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COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

1 An alternating current generator has an internal resistance Rg and an internal reactance Xg. It is
used to supply power to a passive load consisting of a resistance Rg and a reactance XL. For
maximum power to be delivered from the generator to the load, the value of XL is equal to
(a) zero (b) Xg (c) − Xg (d) Rg
ANS c
2 To reduce the resonant frequency in an L-C-R series circuit with a generator
(a) the generator frequency should be reduced
(b) another capacitor should be added in parallel to the first
(c) the iron core of the inductor should be removed
(d) dielectric in the capacitor should be removed
ANS b
3 Which of the following combinations should be selected for better tuning of an L-C-R circuit
used for communication?
(a) R = 20W, L =15H, C = 35μF (b) R = 25W, L = 25H, C = 45μF
(c) R =15W, L = 35H, C = 30 μF (d) R = 25W, L =15H, C = 45μF
ANS c
4 An inductor of reactance 1W and a resistor of 2W are connected in series to the terminals of a
6V (rms) AC source. The power dissipated in the circuit is
(a) 8 W (b) 14.4 W (c) 12 W (d) 18 W
ANS b
5 Electrical energy is transmitted over large distances at high alternating voltages. Which of the
following statements is (are) correct?
(a) For a given power level, there is a lower current
(b) Lower current implies less power loss
(c) Transmission lines can be made thinner
(d) It is easy to reduce the voltage at the receiving end using step-down transformers
ANS c
6 Which of the following graphs represent the correct variation of inductive reactance XL with
frequency υ
a) b)

c) d)

ANS b
7 The variation of the instantaneous current (I) and the instantaneous emf(E) in a circuit is as
shown in figure. Which of the following statements is correct?
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a) The voltage leads the current by π/2

b) The voltage and the current are in phase
c) The voltage leads the current by π
d) The voltage lags behind the current by π/2
ANS a
8 Using an A.C voltmeter the potential difference in the electrical line in a house is read to be
234 Volt. If the line frequency is known to be 50 cycles/second, the equation for the line
voltage is
a) V = 331 sin(100πt) b) V = 165 sin(100πt)
c) V = 440 sin(100πt) d) V = 220 sin(100πt)
ANS a
9 A capacitor:
(a) offers easy path to a.c., but blocks d.c.
(b) offers easy path to d.c. but blocks a.c.
(c) offers easy path to both a.c. and d.c.
(d) blocks a.c.
ANS a
10 Can a.c. be used for electrolysis? Why?
(a) yes, no fixed polarity
(b) no, no fixed polarity
(c) yes, fixed polarity
(d) none of these.
ANS b
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1 What is the power factor?

ANS The power factor is defined as the cosine of the angle between voltage and current.
2 What is the operating principle of AC generators?
ANS According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the electromotive force that is
voltage or emf is induced in a current-carrying wire that cuts a uniform magnetic field, which
serves as the foundation for AC generators.
3 Define the term ‘wattless current’.
ANS When simply an inductor or capacitor is connected to a circuit, the power consumption is zero
and the current is known as wattless current, as it consumes no energy in the circuit.
4 Mention the two characteristic properties of the material suitable for making core of a
transformer.
ANS Characteristic properties of material suitable for core of a transformer:
• It should have high permeability
• It should have low hysteresis loss.
• It should have low coercivity/retentivity.
• It should have high resistivity. (Any two)
5 What is average value of a.c. for one cycle?
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ANS Zero
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 Explain why current flows through an ideal capacitor when it is connected to an ac source but
not when it is connected to a dc source in a steady state.
ANS For ac source, circuit is complete due to the presence of displacement current in the
capacitor. For steady dc, there is no displacement current, therefore, circuit is not complete.
𝟏 𝟏
Mathematically, Capacitive reactance XC = =
𝝎𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
So, capacitor allows easy path for ac source.
For dc, f = 0, so XC = infinity, So capacitor blocks dc.
2
Both alternating current and direct current are measured in amperes. But
how is the ampere defined for an alternating current?
ANS
An ac current changes direction with the source frequency and the
attractive force would average to zero. Thus, the ac ampere must be defined
in terms of some property that is independent of the direction of current.
Joule’s heating effect is such property and hence it is used to define rms
value of ac.
3 1. If a L-C circuit is considered analogous to a harmonically oscillating springblock system,
which energy of the L-C circuit would be analogous to potential energy and which one
analogous to kinetic energy?
ANS
If We consider a L-C circuit analogous to a harmonically oscillating springblock
system. The electrostatic energy is analogous to potential energy and energy
associated with moving charges (current) that is magnetic energy is
analogous to kinetic energy.
4
When an ac source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average
power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
ANS
For an ideal inductor phase difference between current and applied voltage =
π/2
∴ Power, P = Vrms Irms cos φ = Vrms Irms cos π/2 = 0
Thus, the power consumed in a pure inductor is zero.
5 Why is the core of a transformer laminated?

