cite details of the publication such as title, volume and issue/part number. This will normally be located on the front page or inside the front page of the particular journal or newspaper. Remember though if you make a photocopy of an article or you print it out from a journal, these details may be lost so it is recommended that you record them on any printouts or photocopies made. Include the following information. The basic order is: 1. Author/s of article [if more than two authors, use et al.] 2. Year of publication [in round brackets] 3. Title of the article [NOT in italics and do not abbreviate the journal title unless abbreviations are included on the title page.] 4. Volume number [may be abbreviated to vol.] 5. Part of issue number [may also be a season or a month] 6. Page number/s [abbreviated to p or pp.] 1. Journal article In text: (Thomas and Mancino, 2007, p. 110) or Thomas and Mancino (2007, p. 110) assert that Reference list/bibliography: Thomas, A. and Mancino, A. (2007) The relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics, firms positioning and local development: an empirical survey. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8, (2), pp.105-115. 2. Newspaper article In text: (Meikle, 2007, p.5) oras documented by Meikle (2007, p.5) Reference list/bibliography Meikle, J. (2007) Long dull summer for Britains bored teenagers. The Guardian. 11th July. p. 5

Electronic or Internet Sources 1. Journal/magazine article from an electronic database If you have read a journal article online, you should acknowledge this in your reference list. You should therefore insert [online] in square brackets after the title of the journal,

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cite the database URL and date of access after the volume, issue and page numbers. If an article is available as a pdf it is recommended that you read this version as the page numbers are clearly marked.

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1. Include the following information. The basic order is: 2. Author/s of article [if more than two authors, use et al.] 3. Year of publication [in round brackets] 4. Title of the article [NOT in italics] 5. [online] 6. Volume number [may be abbreviated to vol.] 7. Part of issue number [may also be a season or a month] 8. Page number/s [abbreviated to p or pp.] 9. Available from: URL of database 10. [Date of access]

In text: (Phillips, 2002, p. 89) or as discussed by Phillips (2002, p. 89). Reference list/bibliography Phillips, I. (2002) A wonderfully eclectic display. The Lancet, 359, (9300), p. 89 [online]. Article from: ABI-Inform at http://proquest.umi.com [Accessed 12th July 2007]. 2. Newspaper article from an electronic database In text: (Chisholm, 2007, p. 4) or as Chilsholm (2007, p.4) asserts Reference list/bibliography Chisholm, J. (2007) Weather fails to damp shoppers spirits. Financial Times, 10 July, p. 4 [online]. Available from: Factiva at http://global.factiva.com [Accessed on 12 July 2007]. 3. Internet Site In the reference list/bibliography, the date is preferably the year provided on the site, but if you cant find one the date when you accessed it will suffice. Remember also to put the date when you accessed the site. In text: (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2007) oras stated by the CIPD (2007) Please note: You do NOT put the website address in the text. Reference list/bibliography

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Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) CIPD. [online] Available from: http://www.cipd.co.uk (Accessed: 13 July 2007).

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4. Blogs Include the title of the message as well as the title of the blog in the reference list/bibliography. It is the blog title that should be italicised. The day and month of the posted message should also be listed. In text: (Arnovich, 2007) or according to Arnovich (2007). Reference list/bibliography Arnovich, B. (2007) Six tips for better media relations. Media Relations Blog [online]. Posted 29 May. Available from: http://www.mediarelationsblog.com/category/publicrelations. [Accessed 21 August 2007].

Broadcast Media 1. Radio/TV Broadcast If the programme has an obvious presenter: 1. Presenter 2. Year of broadcast [in round brackets] 3. Programme title, [in italics] 4. Part title [if applicable] If there is no obvious presenter, then use the title as the main entry. 1. Programme title [in italics] 2. Part title [if applicable]. 3. Year of broadcast [in round brackets] 4. You should then include: 5. Format, e.g. TV or Radio broadcast [in square brackets] 6. Channel 7. Date of broadcast [day month and time] In text: (Lythgoe, 2007) or Lythgoe (2007) states that intuition is (Dispatches, 2007) or The Dispatches programme (2007) asserts Reference list/bibliography Lythgoe, M. (2007) Inside Intuition [Radio broadcast]. BBC Radio 4, 17 August. 11.00 hrs. Dispatches, Undercover mother (2007) [TV Broadcast] Channel 4, 23 July. 20.00 hrs.

