Third In-Class Exam Solutions

Math 246, Professor David Levermore

Thursday, 14 November 2019

(1) [6] Recast the ordinary differential equation y 0000 − ey y 000 + et y 00 − sin(t + y 0 ) = 0 as a
first-order system of ordinary differential equations.
Solution. The normal form of the equation is
y 0000 = ey y 000 − et y 00 + sin(t + y 0 ) .
Because this equation is fourth order, the first-order system must have dimension at
least four. The simplest such first-order system is
       
x1 x2 x1 y
d x2   0
   x3  , where x2  =  y00  .
   
=
dt x3   x4  x3   y 
x4 x1 t
e x4 − e x3 + sin(t + x2 ) x4 y 000
Remark. There should be no y, y 0 , y 00 , or y 000 appearing in the first-order system.
The only place these should appear is in the dictionary on the right that shows their
relationship to the new variables. The first-order system should be expressed solely
in terms of the new variables, which are x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4 in the solution given above.
Any letter except y could have been used for the new variables.
 2  t
t e
(2) [10] Consider the vector-valued functions x1 (t) = , x2 (t) = t .
−1 e
(a) [2] Compute the Wronskian Wr[x1 , x2 ](t).
(b) [3] Find C(t) such that x1 , x2 is a fundamental set of solutions to the system
x0 = C(t)x wherever Wr[x1 , x2 ](t) 6= 0.
(c) [2] Give a general solution to the system found in part (b).
(d) [3] Compute the Green matrix associated with the system found in part (b).
Solution (a). The Wronskian is
 2 
t et
Wr[x1 , x2 ](t) = det = t2 · et − (−1) · et = (t2 + 1)et .
−1 et

Solution (b). If x1 , x2 is a fundamental set of solutions for the system x0 = C(t)x

then a fundamental matrix is
 2 
t et
Ψ(t) = .
−1 et
Because any fundamental matrix is invertible and satisfies Ψ0 (t) = C(t)Ψ(t), we see
that
  2 −1
0 −1 2t et t et
C(t) = Ψ (t)Ψ(t) =
0 et −1 et
  t 
1 2t et e −et
= 2
(t + 1)et 0 et 1 t2
 t 
1 2te + et −2tet + t2 et
= 2 .
(t + 1)et et t2 et
1
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Remark. The solution can be simplified to

 
1 2t + 1 −2t + t2
C(t) = 2 ,
t +1 1 t2
but this simplification was not required for full credit.
Solution (c). A general solution is
   t
t2 e
x(t) = c1 x1 (t) + c2 x2 (t) = c1 + c2 t .
−1 e

Solution (d). By using the fundamental matrix Ψ(t) from part (b) we find that the
Green matrix is
 2  2 −1
−1 t et s es
G(t, s) = Ψ(t)Ψ(s) =
−1 et −1 es
 2  s 
1 t et e −es
= 2
(s + 1)es −1 et 1 s2
2 s 
1 t e + et −t2 es + s2 et
= 2 .
(s + 1)es −es + et es + s2 et
Notice that G(s, s) = I.

(3) [6] Given that 2 is an eigenvalue of the matrix

 
4 0 −4
C = 0 3 3  ,
2 2 4
find all the eigenvectors of C associated with 2.
Solution. The eigenvectors of C associated with 2 are all nonzero vectors v such
that Cv = 2v. Equivalently, they are all nonzero vectors v such that (C − 2I)v = 0,
which is     
2 0 −4 v1 0
0 1 3  v2  = 0 .
2 2 2 v3 0
The entries of v thereby satisfy the homogeneous linear algebraic system
2v1 − 4v3 = 0 .
v2 + 3v3 = 0 ,
2v1 + 2v2 + 2v3 = 0 ,
This system may be solved either by elimination or by row reduction. By any method
its general solution is found to be
v1 = 2α , v2 = −3α , v3 = α , for any constant α .
Therefore every eigenvector of C associated with 2 has the form
 
2
α −3 for some constant α 6= 0 .

1
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(4) [10] Solve the initial-value problem

        
d x −5 −4 x x(0) 0
= , = .
dt y 1 −1 y y(0) 2
 
−5 −4
Solution. The characteristic polynomial of A = is
1 −1

p(z) = z 2 − tr(A)z + det(A) = z 2 + 6z + 9 = (z + 3)2 .

