UNIT 1 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS IN SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

1.2 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION-BUILDING

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 Discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine nation-building;
 Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their
contributions to nation-building; and
 Name some Famous Filipinos and their contributions in the field of science

INTRODUCTION
This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology in the development of the
Philippine society. It identifies government programs, projects, and policies geared toward
boasting the science and technological capacity of the country. This lesson will also include
discussions on Philippine indigenous science and technology.
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Pre-Colonial Period
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of the
archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology. Filipinos were already aware
of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from
herbs. They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a
calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription shows the use of mathematics in precolonial Philippine
societies. A standard system of weights and measures is demonstrated by the use of precise
measurement for gold, and familiarity with rudimentary astronomy is shown by fixing the precise
day within the month in relation to the phases of the moon.
Shipbuilding showed geometric thinking and mastery of convexity, concavity, and the proper
proportion between ship breadth and length to ensure sailing efficiency
The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish
era Filipinos
Spanish Colonial Period
The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the
archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. During the
early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where religion,
reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced methods of
agriculture was taught to the natives. Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in
the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas.
Accounts by Spanish friars in the 1580s showed that astronomy was already known and practiced.
The accounts also give the local names of constellations, such as Moroporo for the Pleiades and
Balatik for Ursa Major among others.
The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the
later years. The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by constructing
government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts.
The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given more
focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. Agriculture and
industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. The opening of the Suez
Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to
study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals
brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era
The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule. On July
1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which
was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal,
which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical
diseases and laboratory projects. On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories
was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council
of the Philippines was established. The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of
the Philippines until World War II.
Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, medicine
and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free
trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and
trade.
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by the US
Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were
necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for
scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during the
regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958
which established the National Science Development Board.

Internal Influences
 Survival
 Culture Development of
 Economic Activities Science and
Technology in the
Philippines
External Influences

 Foreign colonizers
 Trades with foreign
countries
 International economic Figure 3. Influences in the Development of
Science and Technology in the Philippines
demands

FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

1. RAMON CABANAS BARBA(born August 31,1939,San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte)
Filipino inventor and horticulturist best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers in mango
trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate. Barba was proclaimed a National Scientist of the
Philippines in June 2014. Dr. Barba was also recognized as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men
in Agriculture in 1974, and was given the Horticultural Technology Award in June 1999. The impact
and importance of his discoveries, along with his self-motivation to help others, led him to change
how mangoes and other crops are grown around the world, thus improving the livelihood for those
who work in the agriculture industry.

2. JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO (September 21, 2017)

Josefino Comiso is a senior research scientist at the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory of the
Goddard Space Flight Center. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the
 University of the Philippines, Masters Degree in Physics from Florida State University and Ph. D. in
physics from the University of California in Los Angeles. He held a post-doctoral position at the
University of Virginia in Charlottesville and worked as a senior consultant for Computer Sciences
Corporation before joining NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. At Goddard, his research led to
new insights into many important processes in the polar regions including: (a) deep ocean
convection and the influence of polynyas and Odden on bottom water formation; (b) phytoplankton
blooms and relationships with the sea ice cover and (c) climate change signals as revealed by the
changing sea ice cover and accelerated warming in the Arctic region. He was the chief scientist in
many NASA aircraft missions in the Arctic and Antarctic that included a flight over a nuclear
submarine near the North Pole that demonstrated the feasibility of measuring sea ice thickness from
space. He has been a member of satellite sensor teams and has developed algorithms for the
retrieval of sea ice concentration, surface temperature, and clouds. He has been the recipient of
several NASA awards including the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, outstanding
scientist awards by professional societies and institutions and has served as visiting scientist in
many international institutes. He is the author or co-author of 5 books,20 book chapters and more
than 130 refereed journal articles and is a coordinating lead author of the IPCC/WG1 AR5 (2014)
report on "Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis."