ANS
The core of a transformer is laminated to minimize eddy currents in the iron
core to reduce energy loss in the form of heat.
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3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 Explain why the reactance offered by an inductor increases with increasing frequency of an
alternating voltage.
ANS An inductor opposes flow of current through it by developing a back emf according to
Lenz’s law. The induced voltage has a polarity so as to maintain the current at its present
value. If the current is decreasing, the polarity of the induced emf will be so as to increase the
current and vice -versa.
Since, the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of current, it will provide
greater reactance to the flow of current if the rate of change is faster, i.e., if the frequency is
higher. The reactance of an inductor, therefore, is proportional to the frequency.
Mathematically, the reactance offered by the inductor is given by X L = 𝜔L
2 State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large-scale transmission of
electric energy over long distances done with the use of transformers?
ANS
The principle of transformer is based upon the principle of mutual induction
which states that due to continuous change in the current in the primary coil
an emf gets induced across the secondary coil. At the power generating
station, the step-up transformers step up the output voltage which reduces the
current through the cables and hence reduce resistive power loss. Then, at
the consumer end, a step- down transformer steps down the voltage. Hence,
the large-scale transmission of electric energy over long distances
is done by stepping up the voltage at the generating station to minimize the
power loss in the transmission cables.
3
An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin 314t is connected across a pure
resistor of 50 ohm. Find:
(i) the frequency of the source
(ii) the rms current through the resistor.
ANS
(i) Vo = 140 V, ω = 314
2πf = 314 Therefore, f = 314/2π = 50 Hz
(ii) Irms = Vrms /R (where Vrms = Vo/√2)
= (Vo/√2)/R
=Vo/√2 R
= 140/(√2 × 50)
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= 1.98 A
4
A series LCR circuit with R = 20 Ω, L = 1.5 H, and C = 35 µF is connected
to a variable-frequency 200 V ac supply. When the frequency of the supply
equals the natural frequency of the circuit, what is the average power
transferred to the circuit in one complete cycle?
ANS
The supply frequency and the natural frequency are equal at resonance
conditions in the circuit i.e. X L = XC
The given resistance of the resistor, R = 20 Ω
An AC source with a voltage of V = 200 V is connected to the LCR
circuit
The impedance of the above combination is given by
Z= √R2 + (XL − XC )2 = R (for XL = XC )
⇒ Z= 20 Ω

=
V 200
Current, I = = 10 A
Z 20
Therefore, the average power that is being transferred to the circuit in one
full cycle:
P = V I = 200 x 10 = 2000 W
5 A step-down transformer operated on a 2.5 kV line. It supplies a load with 20 A. The ratio
of the primary winding to the secondary is 10:1. If the transformer is 90% efficient, calculate
- (a) the power output,
(b) the voltage, and
(c) the current in the secondary.
ANS
Input Voltage VP = 2.5 X 103 V
Input Current IP = 20 A
=
NP 10
Also,
N𝑆 1
NS 1
⇒ =
NP 10
Output power
a) Percentage efficiency = x 100
Input power
90 Output power
⇒ =
100 Vp I
P
90
⇒ Output power = x Vp IP
100
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90
= x 2.5 x 103 V x 20 A
100
= 4.5 x 104 W
=
VS NS
b) As
VP NP
NS 1
⇒ VS = x VP = x 2.5 x 103 V = 250 V
NP 10
c) Output power = VS Is = 4.5 x 104 W
4.5 x 104
Current in the secondary, IS = = 180 A
250
6 Why is the use of ac voltage preferred over dc voltage? Give three reasons.
ANS (i)The generation of ac is more economical than dc.
(ii) Alternating voltage can be stepped up or stepped down as per requirement during
transmission from power generating station to the consumer.
(iii) Alternating current in a circuit can be controlled by using wattless devices like the choke
coil.
(iv) Alternating voltages can be transmitted from one place to another, with much lower
energy loss in the transmission line.
7 Draw the effective equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in figure, at very high frequencies
and find the effective impedance.