This is a perfect square with µ = −3. Then
etA = e−3t I + t A − (−3)I


     
−3t 1 0 −2 −4 −3t 1 − 2t −4t
=e +t =e .
0 1 1 2 t 1 + 2t
(Check that tr(A + 3I) = 0!) Therefore the solution of the initial-value problem is
    
tA I −3t 1 − 2t −4t 0 −3t −8t
x(t) = e x = e =e .
t 1 + 2t 2 2 + 4t

(5) [8] Two interconnected tanks are filled with brine (salt water). At t = 0 the first tank
contains 17 liters and the second contains 28 liters. Brine with a salt concentration
of 8 grams per liter flows into the first tank at 6 liters per hour. Well-stirred brine
flows from the first tank into the second at 7 liters per hour, from the second into
the first at 5 liters per hour, from the first into a drain at 3 liter per hour, and from
the second into a drain at 4 liters per hour. At t = 0 there are 21 grams of salt in
the first tank and 14 grams in the second.
(a) [6] Give an initial-value problem that governs the amount of salt in each tank
as a function of time.
(b) [2] Give the interval of definition for the solution of this initial-value problem.
Solution (a). Let V1 (t) and V2 (t) be the volumes (lit) of brine in the first and second
tank at time t hours. Let S1 (t) and S2 (t) be the mass (gr) of salt in the first and
second tank at time t hours. Because the mixtures are assumed to be well-stirred,
the salt concentration of the brine in the tanks at time t are C1 (t) = S1 (t)/V1 (t) and
C2 (t) = S2 (t)/V2 (t) respectively. In particular, these are the salt concentrations of
the brine that flows out of these tanks. We have the following picture.
8 gr/lit C1 (t) gr/lit
→ → →
6 lit/hr 7 lit/hr
V1 (t) lit V2 (t) lit
S1 (t) gr S2 (t) gr
C1 (t) gr/lit C2 (t) gr/lit C2 (t) gr/lit
← ← ← →
3 lit/hr 5 lit/hr 4 lit/hr
V1 (0) = 17 lit V2 (0) = 28 lit
S1 (0) = 21 gr S2 (0) = 14 gr
We are asked to write down an initial-value problem that governs S1 (t) and S2 (t).
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The rates work out so there will be V1 (t) = 17 + t liters of brine in the first tank
and V2 (t) = 28 − 2t liters in the second. Then S1 (t) and S2 (t) are governed by the
initial-value problem
dS1 S2 S1 S1
=8·6+ 5− 7− 3, S1 (0) = 21 ,
dt 28 − 2t 17 + t 17 + t
dS2 S1 S2 S2
= 7− 5− 4, S2 (0) = 14 .
dt 17 + t 28 − 2t 28 − 2t
Your answer could be left in the above form. However, it can be simplified to
dS1 5 10
= 48 + S2 − S1 , S1 (0) = 21 ,
dt 28 − 2t 17 + t
dS2 7 9
= S1 − S2 , S2 (0) = 14 .
dt 17 + t 28 − 2t
Solution (b). This first-order system of differential equations is linear. Its coeffi-
cients are undefined either at t = 14 or t = −17 and are continuous elsewhere. Its
forcing is constant, so is continuous everywhere. Therefore the natural interval of
definition for the solution of this initial-value problem is (−17, 14) because:
• the initial time t = 0 is in (−17, 14);
• all the coefficients and the forcing are continuous over (−17, 14);
• every coefficient of S1 is undefined at t = −17;
• every coefficient of S2 is undefined at t = 14.
However, it could also be argued that the interval of definition for the solution of this
initial-value problem is [0, 14) because the word problem starts at t = 0.

(6) [8] A 4 × 4 matrix K has the eigenpairs

           
1 1 1 1
 1   1   −1  −1
0 ,   , 1 ,   , 4 ,   , 9 ,   ,
 1  −1   1   −1
1 −1 −1 1
(a) Give an invertible matrix V and a diagonal matrix D such that etK = VetD V−1 .
(You do not have to compute either V−1 or etK !)
(b) Give a fundamental matrix for the system x0 = Kx.
Solution (a). One choice for V and D is
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 −1 −1 0 1 0 0
V= 1 −1 1 −1 ,
 D=
0
.
0 4 0
1 −1 −1 1 0 0 0 9
Remark. There are 23 other choices for D. (Can you find them all?)
Solution (b). Use the given eigenpairs to construct the real eigensolutions
       
1 1 1 1
1 
t 1  
4t  −1  
9t  −1 
1 , x2 (t) = e −1 , x3 (t) = e  1  , x4 (t) = e −1 .
x1 (t) =     
1 −1 −1 1
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Then a fundamental matrix for the system is

 
1 et e4t e9t

1 et −e4t −e9t 
Ψ(t) = x1 (t) x2 (t) x3 (t) x4 (t) = 
1 −et e4t −e9t  .