3. JOSE BEJAR CRUZ Jr.

Jose Cruz was born on September 17, 1932. He was elected as Academician (Corresponding
Member) in 2003. He finished B.S. Electrical Engineering at the University of the Philippines in
1953, M.S. Electrical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1956 and Ph. D.
Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois, 1959. In appreciation of his scientific and technological
contributions to electrical engineering through the progress of several methods for the
understanding study of dynamic systems with respect to parameters variations; founding of the idea
comparison sensitivity matrix that captures the result of feedback on shifting the influence of
parameter distinction on system output errors in multi-variable feedback system; and the
preservation of system optimality for a range parameter standards even when the feedback control
structure is set. He implements the Master of Engineering programs in several association of
engineering schools he helped to expand; the appointment of many ESEP scholars in PhD.
sandwich programs in the US and the agreement for short stay and observations to the US by
officials and scholars from the engineering faculty of different universities in the Philippines. With all
that, Dr. Jose Cruz has enormously contributed to the development of the quality of engineering
education in the Philippines.

4. LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ

Dr. Cruz was born on May 19, 1942. She is the receiver of the NAST Outstanding Young Scientist
Award in 1981, the NRCP Achievement Award in Chemistry in 1982 and the Outstanding Women in
the Nation's Service Award (Biochemistry) in1986 because her accomplishment in science. Dr.
Lourdes Cruz researches led in part to the biochemical classification of more than 50 biologically
dynamic peptides from Conus venom, and the improvement of conotoxins as biochemical probes
for testing the behavior of the brain. W-Conotoxin is now one of the most extensively used
apparatus for studying neuronal calcium channels, and u-conotoxin is the reagent of option in
neuroscience when muscular movement must be prohibited to inspect actions at the synapse. Dr.
Cruz has done important contributions to the biochemistry of toxic peptides from the venom of Fish-
Hunting Conus Marine Snails.

5. FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT

Dr. Fabian “Toby” Dayrit is the son of Conrado Dayrit, a physician and pharmacologist, and Milagros
Millar. Early on, Dr. Dayrit knew he was going to pursue science studies for college. While his other
siblings took business –related courses, he took Chemistry at the Ateneo de Manila University. Dr.
Dayrit’s work on these medicinal plants helps the growth of phytochemistry in the Philippines. Aside
from finding treatments for illnesses, Dr. Dayrit attempts to prevent diseases by working in the field
of environmental science.

6. RAFAEL DINEROS GUERRERO III

 Dr. Rafael Guerrero was born on August 7, 1944. He was recognized because of his scientific and
technical contributions to the growth of Sex Reversal and Hatchery Techniques that help the
commercial fabrication of high yielding market-size tilapia in the Philippines and other nations.

7. ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA Jr.

Dr. Ostrea, a neonatologist, was elected as a corresponding member - given to those who live
abroad but have significantly impacted science and technology in the Philippines - for his
contributions to the field of pediatrics, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal drug addiction,
including his pioneering work on the detection of fetal exposure to drugs, tobacco, alcohol and
environmental toxicants by analysis of meconium, a new-born’s first stools. Dr. Buddy continued to
serve in different hospitals in the US until he became colleague with Dr. Stryker who studied the
effect of opium in pregnant monkeys. After the mother monkeys gave birth to their youngs, Dr.
Stryker gave Dr. Buddy the new-born monkeys to study the effect of opium accumulation in infant
monkeys. Dr. Buddy’s hypothesis was that the opium accumulated and has an effect in the new-
born’s brain, liver and kidney. He was not able to include the possibility of the accumulation in
intestines and stomach. He nearly forgot to include these parts in his experiment yet he accidentally
found the opium in the intestine. Better he was able to remember the statement: If the data does not
agree with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is false.

8. LILIAN FORMALEJO PATENA

She is known for discovering the seedless breed of lime and pomelo. She is also the recipient of the
Women of Distinction for Science and Technology in1995.Also well known for doing research on
biotechnology.

9. MARI-JO PANGANIBAN RUIZ

Outstanding educator and graph theorist.

10. GREGORY LIGOT TANGONAN

Known for his research in the field of communications technology. Has pioneered integrated
waveguide detectors, Bragg modulators in LiTaO3 and LiNbO3, and glass-based couplers for
wavelength multiplexing and coupling. He has been instrumental in developing applications of
optoelectronics in radar, optical networking, and analog systems

OTHER OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS WHO ARE RECOGNIZED HERE AND ABROAD
FOR THEIR OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS IN SCIENCE:

1. CAESAR A. SALOMA
Dr. Caesar A. Saloma is a professor of physics at the National Institute of Physics (NIP) in the
University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD). He was Dean of the College of Science (CS) at UPD
from June 2006 until March 2011. He also served as NIP Director from June 2000 to May 2006 (two
terms). Saloma was recognized for his contributions to photonics and signal processing that were
accomplished with colleagues and students at the NIP. Saloma led the development of a method to
generate high-contrast images of semiconductor sites via one photon optical beam-induced current
imaging and confocal reflectance microscopy. The project received a US patent (No. 7,235,988) on
June 26, 2007. He has published more than 100 papers in leading photonics, applied physics and
multidisciplinary journals in the US and Europe. His efforts resulted in the development of novel and
cost-effective/non-invasive method in optical signal recovery, retrieval and identifying microscopic
defects in integrated circuits (IC) enabling the accurate identification of circuit defects by producing
a high-contrast image map that distinguishes semiconductor, metal and dielectric sites from each
other.
2. EDGARDO GOMEZ (born November 7,1938)
A Filipino biologist who was conferred the rank of National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014. He is
a professor emeritus for marine biology at the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute.
Gomez saw the need to protect the Philippine archipelago's vast marine resources in particular that
of coral reefs. He led the world’s first national-scale assessment of damage to coral reefs leading to
international conservation initiatives such as the replanting of corals. He also pioneered giant clam
(Tridacna gigas) breeding stationed in Bolinao and other protective areas for coastal communities of
 the Philippines. Additionally, he took part in creating the baseline map of the Philippine, and
provided information to the Philippine government during talks over the territorial disputes in the
Spratly Islands. In 2007, he pioneered the study on ocean acidification caused by increased levels
of absorbed carbon dioxide in the ocean. Gomez was conferred the rank of National Scientist of the
Philippines in 2014 by Benigno Aquino III, the President of the Philippines. This award, which
comes with a lifetime pension, has been bestowed upon over thirty leading scientists. The
confirmation ceremony took place at the Rizal Hall of the Malacañan Palace where Gomez was
awarded for his research and conservation efforts in invertebrate biology and ecology on 12 August
2014.
3. WILLIAM PADOLINA
Dr. William G. Padolina, professor and academician, is the current president of the National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST). His professional career is truly a rich convergence of
his roles as scientist, teacher, researcher, administrator, and policy maker. His career began when
he entered the BS Agricultural Chemistry program from which he graduated, magna cum laude,
from the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), became a licensed chemist immediately
after. He earned his Ph.D. in Botany/Phytochemistry from University of Texas in a straight Ph.D.
program as a Fulbright-Hays scholar and pursued postdoctoral studies at the world famous
carotenoid chemistry laboratories of Prof. Synnove Liaaen-Jensen, Norwegian Institute of
Technology (now the Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim, Norway. His
research interests include the chemistry of the coconut — production of novel derivatives of coconut
fatty ac-ids; medicinal plants chemistry – isolation, identification and biological testing of novel active
constituents of Philippine medicinal plants, particularly those with anti-allergy and anti-diabetic
properties; acetone-butanol production from molasses using Clostridium acetobutylicum, and biogas
production from cellulosic wastes like coconut coir dust and fiber and rice straw. Due to the various
positions he has held, his research has widened to those needed in policy making, hence his
interest in Science Policy and Food Security.
4. ANGEL ALCALA
A scientist from the Philippines, Angel Alcala found a passion and love for marine life especially
those in the tropical waters of his country. With more than thirty years of experience as a marine
biologist, he contributed to his country’s marine development and ecology concerns. Angel Alcala is
also involved in other biological science fields such as herpetology, marine biogeography, and
marine conservation biology. Angel Alcala was born on the first of March in 1929. His mother was
Crescenciana Chua, and his father was Porfirio Alcala. The family lived in Caliling, a coastal village
in Cauayan in the province of Negros Occidental in the Philippines. Cauayan is known for its sandy
beaches and pristine waters. This is where Angel Alcala’s awareness and love for marine life began.
His family lived in a humble and rural area, being supported by the bounty of the sea. During his 30
years of experience as a biologist, Alcala made major contributions to marine biology research
efforts in the Philippines and authored over 160 scientific papers as well as books. Alcala was the
first Filipino scientist to engage in comprehensive studies concerning Philippine reptiles and
amphibians. He also made contributions for mammals and birds. From the 400 already known
species of reptiles and amphibians, 50 more species were identified due to his efforts. Because of
his work, conservation programs in the Philippines are now well established. In 1977 Acala set up
the first artificial reef in the Philippines in Dumaguette in 1977 when he worked for the Philippine
government as Secretary of Environment and National Resources. In 1994, he was given the Field
Museum Founders’ Council Award of Merit for contributions to environmental biology. He is a
recipient of the Magsaysay Award for Public Service. In 2014, he was named a National Scientist of
the Philippines. Alcala is currently Trustee of Silliman University and is also Professor Emeritus of
Biological Sciences.