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2. Feature Film 1. Film title [in italics] 2. Year that the film was released [in round brackets] 3. Format, e.g. video or DVD [in square brackets] 4. Director 5. Place of distribution: 6. Production company In text: (Pulp fiction, 2004) or as portrayed by the film Pulp Fiction (2004). Reference list/bibliography Pulp fiction (1994) [Video]. Directed by Quentin Tarantino. London: Touchstone Home Video. Personal Communication 1. Email/Text message/Letter/Fax For personal emails it is the Subject Line which is used as the as the title and it should therefore appear in italics. You should obtain the permission of the sender before you make reference to the email in your work. 1. Sender 2. Year the email was sent [in round brackets] 3. Subject of the message [in italics] 4. Email to: or Text message to: or Letter to: or Fax to: 5. Recipients name. 6. Day and month of the communication. In text: (Smith, 2003) or Smith (2003) says Reference list/bibliography Smith, W. (2003) British Telecom. Email to: A.N.Other. 18 June. Thompson, P. (2007) Dixons. Text message to: Chris Archibald. 27 February.

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Dissertation and Thesis

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1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Undergraduate/postgraduate dissertation Author Year of submission [in round brackets] Title of the thesis [in italics] Unpublished Degree statement [e.g. BSc Dissertation or PhD Thesis] Degree awarding body [i.e. the name of the university]

In text: (Whetton, 2006, p. 34) or as proposed by Whetton (2006, p.34) Reference list/bibliography Whetton, E. (2006) The national PESSCL strategy: participation levels in PE and School Sports. Unpublished BSc Sport and Exercise Science dissertation. University of Lincoln.

Law 1. Law reports (Cases) When citing a case in legal writing it is necessary to state the name of the case and where a report of it can be found. In England cases are generally known by their names rather than as a court file number unlike for example, the USA. Also, most cases are reported in several series of law reports and so the name of a case must be given so that someone who does not have access to the report cited can locate the case in another report. Case name (in italics except for the symbol V) Date [in square brackets] Volume number Abbreviation for name of report First page of report (or case number)

In text: Chambers v Johns Reference list/bibliography Chalmers v Johns [1999] 1 FLR 39

Remember, always, cite the more prestigious series of law reports, if more than one series of law reports is cited. The hierarchy is: 1. Law Reports

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2. Weekly Law Reports 3. All England Law Reports 4. All other series

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In text: Saif Ali v Sidney Mitchell Reference list/bibliography Saif Ali v Sidney Mitchell [1980] AC 198; [1978] 3 WLR 849

Neutral Citation A neutral system of citation was introduced in January 2002 to make processing of judgements electronically much easier. Effectively a unique number is now furnished to the Court of Appeal and all divisions of the High Court in London (and outside London, on request) from a register kept at the High Court. In text: Smith v Jones Reference list/bibliography Smith v Jones [2002] EWHC 123 (Fam) England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) In text: Ellis v Bristol City Council Reference list/bibliography Ellis v Bristol City Council [2007] EWCA Civ 685 England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) In text: R v Campbell (Kenneth George) Reference list/bibliography

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R v Campbell (Kenneth George) [2007] EWCA Crim 1472

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United Kingdom House of Lords In text: St Helens Borough Council v Derbyshire + Ors Reference list/bibliography St Helens Borough Council v Derbyshire + Ors [2007] UKHL 20 United Kingdom Privy Council In text: Louis v Smith (Saint Lucia) Reference list/bibliography Louis v Smith (Saint Lucia) [2007] UKPLC 38 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Statutes (Acts of Parliament) Great Britain Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of Act, including year (in italics) Chapter number Section (abbreviated to s), schedule (abbreviated to Sch) or part (abbreviated to Pt) (if applicable) 6. Place of publication: 7. Publisher In text: Include the short title of the Act (including the year) and the relevant section/sub section. Section 11 (b) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 states that Reference list/bibliography Great Britain (1973) Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. Chapter 18 s11(b). London: The Stationery Office.

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