1 −et −e4t e9t

Alternative Solution (b). Given the V and D from part (a), a fundamental matrix
for the system is
    
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 et e4t e9t
1 1 −1 −1 0 et 0 0  1 et −e4t −e9t 
Ψ(t) = VetD =  1 −1 1 −1 0 0 e4t 0  = 1 −et e4t −e9t  .
   
1 −1 −1 1 0 0 0 e9t 1 −et −e4t e9t

(7) [8] Find a real general solution of the system

    
d x −7 −4 x
= .
dt y 2 −3 y
 
−7 −4
Solution by Formula. The characteristic polynomial of A = is
2 −3
p(z) = z 2 − tr(A)z + det(A) = z 2 + 10z + 29 = (z + 5)2 + 22 .
This is a sum of squares with µ = −5 and ν = 2. Then
 
tA −5t sin(2t)
e =e cos(2t)I + (A − (−5)I)
2
    
−5t 1 0 sin(2t) −2 −4
=e cos(2t) +
0 1 2 2 2
 
−5t cos(2t) − sin(2t) −2 sin(2t)
=e .
sin(2t) cos(2t) + sin(2t)
(Check that tr(A + 5I) = 0!) Therefore a general solution is
  
tA −5t cos(2t) − sin(2t) −2 sin(2t) c1
x(t) = e c = e
sin(2t) cos(2t) + sin(2t) c2
   
−5t cos(2t) − sin(2t) −5t −2 sin(2t)
= c1 e + c2 e .
sin(2t) cos(2t) + sin(2t)
 
−7 −4
Solution by Eigensolutions. The characteristic polynomial of A = is
2 −3
p(z) = z 2 − tr(A)z + det(A) = z 2 + 10z + 29 = (z + 5)2 + 22 .
The eigenvalues of A are the roots of this polynomial, which are −5 + i2 and −5 − i2.
Consider the matrix
 
−2 + i2 −4
A − (−5 − i2)I = .
2 2 + i2
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After checking that the determinant of this matrix is zero, we can read off from its
first column that an eigenpair of A is
  
−1 + i
−5 + i2 , .
1
(Another eigenpair is the complex conjugate of this one, but we will not need it.)
This eigenpair yields the complex-valued eigensolution
   
(−5+i2)t −1 + i −5t

−1 + i
x(t) = e =e cos(2t) + i sin(2t)
1 1


cos(2t) + i sin(2t) (−1 + i)
= e−5t
cos(2t) + i sin(2t)



−5t − cos(2t) − sin(2t) + i cos(2t) − sin(2t)
=e .
cos(2t) + i sin(2t)
A fundamental set of real-valued solutions can be read off from the real and imaginary
parts of this complex-valued eigensolution as
   
−5t − cos(2t) − sin(2t) −5t cos(2t) − sin(2t)
x1 (t) = e , x2 (t) = e .
cos(2t) sin(2t)
Therefore a real general solution is
   
−5t − cos(2t) − sin(2t) −5t cos(2t) − sin(2t)
x(t) = c1 e + c2 e .
cos(2t) sin(2t)

(8) [8] Find a real general solution of the system

    
d x 1 5 x
= .
dt y 3 3 y
 
1 5
Solution by Eigensolutions. The characteristic polynomial of B = is
3 3
p(z) = z 2 − tr(B)z + det(B) = z 2 − 4z − 12 = (z + 2)(z − 6) .
The eigenvalues of B are the roots of this polynomial, which are −2 and 6. Consider
the matrices
   
3 5 −5 5
B + 2I = , B − 6I = .
3 5 3 −3
After checking that the determinant of each matrix is zero, we can read off that
eigenpairs of B are
     
