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    Lecture12 1

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    Oswaldo René Banda Sayco

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    Lecture12 1

    Uploaded by

    Oswaldo René Banda Sayco
    7 views8 pages

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    Lecture12_1

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    7 views8 pages

    Lecture12 1

    Uploaded by

    Oswaldo René Banda Sayco

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 8

    Continuous-Time Signals

    and LTI Systems

    Signals and systems

    PhD. Alberth Ronal Tamo Calla


    Linear Systems and Signals Topics
    Domain Topic Discrete Time Continuous Time

    Time Signals ✔ ✔
    Systems ✔ ➔
    Convolution ✔
    Frequency Fourier series ✔ ✔
    Fourier transforms ✔
    Frequency response ✔
    Generalized
    Frequency
    z / Laplace Transforms ✔
    Transfer Functions ✔
    System Stability ✔
    Mixed Signal Sampling ✔

    12-2
    Systems
    • Systems operate on signals to produce
    x(t) T{•} y(t)
    new signals or new signal
    representations y(t ) = T  x(t ) 

    • Continuous-time system examples


    y(t) = ½ x(t) + ½ x(t-1)
    y(t) = x2(t) x(t) (•)2 y(t)
    • Squaring block
    x(t) = cos(2 p 440 t)
    AM radio receiver
    Screen maps pixels by ()2.2 y(t) = cos2(2 p 440 t)
    Increase musical note by one octave = ½ (1 + cos(2 (2 p 440 t)) )
    = ½ + ½ cos(2 p 880 t)

    12-3
    Continuous-Time System Properties
    • Let x(t), x1(t), and x2(t) be inputs to a continuous-time linear system
    and let y(t), y1(t), and y2(t) be their corresponding outputs

    • A linear system satisfies Quick test to identify some


    Additivity: x1(t) + x2(t)  y1(t) + y2(t) nonlinear systems?

    Homogeneity: a x(t)  a y(t) for any real/complex constant a


    • For time-invariant system, shift of input signal by any real-
    valued t causes same shift in output signal, i.e. x(t - t)  y(t - t),
    for all t
    • Example: Squaring block x(t) (•)2 y(t)

    12-4
    Role of Initial Conditions
    • Observe system starting at time t0 (often use t0 = 0)
    • Example: Integrator
    t t0 t

     (•) dt y(t ) =  x(u ) du =  x(u ) du +  x(u ) du


    x(t) t y(t)
    −
    − − t0

    • Observe integrator for t  t0 C0 is the initial condition


    t0

    t (•) dt + C0 C0 =  x(u) du
    x(t) t y(t) w/r to observation
    0
    −

    Linear system if initial condition is zero (C0 = 0)


    Time-invariant system if initial condition is zero (C0 = 0)
    • System being “at rest” is necessary for linear and time-invariant
    (LTI) properties to hold
    12-5
    Continuous-Time System Properties
    • Ideal delay by T seconds
    y(t)
    y (t ) = x(t − T )
    x(t) Role of initial conditions?
    T

    Linear? Time-invariant?
    • Scale by a constant (a.k.a. gain block)
    Two different ways to express it in a block diagram

    y(t ) = a0 x(t)
    x(t) y(t) x(t) y(t)
    a0

    a0

    Linear? Time-invariant?
    12-6
    Continuous-Time System Properties
    • Tapped delay line M-1 delay blocks:
    M −1
    y (t ) =  a x(t − m T )
    x(t − T ) m
    x (t ) m =0

    T T … T
    Coefficients (or taps) are
    a0, a1, …aM-1
    a0 a1 aM −2 aM −1
    … Impulse response lasts for
    (M-1) T seconds:
    M -1
    S h ( t ) = å am d ( t - m T )
    y(t )
    m=0

    Role of initial conditions?


    Linear? Time-invariant?

    12-7
    Continuous-Time System Properties
    • Amplitude Modulation (AM)
    y(t) = A x(t) cos(2p fc t)
    fc is the carrier
    frequency x(t) A y(t)
    (frequency of
    radio station)
    A is a constant cos(2 p fc t)
    Linear? Time-invariant?
    • AM radio transmitter if x(t) = 1 + ka m(t)
    m(t) is audio signal to be broadcast
    | ka m(t) | < 1

    12-8

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