THINK ABOUT THIS QUESTION

Express your answer in essay form with a minimum of 200 words.
 1. Identify one issue/problem in the Philippines and discuss what science and technology-
related policy could be implemented to solve the issue.

UNIT 1 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS IN SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

1.3 INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 Discuss the concept of indigenous science; and
 Discuss the contribution of indigenous science in the development of science and technology
in the Philippines.

INTRODUCTION
This lesson focuses on indigenous science and technology in the Philippines. Filipinos, especially
during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They also developed
alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world around them. This system of
knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science.
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
What are indigenous peoples?
Indigenous peoples, also referred to as First peoples, First Nations, Aboriginal peoples, Native
peoples, or autochthonous peoples, are ethnic groups who are native to a particular place on Earth and
live or lived in an interconnected relationship with the natural environment there for many generations prior
to the arrival of non-Indigenous peoples. Indigenous first emerged as a way for European colonizers to
differentiate enslaved Black people from the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, being first used in its
modern context in 1646 by Sir Thomas Browne.
Peoples are usually described as Indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early
culture that is associated with a given region. Not all Indigenous peoples share this characteristic, as many
have adopted substantial elements of a colonizing culture, such as dress, religion or language. Indigenous
peoples may be settled in a given region (sedentary) or exhibit a nomadic lifestyle across a large territory,
but they are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they depend. Indigenous
societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world except Antarctica.
At this time 'Indigenous people(s)' also began to be used to describe a legal category in Indigenous law
created in international and national legislation. The use of the ’s’ in 'peoples' recognizes that there are real
differences between different Indigenous peoples.
In the interest of clarity, the term indigenous as used in the Philippines refers to ethnolinguistic groups or
subgroups that maintain partial isolation, or independence, throughout the colonial era. The
term indigenous when applied to the Philippine population can be a deceptive misnomer, connoting alien
migrant populations who have over time become the majority ethnolinguistic and cultural group in the land.
According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, there are 135 recognized local indigenous Austronesian
languages in the Philippines, of which one (Tagalog) is vehicular and each of the remaining 134
is vernacular.
What are Indigenous knowledge Systems (IKS)?
Indigenous knowledge refers to the understandings, skills and philosophies developed by societies with
long histories of interaction with their natural surroundings. For rural and indigenous peoples, local
knowledge informs decision-making about fundamental aspects of day-to- day life.
Sophisticated knowledge of the natural world is not confined to science. Societies from all parts of the world
possess rich sets of experiences, understanding and explanations. This knowledge is integral to a cultural
complex that also encompasses language, systems of classification, resource use practices, social
interactions, ritual and spirituality.
These unique ways of knowing are important facets of the world’s cultural diversity, and provide a
foundation for locally- appropriate sustainable development.

What are the characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge System?

1. Local: It is rooted to a particular set of experiences, and generated by people living in those places. It has been said
that transferring that knowledge to other places runs the risk of dislocating it.

2. Orally transmitted, or transmitted through imitation and demonstration. Writing it down changes some of its
fundamental properties.

3. The consequence of practical engagement in everyday life, and is constantly reinforced by experience and trial and
error. This experience is characteristically the product of many generations of intelligent reasoning, and since its
failure has immediate consequence for the lives of its practitioners its success is very often a good measure of
Darwinian fitness.

4. Characteristically shared to a much greater degree than other forms of knowledge, including global science. This is
why it is sometimes called “people’s science”, an appellation which also arises from its generation in contexts of
everyday production. However, its distribution is still, segmentary, that is socially clustered. It is usually asymmetrically
distributed within a population, by gender and age, for example, and preserved through distribution in the memories of
different individual. Specialists may exist by virtue of experience, but also by virtue of ritual or political authority.

5. Focused on particular individuals and may achieve a degree of coherence in rituals and other symbolic constructs,
its distribution is always fragmentary: it does not exist in its totality or individual, Indeed, to considerable extent it is
devolved not in individuals at all, but in the practices and interactions in which people engage themselves engage.

Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:

Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial
bodies;
Using herbal medicine;
Preserving foods;
Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties;
Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting;
Using indigenous technology in daily lives;
Building local irrigation systems;
Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties;
Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and
Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard

What is Indigenous Science?