ANS We know that inductive reactance, XL = ω𝐿 = 2πf L

1 1
and capacitive reactance, XC = =
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
For very high frequencies f →  hence, XL →  and XC → 0
So, C1, C2 can be taken as shorted (When reactance of a circuit is zero it will be considered as
short circuited).
and L1, L2 as opened (When reactance of a circuit is infinite it will be considered as open
circuit).
Therefore, the equivalent circuit diagram will be as,

So, effective impedance = Req = R1 + R3

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8 The frequency of a.c. is being increased, explain the effect of current in each case

ANS i) In the case of resistance nothing will happen as its not the functional of frequency
ii) In the case of an inductor (XL = ω𝐿 = 2πf L), when frequency will increase XL increases
which results in decrease of current and vice versa.
1 1
iii) In the case of a capacitor XC = = , when frequency will increase XC decreases
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
which results in increase of current and vice versa
SELECT RESPONSE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
1 Reciprocal of impedance is called

(a) Susceptance (b) Conductance (c) Admittance (d) Transconductance

ANS b
2 The power factor varies between

(a) 2 and 2.5 (b) 3.5 to 5 (c) 0 to 1 (d) 1 to 2

ANS c
3 Why is the DC ammeter incapable of measuring alternating current?

(a) AC is incompatible with DC ammeters. (b) AC modifies its course.

(c) Zero is the average value of a whole cycle (d) AC is virtual

ANS c
4 The core of a transformer is laminated because

(a) ratio of voltage in primary and secondary may be increased

(b) energy losses due to eddy currents may be minimized

(c) the weight of the transformer may be reduced

(d) rusting of the core may be prevented

ANS b
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5 In electric arc furnace Cu or Iron is melted due to variation of

(a) current (b) magnetic field (c) voltage (d) electric field

ANS b
6 In a purely resistive a.c. circuit, the current

(a) is in phase with the e.m.f.

(b) leads the e.m.f. by a difference of π radians phase

(c) leads the e.m.f. by a phase difference of π /2 radians

(d) lags behind the e.m.f. by phase difference of π /4 radians

ANS a
7 An ac generator produced an output voltage, E = 170 sin377t where t is in

seconds. The frequency of ac voltage is

(a) 50 Hz (b) 110 Hz (c) 60 Hz (d) 230 Hz

ANS c
8
In an ac circuit, the power factor

(a) Is zero when the circuit contains an ideal resistance only

(b) Is unity when the circuit contains an ideal resistance only

(c) Is zero when the circuit contains an ideal inductance and resistor only

(d) Is unity when the circuit contains an ideal inductance only.

ANS b
9 The ratio of primary and secondary windings of a transformer is 1:2. An a.c.

source of 100 volts at 2 ampere is connected across the primary. Which of the

following situations is correct in the given transformer?

(a) the secondary voltage is 200 volts and current is 2 A

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(b) the secondary voltage is 200 volts and current is 1 A

(c) the secondary voltage is 50 volts and current is 2 A

(d) the secondary voltage is 50 volts and current is 4 A

ANS b
10 The voltage of domestic ac is 220 volts. What does the represent

a) Mean voltage b) Peak voltage

c) Root mean voltage d) Root mean square voltage

ANS d

CASE-STUDY BASED QUESTION

CBQ 1: A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing A.C.

voltages. It is based on the phenomenon of mutual induction. It consists of two

coils wound on the same core. The alternating current passing through the

primary creates a continuously changing flux through the core. This changing

flux induces an alternating emf in the secondary. Depending on the number of

turns in the primary and secondary coil the alternating voltage will increase and

decreased.

= = = K, where K is transformation constant.