5 1
−2 , , 6, .
−3 1
Therefore a real general solution of the system is
   
−2t 5 6t 1
x(t) = c1 e + c2 e .
−3 1
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1 5
Solution by Formula. The characteristic polynomial of B = is
3 3
p(z) = z 2 − tr(B)z + det(B) = z 2 − 4z − 12 = (z − 2)2 − 4 − 12 = (z − 2)2 − 42 .
This is a difference of squares with µ = 2 and ν = 4. Then
 
tB 2t sinh(4t)

e = e cosh(4t)I + B − 2I
4
    
2t 1 0 sinh(4t) −1 5
= e cosh(4t) +
0 1 4 3 1
 
1 5
cosh(4t) − 4
sinh(4t) 4
sinh(4t)
= e2t  .
3 1
4
sinh(4t) cosh(4t) + 4
sinh(4t)

(Check that tr(B − 2I) = 0!) Therefore a real general solution of the system is
  
1 5
cosh(4t) − 4 sinh(4t) 4
sinh(4t) c1
x(t) = etB c = e2t   
3
4
sinh(4t) cosh(4t) + 14 sinh(4t) c2
   
1 5
cosh(4t) − 4
sinh(4t) 4
sinh(4t)
= c1 e2t   + c2 e2t  .
3 1
4
sinh(4t) cosh(4t) + 4
sinh(4t)

(9) [10] Find the natural fundamental set of solutions associated with the initial-time 0
for the operator D4 + 17D2 + 16.
Solution from Green Function. The operator D4 + 17D2 + 16 has characteristic
polynomial
p(s) = s4 + 17s2 + 16 = (s2 + 1)(s2 + 16) .
We have the partial-fraction identity
1 1
1 1 15
− 15
= 2 = + .
p(s) (s + 1)(s2 + 16) s2 + 1 s2 + 16
Referring to the table on the last page, item 2 with a = 0 and b = 1 and with a = 0
and b = 4 shows that
   
−1 1 −1 4
L (t) = sin(t) , L (t) = sin(4t) .
s2 + 1 s2 + 4 2
Therefore the Green function for the operator D4 + 17D2 + 16 is
     
−1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 4
g(t) = L (t) = 15 L (t) − 60 L (t)
p(s) s2 + 1 s2 + 4 2
1 1
= 15 sin(t) − 60 sin(4t) .

Because we see the characteristic polynomial as

p(s) = s4 + 0 · s3 + 17 · s2 + 0 · s + 16 ,
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the natural fundamental set of solutions associated with the initial-time 0 for the
operator D4 + 10D2 + 9 is given by
1 1
N3 (t) = g(t) = 15
sin(t) −
60
sin(4t) ,
N2 (t) = N30 (t) + 0 · g(t) = 1
15
1
cos(t) − 15 cos(4t) ,
N1 (t) = N20 (t) + 17 · g(t) = 1 4 1 1


− 15 sin(t) + 15 sin(4t) + 17 15
sin(t) − 60
sin(4t) ,
16 1
= 15
sin(t) − 60 sin(4t) ,
N0 (t) = N10 (t) + 0 · g(t) = 16
15
1
cos(t) − 15 cos(4t) .

Solution from General Initial-Value Problem. For the operator D4 + 17D2 + 16

the general initial-value problem for initial-time 0 is
y 0000 + 17y 00 + 16y = 0 , y(0) = y0 , y 0 (0) = y1 , y 00 (0) = y2 , y 000 (0) = y3 .
Its characteristic polynomial is
p(z) = z 4 + 17z 2 + 16 = (z 2 + 1)(z 2 + 16) = (z 2 + 1)(z 2 + 42 ) ,
which has roots i, −i, i4 and −i4. Therefore a real general solution is
y(t) = c1 cos(t) + c2 sin(t) + c3 cos(4t) + c4 sin(4t) .
Because
y 0 (t) = −c1 sin(t) + c2 cos(t) − 4c3 sin(4t) + 4c4 cos(4t) ,
y 00 (t) = −c1 cos(t) − c2 sin(t) − 16c3 cos(4t) − 16c4 sin(4t) ,
y 000 (t) = c1 sin(t) − c2 cos(t) + 64c3 sin(4t) − 64c4 cos(4t) ,
the general initial conditions yield the linear algebraic system
y0 = y(0) = c1 cos(0) + c2 sin(0) + c3 cos(0) + c4 sin(0) = c1 + c3 .
y1 = y 0 (0) = −c1 sin(0) + c2 cos(0) − 4c3 sin(0) + 4c4 cos(0) = c2 + 4c4 ,
y2 = y 00 (0) = −c1 cos(0) − c2 sin(0) − 16c3 cos(0) − 16c4 sin(0) = −c1 − 16c3 ,
y3 = y 000 (t) = c1 sin(0) − c2 cos(0) + 64c3 sin(0) − 64c4 cos(0) = −c2 − 64c4 .
This decouples into the two systems
y0 = c1 + c3 , y1 = c2 + 4c4 ,
y2 = −c1 − 16c3 , y3 = −c2 − 64c4 .
The solutions of these systems are
16y0 + y2 16y1 + y3
c1 = , c2 = ,
15 15
y0 + y2 y1 + y3
c3 = − , c4 = − .
15 60
Therefore the solution of the general initial-value problem is
16y0 + y2 16y1 + y3 y0 + y2 y1 + y3
y= cos(t) + sin(t) − cos(4t) − sin(4t)
15 15
15 60
= y0 16 1 16 1