Indigenous science relates to both the science knowledge of long‐resident, usually oral culture peoples, as well as the
science knowledge of all peoples who as participants in culture are affected by the worldview and relativist interests of
their home communities.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO

(September21,2017)
 Josefino Comiso is a senior
research scientist at the
Cryospheric Sciences
Laboratory of the Goddard
Space Flight Center. He
received his Bachelor of
Science degree in Physics from
the University of the
Philippines, Masters Degree in
Physics from Florida State
University and Ph. D. in physics
from the
University of California in Los
Angeles. He held a post-
doctoral position at the
University of Virginia in
Charlottesville and worked as a
senior consultant for Computer
Sciences Corporation before
joining
NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center. At Goddard, his
research led to new insights
into many important
processes in the polar regions
including: (a) deep ocean
convection and the influence of
polynyas and
Odden on bottom water
formation; (b) phytoplankton
blooms and relationships with
the sea ice cover
and (c) climate change signals
as revealed by the changing
sea ice cover and accelerated
warming in the
Arctic region. He was the chief
scientist in many NASA aircraft
missions in the Arctic and
Antarctic that
included a flight over a nuclear
submarine near the North Pole
that demonstrated the
feasibility of
measuring sea ice thickness
from space. He has been a
member of satellite sensor
teams and has
developed algorithms for the
retrieval of sea ice
concentration, surface
temperature, and clouds. He
has been the recipient of
several NASA awards including
the NASA Exceptional Scientific
Achievement
Medal, outstanding scientist
awards by professional
societies and institutions and
has served as visiting
scientist in many international
institutes. He is the author or
co-author of 5 books,20 book
chapters and
more than 130 refereed journal
articles and is a coordinating
lead author of the IPCC/WG1
AR5 (2014)
report on "Climate Change
2013: The Physical Science
Basis.
JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO
(September21,2017)
Josefino Comiso is a senior
research scientist at the
Cryospheric Sciences
Laboratory of the Goddard
Space Flight Center. He
received his Bachelor of
Science degree in Physics from
the University of the
Philippines, Masters Degree in
Physics from Florida State
University and Ph. D. in physics
from the
University of California in Los
Angeles. He held a post-
doctoral position at the
University of Virginia in
Charlottesville and worked as a
senior consultant for Computer
Sciences Corporation before
joining
NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center. At Goddard, his
research led to new insights
into many important
processes in the polar regions
including: (a) deep ocean
convection and the influence of
polynyas and
Odden on bottom water
formation; (b) phytoplankton
blooms and relationships with
the sea ice cover
and (c) climate change signals
as revealed by the changing
sea ice cover and accelerated
warming in the
Arctic region. He was the chief
scientist in many NASA aircraft
missions in the Arctic and
Antarctic that
included a flight over a nuclear
submarine near the North Pole
that demonstrated the
feasibility of
measuring sea ice thickness
from space. He has been a
member of satellite sensor
teams and has
developed algorithms for the
retrieval of sea ice
concentration, surface
temperature, and clouds. He
has been the recipient of
several NASA awards including
the NASA Exceptional Scientific
Achievement
Medal, outstanding scientist
awards by professional
societies and institutions and
has served as visiting
scientist in many international
institutes. He is the author or
co-author of 5 books,20 book
chapters and
more than 130 refereed journal
articles and is a coordinating
lead author of the IPCC/WG1
AR5 (2014)
report on "Climate Change
2013: The Physical Science
Basis.
JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO
(September21,2017)
Josefino Comiso is a senior
research scientist at the
Cryospheric Sciences
Laboratory of the Goddard
Space Flight Center. He
received his Bachelor of
Science degree in Physics from
the University of the
Philippines, Masters Degree in
Physics from Florida State
University and Ph. D. in physics
from the
University of California in Los
Angeles. He held a post-
doctoral position at the
University of Virginia in
Charlottesville and worked as a
senior consultant for Computer
Sciences Corporation before
joining
NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center. At Goddard, his
research led to new insights
into many important
processes in the polar regions
including: (a) deep ocean
convection and the influence of
polynyas and
Odden on bottom water
formation; (b) phytoplankton
blooms and relationships with
the sea ice cover
and (c) climate change signals
as revealed by the changing
sea ice cover and accelerated
warming in the