𝑵𝒔 𝑬𝒔 𝑰𝒑
It can be shown that
𝑵𝑷 𝑬𝑷 𝑰𝒔

For a step-up transformer, K>1 and for a step-down transformer, K<1. The

numbers of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a transformer are 2000

and 50 respectively. The primary coil is connected to main of 120 V and

secondary to a night bulb of 0.6 ohm. The efficiency of transformer is 80%.

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I) A transformer is used:

(a) to transform electric energy into mechanical energy.

(b) to obtain suitable DC voltage.

(c) to transform AC into DC.

(d) to obtain suitable AC voltage.

II) Which quantity is increased in step-down transformer?

(a) resistance (b) power (c) current (d) charge

III) In step-up transformer, relation between number of turns in primary (Np) and

number of turns in secondary (Ns) is

(a) Ns > Np (b) Np > Ns (c) Ns = Np (d) Np = 2 Ns

IV) Voltage across the secondary of transformer is

(a) 120 V (b) 360 V (c) 40 V (d) 3 V

OR

Current in primary coil is

(a) 0.125 A (b) 2.52 A (c) 1.51 A (d) 3.52 A

Ans: I) d II) c III) a IV) d OR a

CBQ 2:

An interesting characteristics of the series LCR circuit is the phenomenon of

resonance. The phenomenon of the resonance is common among systems that

have tendency to oscillate at a particular frequency. This frequency is called the

system natural frequency. If such system is driven by an energy source at a

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frequency that is near the natural frequency, the amplitude of the oscillation is

found to be large.

Suppose a resonance R, inductance L and Capacitance C are connected in

series and fed by an alternating source of voltage V, the frequency of alternating

current source is f. This series LCR circuit is said to be resonance only if the

frequency f of applied alternating source be such that the current flowing in circuit

and voltage applied are in the same phase. At resonance in LCR series circuit

impedance is minimum. For an LCR circuit the angular frequency is given by

1
𝜔=
√𝐿𝐶
At resonance frequency, the current amplitude is maximum.

I) At resonant condition-

(a) Impedance is maximum

(b) Impedance is minimum and equal to resistance R

(c) Impedance is zero

(d) Impedance is numerically equal to R/2

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II) To reduce the resonance frequency in an LCR circuit with a generator

(a) The generator frequency should be reduced.

(b) Another capacitor should be added in parallel to the first one.

(c) The iron core of the inductor should be removed.

(d) Dielectric in the capacitor should be removed.

III) In a LCR circuit capacitance is changed from C to 2C. For the resonant

frequency to remain unchanged, the inductance should be change from L to

(a) 4L (b) 2L (c) L/2 (d) L/4

OR

An inductor L and a capacitor C are connected in

the circuit as shown in the figure. The frequency of

the power supply is equal to the resonant frequency

of the circuit. Which ammeter will read zero ampere?

(a)A1 (b) A2 (c)A3 (d) None of these

IV) Power factor is maximum in an LCR circuit when

(a) XL = XC (b) R = 0 (c) XL = 0 (d) XC = 0

Ans: I) b II) b III) c OR c IV) a

ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion
and Reason. While answering these questions, you are required to choose any
one of the following four responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
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(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
1 Assertion: The voltage across the secondary coil of a transformer depends
upon the number turns in the primary and secondary coil.

Reason: Transformer ratio is the ratio of number of turns in the secondary

coil to the number of turns in the primary coil.

ANS b
2 Assertion: Choke coil is preferred over a resistor to adjust current in an AC circuit
Reason: Power factor for inductance is zero.

ANS a
3 Assertion: A capacitor blocks direct current in the steady state.
Reason: The capacitive reactance of the capacitor is inversely proportional to frequency f of
the source of emf.

ANS a
4 Assertion: AC is more dangerous than DC
Reason: Frequency of ac is dangerous for human body.

ANS a
Assertion (A): In an AC circuit, the instantaneous value of voltage and current
5
can be represented by sine functions.
Reason (R): The voltage and current in an AC circuit vary sinusoidally with
time and can be expressed as V(t) = V m sin(ωt) and I(t) = Im sin(ωt + Φ),
respectively.
ANS a
6 Assertion: In a purely inductive or capacitive circuit, the current is referred to as wattless
current.
Reason: No power is dissipated in a purely inductive or capacitive circuit even though a
current is flowing in the circuit.