15
cos(t) − 15 cos(4t) + y1 15 sin(t) − 60 sin(4t)
1 1 1 1



+ y2 15 cos(t) − 15 cos(4t) + y3 15 sin(t) − 60 sin(4t) .
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We can read off from this that the natural fundamental set of solutions associated
with the initial-time 0 for the operator D4 + 10D2 + 9 is
16 1 16 1
N0 (t) = 15
cos(t) − 15
cos(4t) , N1 (t) = 15
sin(t) − 60
sin(4t) ,
1 1 1 1
N2 (t) = 15
cos(t) − 15
cos(4t) , N3 (t) = 15
sin(t) − 60
sin(4t) .

(10) [8] Compute the Laplace transform of f (t) = u(t − 5) e−3t from its definition.
(Here u is the unit step function.)
Solution. The definition of Laplace transform gives
Z T Z T
−st −3t
L[f ](s) = lim e u(t − 5) e dt = lim e−(s+3)t dt .
T →∞ 0 T →∞ 5

• When s ≤ −3 we have for every T > 5

Z T Z T
−(s+3)t
e dt ≥ dt = T − 5 ,
5 5

which clearly diverges to +∞ as T → ∞.

• When s > −3 we have for every T > 5
Z T T
e−(s+3)t e−(s+3)T e−(s+3)5
e−(s+3)t dt = − =− + ,
5 s+3 5 s+3 s+3
whereby
e−(s+3)T e−(s+3)5 e−(s+3)5
 
L[f ](s) = lim − + = for s > −3 .
T →∞ s+3 s+3 s+3

Therefore the definition of the Laplace transform gives

 −(s+3)5
e
for s > −3 ,
L[f ](s) = s+3
undefined for s ≤ −3 .


(11) [10] Consider the following MATLAB commands.

>> syms t x(t) s X
>> f = tˆ2 + heaviside(t − 2)*(4 − tˆ2);
>> diffeqn = diff(x, 2) + 4*diff(x, 1) + 20*x(t) == f;
>> eqntrans = laplace(diffeqn, t, s);
>> algeqn = subs(eqntrans, ...
[laplace(x(t), t, s), x(0), subs(diff(x(t), t), t, 0)], [X, 2, −3]);
>> xtrans = simplify(solve(algeqn, X));
>> x = ilaplace(xtrans, s, t)
(a) [2] Give the initial-value problem for x(t) that is being solved.
(b) [8] Find the Laplace transform X(s) of the solution x(t). (Just solve for X(s)!
DO NOT take the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) to find x(t)!)
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You may refer to the table on the last page.

Solution (a). The initial-value problem for x(t) that is being solved is
x00 + 4x0 + 20x = f (t) , x(0) = 2 , x0 (0) = −3 ,
where the forcing f (t) can be expressed either as the piecewise-defined function
(
t2 for 0 ≤ t < 2 ,
f (t) =
4 for 2 ≤ t .
or in terms of the unit step function as
f (t) = t2 + u(t − 2)(4 − t2 ) .

