Mst.

Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024

Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Mycoplasmal diseases
( Mycoplasmosis )

Definition
• Mycoplasmosis can be defined as a disease caused by Mycoplasma sp, a
genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membranes.
• The main diseases caused by Mycoplasma spp. in animals are listed below:
• Respiratory tract - Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia, Contagious
caprine pleuro-pneumonia.
• Joints - Mycoplasmal arthritis.
• Genital tract - Vulvo-vaginitis, endometritis, salpingitis.
• Udder - Contagious agalactia, mastitis.
• Eyes - Pink eye.

DVM Level 4 Semester 1

Dairy Animal Medicine 1
Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia

• Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP ) is a highly infectious

septicemic disease primarily of cattle, primarily affecting the lungs
and occasionally the joints, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.
mycoides and characterized by

• acute lobar pneumonia and pleurisy.

Etiology
• CBPP is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (bovine biotype ).

• Mycoplsmas are microorganisms deprived of cell walls and are, therefore, (a)
pleomorphic and (b) resistant to antibiotics of the B-lactamine group, such as penicillin.

• Growth of mycoplasma is relatively fastidious and requires special media rich in

cholesterol ( addition of serum).

• This organism has two types of colonies . small colony type (SC type ) and large colony
type ( LC type ).

• CBPP is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides ( M. m. m. ) small colony type (

SC type ).

• M. m. m. large colony type is pathogenic for sheep and goats but not for cattle.

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Etiology
• M. m m. (SC type ) survives well only in vivo and is quickly inactivated when

exposed to normal external environmental condition.

• This organism does not survive in meat and meat products and does not

survive outside the host in nature for more than a few hours to days.

• M. m. m. (SC type ) is not resistant in the environment and transmission

requires close contact.

• Many of the routinely used disinfectants will effectively inactivate the

organisms.

Epidemiology
 CBPP is worldwide distributed disease but it has been eradicated from South Africa in 1916, from USA in

1892 and from Australia in 1972.

 It is endemic in most of Africa and it a problem in parts of Asia, especially India and China. Periodically, it

occurs in Europe and outbreaks within the last decade have occurred in Spain, Portugal and Italy.

 CBPP is predominantly a disease of the genus Bos, and exotic ( Bos taurus ), zebu ( Bos indicus ) and

rarely water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis ) are susceptible but wild bovids and camels are resistant.

 There are many reported breed differences with respect to susceptibility. European breeds tend to be

more susceptible than indigenous African breeds.

 There does seem to be some age resistance, animals less than 3 years are less resistant.

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Morbidity and mortality rates

 Morbidity is about 90% and mortality varied and ranges from 10 to 70% in
various outbreaks.
 Mortality may depend on other factors such as plane of nutrition, level of
parasitism and general body condition.

Source of infection

Clinically infected animals Carrier animals

Coughing droplets, saliva, urine, placenta. Condition of stress due to:

• Starvation
Remain infective for long period • Intercurrent disease
• Exhaustion

Inhalation of droplets.
Convert the animal into an active case.

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Transmission

 Aerial mostly by direct contact droplets emitted by coughing animals, saliva and urine.

 Relatively close contact is required for transmission to occur.

 Transplacental infection can occur and inapparent carriers are a major source of infection.

 Recovered animals harboring infectious organisms within a pulmonary sequestrum may become active

shedders when stressed. Transmission up to several km has been suspected under favourable climatic

condition.

Clinical findings
 The incubation period is variable in natural infection but generally quite long. It has been shown that
healthy animals placed in CBPP-infected herd may begin showing signs of disease 20 to 123 days later.
Experimental infections the incubation period is 2 to 3 weeks.
 Sudden onset of moderate fever ( 105 °F ), depressed and inappetent animal with fever.
 Coughing followed by evidence of thoracic pain and dyspnoeic, animals are inclined to stand with
elbows abducted in an attempt to decrease thoracic pain and increase chest capacity.
 Auscultation of the lung reveals any of a wide variety of sounds, depending upon the pulmonary
parenchyma.
 In calves, pneumonia may be accompanied by a polyarthritis. Large joints may be distended and warm
on palpation.
 Chronic form is characterized by ill-thrift and recurrent low-grade fever, may be difficult to recognize
pneumonia. Forced exercise may precipitate coughing.

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Pathogenesis

• Bovine pleuropneumonia is an acute lobar pneumonia and pleurisy developing by localization of the

organism from an initial septicemia.

• Thrombosis in the pulmonary vessel in an essential part of pathogenesis which develops prior to pneumonic

lesions. The mechanism of thrombosis development is not understood .Death results from anoxia and

presumably from toxemia.

Pathogenesis

• Bovine pleuropneumonia is an acute lobar pneumonia and pleurisy developing by localization of the

organism from an initial septicemia.

• Thrombosis in the pulmonary vessel in an essential part of pathogenesis which develops prior to pneumonic

lesions. The mechanism of thrombosis development is not understood .Death results from anoxia and

presumably from toxemia.

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Necropsy changes

• Extensive marked inflammation of the lung is associated pleurae.