ANS a
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7 Assertion (A): Transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Reason (R): Transformers use two coils wound on a soft iron core, and the
varying magnetic field in one coil induces an EMF in the other coil.
ANS a
8 Assertion (A): An ideal inductor has zero resistance.
Reason (R): An ideal inductor is a purely inductive element with no
resistance, which means it does not dissipate power in the form of heat.
ANS b
9 Assertion: If Xc > XL, ɸ is positive and the circuit is predominantly
capacitive, the current in the circuit leads the source voltage.
Reason: If Xc < XL, ɸ is negative and the circuit is predominantly inductive,
the current in the circuit lags the source voltage.
ANS b
10 Assertion – Soft iron is used as a core of transformer
Reason – Area of hysteresis loop for soft iron is small.
ANS a
LONG ANSWER (5 MARKS)
1 A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source having voltage V = Vm sin 𝜔t Derive the
expression for the instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.
Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define power factor. State the conditions under
which it is-
(a) maximum
(b) minimum.
ANS Suppose resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C are connected in
series and an alternating source of voltage V = VO sin𝜔t is applied across
it.
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Being in series, the current (I) flowing through all of them is the same.
Suppose the voltage across resistance is VR, voltage across inductance is
VL and voltage across capacitance is VC. The voltage VR and current I are
in the same phase, the voltage VL will lead the current I by angle while the
voltage will lag behind the current by 90o while the voltage VC will lag behind
the current I by 90o. Clearly VL and VC are in opposite directions, therefore
their resultant potential difference = VL− VC (if VL> VC)
Thus, VR and (VL− VC) are mutually perpendicular and the phase

difference between them is 90o. As applied voltage across the circuit is V,

the resultant of VR and (VL− VC) will also be V.

From phase diagram, V2 = VR2 + (VL− VC)2

⇒ V = √VR2 + (Vn − VC )2 …………………. (i)

But, VR = IR, VL =I XL and VC = I XC

Where, XL = ω𝐿 = 2πf L = Inductive reactance and XC = = =

1 1
ωC 2πfC

Capacitive reactance

R
Impedance of the circuit, Z = = √R2 + (XL − XC )2 ……………(ii)
Z

V0 sin(ωt+ϕ)
Instantaneous current, I =
√R2 +(xL −xc )2

The phase difference (Φ) between current and voltage V is given by

=
xL −xc
Φ tan−1
R

Depending upon the values of XL and XC we have three possible

conditions,
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I) If XC > XL, Φ is positive and the circuit is predominantly capacitive. Consequently,

the current in the circuit leads the source voltage.

II) If XC < XL, Φ is negative and the circuit is predominantly inductive. Consequently,

the current in the circuit lags the source voltage.

III) If XL = Xc, Φ = 0 then and the voltage is in phase with the current and is known

as resonant circuit.

Power Factor: Power factor is defined as the cosine of the angle

between voltage and current.

Power factor = cos Φ = =

R R
Z √R2 +(XL −XC )2

It is the measure of how effectively the incoming power is used in an

electrical system. A high-power factor indicates that the power supplied to

the electrical system is effectively used. A system with low power factor

doesn’t effectively consume the incoming electric supply and results in losses.

In AC circuits, the value of power factor always lies between 0 and 1.

Maximum value of power factor: If the circuit contains only pure R, it is

called resistive. In that cos Φ = 1. There is maximum power dissipation.

Minimum value of power factor: If the circuit contains only an inductor or

capacitor, we know that the phase difference between voltage and current is

π/2. Therefore, cos Φ = 0, and no power is dissipated even though a current

is flowing in the circuit. This current is sometimes referred to as wattless

current.
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2 a) A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the
expression for the impedance of the circuit.
b) Plot a graph to show the variation of current with frequency of the ac source , explaining
the nature of its variation for two different resistances R1 and R2 (R1< R2) at resonance
ANS a) As previous question
b) (i) for R1 and the curve (ii) is for R2

3 A resistor of 200 W and a capacitor of 15.0 μF are connected in series to

a 220 V, 50 Hz ac source.