Solution (b). The Laplace transform of the differential equation is

L[x00 ](s) + 4L[x0 ](s) + 20L[x](s) = L[f ](s) ,
while the initial conditions give
L[x](s) = X(s) ,
L[x0 ](s) = s L[x](s) − x(0) = s X(s) − 2 ,
L[x00 ](s) = s L[x0 ](s) − x0 (0) = s2 X(s) − 2s + 3 .
Therefore the Laplace transform of the initial-value problem is
s2 X(s) − 2s + 3 + 4 s X(s) − 2 + 20X(s) = L[f ](s) .

This simplifies to
(s2 + 4s + 20)X(s) − 2s − 5 = L[f ](s) ,
whereby
1

X(s) = 2s + 5 + L[f ](s) .
s2 + 4s + 20
To compute L[f ](s), we write f (t) as
f (t) = t2 + u(t − 2)(4 − t2 ) = t2 + u(t − 2)j(t − 2) ,
where upon setting j(t − 2) = 4 − t2 , we see by the shifty step method that
j(t) = 4 − (t + 2)2 = 4 − t2 − 4t − 4 = −t2 − 4t .
Referring to the table on the last page, item 1 with a = 0 and n = 1, and with a = 0
and n = 2 shows that
1 2
L[t](s) = 2 , L[t2 ](s) = 3 ,
s s
whereby item 6 with c = 2 and j(t) = −t2 − 4t shows that
L u(t − 2)j(t − 2) (s) = e−2s L[j](s) = −e−2s L[t2 + 4t](s)
 
 
−2s 2 4
= −e + .
s3 s2
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Therefore
L[f ](s) = L t2 + u(t − 2)j(t − 2) (s)
 
 
2 −2s 2 4
= 3 −e + .
s s3 s2
Upon placing this result into the expression for X(s) found earlier, we obtain
  
1 2 −2s 2 4
X(s) = 2 2s + 5 + 3 − e + .
s + 4s + 20 s s3 s2

(12) [8] Find the inverse Laplace transform L−1 [Y (s)](t) of the function
s+8
Y (s) = e−2s .
s2
− 8s + 25
You may refer to the table on the last page.
Solution. Referring to the table on the last page, item 6 with c = 2 shows that
L−1 e−2s J(s) = u(t − 2)j(t − 2) , j(t) = L−1 [J(s)](t) .
 
where
We apply this formula to
s+8
J(s) = .
s2 − 8s + 25
Because s2 − 8s + 25 = (s − 4)2 + 32 , we have the partial fraction identity
s+8 (s − 4) + 12 s−4 12
J(s) = = = + .
s2 − 8s + 25 2
(s − 4) + 3 2 2
(s − 4) + 3 2 (s − 4)2 + 32
Referring to the table on the last page, items 2 and 3 with a = 4 and b = 3 show
that
   
−1 s−4 4t −1 3
L 2 2
= e cos(3t) , L 2 2
= e4t sin(3t) .
(s − 4) + 3 (s − 4) + 3
The above formulas and the linearity of the inverse Laplace transform yield
 
−1 −1 s+8
j(t) = L [J(s)](t) = L (t)
s2 − 8s + 25
 
−1 s−4 12
=L + (t)
(s − 4)2 + 32 (s − 4)2 + 32
   
−1 s−4 −1 3
=L (t) + 4L (t)
(s − 4)2 + 32 (s − 4)2 + 32

= e4t cos(3t) + 4e4t sin(3t) .

Therefore
L−1 Y (s) (t) = L−1 [e−2s J(s)](t)
 

= u(t − 2)j(t − 2)


4(t−2) 4(t−2)


= u(t − 2) e cos 3(t − 2) + 4e sin 3(t − 2) .
12

Table of Laplace Transforms

n!
L[tn eat ](s) = for s > a .
(s − a)n+1
s−a
L[eat cos(bt)](s) = for s > a .
(s − a)2 + b2
b
L[eat sin(bt)](s) = for s > a .
(s − a)2 + b2
L[j 0 (t)](s) = sJ(s) − j(0) where J(s) = L[j(t)](s) .
L[tn j(t)](s) = (−1)n J (n) (s) where J(s) = L[j(t)](s) .
L[eat j(t)](s) = J(s − a) where J(s) = L[j(t)](s) .
L[u(t − c)j(t − c)](s) = e−cs J(s) where J(s) = L[j(t)](s), c ≥ 0,
and u is the unit step function.
L[δ(t − c)j(t)](s) = e−cs j(c) where c ≥ 0 and δ is the unit impulse.