• In severe cases, there can be abundant fluid in the thoracic cavity.
• The predominant gross change is consolidation or thickening of individual lobules - characteristic
marbled appearance.
• Coagulative necrosis in the affected lungs.

Diagnosis

• Field diagnosis of CBPP can be made on history of contact with infected animals, epidemiologic
features, clinical signs and necropsy examination.
During an outbreak of natural disease, only 33% of animals present symptoms (peracute to acute form
), 46% are infected but have no symptoms ( subclinical forms ) and 21% seem to be resistant.

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Diagnosis on characteristic clinical sign

In adults:
 Moderate fever with respiratory, pulmonary and pleuretic symptoms: polypnoea, characteristic attitude
(elbows turned Out, arched back, head extended), cough (at first dry, slight or fitful, becoming moist).
 When the animal gets up or after exercise, breathing becomes laboured and grunting can be heared. At
percussion, dull sounds can be noticed in the low areas of the thorax.
In calves:
 Pulmonary tropism is not the general rule, and infected calves present arthritis with swelling of the
joints.
 Co-existence of pulmonary symptoms in adults and arthritis in young animal should alert the clinician to
a diagnosis of СВРР.

Characteristic necropsy lesions

• Significant amount of yellow or turbid exudate in the pleural cavity ( up to 30 liters ) that coagulates to
form large fibrinous clots. Fibrinous pleurisy – thickening and inflammation of the pleura with fibrous
deposits.
• Interlobular edema, marbled appearance due to hepatization and consolidation at different stages of
evolution usually Confined to one lung. Sequestral with fibrous capsule surrounding grey necrotic tissue
in recovered animals.

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Laboratory diagnosis

 Samples – Live animals, nasal swabs, transtracheal washings or pleural fluid obtained by thoracic puncture.
 Dead animals – Affected lung lesions, swabs of major bronchi, tracheo-bronchial or mediastinal lymph nodes
and joint fluids from arthritis cases.
 Placed in transport medium ( heart infusion broth, 20% serum, 10% yeast extract, benzyl penicillin at 250 to
1000 iu /ml. Samples should be kept in cool and shipped on wet ice as soon as possible. Blood should be
collected for sera.
 Isolation and identification of the causative agents by metabolic and growth inhibition tests and by ELISA.
 Serology – Sub-acute and chronic forms can be diagnosed by Complement fixation tes ,Hemagglutination and
Agglutination test.

Treatment

 Small colony type organisms are susceptible to streptomycin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol antibiotics.

 Oxytetracycline @ 2-5 mg/kg body weight IM daily for 5 days may be used.

 Rolitetracycline @ 10 mg/kg body weight daily for 5 to 7 days IM or IV found 95.36% effective.

 Tylosin tartrate @ 10 mg/kg body weight at 12 hourly for 6 IM injections is highly effective.

DVM Level 4 Semester 1

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Mst. Ishrat Zerin Moni 9/4/2024
Associate Professor, Dept of VAS, RU

Prevention and control

1. Sanitary prophylaxis
 In disease free-areas : Quarantine, serological test (CFT) and slaughter of all animals of the herd in which
positive animals have been found.
 Control of cattle movements is the most efficient way of limiting the spread of CBPP.
2. Medical prophylaxis
 In infected areas: a modified live vaccine is available for use in enzootic areas.
 It generates an unpredictable local reaction – so given in the tail tip, which may become necrotic and
slough.
 Immunity last for 12 months. Sometimes it is given in combination with Rinderpest.
 Serological testing of importation is a recommended safeguard.

A model Prescription
1. Client’s Information:
a) Client’s name: Md Abdul Haque

b) Address & Contact no. Meherchondi, Boalia, Rajshahi.

2. Patient’s Information a) Species: Bull b) Breed: Cattle c) Age: 2 years d) Sex: Male e) Body weight: 150kg
3. History:
•Clinical signs: Pneumonia, thoracic pain,moderate fever(105 F),coughing,ill thrift History of trauma or disease: No c ) History of any treatment/Vaccination: No d) Duration of illness: 2 days
4. Clinical examination:
a) Temperature: 1050F. b) Pulse rate: 80 /min c) Ruminal Movement 2 /min
5. Laboratory Examination:
a) Feces: normal b)Urine: Not done c)Blood: Not done d) Milk : Not done e)Skin Scrapping : Not done f)Others: Not done
6. Clinical Diagnosis:
Client’s Complaints: Rx

1.Dyspnoa 1. Bol. Fast vet -2g -9

750mg+750mg+750mg- daily for 5days
2.Coughing
1. Inj. Renamycin 100 -20ml –4vial
3.Fever(105⁰F) 15 ml i/m daily for 5 days
4.Inappetant 3. Inj. Histavet -10ml-4 Vials

7.5ml i\m daily for days

4. Syrup Brodil -100ml- 3

3\4 teapoon twice daily for 7 days.

Prognosis: Favourable Advice: 1. Maintain Proper ventilation Signature & date

2. Keep the body warm

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