(a) Calculate the current in the circuit;

(b) Calculate the voltage (rms) across the resistor and the capacitor.

Is the algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source voltage? Justify.

ANS (a) In order to calculate the current, we need the impedance of the

circuit. It is

Z = √R2 + XC 2

= √R2 + (2𝜋𝑓𝐶)2
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= √2002 + (2x 3.14 x 50x 10−6 )2

= 291.5 Ω

V
Therefore, the current in the circuit is, I =
Z
220V
= = 0.755 A
291.5Ω

(b) Since the current is the same throughout the circuit, we have

VR= I R

= (0.755 A) (200Ω) =151 V

V C = I XC

= (0.755 A) (212.3 Ω) = 160.3 V

The algebraic sum of the two voltages, VR and VC is 311.3 V, which is

more than the source voltage of 220 V. This is because the two voltages

VR and VC are not in the same phase (are out of phase by ninety

degrees). Therefore, they cannot be added like ordinary numbers. The

total of these voltages must be

VR+C = √𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑐2 = 220 V = Source Voltage

4 a) Draw graphs showing the variations of inductive reactance and capacitive reactance

with frequency of applied ac source.

b) Draw the phasor diagram for a series LRC circuit connected to an AC

source.
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c) When an alternating voltage of 220V is applied across a device X, a

current of 0.25A flows which lags behind the applied voltage in phase by

π/2 radian. If the same voltage is applied across another device Y, the

same current flows but now it is in phase with the applied voltage.

(i) Name the devices X and Y.

(ii) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when the same voltage is

applied across the series combination of X and Y.

ANS (a)

(b)

(c) i) In device X, Current lags behind the voltage by π /2, hence X is an inductor
In device Y, Current in phase with the applied voltage, hence Y is a resistor
(ii) We are given that
0.25=220/XL, XL =880Ω,
also 0.25=220/R, R = 880Ω
For the series combination of X and Y, equivalent impedance Z = 880 √2 Ω,
Hence I= 0.177 A
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5 State the main operating principle of a transformer. How is large scale transmission of electric

energy over long distances done with the use of transformers?

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ANS A transformer is an electrical device used for

converting an alternating current at a low voltage

into a high voltage or vice versa. If the transformer

increases the input voltage, then it is called as

step-up transformer but if decreases the input

voltage, then it is called as step-down transformer.

Principle: It operates upon the principle of mutual induction i.e., “The EMF

induction on one coil when changing current is applied on another coil.”

Working: As the ac flows through the primary, it produces an alternating

magnetic flux in the core which also passes through the secondary. This

changing flux will set up an induced emf in the secondary, and a self-

induced emf in the primary. If there is no leakage of magnetic flux, then

the flux linked with each and every turn of the primary will be equal to that

linked with each turn of the secondary.

dϕ dϕ
Es = −Ns and EP = −NP
dt dt
where, NP and NS are the number of turns in the primary and secondary

respectively, and EP and ES are their respective voltages

Es Ns
= … … … … … . . . (𝑖)
EP NP

This ratio, NS:NP is called the turns ratio (K)

Assuming the transformer as an ideal one, so that there are no energy

losses, then
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Input power = output power

EP. IP = ESIS………… (ii)

where IP and IS are the currents present in the primary and secondary

coils respectively

= = =K
𝐍𝐬 𝐄𝐬 𝐈𝐩
From (i) and (ii), we get:
𝐍𝐏 𝐄𝐏 𝐈𝐬

In the case of a step-up transformer, NS > NP i.e., the turns ratio is

greater than 1 and therefore ES > EP. The voltage which we get as

output is greater than that of the input voltage.

For step-up transformer, K > 1 and step-down transformer, K < 1

For transmissions in long distances, the voltage output of the generator is stepped-up (but that

current is reduced and consequently IR loss is also reduced). It is transmitted over long

distances and is stepped- down at distributing substations at the consumer's end.

