More on Java - Part 2

Object-Oriented Programming
Outline
■ Input/Output
■ Command-line parameters
■ Packages
■ Default and Static methods of Interfaces
■ final keyword
■ Lambda and Streams

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Input / output

■ Details:
❑ Head First Java. Ch. 16

■ In this slide:
❑ standard input / output stream

❑ simple imput / output

❑ simple text file input / output

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Standard I/O

■ Three stream objects automatically created when a Java

program begins executing:
❑ System.out : standard output stream object

■ normally enables a program to output data to the console

❑ System.err : standard error stream object
■ normally enables a program to output error messages to the
console
❑ System.in : standard input stream object
■ normally enables a program to input bytes from the keyboard

■ Redirect at command line (input and output stream only):

C:\> type input.dat | java AJavaProgram > output.dat

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Standard output and error streams

■ System.out and System.err can be used directly

❑ System.out.println("Hello, world!");

❑ System.err.println("Invalid day of month!");

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Standard input

■ System.in
❑ An InputStream object

❑ must be wrapped before use

■ Scanner: wrapper that supports input of primitive types and

character strings
❑ next(): get the next word separated by white spaces

❑ nextInt(), nextDouble(),…: get the next data item

❑ hasNext(), hasNextInt(), hasNextDouble(),…: check if there

are data left to be read

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Standard input. Example
// import the wrapper class
import java.util.Scanner;
...
// create Scanner to get input from keyboard
Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );

// read a word
String s = sc.next());

// read an integer
int i = sc.nextInt();

// read a series of big intergers

while (sc.hasNextLong()) {
long aLong = sc.nextLong();
}

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 Import required
classes
Input from a text file. Example
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.FileInputStream; To deal with errors such
import java.io.IOException; as file-not-found
...
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
// create Scanner to get input from a file stream
Scanner sc = new Scanner(new FileInputStream("test.dat"));

String s = sc.next()); // read a word

int i = sc.nextInt(); // read an integer
while (sc.hasNextLong()) { // read a series of big intergers
long aLong = sc.nextLong();
}
Open and close
the text file
sc.close();

} catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
...
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 Write to a text file. Example
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
...
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i = 1; long l = 10;
try {
// create a printwriter to write output to a file stream
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("test.data"));

// write to file
out.println("Hello " + i + " " + l);

out.close();
} catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
...

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Command-line parameters

//CmdLineParas.java: read all command-line parameters

public class CmdLineParas {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//display the parameter list
for (int i=0; i<args.length; i++)
System.out.println(args[i]);
}
}
}
C:\>java CmdLineParas hello world
hello
world

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Package: Declaration
■ a package statement appears as the first
non-comment in the file

package declaration with package

name.
The rest of the file belongs to the same
// HelloMsg.java package
package hanv;

public class HelloMsg {

public void sayHello() {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
}
}
Declared as public so that
they can be used outside package hanv

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 Package: Usage
■ Two ways:
1. Use the import statement
//Hello.java to make the name(s) in the
package available, once for
import hanv.HelloMsg;
all

public class Hello {

public static void main(String[] args) {
HelloMsg msg = new HelloMsg();
msg.sayHello(); 2. Give the fully qualified
} name at every call
} //Hello.java
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
hanv.HelloMsg msg = new hanv.HelloMsg();
msg.sayHello();
}
}
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Package – Compile and run
■ Compile
javac HelloMsg.java –d <class_root_dir>
javac Hello.java

■ Run
java Hello

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public

Package – make it simple

■ Where to put source files?
❑ C:\java root directory
❑ C:\java\hanv classes in hanv package

■ Compile: stay at the root!

❑ C:\java\> javac hanv\HelloMsg.java
❑ equivalent to javac hanv\HelloMsg.java –d .
❑ or javac hanv\HelloMsg.java –d c:\java

❑ C:\java\> javac Hello.java

■ Run
❑ C:\java\> java Hello
❑ C:\java\> java hanv.HelloMsg (if HelloMsg is a program)

