Fundamentals of

10/28/2024
Information Systems:
Prof. Taysir Hassan Abdel Hamid
Information Systems Department,
Faculty of Computers and Information
Assiut University
[email protected]
October 14, 2024 1
 10/28/2024
Lecture 3: Database Systems

IS...Prof. Taysir Hassan

and Business Intelligence

2
Course Outline
• An Introduction to Information Systems
• Information Systems in Organizations
• Database Systems and Business Intelligence
• Electronic and Mobile Commerce
• Enterprise Systems
• Information and Decision Support Systems
• Knowledge Management and Specialized Information Systems
• Applications of Information Systems
Chapter 5: Database Systems and
Business Intelligence (Learning
Objectives 1)
• Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting
the advantages of the database approach to data management.
• Describe the relational database model and outline its basic
features.
• Identify the common functions performed by all database
management systems, and identify popular database management
systems.
• Identify and briefly discuss current database applications.
Definition (1):
What is a Database?
• A database is an organized collection of data. Like other
components of an information system, a database should help
an organization achieve its goals.
• A database can contribute to organizational success by
providing managers and decision makers with timely, accurate,
and relevant information based on data.
A Database??
• A database provides an essential foundation for an
organization’s information and decision support system.
• Without a well-designed, accurate database, executives,
managers, and others do not have access to the information
they need to make good decisions.
Definitions (2)
• A Database Management system (DBMS) consists of a group
of programs that manipulate the database and provide an
interface between the database and its users and other
application programs.

• Examples of DBMS: IBM DB2, Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL

Server, Microsoft Access, and MySQL.

• A database administrator (DBA) is a skilled and trained IS

professional who directs all activities related to an
organization’s database, including providing security from
intruders.
Popular database management
systems
• Some popular DBMSs for single users include Microsoft
Access.
• IBM DB2, Oracle
• A number of open-source database systems are available,
including PostegreSQL and MySQL.
• A new form of database system is emerging that some refer to
as Database as a Service (DaaS) and others as Database 2.0.
• DaaS is similar to software as a service (SaaS).
• More than a dozen companies are moving in the DaaS
direction. They include Google and Microsoft.
Hierarchy of Data
Keys and Attributes Data Item
The Database Approach
• Traditional approach to data management: An approach
whereby separate data files are created and stored for each
application program.
• Database approach to data management: An approach
whereby a pool of related data is shared by multiple
application programs.
The Database Approach
Advantages of the Database
Approach
Disadvantages of the Database
Approach
Data Modeling and Database
Characteristics
• Content: What data should be collected and at what cost?
• Access: What data should be provided to which users and when?
• Logical structure: How should data be arranged so that it makes
sense to a given user?
• Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?
Data Modeling
• The logical design of a database is an abstract model of how
the data should be structured and arranged to meet an
organization’s information needs.
• Physical design starts from the logical database design and
fine-tunes it for performance and cost considerations (such as
improved response time, reduced storage space, and lower
operating cost).
Definitions (3):
• A data model is a diagram of entities and their relationships.
• Data modeling usually involves understanding a specific
business problem and analyzing the data and information
needed to deliver a solution.
Definition (4):
• Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams use basic graphical symbols to
show the organization of and relationships between data.
• In most cases, boxes in ER diagrams indicate data items or entities
contained in data tables, and diamonds show relationships between
data items and entities.
• In other words, ER diagrams show data items in tables (entities) and
the ways they are related.
ERD for Customer Order
Database
A salesperson serves
many customers , a
customer places
many orders ; the
orders includes many
line items; those line
items specifies a
product. In addition,
orders generate an
invoice
Enterprise Data Modeling
• Enterprise data modeling is an approach that starts by
investigating the general data and information needs of the
organization at the strategic level, and then examines more
specific data and information needs for the various functional
areas and departments within the organization. (Example:
ERD)
The Relational Database Model
• Relational model is A database model that describes data in
which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables,
called relations, which are the logical equivalent of files.
• Database management systems based on the relational model
include IBM DB2, Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server,
Microsoft Access, and MySQL
Manipulating a Data
• Basic data manipulations
include selecting,
projecting, and joining.
Simplified ER

A Manager
Supervises one
department only
Between
but a department
Manager,
has many
Department,
managers
and Project
Linking Tables to Answer
Queries
Data Cleanup
• Valuable data is accurate, complete, economical, flexible,
reliable, relevant, simple, timely, verifiable, accessible, and
secure.
• The database must also be properly designed.
• The purpose of data cleanup is to develop data with these
characteristics.
Fitness
Center
Members

Dues Paid
Database Management System
(Overview of Database Types)
• Flat Files (i.e. OneNote, EverNote)
Database Management System
(Overview of Database Types)
• Single User: (Microsoft Access, FileMaker Pro)
• Multiple Users: Small, midsize, and large businesses need
multiuser DBMSs to share information throughout the
organization over a network. (Oracle, DB2, Sybase,
Important points
• All DBMSs share some common functions, such as providing a
user view, physically storing and retrieving data in a database,
allowing for database modification, manipulating data, and
generating reports.
• These DBMSs can handle the most complex data-processing
tasks, and because they are accessed over a network, one
database can serve many locations around the world.
Creating and Modifying a
Database
• A data definition language (DDL) is a collection of instructions
and commands used to define and describe data and
relationships in a specific database.
• A DDL allows the database’s creator to describe the data and
relationships that are to be contained in the schema.
Data Definition Language
Data Dictionary
• Using a Data Definition Language to Define a Schema
Storing and Retrieving Data
(Logical and Physical Access)
Manipulating Data and
Generating Reports
• Some databases use Query-by-Example (QBE), which is a
visual approach to developing database queries or requests.
• Like Windows and other GUI operating systems, you can
perform queries and other database tasks by opening
windows and clicking the data or features you want.

• In general, the commands that are used to manipulate the

database are part of the data manipulation language (DML).
Query by Example
Examples of SQL commands
Example of Northwind
database in MS ACCESS
• Northwind Traders Access database is a sample database that
shipped with Microsoft Office suite. The Northwind
database contains the sales data for a fictitious company
called Northwind Traders, which imports and exports specialty
foods from around the world.
• This database template is used to manage your business
inventory, orders, customers, purchasing and also employees.
This is very ideal for your business or other small business
operations related to selling goods and services to many
clients.
Northwind Example
Special Purpose Databases
• A unique special-purpose DBMS for biologists called Protein
databank (PDB) (https://www.rcsb.org/)
• This resource is powered by the Protein Data Bank archive-
information about the 3D shapes of proteins, nucleic acids,
and complex assemblies that helps students and researchers
understand all aspects of biomedicine and agriculture, from
protein synthesis to health and disease.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biological_databases
contains a list of protein databases
Selecting A Database
Management System (1)
• Database size. The number of records or files in the database
• Database cost. The purchase or lease costs of the database
• Concurrent users. The number of people who need to use the
database at the same time (the number of concurrent users)
• Performance. How fast the database is able to update records
Selecting A Database
Management System (2)
• Integration. The ability to be integrated with other
applications and databases
• Vendor. The reputation and financial stability of the database
vendor
Thank You