Class: 12 science Coulomb’s Law Coulomb’s Law gives an idea about the force between two point charges. By the word point charge, we mean that in physics, the size of linear charged bodies is very small as against the distance between them. Therefore, we consider them as point charges as it becomes easy for us to calculate the force of attraction/ repulsion between them. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, a French physicist in 1784, measured the force between two point charges and he came up with the theory that the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges. He also found that this force is directly proportional to the product of charges (magnitudes only). We can show it with the following explanation. Let’s say that there are two charges q1 and q2. The distance between the charges is ‘r’, and the force of attraction/repulsion between them is ‘F’. Then F ∝ q1q2 Or, F ∝ 1/r2 F = k q1q2/ r2 Where: F is the magnitude of the electrostatic force between the charges, q1q_1q1and q2q_2q2are the magnitudes of the charges, rrr is the distance between the charges, kkk is Coulomb's constant, approximately equal to 8.99×109 N⋅m2/C28.99 \times 10^9 \ \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{C}^28.99×109 N⋅m2/C2 in a vacuum. Key points about Coulomb's law: It describes the force between stationary charges. The force is attractive if the charges are opposite in sign (one positive and one negative), and repulsive if the charges are of the same sign (both positive or both negative). Coulomb's law applies to point charges, meaning the charges are concentrated at single points and do not have physical dimensions. Coulombs law in vector form
The two charges will be electrically attracted to each other. Due to the second charge, the force on the first charge is in the opposite direction and equal in magnitude to the force on the second charge.
Coulomb's law in vector form →F=kq1q2r3→r
where, →F is the coulombic (electrostatic) force acting between the two charges q1 and q2 which are kept r distance apart. Limitations of Coulomb’s Law Coulomb’s Law is derived under certain assumptions and can’t be used freely like other general formulas. The law is limited to following points:
1.We can use the formula if the charges are static ( in rest position).
2.The formula is easy to use while dealing with charges of regular and smooth shape, and it becomes too complex to deal with charges having irregular shapes.
3.The formula is only valid when the solvent molecules between the particle are sufficiently larger than both the charges. Numericles based on couloms law Question 1: Two charges 1 C and – 3 C are kept at a distance of 3 m. Find the force of attraction between them. Solution: We have q1 = 1C, q2 = – 3C and r = 3m. Then using Coulomb’s Law and substituting above values we get F = k q1q2/ r2 Or, F = 9 × 109 × 1 × 3/ 32 F = 3 × 109 Newton Question 3: Determine the electrostatic force between the two charges of magnitude 2 C and -1 C separated by a distance 1m in air. Solution: Given that, The first charge, q1 is +2 C. The second charge, q2 is -1C. The distance between the two charges, r is 1 m. The formula to calculate electrostatic force between the charges is: F = k q1q2 / r2 Substitute the given values in the above expression as, F = (9 × 109 Nm2/ C2)(+2 C)(-1 C) / (1 m)2 = 18 × 109 N Question 3: The distance between the two electrons in contact is equal to 1Å. Determine the Coulomb force between them. Solution: The charge on an electron, q is -1.6 × 10-19 C. The distance between the two charges, r is 1 Å. The formula to calculate electrostatic force between the two electrons is: F = k (q2 / r2) Substitute the given values in the above expression as, F = (9 × 109 Nm2/ C2) [(-1.6 × 10-19 C)2 / (1 Å)2] = 2.3 × 10−8 N THANK YOU
Critical Care - Jean-Louis Vincent, Edward Abraham, Patrick Kochanek, Frederick A. Moore, Mitchell P. Fink - Textbook of Critical Care (2017, Elsevier) (Dragged)
Critical Care - Jean-Louis Vincent, Edward Abraham, Patrick Kochanek, Frederick A. Moore, Mitchell P. Fink - Textbook of Critical Care (2017, Elsevier) (Dragged)