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Interface - default methods
interface Vehicle {
String getBrand();
String speedUp();
String slowDown(); public static void main(String[] args) {
default String turnAlarmOn() { Vehicle car = new Car("BMW");
return "Alarm on."; System.out.println(car.getBrand());
System.out.println(car.speedUp());
}
System.out.println(car.slowDown());
default String turnAlarmOff() { System.out.println(car.turnAlarmOn());
return "Alarm off."; System.out.println(car.turnAlarmOff());
} }
}
public class Car implements Vehicle {
private String brand;

public String getBrand() {

return brand;
}
public String speedUp() {
return "The car is speeding up.";
}
public String slowDown() {
return "The car is slowing down.";
}
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}
 Interface - default methods
public class Addition
interface Expression {
implements BinaryExpression
double evaluate();
{
String convertToString();
private Expression left, right;
}
public Expression getLeft() {
return left;
interface BinaryExpression }
extends Expression
{ public Expression getRight() {
Expression getLeft(); return right;
Expression getRight(); }
default String convertToString() { public String getOperator() {
return getLeft() + return "+";
" " + getOperator() + " " + }
getRight() + " = " +
evaluate(); public double evaluate() {
} return left.evaluate() + righ
}
String getOperator(); ...
}
default methods can call instance methods
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Default methods - multi-inheritance?

(interface) (interface)
BinaryExpression Foo

default default
convertToString() convertToString()

BinaryFoo

BinaryFoo binaryFoo = new BinaryFoo(); which version to use?

System.err.print(binaryFoo.convertToString());

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 Default methods - multi-inheritance?

(interface) (interface)
BinaryExpression Foo

default default
convertToString() convertToString()

BinaryFoo

convertToString()

have to
public String convertToString() { implement and specify
return BinaryExpression.super.convertToString() which version to use
+ Foo.super.convertToString();
}
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 Interface - static method

interface Vehicle {
...
static int getHorsePower(int rpm, int torque) {
return (rpm * torque) / 5252;
}
}

Vehicle.getHorsePower(2500, 480);

This function
- cannot access instance variables/method
- can be called from anywhere, just like a class’ static function

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Abstract classes vs. Interfaces

Abstract classes can have constructors and states

Interfaces can’t

20
Immutable data types

String: immutable
should use for Key types in data structures
StringBuilder, StringPrinter: mutable

Immutables: Integer, Double, Character….

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final instance variables

final variables cannot be modified once assigned.

■ to create immutable data types
■ to stop unintended changes of states
■ help improve security
■ must be initialized at declaration points or in a
constructor

public class Number {

final double value;
public Number(double v) {
value = v;
value = v + 1; //compile-error
}

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final instance method

final instance method cannot be overriden

■ to prevent subclasses change a behavior
■ help improve security

public class Car {

private String brand;

public final String getBrand() {

return brand;
}
...
public class Taxi extends Car {
public String getBrand() {
return "Taxi";
}

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final class

final class cannot have subclasses

■ for classes that are intended to be used as is and
should not be modified or extended
■ help improve security

final class Taxi extends Car {...}

public class TaxiSpecial extends Taxi {...}

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Streams - motivation

loops
■ are used all over the place
■ tedious to write and error-prone
Common tasks on a collection of data:
- sort
- take only the top k items and ignore the rest
- ignore duplicated items
- ignore items that don’t match certain criteria
- map each item to something else to continue work on it
- sum
- grouping by certain key and make a map
- …

25
Stream API

26
Example

27
01 Source

Str
ea
m
Zero or more
intermediate operations
m
ea
Str

01 terminal operation

28
01 Source

Zero or more
intermediate operations

01 terminal operation

29
 Stream pipeline
List<String> strings = Arrays.asList(
"I", "am", "a", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z");
List<String> result = strings.stream()
.sorted((s1, s2) -> s1.compareToIgnoreCase(s2))
.skip(2)
.limit(4)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.err.print("result = " + result);

("I", "am", "a", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")

=> ("a", "am", "I", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")
=> ("a", "am", "I", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")
=> ("a", "am", "I", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")
=> ["I", "list", "of", "Strings"]

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 Stream pipeline
List<String> strings = Arrays.asList(
"I", "am", "a", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z");
List<String> result = strings.stream()
.sorted((s1, s2) -> s1.compareToIgnoreCase(s2))
.skip(2)
.limit(4)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.err.print("result = " + result);

("I", "am", "a", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")

=> ("a", "am", "I", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")
=> ("a", "am", "I", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")
=> ("a", "am", "I", "list", "of", "Strings", "Z")
=> ["I", "list", "of", "Strings"]

Nothing is done until the terminal operation!

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forEach()
List<String> strings
= Arrays.asList("I", "am", "a", "list", "of", "Strings");

for (String string : strings) {

System.err.print(string);
}

strings.forEach(s -> System.err.print(s));

strings.stream()
.sorted((s1, s2) -> s1.compareToIgnoreCase(s2))
.skip(2)
.limit(4)
.forEach(s -> System.err.print(s));

32
Lambda Expression - Functional Interface

....forEach(s -> System.err.print(s));

33
Lambda Expression - Comparator Interface

34