CHEMISTRY (Code No.

043)
XI-XII (2023-24)
Rationale
Higher Secondary is the most crucial stage of school education because at this juncture specialized discipline
based, content -oriented courses are introduced. Students reach this stage after 10 years of general education
and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of pursuing their career in basic sciences or professional courses like
medicine, engineering, technology and study courses in applied areas of science and technology at tertiary
level. Therefore, there is a need to provide learners with sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry, which
will make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the senior
secondary stage.
The new and updated curriculum is based on disciplinary approach with rigour and depth taking care that the
syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international level. The knowledge related
to the subject of Chemistry has undergone tremendous changes during the past one decade. Many new areas
like synthetic materials, bio -molecules, natural resources, industrial chemistry are coming in a big way and
deserve to be an integral part of chemistry syllabus at senior secondary stage. At international level, new
formulations and nomenclature of elements and compounds, symbols and units of physical quantities floated
by scientific bodies like IUPAC and CGPM are of immense importance and need to be incorporated in the
updated syllabus. The revised syllabus takes care of all these aspects. Greater emphasis has been laid on use
of new nomenclature, symbols and formulations, teaching of fundamental concepts, application of concepts
in chemistry to industry/ technology, logical sequencing of units, removal of obsolete content and repetition,
etc.
Objectives
The curriculum of Chemistry at Senior Secondary Stage aims to:
• promote understanding of basic facts and concepts in chemistry while retaining the excitement of chemistry.
• make students capable of studying chemistry in academic and professional courses (such as medicine,
engineering, technology) at tertiary level.
• expose the students to various emerging new areas of chemistry and apprise them with their relevance in
future studies and their application in various spheres of chemical sciences and technology.
• equip students to face various challenges related to health, nutrition, environment, population, weather,
industries and agriculture.
• develop problem solving skills in students.
• expose the students to different processes used in industries and their technological applications.
• apprise students with interface of chemistry with other disciplines of science such as physics, biology, geology,
engineering etc.
• acquaint students with different aspects of chemistry used in daily life.
• develop an interest in students to study chemistry as a discipline.
• integrate life skills and values in the context of chemistry.
 COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS–XI (THEORY) (2023-24)
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks70

S.No UNIT No. of Marks

Periods
1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 12 7

2 Structure of Atom 14 9
3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in 8 6
Properties
4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 14 7
5 Chemical Thermodynamics 16 9
6 Equilibrium 14 7

7 Redox Reactions 6 4

8 Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and 14 11

Techniques
9 Hydrocarbons 12 10

TOTAL 70

Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 12 Periods

General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry.

Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept of elements,
atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition,
empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on
stoichiometry.

Unit II: Structure of Atom 14 Periods

Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson's
model and its limitations. Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its
limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's
relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes
of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion
principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and
completely filled orbitals.
Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 08 Periods
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic
law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements -atomic
radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity,
valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.

Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 14 Periods

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character
of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry
of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization, involving s, p and d orbitals and
shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic
molecules(qualitative idea only), Hydrogen bond.

Unit VI: Chemical Thermodynamics 16 Periods

Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and
intensive properties, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics -internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat,
measurement of U and H, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond
dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization,
solution and dilution. Second law of Thermodynamics (brief introduction)
Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb's energy change for spontaneous and non-
spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).
Unit VII: Equilibrium 14 Periods

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass
action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier's principle, ionic
equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization,
ionization of poly basic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea),
buffer solution, Henderson Equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative
examples).
Unit VIII: Redox Reactions 06 Periods
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox
reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number, applications
of redox reactions.

Unit XII: Organic Chemistry -Some Basic Principles and Techniques 14 Periods
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification
and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond:
inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic
fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles,
types of organic reactions.
 Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons 12 Periods

Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties, chemical
reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical
properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water,
hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism
of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of
preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of - hydrogen,
halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties:
mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's
alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene.
Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

PRACTICALS

Evaluation Scheme for Examination Marks

Volumetric Analysis 08
Salt Analysis 08
Content Based Experiment 06
Project Work 04
Class record and viva 04
Total 30

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS Total Periods: 60

Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments, wherever possible such
techniques should be used.

A. Basic Laboratory Techniques

1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod
2. Bending a glass tube
3. Drawing out a glass jet
4. Boring a cork