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SELF TEST
1 In an LCR-series ac circuit, the voltage across each of the 1M
component L, C and R is 50 V. The voltage across the LC-
combination will be
(a) 50 V (b) 50√2 V (c) 100 V (d) zero
2 An ac circuit has a resistance of 12 ohm and an impedance of 1M
15 ohm. The power factor of the circuit will be
(a) 0.8 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.125 (d) 1.25
3 A transformer is used to light a 100 W lamp from 220 V 1M
mains. If the main current is 0.5 A, the efficiency of the
transformer is
(a) 30% (b) 50% (c) 90% (d) 10%
4 What is the value of inductance L for which the current is 1M
maximum in a series LCR- circuit with C = 10 μF and ω =
1000 s-1?
(a) 100 mH (b) 1 mH
(c) 10 mH (d) cannot be calculated unless R is
known
5 Average power dissipated in an inductor connected to an a.c. 1M
source is
(a) LI² (b) LI² (c) zero (d) none of these
1
2
6 What happens to the inductive reactance when the frequency of 1 M
the AC supply is increased?
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c)Remains the same (d) Decreases inversely
7 Energy is lost in the LCR circuit by: 1M
(a) L only (b) C only c) R only (d) All of the
above
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8 A 50 mH inductor is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz AC supply. Determine 1M

the rms value of the current in the circuit.
(a)12.74 A (b)13.57 A (c) 11.5 A (d) 9.53
A
ASSERTION – REASON (Directions are as previous)

9 Assertion: Transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic 1 M

induction.
Reason: Transformers use two coils wound on a soft iron core,
and the varying magnetic field in one coil induces an EMF in
the other coil.
10 Assertion: Average value of ac over a complete cycle is always zero. 1M
Reason: Average value of ac is always defined over half cycle.
11 Case Study based : Resonant Series LCR Circuit. When the frequency 4M

of ac supply is such that the

inductive reactance and capacitive

reactance become equal, the

impedance of the series LCR

circuit is equal to the ohmic resistance in the circuit. Such a series LCR

circuit is known as resonant series LCR circuit and the frequency of the

ac supply is known as resonant frequency. Resonance phenomenon is

exhibited by a circuit only if both L and C are present in the circuit. We

cannot have resonance in a RL or RC circuit. A series LCR circuit with L

= 0.12 H, C = 480 nF, R = 23 Ω is Connect to a 230 V variable

frequency supply.

I) Find the value of source for which current amplitude is maximum.

(a) 222.32 Hz (b) 550.52 Hz (c) 663.48 Hz (d) 770 Hz

II) The value of maximum current is

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(a) 14.14 A (b) 22.52 A (c) 50.25 A (d) 47.41 A

III) The value of maximum power is

(a) 2200 W (b) 2299.3 W (c) 5500 W (d) 4700 W

OR

What is the Q-factor of the given circuit?

(a) 25 A (b) 42.21 A (c) 35.42 A (d)

21.74 A

IV) At resonance which of the following physical quantity is maximum?

(a) Impedance (b) Current

(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

12 What is the operating principle of AC generators? 2M

13 Why an inductor is an easy path for d.c. and resistive path for a.c.? 2M

14 Give two advantages and disadvantages of AC over DC. 2M

15 A coil of 0.01H inductance and 1W resistance is connected to 200 V, 50Hz 2M

AC supply. Find the impedance of the circuit and time lag between maximum
alternating voltage and current
16 Explain why the reactance offered by an inductor increases with increasing 2M
frequency of an alternating voltage.
17 a) Define Power factor. What is the power factor of an LCR series circuit 3M
at resonance?
b) The power factor of an A.C. circuit is 0.5. What is phase difference between voltage
and current in the circuit?
18 An electric lamp connected in series with a 3M

capacitor and an ac source is glowing with

of certain brightness. How does the

brightness of the lamp change on reducing the

(i) capacitance and

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(ii) frequency?

19 a) State the underlying principle of a transformer. Explain briefly any two 5 M

energy losses in a transformer.
b) How is the large-scale transmission of electric energy over long distances
done with the use of transformers?
c) Can a transformer be used to step up or step down a d.c. voltage?
Justify your answer.
20Device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source V = Vo sin ωt. The variation of voltage, 5M

current and power in one cycle is show in the following graph:

(a) Identify the device ‘X’.

(b) Which of the curves, A, B and C represent the

voltage, current and the power consumed in the

circuit? Justify your answer.

(c) How does its impedance vary with frequency of the ac

source? Show graphically.

(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit and

its phase relation with ac voltage.

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