Arctic region. He was the chief
scientist in many NASA aircraft
missions in the Arctic and
Antarctic that
included a flight over a nuclear
submarine near the North Pole
that demonstrated the
feasibility of
measuring sea ice thickness
from space. He has been a
member of satellite sensor
teams and has
developed algorithms for the
retrieval of sea ice
concentration, surface
temperature, and clouds. He
has been the recipient of
several NASA awards including
the NASA Exceptional Scientific
Achievement
Medal, outstanding scientist
awards by professional
societies and institutions and
has served as visiting
scientist in many international
institutes. He is the author or
co-author of 5 books,20 book
chapters and
more than 130 refereed journal
articles and is a coordinating
lead author of the IPCC/WG1
AR5 (2014)
report on "Climate Change
2013: The Physical Science
Basis.
JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO
(September21,2017)
Josefino Comiso is a senior
research scientist at the
Cryospheric Sciences
Laboratory of the Goddard
Space Flight Center. He
received his Bachelor of
Science degree in Physics from
the University of the
Philippines, Masters Degree in
Physics from Florida State
University and Ph. D. in physics
from the
University of California in Los
Angeles. He held a post-
doctoral position at the
University of Virginia in
Charlottesville and worked as a
senior consultant for Computer
Sciences Corporation before
joining
NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center. At Goddard, his
research led to new insights
into many important
processes in the polar regions
including: (a) deep ocean
convection and the influence of
polynyas and
Odden on bottom water
formation; (b) phytoplankton
blooms and relationships with
the sea ice cover
and (c) climate change signals
as revealed by the changing
sea ice cover and accelerated
warming in the
Arctic region. He was the chief
scientist in many NASA aircraft
missions in the Arctic and
Antarctic that
included a flight over a nuclear
submarine near the North Pole
that demonstrated the
feasibility of
measuring sea ice thickness
from space. He has been a
member of satellite sensor
teams and has
developed algorithms for the
retrieval of sea ice
concentration, surface
temperature, and clouds. He
has been the recipient of
several NASA awards including
the NASA Exceptional Scientific
Achievement
Medal, outstanding scientist
awards by professional
societies and institutions and
has served as visiting
scientist in many international
institutes. He is the author or
co-author of 5 books,20 book
chapters and
more than 130 refereed journal
articles and is a coordinating
lead author of the IPCC/WG1
AR5 (2014)
report on "Climate Change
2013: The Physical Science
Basis.
JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO
(September21,2017)
Josefino Comiso is a senior
research scientist at the
Cryospheric Sciences
Laboratory of the Goddard
Space Flight Center. He
received his Bachelor of
Science degree in Physics from
the University of the
Philippines, Masters Degree in
Physics from Florida State
University and Ph. D. in physics
from the
University of California in Los
Angeles. He held a post-
doctoral position at the
University of Virginia in
Charlottesville and worked as a
senior consultant for Computer
Sciences Corporation before
joining
NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center. At Goddard, his
research led to new insights
into many important
processes in the polar regions
including: (a) deep ocean
convection and the influence of
polynyas and
Odden on bottom water
formation; (b) phytoplankton
blooms and relationships with
the sea ice cover
and (c) climate change signals
as revealed by the changing
sea ice cover and accelerated
warming in the
Arctic region. He was the chief
scientist in many NASA aircraft
missions in the Arctic and
Antarctic that
included a flight over a nuclear
submarine near the North Pole
that demonstrated the
feasibility of
measuring sea ice thickness
from space. He has been a
member of satellite sensor
teams and has
developed algorithms for the
retrieval of sea ice
concentration, surface
temperature, and clouds. He
has been the recipient of
several NASA awards including
the NASA Exceptional Scientific
Achievement
Medal, outstanding scientist
awards by professional
societies and institutions and
has served as visiting
scientist in many international
institutes. He is the author or
co-author of 5 books,20 book
chapters and
more than 130 refereed journal
articles and is a coordinating
lead author of the IPCC/WG1
AR5 (2014)
report on "Climate Change
2013: The Physical Science
Basis.
uses guided by composed of

Science Processing Skills Community Culture and Values Traditional Knowledge

Figure 6. The Concept of Indigenous Science

PERFORMANCE OUTPUT
Identify one Filipino Indigenous Knowledge that you/your family still use
today. Present your output in a two-minute video presentation.

Note: Copying of resources from the Internet is strictly forbidden. The videos should be yours
first hand.